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Lee J, Khang D. Mucosal delivery of nanovaccine strategy against COVID-19 and its variants. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:S2211-3835(22)00489-0. [PMID: 36438851 PMCID: PMC9676163 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global administration of approved COVID-19 vaccines (e.g., ChAdOx1 nCoV-19®, mRNA-1273®, BNT162b2®), the number of infections and fatalities continue to rise at an alarming rate because of the new variants such as Omicron and its subvariants. Including COVID-19 vaccines that are licensed for human use, most of the vaccines that are currently in clinical trials are administered via parenteral route. However, it has been proven that the parenteral vaccines do not induce localized immunity in the upper respiratory mucosal surface, and administration of the currently approved vaccines does not necessarily lead to sterilizing immunity. This further supports the necessity of a mucosal vaccine that blocks the main entrance route of COVID-19: nasal and oral mucosal surfaces. Understanding the mechanism of immune regulation of M cells and dendritic cells and targeting them can be another promising approach for the successful stimulation of the mucosal immune system. This paper reviews the basic mechanisms of the mucosal immunity elicited by mucosal vaccines and summarizes the practical aspects and challenges of nanotechnology-based vaccine platform development, as well as ligand hybrid nanoparticles as potentially effective target delivery agents for mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
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2
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Mishra AK, Pandey M, Dewangan HK, Sl N, Sahoo PK. A Comprehensive Review on Liver Targeting: Emphasis on Nanotechnology- based Molecular Targets and Receptors Mediated Approaches. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1381-1405. [PMID: 36065923 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220906091432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of hepatic diseases involves several cells, which complicates the delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Many severe liver diseases affecting the worldwide population cannot be effectively treated. Major hindrances or challenges are natural physiological barriers and non-specific targeting of drugs administered, leading to inefficient treatment. Hence, there is an earnest need to look for novel therapeutic strategies to overcome these hindrances. A kind of literature has reported that drug safety and efficacy are incredibly raised when a drug is incorporated inside or attached to a polymeric material of either hydrophilic or lipophilic nature. This has driven the dynamic investigation for developing novel biodegradable materials, drug delivery carriers, target-specific drug delivery systems, and many other novel approaches. OBJECTIVE Present review is devoted to summarizing receptor-based liver cell targeting using different modified novel synthetic drug delivery carriers. It also highlights recent progress in drug targeting to diseased liver mediated by various receptors, including asialoglycoprotein, mannose and galactose receptor, Fc receptor, low-density lipoprotein, glycyrrhetinic, and bile acid receptor. The essential consideration is given to treating liver cancer targeting using nanoparticulate systems, proteins, viral and non-viral vectors, homing peptides and gene delivery. CONCLUSION Receptors based targeting approach is one such approach that was explored by researchers to develop novel formulations which can ensure site-specific drug delivery. Several receptors are on the surfaces of liver cells, which are highly overexpressed in various disease conditions. They all are helpful for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Mukesh Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences (UIPS), Chandigarh University NH-05, Chandigarh Ludhiana Highway, Mohali Punjab, Pin: 160101, India
| | - Neha Sl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Pravat Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector 3, MB Road Pushp Vihar, Delhi 110017, India
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Boroumand H, Badie F, Mazaheri S, Seyedi ZS, Nahand JS, Nejati M, Baghi HB, Abbasi-Kolli M, Badehnoosh B, Ghandali M, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Viral Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:643953. [PMID: 33816349 PMCID: PMC8011499 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.643953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections, in addition to damaging host cells, can compromise the host immune system, leading to frequent relapse or long-term persistence. Viruses have the capacity to destroy the host cell while liberating their own RNA or DNA in order to replicate within additional host cells. The viral life cycle makes it challenging to develop anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology-based approaches have been suggested to deal effectively with viral diseases, and overcome some limitations of anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology has enabled scientists to overcome the challenges of solubility and toxicity of anti-viral drugs, and can enhance their selectivity towards viruses and virally infected cells, while preserving healthy host cells. Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer that has been used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic, easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems (DDSs). Furthermore, chitosan is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). Chitosan NPs have been used in drug delivery by the oral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, mucosal, buccal, or vaginal routes. They have also been studied for gene delivery, vaccine delivery, and advanced cancer therapy. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that chitosan NPs could be used as new therapeutic tools against viral infections. In this review we summarize reports concerning the therapeutic potential of chitosan NPs against various viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Boroumand
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mazaheri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zeynab Sadat Seyedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Nejati
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Badehnoosh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Preparation and Nanoencapsulation of Lectin from Lepidium sativum on Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticle and Their Cytotoxicity against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells (HepG2). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7251346. [PMID: 33145357 PMCID: PMC7599413 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7251346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are the oligomeric sugar-specific glycoprotein of nonimmune origin, are involved in the multiple biological recognition process, and have the capacity to perform a wide variety of physiological functions including antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, and cell agglutination. The main objective of the current study was to prepare lectin protein-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles via ionic gelation methods with different CS/TPP ratios and to investigate anticancer potential against HepG2 cells. The best ratio showed the mean particle size (298.10 ± 1.9 nm, 21.05 ± 0.95 mv) with optimal encapsulation efficiencies of 52.435 ± 0.09%. The cytotoxicity was evaluated against HepG2 cells, and IC50 values obtained were 265 μg/ml for lectin protein and 105 μg/ml for lectin-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles, respectively. The mRNA expression of proliferation markers like GPC3 was significantly decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) during lectin protein-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticle treatment. Apoptotic genes that indicating a marked increase in expression are Caspase 3, p53, and Bax, while Bcl2 and AFP showed a downregulation of expression after treatment of HepG2 cells with lectin-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles. The preliminary findings of our study highlighted that lectin protein-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles could be a promising anticancer agent.
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5
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Overcoming the intestinal barrier: A look into targeting approaches for improved oral drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 322:486-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nascimento KS, Silva MTL, Oliveira MV, Lossio CF, Pinto-Junior VR, Osterne VJS, Cavada BS. Dalbergieae lectins: A review of lectins from species of a primitive Papilionoideae (leguminous) tribe. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 144:509-526. [PMID: 31857177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are (glyco)proteins capable of reversibly binding to specific carbohydrates, thus having various functions and applications. Plant lectins are the best studied, and the Leguminoseae family is highlighted in a number of published works, especially species of the Papilionoideae subfamily. Dalbergieae is one of the tribes in this subfamily comprising 49 genera and over 1300 species. From this tribe, about 26 lectins were studied, among which we can highlight the Arachis hypogaea lectin, widely used in cancer studies. Dalbergieae lectins demonstrate various carbohydrate specificities and biological activities including anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, nociceptive, antibacterial, antiviral among others. Structurally, these lectins are quite similar in their three-dimensional folding but present significant differences in oligomerization patterns and in the conservation of carbohydrate-recognition domain. Despite the existence of structural data from some lectins, only sparse literature has reported on this tribe's diversity, not to mention the range of biological effects, determined through specific assays. Therefore, this work will review the most important studies on Dalbergieae lectins and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyria Santiago Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Torquato Lima Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Messias Vital Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Claudia Figueiredo Lossio
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Benildo Sousa Cavada
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Komati S, Swain S, Rao MEB, Jena BR, Dasi V. Mucoadhesive Multiparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: An Extensive Review of Patents. Adv Pharm Bull 2019; 9:521-538. [PMID: 31857957 PMCID: PMC6912179 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2019.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in pharmaceutical research are striving for designing newer drug therapies to eradicate deadly diseases. Strategies for such inventions always flourish with keys and objectives of minimal adverse effects and effective treatment. Recent trends in pharmaceutical technology specify that mucoadhesive drug delivery system is particularly appropriate than oral control release, for getting local systematic delivery of drugs in GIT for an extended interval of time at a predetermined rate. However, it is somehow expensive and unpleasant sensation for some patients, but still it is needful for getting short enzymatic activity, simple administration without pain and evasion of fast pass metabolism. Usually the vehicles employed in drug delivery of mucoadhesive system have a significant impact that draws further attention to potential benefits like improved bioavailability of therapeutic agents, extensive drug residence time at the site of administration and a comparatively faster drug uptake into the systemic circulation. The drug release from mucoadhesive multiparticulates is contingent on several types of factors comprising carrier need to produce the multiparticles and quantity of medication drug contained in them. Mucoadhesion is characterized by selected theories and mechanisms. Various strategies emergent in mucoadhesive multiparticulate drug delivery system (MMDDS) by in-vitro as well as ex-vivo description and characterization are also critically discussed. Apart from these, the primary focus during this review is to highlight current patents, clinical status, and regulatory policy for enhancement of mucoadhesive multi-particulate drug delivery system in the present scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Someshwar Komati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palamuru University, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana-509001, India
| | - Suryakanta Swain
- Southern Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mangaldas Nagar, Vijyawada Road, Guntur-522 001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Muddana Eswara Bhanoji Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khodasinghi, Berhampur-760 010, Ganjam, Odisha, India
| | - Bikash Ranjan Jena
- Southern Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mangaldas Nagar, Vijyawada Road, Guntur-522 001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vishali Dasi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palamuru University, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana-509001, India
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8
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Islam MA, Firdous J, Badruddoza AZM, Reesor E, Azad M, Hasan A, Lim M, Cao W, Guillemette S, Cho CS. M cell targeting engineered biomaterials for effective vaccination. Biomaterials 2018; 192:75-94. [PMID: 30439573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest medical interventions of all time and have been successful in controlling and eliminating a myriad of diseases over the past two centuries. Among several vaccination strategies, mucosal vaccines have wide clinical applications and attract considerable interest in research, showing potential as innovative and novel therapeutics. In mucosal vaccination, targeting (microfold) M cells is a frontline prerequisite for inducing effective antigen-specific immunostimulatory effects. In this review, we primarily focus on materials engineered for use as vaccine delivery platforms to target M cells. We also describe potential M cell targeting areas, methods to overcome current challenges and limitations of the field. Furthermore, we present the potential of biomaterials engineering as well as various natural and synthetic delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of M cell targeting, all of which are absent in current literature. Finally, we briefly discuss manufacturing and regulatory processes to bring a robust perspective on the feasibility and potential of this next-generation vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jannatul Firdous
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wuji Cao
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Guillemette
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Breitenbach Barroso Coelho LC, Marcelino Dos Santos Silva P, Felix de Oliveira W, de Moura MC, Viana Pontual E, Soares Gomes F, Guedes Paiva PM, Napoleão TH, Dos Santos Correia MT. Lectins as antimicrobial agents. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1238-1252. [PMID: 30053345 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of micro-organisms to antimicrobial agents has been a challenge to treat animal and human infections, and for environmental control. Lectins are natural proteins and some are potent antimicrobials through binding to carbohydrates on microbial surfaces. Oligomerization state of lectins can influence their biological activity and maximum binding capacity; the association among lectin polypeptide chains can alter the carbohydrate-lectin binding dissociation rate constants. Antimicrobial mechanisms of lectins include the pore formation ability, followed by changes in the cell permeability and latter, indicates interactions with the bacterial cell wall components. In addition, the antifungal activity of lectins is associated with the chitin-binding property, resulting in the disintegration of the cell wall or the arrest of de novo synthesis from the cell wall during fungal development or division. Quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication process that allows interspecies and interkingdom signalling which coordinate virulence genes; antiquorum-sensing therapies are described for animal and plant lectins. This review article, among other approaches, evaluates lectins as antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W Felix de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - M C de Moura
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - E Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - F Soares Gomes
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - P M Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - T H Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - M T Dos Santos Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Minz S, Pandey RS. Lipid A adjuvanted Chylomicron Mimicking Solid Fat Nanoemulsions for Immunization Against Hepatitis B. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1168-1181. [PMID: 29243216 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional parenteral recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines have effectively reduced the disease burden despite being able to induce seroprotective antibody titers in 5-10% vaccinated individuals (non-responders). Moreover, an estimated 340 million chronic HBV cases are in need of treatment. Development of safe, stable, and more effective hepatitis B vaccine formulation would address these challenges. Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) entrapped solid fat nanoemulsions (SFNs) containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) that was prepared and optimized by quality by design (QbD) using response surface methodology (RSM), i.e., central composite design (CCD). Its immune potential was evaluated with preset immunization protocol in a murine model. Dose escalation study revealed that formulation containing 1 μg of rHBsAg entrapped SFNs with MPLA-induced significant higher humoral, and cellular response compared to the marketed vaccine (Genvac B) administered intramuscularly. SFNs with nanometric morphology and structural similarity with chylomicrons assist in improved uptake and processing to lymphatics. Moreover, the presence of an immunogenic component in its structure further augments delivery of rHBsAg to immune cells with induction of danger signals. This multi-adjuvant based approach explores new prospect for the dose sparing. Improved cellular immune response induced by this vaccine formulation suggests that it could be tested as an immunotherapeutic vaccine as well.
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11
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Minz S, Pandey RS. Development of Adjuvanted Solid Fat Nanoemulsions for Pulmonary Hepatitis B Vaccination. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1701-1712. [PMID: 29454622 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vaccination is one of the most promising routes for immunization owing to its noninvasive nature and induction of strong mucosal immunity and systemic response. In the present study, recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen loaded solid fat nanoemulsions (SFNs) as carrier system and monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant-carrier system was prepared and evaluated as multiadjuvanted vaccine system for deep pulmonary vaccination. Deposition and clearance from the deep lung of rats were determined by gamma scintigraphy. Biodistribution of SFNs was determined by the live animal imaging system. SFNs dispersion showed slower clearance as compared with sodium pertechnetate control solution (∗∗∗p <0.001) from the pulmonary region due to the virtue of particulate and hydrophobic nature of formulations. Humoral (sIgA and IgG) and cellular (IL-2 and IF-γ) immune responses were found to be significant (∗∗∗p <0.001) when compared with naïve antigen (recombinant surface antigen without any excipient) solution. Data indicate that deep pulmonary immunization offers a stronger immune response with balanced humoral, mucosal, and cellular immunization, which further needs to be tested in higher animals to support this hypothesis for clinical translation of this so far neglected yet potential target tissue for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Minz
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India 484887; SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India 495009
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India 495009.
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12
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Sahu KK, Pandey RS. Immunological evaluation of colonic delivered Hepatitis B surface antigen loaded TLR-4 agonist modified solid fat nanoparticles. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:343-352. [PMID: 27526270 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is one of the leading liver diseases and remains a major global health problem. Currently available vaccines provide protection but often results in weaker/minimal mucosal immunity. Thus the present study is devoted to the development and in-vivo exploration of the colonically delivered biomimetic nanoparticles which capably enhance humoral as well as cellular immune response. In present work, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) entrapped nanoparticles containing Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) (HB+L-NP) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and characterized for particle size (~210nm), shape, zeta potential (-24mV±0.68), entrapment efficiency (58.45±1.68%), in-vitro release and antigen integrity. Dose escalation study was done to confirm prophylactic immune response following defined doses of prepared nanoparticulate formulations with or without MPLA. Intramuscular administered alum based marketed HBsAg (Genevac B) was used as standard (10μg) and were able to induce significant systemic (IgG) but remarkably low mucosal immune (IgA) response. Notably, HB+L-NP (0.5ml-10μg) induced strong systemic and robust mucosal immunity (510 and 470 mIU/ml respectively, p<0.001) from which mucosal was more significant due to the involvement of Common Mucosal Immune System (CMIS). Likewise, significant cellular immune response was elicited by HB+L-NP through T-cell activation (mixed Th1 and Th2) as confirmed by significantly increased cytokines level (IL-2 and Interferon-γ) in spleen homogenates. This study supports that delivery of HBsAg to the colon may open new vista in designing oral vaccines later being one of most accepted route for potential vaccines in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495001, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, C.G. 495001, India.
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13
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Gamazo C, Martín-Arbella N, Brotons A, Camacho AI, Irache JM. Mimicking microbial strategies for the design of mucus-permeating nanoparticles for oral immunization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:454-63. [PMID: 25615880 PMCID: PMC7126451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with mucosal delivery systems means dealing with mucus. The name mucosa comes from mucus, a dense fluid enriched in glycoproteins, such as mucin, which main function is to protect the delicate mucosal epithelium. Mucus provides a barrier against physiological chemical and physical aggressors (i.e., host secreted digestive products such as bile acids and enzymes, food particles) but also against the potentially noxious microbiota and their products. Intestinal mucosa covers 400m(2) in the human host, and, as a consequence, is the major portal of entry of the majority of known pathogens. But, in turn, some microorganisms have evolved many different approaches to circumvent this barrier, a direct consequence of natural co-evolution. The understanding of these mechanisms (known as virulence factors) used to interact and/or disrupt mucosal barriers should instruct us to a rational design of nanoparticulate delivery systems intended for oral vaccination and immunotherapy. This review deals with this mimetic approach to obtain nanocarriers capable to reach the epithelial cells after oral delivery and, in parallel, induce strong and long-lasting immune and protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nekane Martín-Arbella
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Brotons
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana I Camacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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14
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Abstract
Infectious agents generally use mucosal surfaces as entry port to the body thereby necessitating the need of development of mucosal vaccine as vaccination is important for disease avoidance and suppression. Vaccination through mucosal route is a promising strategy to elicit efficient immune response as parentally administered vaccines induce poor mucosal immunity in general. Safety, economy and stability are highly desired with vaccines and this can be achieved with use of delivery cargos. This review focuses on challenges related with mucosal vaccines and use of nanocarriers as suitable cargos to cater the antigen effectively to the desired site. The review also includes different factors which are to be considered regarding the performance of the nanocarriers and clinical status of these systems.
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Gupta PN. Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and M Cell Targeting. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Sharma R, Agrawal U, Mody N, Vyas SP. Polymer nanotechnology based approaches in mucosal vaccine delivery: challenges and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:64-79. [PMID: 25499178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites serve as the main portal for the entry of pathogens and thus immunization through mucosal routes can greatly improve the immunity. Researchers are continuously exploring the vaccination strategies to engender protective mucosal immune responses. Unearthing of mucosal adjuvants, that are safe and effective, is enhancing the magnitude and quality of the protective immune response. Use of nanotechnology based polymeric nanocarrier systems which encapsulate vaccine components for protection of sensitive payload, incorporate mucosal adjuvants to maximize the immune responses and target the mucosal immune system is a key strategy to improve the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines. These advances promise to accelerate the development and testing of new mucosal vaccines against many human diseases. This review focuses on the need for the development of nanocarrier based mucosal vaccines with emphases on the polymeric nanoparticles, their clinical status and future perspectives. This review focuses on the need and new insights for the development of nanoarchitecture governed mucosal vaccination with emphases on the various polymeric nanoparticles, their clinical status and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
| | - Udita Agrawal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
| | - Nishi Mody
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
| | - Suresh P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P. 470003 India.
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17
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Ma G. Microencapsulation of protein drugs for drug delivery: strategy, preparation, and applications. J Control Release 2014; 193:324-40. [PMID: 25218676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bio-degradable poly(lactide) (PLA)/poly(lactide-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan microspheres (or microcapsules) have important applications in Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) of protein/peptide drugs. By encapsulating protein/peptide drugs in the microspheres, the serum drug concentration can be maintained at a higher constant value for a prolonged time, or injection formulation can be changed to orally or mucosally administered formulation. PLA/PLGA and chitosan are most often used in injection formulation and oral formulation. However, in the preparation and applications of PLA/PLGA and chitosan microspheres containing protein/peptide drugs, the problems of broad size distribution and poor reproducibility of microspheres, and deactivation of protein during the preparation, storage and release, are still big challenges. In this article, the techniques for control of the diameter of microspheres and microcapsules will be introduced at first, then the strategies about how to maintain the bioactivity of protein drugs during preparation and drug release will be reviewed and developed in our research group. The membrane emulsification techniques including direct membrane emulsification and rapid membrane emulsification processes were developed to prepare uniform-sized microspheres, the diameter of microspheres can be controlled from submicron to 100μm by these two processes, and the reproducibility of products can be guaranteed. Furthermore, compared with conventional stirring method, the big advantages of membrane emulsification process were that the uniform microspheres with much higher encapsulation efficiency can be obtained, and the release behavior can be adjusted by selecting microsphere size. Mild membrane emulsification condition also can prevent the deactivation of proteins, which frequently occurred under high shear force in mechanical stirring, sonification, and homogenization methods. The strategies for maintaining the bioactivity of protein drug were developed, such as adding additives into protein solution, using solid drug powder instead of protein solution, and employing hydrophilic poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PELA) as a wall material for encapsulation in PLA/PLGA microspheres/microcapsules; developing step-wise crosslinking process, self-solidification process, and adsorbing protein drug into preformed chitosan microsphere with hollow-porous morphology for encapsulation in chitosan microsphere. As a result, animal test demonstrated that PELA microcapsules with uniform size and containing recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) can maintain higher blood drug concentration for 2months, and increased animal weight more apparently only by single dose, compared with PLA and PLGA microcapsules; hollow-porous chitosan microsphere loading insulin decreased blood glucose level largely when it was used as a carrier for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, No. 1 Bei-Er-Tiao, Zhong-Guan-Cun, Beijing 100190, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), No.92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Sheng Y, He H, Zou H. Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles coated with combined WGA and water-soluble chitosan for mucosal delivery of β-galactosidase. Drug Deliv 2014; 21:370-8. [PMID: 24797098 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.905653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A combinatorial design, physical adsorption of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) to particle surface and covalent conjugation of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to WSC, was applied to surface modification of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) for targeted delivery of β-galactosidase to the intestinal mucosa. All the surface-engineered NPs in the size range of 500-600 nm were prepared by a w/o/w solvent diffusion/evaporation technique. β-Galactosidase encapsulated in these NPs was well protected from external proteolysis and exerted high hydrolytic activity on the permeable lactose. The presence of WSC coating, whether alone or with WGA, highly improved the suspension stability of NPs and tailored the particle surface positively charged. In comparison to NPs modified with WGA or WSC alone, the synergistic action of WGA and WSC greatly enhanced the NP-mucin interactions in vitro. The highest amount of NPs was found in the small intestine at 24 h after oral administration in rats. Notably, calculated half-life of WGA-WSC-NPs in the small intestine was 6.72 h, resulting in 2.1- and 4.3-fold increase when compared to WGA-polyvinylalcohol (PVA)-NPs and WSC-NPs, much longer than that of control PVA-NPs (6.9-fold). These results suggest that NPs with the combined WGA and WSC coating represent promising candidates for efficient mucosal drug delivery as well as biomimetic treatment of lactose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University , Yantai , PR China and
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Binjawadagi B, Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Ouyang K, Wu Y, Lee LJ, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. Adjuvanted poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle-entrapped inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine elicits cross-protective immune response in pigs. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:679-94. [PMID: 24493925 PMCID: PMC3908835 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s56127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), is an economically devastating disease, causing daily losses of approximately $3 million to the US pork industry. Current vaccines have failed to completely prevent PRRS outbreaks. Recently, we have shown that poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticle-entrapped inactivated PRRSV vaccine (NP-KAg) induces a cross-protective immune response in pigs. To further improve its cross-protective efficacy, the NP-KAg vaccine formulation was slightly modified, and pigs were coadministered the vaccine twice intranasally with a potent adjuvant: Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole-cell lysate. In vaccinated virulent heterologous PRRSV-challenged pigs, the immune correlates in the blood were as follows: 1) enhanced PRRSV-specific antibody response with enhanced avidity of both immunoglobulin (Ig)-G and IgA isotypes, associated with augmented virus-neutralizing antibody titers; 2) comparable and increased levels of virus-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody subtypes and production of high levels of both T-helper (Th)-1 and Th2 cytokines, indicative of a balanced Th1–Th2 response; 3) suppressed immunosuppressive cytokine response; 4) increased frequency of interferon-γ+ lymphocyte subsets and expanded population of antigen-presenting cells; and most importantly 5) complete clearance of detectable replicating challenged heterologous PRRSV and close to threefold reduction in viral ribonucleic acid load detected in the blood. In conclusion, intranasal delivery of adjuvanted NP-KAg vaccine formulation to growing pigs elicited a broadly cross-protective immune response, showing the potential of this innovative vaccination strategy to prevent PRRS outbreaks in pigs. A similar approach to control other respiratory diseases in food animals and humans appears to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wu
- NanoScale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ly James Lee
- NanoScale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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20
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Vyas SP, Gupta PN. Implication of nanoparticles/microparticles in mucosal vaccine delivery. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:401-18. [PMID: 17542755 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although polymeric nanoparticles/microparticles are well established for the mucosal administration of conventional drugs, they have not yet been developed commercially for vaccine delivery. The limitation of the mucosal (particularly oral) route of delivery, including low pH, gastric enzymes, rapid transit and poor absorption of large molecules, has made mucosal vaccine delivery challenging. Nevertheless, several polymeric delivery systems for mucosal vaccine delivery are currently being evaluated. The polymer-based approaches are designed to protect the antigen in the gut, to target the antigen to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue or to increase the residence time of the antigen in the gut through bioadhesion. M-cell targeting is a potential approach for mucosal vaccine delivery, which can be achieved using M-cell-specific lectins, microbial adhesins or immunoglobulins. While many hurdles must be overcome before targeted mucosal vaccine delivery becomes a practical reality, this is a potential area of research that has important implications for future vaccine development. This review comprises various aspects that could be decisive in the development of polymer based mucosal vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar-470003 (M.P.), India.
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21
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Efficient hepatic delivery of drugs: novel strategies and their significance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:382184. [PMID: 24286077 PMCID: PMC3826320 DOI: 10.1155/2013/382184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a vital organ responsible for plethora of functions including detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of biochemicals necessary for the sustenance of life. Therefore, patients with chronic liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma need immediate attention to sustain life and as a result are often exposed to the prolonged treatment with drugs/herbal medications. Lack of site-specific delivery of these medications to the hepatocytes/nonparenchymal cells and adverse effects associated with their off-target interactions limit their continuous use. This calls for the development and fabrication of targeted delivery systems which can deliver the drug payload at the desired site of action for defined period of time. The primary aim of drug targeting is to manipulate the whole body distribution of drugs, that is, to prevent distribution to non-target cells and concomitantly increase the drug concentration at the targeted site. Carrier molecules are designed for their selective cellular uptake, taking advantage of specific receptors or binding sites present on the surface membrane of the target cell. In this review, various aspects of liver targeting of drug molecules and herbal medications have been discussed which elucidate the importance of delivering the drugs/herbal medications at their desired site of action.
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Mishra N, Khatri K, Gupta M, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of LTA-appended chitosan nanoparticles for mucosal immunization against hepatitis B. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 42:245-55. [PMID: 23815286 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2013.809726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at exploring the targeting potential of LTA-anchored chitosan nanoparticles (CH-NP) specifically to M cell following oral immunization. The lectinized CH-NP exhibited 7-29% coupling capacity depending upon the amount of glutaraldehyde added. Induction of the mucosal immunity was assessed by estimating secretory IgA level in the salivary, intestinal and vaginal secretions, and cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) levels in the spleen homogenates. The results demonstrated that LTA-anchored CH-NP elicited strong humoral and cellular responses and hence could be a competent carrier-adjuvant delivery system for oral mucosal immunization against Hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University , Sagar, MP , India
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23
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Li H, Dong WF, Zhou JY, Xu XM, Li FQ. Triggering effect of N-acetylglucosamine on retarded drug release from a lectin-anchored chitosan nanoparticles-in-microparticles system. Int J Pharm 2013; 449:37-43. [PMID: 23587965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) to accelerate drug release from a lectin-modified carrier. A wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-anchored salmeterol xinafoate (SalX)-loaded nanoparticles-in-microparticles system (NiMS) was prepared with an ionotropic gelation technique combined with a spray drying method. The formulated microparticles were spherical, with diameters ranging mainly from 2 to 8 μm; the drug entrapment efficiency was >70% (w/w), and the loading capacity was approximately 8% (w/w). Drug release from WGA-SalX-NiMS, within the first 4h, was approximately 30% less than that from SalX-NiMS, indicating an effect of lectin-modification to retard drug release from the NiMS. Due to "sugar-lectin" interactions, drug release from WGA-SalX-NiMS was substantially increased after the addition of NAG to the release medium. However, no significant influence of NAG was observed on the drug release profile of SalX-NiMS without WGA anchorage. The characteristics of NAG-WGA interaction may provide valuable insights into the "triggering-effects" of specific sugars on drug release from lectin-anchored carriers. These results suggest that it is possible to control drug release from a lectin-anchored drug delivery system using a specific sugar, and that the designed novel WGA-SalX-NiMS may be a suitable formulation for chronotherapy of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China
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24
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Protein-based nanocarriers as promising drug and gene delivery systems. J Control Release 2012; 161:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kammona O, Kiparissides C. Recent advances in nanocarrier-based mucosal delivery of biomolecules. J Control Release 2012; 161:781-94. [PMID: 22659331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent developments in the area of nanocarrier-based mucosal delivery of therapeutic biomolecules and antigens. Macromolecular drugs have the unique power to tackle challenging diseases but their structure, physicochemical properties, stability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics place stringent demands on the way they are delivered into the body (e.g., inability to cross mucosal surfaces and biological membranes). Carrier-based drug delivery systems can diminish the toxicity of therapeutic biomolecules, improve their bioavailability and make possible their administration via less-invasive routes (e.g., oral, nasal, pulmonary, etc.). Thus, the development of functionalized nanocarriers and nanoparticle-based microcarriers for the delivery of macromolecular drugs is considered an important scientific challenge and at the same time a business breakthrough for the biopharmaceutical industry. In order to be translated to the clinic the nanocarriers need to be biocompatible, biodegradable, stable in biological media, non-toxic and non-immunogenic, to exhibit mucoadhesive properties, to cross mucosal barriers and to protect their sensitive payload and deliver it to its target site in a controlled manner, thus increasing significantly its bioavailability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Awaad A, Nakamura M, Ishimura K. Histochemical and biochemical analysis of the size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse in mouse Peyer's patches using fluorescent organosilica particles. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1423-39. [PMID: 22619503 PMCID: PMC3356209 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective The size-dependent mucosal immunoresponse against nanomaterials (nanoimmunoresponse) is an important approach for mucosal vaccination. In the present work, the size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse of mouse Peyer’s patches (PPs) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level was investigated using fluorescent thiol-organosilica particles. Methods Various sizes of fluorescent thiol-organosilica particles (100, 180, 365, 745, and 925 nm in diameter) were administered orally. PPs were analyzed histochemically, and IgA levels in PP homogenates, intestinal secretions around PPs, and bile were analyzed biochemically. Results When compared with the larger particles (745 and 925 nm), oral administration of smaller thiol-organosilica particles (100, 180, and 365 nm) increased the number of CD11b+ macrophages and IgA+ cells in the subepithelial domes of the PPs. Additionally, administration of larger particles induced the expression of alpha-L-fucose and mucosal IgA on the surface of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelia of PPs and increased the number of 33D1+ dendritic cells in the subepithelial domes of the PPs. IgA contents in the bile and PP homogenates were high after the administration of the 100 nm particles, but IgA levels in the intestinal secretions were high after the administration of the 925 nm particles. Two size-dependent routes of IgA secretions into the intestinal lumen, the enterohepatic route for smaller particles and the mucosal route for larger particles were proposed. Conclusion Thiol-organosilica particles demonstrated size-dependent nanoimmunoresponse after oral administration. The size of the particles may control the mucosal immunity in PPs and were useful in mucosal vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Awaad
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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27
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Preparation and investigation of Ulex europaeus agglutinin I-conjugated liposomes as potential oral vaccine carriers. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1899-907. [PMID: 22139689 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We prepared and optimized Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEAI)-modified Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-encapsulating liposomes (UEAI-LIP) as oral vaccine carriers and examined the feasibility of inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses by oral administration of UEAILIP. The prepared systems were characterized in vitro for their average size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and conjugation efficiency (CE%). In vitro release studies indicated that the presence of UEAI around the optimized liposomes was able to prevent a burst release of loaded BSA and provide sustained release of the encapsulated protein. In vivo immune-stimulating results in KM mice showed that BSA given intramuscularly generated systemic response only but both systemic and mucosal immune responses could be induced simultaneously in the groups in which BSA-loaded liposomes (LIP) and UEAI-LIP were administered intragastrically. Furthermore, the modification of UEAI on the surface of liposomes could further enhance the IgA and IgG levels obviously. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the high potential of lectin-modified liposomes containing the antigen as carriers for oral vaccine.
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Tiwari S, Verma SK, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP. Viral protein complexed liposomes for intranasal delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen. Int J Pharm 2011; 413:211-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticulate-mediated drug delivery research has examined a full spectrum of nanoparticles that can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic cancer applications. A key aspect of this technology is in the potential to specifically target the nanoparticles to diseased cells using a range of molecules, in particular antibodies. Antibody–nanoparticle conjugates have the potential to elicit effective targeting and release of therapeutic targets at the disease site, while minimizing off-target side effects caused by dosing of normal tissues. This article provides an overview of various antibody-conjugated nanoparticle strategies, focusing on the rationale of cell-surface receptors targeted and their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Fay
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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30
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Thomas C, Rawat A, Hope-Weeks L, Ahsan F. Aerosolized PLA and PLGA Nanoparticles Enhance Humoral, Mucosal and Cytokine Responses to Hepatitis B Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:405-15. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Amit Rawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Louisa Hope-Weeks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Memorial Circle and Boston, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
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Progress towards a needle-free hepatitis B vaccine. Pharm Res 2010; 28:986-1012. [PMID: 21088986 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. Vaccination is the most efficient way to prevent hepatitis B. Despite the success of the currently available vaccine, there is a clear need for the development of new generation of HBV vaccines. Needle-free immunization is an attractive approach for mass immunization campaigns, since avoiding the use of needles reduces the risk of needle-borne diseases and prevents needle-stick injuries and pain, thus augmenting patient compliance and eliminating the need for trained medical personnel. Moreover, this kind of immunization was shown to induce good systemic as well as mucosal immunological responses, which is important for the creation of both a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine. In order to produce a better, safer, more efficient and more suitable vaccine, adjuvants have been used. In this article, several adjuvants tested over the years for their potential to help create a needle-free vaccine against HBV are reviewed.
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Granell A, Fernández del-Carmen A, Orzáez D. In planta production of plant-derived and non-plant-derived adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:843-58. [PMID: 20673009 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antigen production in plants is a safe and economically sound strategy for vaccine development, particularly for oral/mucosal vaccination, but subunit vaccines usually suffer from weak immunogenicity and require adjuvants that escort the antigens, target them to relevant sites and/or activate antigen-presenting cells for elicitation of protective immunity. Genetic fusions of antigens with bacterial adjuvants as the B subunit of the cholera toxin have been successful in inducing protective immunity of plant-made vaccines. In addition, several plant compounds, mainly plant defensive molecules as lectins and saponins, have shown strong adjuvant activities. The molecular diversity of the plant kingdom offers a vast source of non-bacterial compounds with adjuvant activity, which can be assayed in emerging plant manufacturing systems for the design of new plant vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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35
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Advances in effective vaccine development against hepatitis B: focus on mucosal vaccine delivery strategies. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:397-410. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus causes chronic necroinflammatory liver disease, which is known as hepatitis B. This inflammatory condition may further aggravate liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently available conventional hepatitis B vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen, which develops a humoral immune response and hence protects against the infection. However, it fails in developing the desired cellular immune response, which is one of the most important bioresponses contributing to virus elimination from infected hepatocytes. At the same time, moderate humoral response developed following conventional vaccination do not protect the mucosal surfaces through serosal response. The mucosa is a predominant entry site for most of the infectious pathogens. Several strategies, including the use of adjuvants, development of surface functionalized novel antigen carriers and mucosal immunization for example, have been explored to investigate their role in addressing the limitations associated with the current hepatitis B vaccine. This review focuses on recent advances that have been made in order to develop an effective vaccine against hepatitis B.
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Liu Y, Wang P, Sun C, Feng N, Zhou W, Yang Y, Tan R, Chen Z, Wu S, Zhao J. Wheat germ agglutinin-grafted lipid nanoparticles: Preparation and in vitro evaluation of the association with Caco-2 monolayers. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tiwari B, Agarwal A, Kharya AK, Lariya N, Saraogi G, Agrawal H, Agrawal GP. Immunoglobulin immobilized liposomal constructs for transmucosal vaccination through nasal route. J Liposome Res 2010; 21:181-93. [PMID: 20626315 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2010.498003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the prospective of surface-engineered vesicular carriers for mucosal immunization via the nasal route. IgG antibody was immobilized on the surface of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) antigen-loaded liposomes. The developed formulations were characterized on the basis of physicochemical parameters, such as morphology, particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. Liposomal formulations were then evaluated for in-process antigen stability and storage stability. In vivo studies were conducted to visualize targeting potential, localization pattern, and immunogenicity. In addition, immune response was compared with alum-HBsAg vaccine injected intramuscularly. The serum anti-HBsAg titer, obtained from the postnasal administration of IgG-coupled liposomes, was significantly higher than plain liposomes. Moreover, IgG-coupled liposomes generated both humoral (i.e., systemic and mucosal) and cellular immune responses upon nasal administration, while the alum-adsorbed antigen displayed neither cellular (cytokine level) nor mucosal (IgA) response. The formulation also displayed enhanced transmucosal transport, improved in vitro stability, and effective immunoadjuvant property. To conclude, IgG antibody-coupled liposomes may serve as novel carriers to augment the secretory immune response of antigen encapsulated in the liposomes, apparently by escalating liposome uptake via M cells, thereby rationalizing their use as a carrier adjuvant for nasal subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar, India
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Mishra N, Goyal AK, Tiwari S, Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, Vaidya B, Mangal S, Gupta M, Dube D, Mehta A, Vyas SP. Recent advances in mucosal delivery of vaccines: role of mucoadhesive/biodegradable polymeric carriers. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:661-79. [DOI: 10.1517/13543771003730425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mishra N, Tiwari S, Vaidya B, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP. Lectin anchored PLGA nanoparticles for oral mucosal immunization against hepatitis B. J Drug Target 2010; 19:67-78. [DOI: 10.3109/10611861003733946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Glavas Dodov M, Calis S, Crcarevska M, Geskovski N, Petrovska V, Goracinova K. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated chitosan–Ca–alginate microparticles for local colon delivery of 5-FU: Development and in vitro characterization. Int J Pharm 2009; 381:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of novel triblock copolymer based nanoparticles for vaccine delivery against hepatitis B. J Control Release 2009; 136:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li FQ, Fei YB, Chen X, Qin XJ, Liu JY, Zhu QG, Hu JH. Anchoring of Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin to Chitosan Nanoparticles-in-Microparticles and Their in Vitro Binding Activity to Bovine Submaxillary Gland Mucin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:1045-9. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Bo Fei
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Xu Chen
- Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital
| | | | - Ji-Yong Liu
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Quan-Gang Zhu
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Jin-Hong Hu
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
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Patronidou C, Karakosta P, Kotti K, Kammona O, Karageorgiou V, Kiparissides C. PLGA nanocarriers for systemic and lymphatic oral delivery of proteins and peptides. J Control Release 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gupta PN, Khatri K, Goyal AK, Mishra N, Vyas SP. M-cell targeted biodegradable PLGA nanoparticles for oral immunization against hepatitis B. J Drug Target 2008; 15:701-13. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860701637982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mucosal immunology down under: Special Interest Group in Mucosal Immunology workshop, Australasian Society for Immunology, Sydney, Australia, 2 December 2007. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:557-61. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pulliam B, Sung JC, Edwards DA. Design of nanoparticle-based dry powder pulmonary vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 4:651-63. [PMID: 17970667 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.6.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of needle-less vaccination for pulmonary delivery may require dry forms of vaccines whose powder properties allow for a low cost, heat and freeze tolerance, efficient aerosolization, and the ability to target cells of the immune system. For each of these reasons, nanoparticles can play a critical role in the formulation, development and delivery of needle-less vaccination. This review aims to communicate present biomaterial design issues surrounding the incorporation of nanoparticles into pulmonary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pulliam
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 40 Oxford Street, ESL 406, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Bharali DJ, Mousa SA, Thanavala Y. Micro- and nanoparticle-based vaccines for hepatitis B. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 601:415-21. [PMID: 17713030 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The incredible success of vaccinations in contributing to public health is undeniable. In fact, vaccines are the most cost-effective public health tool for disease prevention because their cost is less than the combined costs of treatment, hospitalization, and time loss from work. However, despite the availability of vaccines, cost per dose is a factor limiting the success of global vaccination campaigns, as are the limitations imposed by the need of delivering multiple vaccine doses. A number of approaches are being tested particularly for the delivery of subunit vaccines, and in recent years, a number of groups have devoted their efforts to develop nano/microparticles prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible polymers as vaccine delivery systems with the goal of inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. Some important properties of biodegradable polymers are their documented safety history, biocompatibility, and an ability to provide controlled time/rate of antigen release and polymer degradation. The most extensively studied polymer used for encapsulating vaccine antigens is poly (lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA). This chapter deals in brief with efforts targeting the use of PLGA micro-and nanoparticles for the delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba J Bharali
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Immunology, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Weiss B, Schneider M, Muys L, Taetz S, Neumann D, Schaefer UF, Lehr CM. Coupling of biotin-(poly(ethylene glycol))amine to poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for versatile surface modification. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1087-94. [PMID: 17590034 DOI: 10.1021/bc060342f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, polymeric nanoparticles (NP) for drug targeting are designed to entrap the drug moiety in the core and to present the targeting moiety on the surface. However, in most cases, common preparation techniques of polymeric NP need to be specifically arranged for each compound to be entrapped or attached. In the present work, we introduce a method for versatile conjugation of targeting moieties to the surface of preformed, polymeric NP. Moreover, due to taking advantage of biotin-avidin interactions, our regime opens the additional possibility of a rapid fluorescence labeling of NP. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NP in the size of 210 nm were prepared by the classic oil-in-water method. Such NP were functionalized with biotin-(poly(ethylene glycol))amine (BPEG) by means of cyanuric chloride chemistry. The amount of surface-associated biotin was 850 pmol per milligram of polymer, corresponding to roughly 2650 molecules of biotin per NP. When drawn to scale, such surface coating appeared to be well-suited for subsequent binding of avidin or avidin-linked ligands. By resonant mirror measurements, we could prove specific binding of biotinylated NP to a NeutrAvidin (NAv)-coated surface. Furthermore, after coupling of NAv-linked fluorescence dyes to BPEG-functionalized NP, differences in binding and uptake could be demonstrated using two epithelial cell lines (Caco-2, A549).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Weiss
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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