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Novel, Blended Polymeric Microspheres for the Controlled Release of Methotrexate: Characterization and In Vivo Antifibrotic Studies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030298. [PMID: 36978688 PMCID: PMC10045572 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Low dose methotrexate (MTX) is known to effectively decrease type I collagen production in dermal fibroblasts, while increasing the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in vitro. For in vivo use as an antifibrotic agent on wounds, a linear and extended controlled release formulation of MTX is required. The objective of this study was to optimize the fabrication of MTX-loaded polymeric microspheres with such properties, and to test the efficacy for the prevention of fibrosis in vivo. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and the diblock copolymer, methoxypolyethylene glycol-block-poly (D, L-lactide) (MePEG-b-PDLLA), were used to fabricate microspheres, which were then characterized in terms of size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release profiles. The optimized formulation (PLGA with diblock copolymer) showed high drug encapsulation efficiency (>80%), low burst release (~10%) and a gradual release of MTX. The amphipathic diblock copolymer is known to render the microsphere surface more biocompatible. In vivo, these microspheres were effective in reducing fibrotic tissue which was confirmed by quantitative measurement of type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression, demonstrating that MTX can be efficiently encapsulated in PLGA microspheres to provide a delayed, gradual release in wound beds to reduce fibrosis in vivo.
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Nabai L, Ghahary A, Jackson J. Localized Controlled Release of Kynurenic Acid Encapsulated in Synthetic Polymer Reduces Implant-Induced Dermal Fibrosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081546. [PMID: 35893802 PMCID: PMC9331703 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive fibrosis following surgical procedures is a challenging condition with serious consequences and no effective preventive or therapeutic option. Our group has previously shown the anti-fibrotic effect of kynurenic acid (KynA) in vitro and as topical cream formulations or nanofiber dressings in open wounds. Here, we hypothesized that the implantation of a controlled release drug delivery system loaded with KynA in a wound bed can prevent fibrosis in a closed wound. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and a diblock copolymer, methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-poly (D, L-lactide) (MePEG-b-PDLLA), were used for the fabrication of microspheres which were evaluated for their characteristics, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile, and in vivo efficacy for reduction of fibrosis. The optimized formulation exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (>80%), low initial burst release (~10%), and a delayed, gradual release of KynA. In vivo evaluation of the fabricated microspheres in the PVA model of wound healing revealed that KynA microspheres effectively reduced collagen deposition inside and around PVA sponges and α-smooth muscle actin expression after 66 days. Our results showed that KynA can be efficiently encapsulated in PLGA microspheres and its controlled release in vivo reduces fibrotic tissue formation, suggesting a novel therapeutic option for the prevention or treatment of post-surgical fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Nabai
- BC Professional Fire Fighters’ Burn & Wound Healing Research Lab, ICORD, The Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, 818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Aziz Ghahary
- BC Professional Fire Fighters’ Burn & Wound Healing Research Lab, ICORD, The Blusson Spinal Cord Centre, 818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; (L.N.); (A.G.)
| | - John Jackson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2045 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Biodegradation study of PLGA as an injectable in situ depot-forming implant for controlled release of paclitaxel. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Opportunities and challenges of fatty acid conjugated therapeutics. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105053. [PMID: 33484709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Instability, poor cellular uptake and unfavorable pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of many therapeutic molecules require modification in their physicochemical properties. The conjugation of these APIs with fatty acids has demonstrated an enhancement in their lipophilicity and stability. The improvement in the formulations that resulted from the conjugation of a drug with a fatty acid includes increased half-life, enhanced cellular uptake and retention, targeted tumor delivery, reduced chemoresistance in cancer, and improved blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration. In this review, various therapeutic molecules, including small molecules, peptides and oligonucleotides, that have been conjugated with fatty acid have been thoroughly discussed along with various conjugation strategies. The application of nano-system based delivery is gaining a lot of attention due to its ability to provide controlled drug release, targeting and reducing the extent of side effects. This review also covers various nano-carriers that have been utilized for the delivery of fatty acid drug conjugates. The enhanced lipophilicity of the drug-fatty acid conjugate has shown to enhance the affinity of the drug towards these carriers, thereby increasing the entrapment efficiency and formulation performance.
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Park K, Otte A, Sharifi F, Garner J, Skidmore S, Park H, Jhon YK, Qin B, Wang Y. Formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2021; 329:1150-1161. [PMID: 33148404 PMCID: PMC7904638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable long-acting formulations, specifically poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based systems, have been used to deliver drugs systemically for up to 6 months. Despite the benefits of using this type of long-acting formulations, the development of clinical products and the generic versions of existing formulations has been slow. Only about two dozen formulations have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during the last 30 years. Furthermore, less than a dozen small molecules have been incorporated and approved for clinical use in PLGA-based formulations. The limited number of clinically used products is mainly due to the incomplete understanding of PLGA polymers and the various variables involved in the composition and manufacturing process. Numerous process parameters affect the formulation properties, and their intricate interactions have been difficult to decipher. Thus, it is necessary to identify all the factors affecting the final formulation properties and determine the main contributors to enable control of each factor independently. The composition of the formulation and the manufacturing processes determine the essential property of each formulation, i.e., in vivo drug release kinetics leading to their respective pharmacokinetic profiles. Since the pharmacokinetic profiles can be correlated with in vitro release kinetics, proper in vitro characterization is critical for both batch-to-batch quality control and scale-up production. In addition to in vitro release kinetics, other in vitro characterization is essential for ensuring that the desired formulation is produced, resulting in an expected pharmacokinetic profile. This article reviews the effects of a selected number of parameters in the formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of microparticle systems. In particular, the emphasis is focused on the characterization of surface morphology of PLGA microparticles, as it is a manifestation of the formulation composition and the manufacturing process. Also, the implication of the surface morphology on the drug release kinetics is examined. The information described here can also be applied to in situ forming implants and solid implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Farrokh Sharifi
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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6
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Kasiński A, Zielińska-Pisklak M, Oledzka E, Sobczak M. Smart Hydrogels - Synthetic Stimuli-Responsive Antitumor Drug Release Systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4541-4572. [PMID: 32617004 PMCID: PMC7326401 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s248987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among modern drug formulations, stimuli-responsive hydrogels also called "smart hydrogels" deserve a special attention. The basic feature of this system is the ability to change their mechanical properties, swelling ability, hydrophilicity, bioactive molecules permeability, etc., influenced by various stimuli, such as temperature, pH, electromagnetic radiation, magnetic field and biological factors. Therefore, stimuli-responsive matrices can be potentially used in tissue engineering, cell cultures and technology of innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs), releasing the active substances under the control of internal or external stimuli. Moreover, smart hydrogels can be used as injectable DDSs, due to gel-sol transition connected with in situ cross-linking process. Innovative smart hydrogel DDSs can be utilized as matrices for targeted therapy, which enhances the effectiveness of tumor chemotherapy and subsequently limits systemic toxicity. External stimulus sensitivity allows remote control over the drug release profile and gel formation. On the other hand, internal factors provide drg accumulation in tumor tissue and reduce the concentration of active drug form in healthy tissue. In this report, we summarise the basic knowledge and chemical strategies for the synthetic smart hydrogel DDSs applied in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kasiński
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw02-097, Poland
| | - Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw02-097, Poland
| | - Ewa Oledzka
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw02-097, Poland
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw02-097, Poland
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7
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de Oliveira EG, Machado PRL, Farias KJS, da Costa TR, Melo DMA, Lacerda AF, de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa M, Cornélio AM, da Silva-Junior AA. Tailoring structural properties of spray-dried methotrexate-loaded poly (lactic acid)/poloxamer microparticle blends. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:12. [PMID: 30617752 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems can overcome cancer drug resistance, improving the efficacy of chemotherapy agents. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles are an interesting alternative because their hydrophobic surface and small particle size could facilitate interactions with cells. In this study, two poloxamers (PLX 407 and 188) were applied to modulate the structural features, the drug release behavior and the cell viability from spray-dried microparticles. Five formulations with different PLA: PLX blend ratio (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:50, and 0:100) were well-characterized by SEM, particle size analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The spray-dried microparticles showed higher drug loading, spherical-shape, and smaller particle size. The type of poloxamer and blend ratio affected their structural and functional properties such as morphology, crystallinity, blend miscibility, drug release rate, and cell viability. The methotrexate (MTX), a model drug, was loaded in amorphous spray-dried microparticles. Moreover, the drug release studies demonstrated that PLX induced a leaching-effect of MTX from PLA: PLX blends, suggesting the formation of MTX/PLX micelles in aqueous medium. This finding was better established by cell viability assays. Therefore, biocompatible PLA: PLX blends showed promising in vitro results, and further in vivo studies will be performed to evaluate the performance of this chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Gadelha de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, Petrópolis, 59072-570, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Paula Renata Lima Machado
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Av. Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias s/n, Petropolis, 59012-570, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Kleber Juvenal Silva Farias
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Av. Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias s/n, Petropolis, 59012-570, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Tiago R da Costa
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Dulce Maria Araújo Melo
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ariane Ferreira Lacerda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, Petrópolis, 59072-570, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, Petrópolis, 59072-570, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Alianda Maira Cornélio
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Lagoa Nova, 59072-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Junior
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Gal. Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, Petrópolis, 59072-570, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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8
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Gong YC, Xiong XY, Ge XJ, Li ZL, Li YP. Effect of the Folate Ligand Density on the Targeting Property of Folated-Conjugated Polymeric Nanoparticles. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800348. [PMID: 30444303 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery systems have attracted increasing attention due to their ability for delivering anticancer drugs selectively to tumor cells. Folic acid (FA)-conjugated targeted block copolymers, FA-Pluronic-polycaprolactone (FA-Pluronic-PCL) are synthesized in this study. The anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) is loaded in FA-Pluronic-PCL nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method. The in vitro release of PTX from FA-Pluronic-PCL nanoparticles shows slow and sustained release behaviors. The effect of FA ligand density of FA-Pluronic-PCL nanoparticles on their targeting properties is examined by both cytotoxicity and fluorescence methods. It is shown that FA-Pluronic-PCL nanoparticles indicated better targeting ability than non-targeted PCL-Pluronic-PCL nanoparticles. Furthermore, FA-F127-PCL nanoparticle with 10% FA molar content has more effective antitumor activity and higher cellular uptake than those with 50% and 91% FA molar content. These results prove that FA-F127-PCL nanoparticle with 10% FA molar content can be a better candidate as the drug carrier in targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chun Gong
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xiang Yuan Xiong
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xiang Jun Ge
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Zi Ling Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yu Ping Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
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9
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PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for targeted delivery of the mTOR/PI3kinase inhibitor dactolisib to inflamed endothelium. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:747-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Costa MP, Feitosa ACS, Oliveira FCE, Cavalcanti BC, Dias GG, Caetano EWS, Sales FAM, Freire VN, Di Fiore S, Fischer R, Ladeira LO, da Silva Júnior EN, Pessoa C. Encapsulation of nor-β-lapachone into poly(d,l)-lactide- co-glycolide (PLGA) microcapsules: full characterization, computational details and cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1993-2002. [PMID: 30108718 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we characterize nor-β-lapachone-loaded (NβL-loaded) microcapsules prepared using an emulsification/solvent extraction technique. Features such as surface morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, optical absorption, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermal analysis data, drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. Spherical microcapsules with a size of 1.03 ± 0.46 μm were produced with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 19%. Quantum DFT calculations were also performed to estimate typical interaction energies between a single nor-β-lapachone molecule and the surface of the microparticles. The NβL-loaded PLGA microcapsules exhibited a pronounced initial burst release. After the in vitro treatment with NβL-loaded microcapsules, a clear phagocytosis of the spheres was observed in a few minutes. The cytotoxic activity against a set of cancer cell lines was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcília P Costa
- Pharmacy Course , Federal University of Piauí , 64049-550 Teresina , PI , Brazil
| | - Anderson C S Feitosa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
| | - Fátima C E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
| | - Gleiston G Dias
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , 31270-901 , MG , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 31 34095720
| | - Ewerton W S Caetano
- Department of Secondary School and Teachers College , Federal Institute of Ceará , 60040-531 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil.,Federal Institute of Ceará , 63503-790 Iguatu , CE , Brazil
| | - Francisco A M Sales
- Department of Secondary School and Teachers College , Federal Institute of Ceará , 60040-531 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil.,Federal Institute of Ceará , 63503-790 Iguatu , CE , Brazil
| | - Valder N Freire
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Ceará , 60455-760 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
| | - Stefano Di Fiore
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , 52074 , Aachen , Germany.,Institute for Molecular Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Luiz O Ladeira
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , 31270-901 , MG , Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , 31270-901 , MG , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 31 34095720
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil . .,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , 60180-900 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
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11
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A novel long-acting biodegradable depot formulation of anastrozole for breast cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 75:535-544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Cotte JF, Bouadam A, Sordoillet A, Jaudinaud I, Chambon V, Talaga P. Determination of molecular size parameters and quantification of polyacrylic acid by high performance size-exclusion chromatography with triple detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2083-2092. [PMID: 28078409 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polyelectrolytes are a broad class of vaccine adjuvants. Among them, polyacrylic acid (PAA), a polyanionic polymer, is currently evaluated by Sanofi Pasteur. As chain length is considered to be a critical quality attribute for adjuvant properties of PAA, measurement of precise and accurate molecular size parameters is important for these polymers. In the field of synthetic polymer chemistry, methods for determination of molecular size parameters are well defined. Specifically, high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with multi-detection system is a method of choice. This paper describes the development of HPSEC method to well characterize and precisely quantify PAA in different adjuvant formulations. A first set of characterizations were made, with determination of dn/dc coefficient, which enabled the determination of weight- and number-average molecular weight, viscosimetric radius, and intrinsic viscosity. In-depth characterization was also made with branching study through the use of Mark-Houwink parameter determination. The quantification method was also evaluated according to validation method-like criteria: limit of detection and limit of quantification, repeatability, accuracy, and specificity with recombinant surface glycoprotein gB from human cytomegalovirus (CMV-gB) as model antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Cotte
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research & Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Afifa Bouadam
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research & Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Agathe Sordoillet
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research & Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Isabelle Jaudinaud
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research & Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Véronique Chambon
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research & Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Philippe Talaga
- Sanofi Pasteur, Analytical Research & Development, Campus Mérieux, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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13
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The Effective Solubilization of Hydrophobic Drugs Using Epigallocatechin Gallate or Tannic Acid-Based Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3143-3152. [PMID: 27522526 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotropic solubilization of hydrophobic drugs requires supramolar amounts of hydrotropes with potential toxicity issues. We investigated the use of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and tannic acid at millimolar concentrations, as hydrotrope-like solubilizing agents. Paclitaxel, docetaxel, amphotherecin B, curcumin, or rapamycin were dried down with EGCG or tannic acid from ethanol and then redissolved in aqueous media. Following centrifugation and filtration, the drug solubility was measured using HPLC. The uptake of docetaxel into cells from EGCG-based solutions was measured using radiolabeled drugs. Both EGCG and tannic acid effectively increased the aqueous solubility of all drugs from low levels (μg/mL) to high levels (mg/mL) in a concentration-dependent fashion at millimolar concentrations. Solutions were generally stable at room temperature over 24 h. Compared with micellar formulations, EGCG-based solutions of docetaxel demonstrated markedly improved drug uptake or transport levels in all cell lines. The use of these additives may provide improved formulation of various hydrophobic drugs using oral, parenteral, localized, or device-associated delivery systems.
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14
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Barbarini AL, Estenoz DA, Martino DM. Crosslinkable micelles from diblock amphiphilic copolymers based on vinylbenzyl thymine and vinylbenzyl triethylammonium chloride. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro L. Barbarini
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral), CONICET - UNL; Güemes 3450 S3000GLN Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Diana A. Estenoz
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC) - CONICET - UNL; Güemes 3450 S3000GLN Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Débora M. Martino
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral), CONICET - UNL; Güemes 3450 S3000GLN Santa Fe Argentina
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15
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Lv W, Cheng L, Li B. Development and Evaluation of a Novel TPGS-Mediated Paclitaxel-Loaded PLGA-mPEG Nanoparticle for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:68-74. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province
| | - Lihua Cheng
- Zhejiang-California International NanoSystems Institute, Zhejiang University
| | - Baohua Li
- Women’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
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16
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Gu D, Ladewig K, Klimak M, Haylock D, McLean KM, O'Connor AJ, Qiao GG. Amphiphilic core cross-linked star polymers as water-soluble, biocompatible and biodegradable unimolecular carriers for hydrophobic drugs. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of amphiphilic, unimolecular, biocompatible, biodegradable and readily functionalisable PEG-PCL-based CCS polymers formed in a well-controlled manner and their application as a carrier of hydrophobic anthracycline drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - K. Ladewig
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - M. Klimak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - D. Haylock
- Manufacturing Flagship
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - K. M. McLean
- Manufacturing Flagship
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - A. J. O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - G. G. Qiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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17
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Nanoparticles Based on a Hydrophilic Polyester with a Sheddable PEG Coating for Protein Delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2593-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Yerlikaya F, Ozgen A, Vural I, Guven O, Karaagaoglu E, Khan MA, Capan Y. Development and Evaluation of Paclitaxel Nanoparticles Using a Quality-by-Design Approach. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3748-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Liu X, Tian Z, Chen C, Allcock HR. UV-cleavable unimolecular micelles: synthesis and characterization toward photocontrolled drug release carriers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20825c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Sarpietro MG, Ottimo S, Paolino D, Ferrero A, Dosio F, Castelli F. Squalenoyl prodrug of paclitaxel: Synthesis and evaluation of its incorporation in phospholipid bilayers. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Guo X, Mei Q, Xing Y, Ye L, Zhang H, Shi X, Zhang Z. Preparation and cytotoxicity of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres encapsulating 2-methoxyestradiol. Drug Deliv 2012; 19:143-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.657719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Jiao Z, Wang X, Chen Z. Folate-conjugated methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)/poly (L-Alanine) amphiphilic block copolymeric micelles for targeted delivery of paclitaxel. Drug Deliv 2011; 18:478-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2011.589086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Hu Z, Liu Y, Yuan W, Wu F, Su J, Jin T. Effect of bases with different solubility on the release behavior of risperidone loaded PLGA microspheres. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 86:206-11. [PMID: 21524893 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres are attractive delivery vehicles due to their excellent sustained release capabilities. One major problem with PLGA microspheres is that the hydrophobic properties of PLGA generally cause a lag period in the process of drug release, leading to fluctuation of drug concentration in the blood and various resulting adverse reactions. Herein, Mg(OH)₂, an inorganic base, and arginine, an organic base, were separately co-encapsulated into risperidone-loaded PLGA microspheres at varying concentration using the solvent evaporation method to improve release profiles from the microspheres. High encapsulation efficiencies were obtained in all formulations. The surface of base-free microspheres was smooth, whereas a few pores formed in base co-encapsulated microspheres. After 7-days degradation, many inter-connecting pores were formed in the interior of the microspheres containing 10 mg Mg(OH)₂. The final pH in the microspheres with Mg(OH)₂ was higher than in those with arginine after 28-days degradation. The initial release of risperidone from microspheres containing Mg(OH)₂ was higher than from those containing arginine, and the latter release exhibited a more uniform pattern. Microspheres with 5mg and 10mg arginine exhibited zero-order release kinetics. However, both bases eliminated the lag phase of release. These results indicate that the incorporation of bases has potential in addressing the problem of the lag period in drug release from PLGA microspheres, and improving release behavior toward an ideal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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24
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Nie S, Hsiao WLW, Pan W, Yang Z. Thermoreversible Pluronic F127-based hydrogel containing liposomes for the controlled delivery of paclitaxel: in vitro drug release, cell cytotoxicity, and uptake studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:151-66. [PMID: 21499415 PMCID: PMC3075891 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop an in situ gel system comprising liposome-containing paclitaxel (PTX) dispersed within the thermoreversible gel (Pluronic® F127 gel) for controlled release and improved antitumor drug efficiency. Methods The dialysis membrane and membrane-less diffusion method were used to investigate the in vitro drug release behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis was used to investigate the “micellization” and “sol/gel transition” process of in situ gel systems. In vitro cytotoxicity and drug uptake in KB cancer cells were determined by MTT, intercellular drug concentration, and fluorescence intensity assay. Results The in vitro release experiment performed with a dialysis membrane model showed that the liposomal gel exhibited the longest drug-release period compared with liposome, general gel, and commercial formulation Taxol®. This effect is presumably due to the increased viscosity of liposomal gel, which has the effect of creating a drug reservoir. Both drug and gel release from the in situ gel system operated under zero-order kinetics and showed a correlation of release of PTX with gel, indicating a predominating release mechanism of the erosion type. Dispersing liposomes into the gel replaced larger gel itself for achieving the same gel dissolution rate. Both the critical micelle temperature and the sol/gel temperature, detected by DSC thermal analysis, were shifted to lower temperatures by adding liposomes. The extent of the shifts depended on the amount of embedded liposomes. MTT assay and drug uptake studies showed that the treatment with PTX-loaded liposomal 18% Pluronic F127 yielded cytotoxicities, intercellular fluorescence intensity, and drug concentration in KB cells much higher than that of conventional liposome, while blank liposomal 18% Pluronic F127 gel was far less than the Cremophor EL® vehicle and empty liposomes. Conclusions A thermosensitive hydrogel with embedded liposome is a promising carrier for hydrophobic anticancer agents, to be used in parenteral formulations for treating local cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Bioengineering Institute, Yangluo Economic Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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25
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Manju S, Sharma CP, Sreenivasan K. Targeted coadministration of sparingly soluble paclitaxel and curcumin into cancer cells by surface engineered magnetic nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Jiao Z, Liu N, Chen Z. Selection suitable solvents to prepare paclitaxel-loaded micelles by solvent evaporation method. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:164-9. [PMID: 20977318 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.529146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymer micelle is one of the most important drug delivery systems to improve the water-solubility of lipophilic drugs. Blank micelles were prepared by solvent evaporation method in order to choose the suitable solvents for PBMA-b-PMPC (poly(n-butyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)) copolymer micelles. The selected solvents, which include chloroform/ethanol mixture and ScCO(2), were used to prepare the paclitaxel-loaded micelles. The micelles with high drug encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading content showed both narrow size distribution and regularly spherical shape. In vitro drug release studies indicated that paclitaxel could be slowly and continuously released from the micelles. More than 50% incorporated drug was released within 132 h from the micelles prepared using ScCO(2) as solvent while only 20% was released at the same period from those prepared using chloroform/ethanol mixture. In addition, the environmentally-friendly solvent, ScCO(2), was used for the first time to prepare the paclitaxel-loaded micelles during the solvent evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
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27
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You J, Shao R, Wei X, Gupta S, Li C. Near-infrared light triggers release of Paclitaxel from biodegradable microspheres: photothermal effect and enhanced antitumor activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1022-31. [PMID: 20394071 PMCID: PMC3435885 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in controlled drug delivery, reliable methods for activatable, high-resolution control of drug release are needed. The hypothesis that the photothermal effect mediated by a near-infrared (NIR) laser and hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNSs) could modulate the release of anticancer agents is tested with biodegradable and biocompatible microspheres (1-15 microm) containing the antitumor drug paclitaxel (PTX) and HAuNSs (approximately 35 nm in diameter), which display surface plasmon absorbance in the NIR region. HAuNS-containing microspheres exhibit a NIR-induced thermal effect similar to that of plain HAuNSs. Rapid, repetitive PTX release from the PTX/HAuNS-containing microspheres is observed upon irradiation with NIR light (808 nm), whereas PTX release is insignificant when the NIR light is switched off. The release of PTX from the microspheres is readily controlled by the output power of the NIR laser, duration of irradiation, treatment frequency, and concentration of HAuNSs embedded inside the microspheres. In vitro, cancer cells incubated with PTX/HAuNS-loaded microspheres and irradiated with NIR light display significantly greater cytotoxic effects than cells incubated with the microspheres alone or cells irradiated with NIR light alone, owing to NIR-light-triggered drug release. Treatment of human U87 gliomas and MDA-MB-231 mammary tumor xenografts in nude mice with intratumoral injections of PTX/HAuNS-loaded microspheres followed by NIR irradiation results in significant tumor-growth delay compared to tumors treated with HAuNS-loaded microspheres (no PTX) and NIR irradiation or with PTX/HAuNS-loaded microspheres alone. The data support the feasibility of a therapeutic approach in which NIR light is used for simultaneous modulation of drug release and induction of photothermal cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian You
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Unit 59, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
- On leave from College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 388, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruping Shao
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Unit 59, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, Texas 77004
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Unit 325, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Unit 59, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
- Corresponding author: Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Unit 59, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030. Phone: (713) 792-5182. Fax: (713) 794-5456.
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Ng SM, Choi JY, Han HS, Huh JS, Lim JO. Novel microencapsulation of potential drugs with low molecular weight and high hydrophilicity: Hydrogen peroxide as a candidate compound. Int J Pharm 2010; 384:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rahmani-Neishaboor E, Jackson J, Burt H, Ghahary A. Composite Hydrogel Formulations of Stratifin to Control MMP-1 Expression in Dermal Fibroblasts. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2002-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Yang R, Yang SG, Shim WS, Cui F, Cheng G, Kim IW, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Lung-specific delivery of paclitaxel by chitosan-modified PLGA nanoparticles via transient formation of microaggregates. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:970-84. [PMID: 18661542 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-modified paclitaxel-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 200-300 nm in distilled water were prepared by a solvent evaporation method. The mean diameter increased dramatically in contact with the mouse (CDF(1)) plasma, as a function of chitosan concentration in the modification solution (e.g., 2670.5 nm for 0.7% chitosan-modified nanoparticles, NP(3)), but reverted to almost its original size (i.e., 350.7 nm for NP(3)) following 5 min of gentle agitation. The zeta potential of PLGA nanoparticles was changed to positive by the chitosan modification. The in vitro uptake into, and cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles against, a lung cancer cell line (A549) were significantly increased by the modification. Most importantly, a lung-specific increase in the distribution index of paclitaxel (i.e., AUC(lung)/AUC(plasma)) was observed for chitosan-modified nanoparticles (e.g., 99.9 for NP(3) vs. 5.4 for Taxol) when nanoparticles were administered to lung-metastasized mice via the tail vein at a paclitaxel dose of 10 mg/kg. Transient formation of aggregates in the blood stream followed by enhanced trapping in the lung capillaries, and electrical interaction-mediated enhanced uptake across the endothelial cells of the lung tumor capillary appear to be responsible for the lung-tumor-specific distribution of the chitosan modified nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- National Research Laboratory for Transporters Targeted Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Chu H, Liu N, Wang X, Jiao Z, Chen Z. Morphology and in vitro release kinetics of drug-loaded micelles based on well-defined PMPC–b–PBMA copolymer. Int J Pharm 2009; 371:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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