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Yang Y, Guo L, Li S, Zhang P. Association between percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3 and N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide among the general adult population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175360. [PMID: 39122035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have confirmed the mutual enhancement of percutaneous permeation of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), which are effective ingredients in sunscreen products and insect repellents, respectively. However, the association between percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET in a large general adult population remains to be elucidated. METHODS This cross-sectional study included US adults who had available data on urinary BP-3 and two DEET metabolites, 3-(diethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (DCBA) and 3-(ethylcarbamoyl) benzoic acid (ECBA), from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 2015-2016. We conducted three weighted multivariable linear regression models to investigate the potential correlation between percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET, along with trend tests, smooth curve fitting, and subgroup analysis to assess the robustness of the findings. RESULTS Weighted multivariable linear logistic regression revealed a positive correlation between log10 BP-3 and log10 DCBA (β = 0.1678, 95 % CI: 0.0970 to 0.2386) as well as log10 ECBA (β = 0.1416, 95 % CI: 0.0707 to 0.2125), after adjusting for all covariates. After converting log10 BP-3 from a continuous variable to a categorical variable (quartiles), the trend tests showed that the results were stable (all P for trend < 0.05). Smoothed curve fitting demonstrated a linear positive correlation between log10 BP-3 and both log10 DCBA and log10 ECBA. In subgroup analyses, the positive correlation between BP-3 and DEET metabolites was more pronounced in participants who were male, middle-aged, non-Hispanic white, had a moderate PIR level and reported always or most of the time using sunscreen. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a statistically significant linear and positive correlation between the percutaneous absorption of BP-3 and DEET in the general adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Siyao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Clinical Medical Research Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Pihong Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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Reconstructed Human Epidermis: An Alternative Approach for In Vitro Bioequivalence Testing of Topical Products. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081554. [PMID: 35893811 PMCID: PMC9331624 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of in vitro human skin permeation tests is of value when addressing the quality and equivalence of topical drug products in Europe and the US. Human skin is the membrane of choice for these studies. The use of human skin as a membrane is hindered by limited access, high variability of results, and limited applicability for drugs with low skin permeability. Reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models are validated as skin surrogates for safety tests and have been explored for percutaneous absorption testing. Clotrimazole poorly permeates human skin and is widely available for topical treatments. In this study, clotrimazole creams were used to test the ability of RhE to be used as biological membrane for bioequivalence testing, based on the Draft Guideline on Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products (CHMP/QWP/708282/2018) using a discriminative and modified in vitro permeation test (IVPT). To fulfill the validation of a discriminatory method, Canesten® 10 mg/g cream was compared with a test product with the same drug strength, along with two “negative controls” dosed at a 50% and 200% drug strength. Products were compared in finite dose conditions, regarding maximal flux (Jmax) and the total amount of drug permeated (Atotal). The results showed the discriminatory power of the method among the three drug strengths with no interference of the placebo formulation. The study design and validation complied with the requirements established in the guideline for a valid IVPT. This new test system allowed for the equivalence comparison between test and comparator product. Higher permeability of the RhE compared to human skin could be observed. This arose as a strength of the model for this modified IVPT bioequivalence testing, since comparing permeation profiles among products is envisaged instead of drawing absolute conclusions on skin permeation extent. These results may support the acceptance of RhE as biological membranes for modified IVPT in bioequivalence testing of topical products.
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Lotfipour F, Shahi S, Khezri K, Salatin S, Dizaj SM. Safety issues of nanomaterials for dermal pharmaceutical products. Pharm Nanotechnol 2022; 10:PNT-EPUB-122273. [PMID: 35382729 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220405093811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have favorable application in the medicine area, specifically in regard to the carry of pharmaceutical ingredients to provide targeted drug delivery systems. The skin is an excellent route for the delivery of pharmaceutical nano-transporters for skin-related applications. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials such as size, hydrophobicity, loading capacity, charge and weight are vital for a skin penetrating system. Many nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanomaterials and, lipid nanostructures have been utilized for dermal delivery of active ingredients and others such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes require more examination for future application in the skin-related area. Some negative side effects and nano-cytotoxicity of nanomaterials require special attention while investigating different nanomaterials for medicinal applications. Then, in the current review, we had a view on the safety issues of nanomaterials for dermal pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Lotfipour
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khezri
- Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara Salatin
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Arce FV, Asano N, Yamashita K, Oda A, Uchida T, Sano T, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effect of layered application on the skin permeation of a cosmetic active component, rhododendrol. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:1-11. [PMID: 30626775 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetics containing rhododendrol (RD) were voluntarily recalled after incidents of leukoderma related to their use. Users reported using up to five different RD-containing products by layered application. In this study, we investigated the effects of layered application, formulations, and their components on the skin permeation of cosmetics containing RD. Experiments were designed to simulate actual in-use conditions, such as varying application volumes, physical mixing of formulations, sequence of cosmetics application and time interval between applications, to establish their effect on the skin permeation of RD. Milk and lotion RD-containing cosmetics (2%), 1% aqueous RD, and preparations of formulation components were applied as the first or second layers as finite doses of 10 or 20 µL/cm2. Permeation experiments were performed through excised porcine ear skin using Franz diffusion cells with an effective diffusion area of 1.77 cm2. Cosmetics applied by layered application exhibited lower skin permeation of RD compared with a single application despite having the same application dose. High initial volume (20 µL at 0 or 5 sec) did not exhibit any significant reduction in the permeation of RD. Formulations and their components caused varying reductions in RD permeation, probably due to changes in thermodynamic activity of the active component. Layered application, formulation components, application volume, time interval and sequence of application had significant influences on the skin permeation of the active component. Moreover, this study established a method of investigating the influence of formulations and their components on the skin permeation of actives after layered application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencio Villester Arce
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University.,Department of Pharmacy, University of San Carlos, Philippines
| | - Narumi Asano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Keita Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Ayaka Oda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Takashi Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Tomohiko Sano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Teikyo University of Science
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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Rodriguez J, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration and pharmacodynamics: Wash-in and wash-off of sunscreen and insect repellent. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 27:11-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Davies J, Ingham A. An in-vitro-in-vivo model for the transdermal delivery of cholecalciferol for the purposes of rodent management. Int J Pharm 2015; 487:101-9. [PMID: 25835266 PMCID: PMC4441109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The natural selection of anticoagulant resistant rats has resulted in a need for an alternative to anticoagulant rodenticides which differs in both active ingredient and in the method of dosing. Cholecalciferol toxicity to rodents using the dermal route is demonstrated using a variety of penetration enhancing formulations in two in-vitro models and finally in-vivo. A 1 ml dose of 50/50 (v/v) DMSO/ethanol containing 15% (v/v) PEG 200 and 20% (w/v) cholecalciferol was judged as 'sufficiently effective' in line with the European Union's Biocidal Products Regulation (No. 528/2012) during in-vivo studies. This dose was found to cause 100% mortality in a rat population in 64.4h (± 22h).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davies
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - A Ingham
- School of Pharmacy, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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Fediuk DJ, Wang T, Chen Y, Parkinson FE, Namaka MP, Simons KJ, Burczynski FJ, Gu X. Tissue disposition of the insect repellent DEET and the sunscreen oxybenzone following intravenous and topical administration in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 32:369-79. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J. Fediuk
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
| | - Tao Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
| | - Yufei Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
| | - Fiona E. Parkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
| | - Michael P. Namaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
| | - Keith J. Simons
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
| | | | - Xiaochen Gu
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; MB; R3E 0T5; Canada
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Garud A, Ganesan K, Prakash S, Vijayaraghavan R, Shinde CK. Behavioral responses and bioefficacy of some aromatic amides against Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1369-1378. [PMID: 21882706 DOI: 10.1603/ec10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted aromatic amides by varying the chain length, substitution of methyl, methoxy, chloro, and fluoro groups at ortho-, meta-, and para-positions of the phenyl ring of N,N-diethyl-2-phenylacetamide were synthesized. Laboratory studies were carried out to observe the behavioral responses and repellent activity of these newly synthesized aromatic amides against Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes. The deterrent activity of these synthetic amides against any vectors has not been reported previously. These aromatic amides were tested for their behavioral responses and compared with the well known insect repellents, namely, N,N-diethyl toluamide; N,N-diethyl phenylacetamide; and N,N-diethylbenzamide. Out of the 14 compounds synthesized, seven compounds were selected on the basis of those showing >75% of repellent response for the bioefficacy test on human volunteers. The potential use of lead compounds in personal protection management is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garud
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Studies, Shivpuri Rd., Gwalior, India.
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Puglia C, Bonina F, Castelli F, Micieli D, Sarpietro MG. Evaluation of percutaneous absorption of the repellent diethyltoluamide and the sunscreen ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: an in-vitro study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Diethyltoluamide and ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC) are two active ingredients in insect repellent and sunscreen products, respectively. The concurrent application of these two substances often increases their systemic absorption, compromising the safety and efficiency of the cosmetic product. In this study, diethyltoluamide and OMC were incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles, a colloidal drug delivery system, to reduce percutaneous absorption and avoid toxic effects and also maintain the efficacy of the two active compounds on the skin surface for a long duration.
Methods
Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared based on an ultrasonication technique and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. In-vitro studies determined the percutaneous absorption of diethyltoluamide and OMC.
Key findings
DSC data carried out on unloaded and diethyltoluamide- and/or OMC-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles highlighted that diethyltoluamide and OMC modified the temperature and the enthalpy change associated to the calorimetric peak of solid lipid nanoparticles. The concurrent presence of the two compounds in the solid lipid nanoparticles caused a synergic effect, indicating that the lipid matrix of nanoparticles guaranteed a high encapsulation of both diethyltoluamide and OMC. Results from the in-vitro study demonstrated that the particles were able to reduce the skin permeation of the two cosmetic ingredients in comparison with an oil-in-water emulsion.
Conclusions
This study has provided supplementary evidence as to the potential of lipid nanoparticles as carriers for topical administration of cosmetic active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Dorotea Micieli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Huong SP, Bun H, Fourneron JD, Reynier JP, Andrieu V. Use of various models forin vitropercutaneous absorption studies of ultraviolet filters. Skin Res Technol 2009; 15:253-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Millerioux J, Cruz C, Bazire A, Lallement G, Lefeuvre L, Josse D. In vitro selection and efficacy of topical skin protectants against the nerve agent VX. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gu X, Dannefaer JL, Collins BR. In Vitro Permeation Characterization of the Analgesic Ibuprofen and the Sunscreen Oxybenzone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:845-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040801928697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Baynes RE, Xia XR, Barlow BM, Riviere JE. Partitioning behavior of aromatic components in jet fuel into diverse membrane-coated fibers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1879-1887. [PMID: 17966059 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701549146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Jet fuel components are known to partition into skin and produce occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD) and potentially adverse systemic effects. The purpose of this study was to determine how jet fuel components partition (1) from solvent mixtures into diverse membrane-coated fibers (MCFs) and (2) from biological media into MCFs to predict tissue distribution. Three diverse MCFs, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, lipophilic), polyacrylate (PA, polarizable), and carbowax (CAR, polar), were selected to simulate the physicochemical properties of skin in vivo. Following an appropriate equilibrium time between the MCF and dosing solutions, the MCF was injected directly into a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to quantify the amount that partitioned into the membrane. Three vehicles (water, 50% ethanol-water, and albumin-containing media solution) were studied for selected jet fuel components. The more hydrophobic the component, the greater was the partitioning into the membranes across all MCF types, especially from water. The presence of ethanol as a surrogate solvent resulted in significantly reduced partitioning into the MCFs with discernible differences across the three fibers based on their chemistries. The presence of a plasma substitute (media) also reduced partitioning into the MCF, with the CAR MCF system being better correlated to the predicted partitioning of aromatic components into skin. This study demonstrated that a single or multiple set of MCF fibers may be used as a surrogate for octanol/water systems and skin to assess partitioning behavior of nine aromatic components frequently formulated with jet fuels. These diverse inert fibers were able to assess solute partitioning from a blood substitute such as media into a membrane possessing physicochemical properties similar to human skin. This information may be incorporated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to provide a more accurate assessment of tissue dosimetry of related toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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