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Dai X, Permana AD, Li M, Habibie, Nur Amir M, Peng K, Zhang C, Dai H, Paredes AJ, Vora LK, Donnelly RF. Calcipotriol Nanosuspension-Loaded Trilayer Dissolving Microneedle Patches for the Treatment of Psoriasis: In Vitro Delivery and In Vivo Antipsoriatic Activity Studies. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2813-2827. [PMID: 38752564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis, affecting 2-3% of the global population, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition without a definitive cure. Current treatments focus on managing symptoms. Recognizing the need for innovative drug delivery methods to enhance patient adherence, this study explores a new approach using calcipotriol monohydrate (CPM), a primary topical treatment for psoriasis. Despite its effectiveness, CPM's therapeutic potential is often limited by factors like the greasiness of topical applications, poor skin permeability, low skin retention, and lack of controlled delivery. To overcome these challenges, the study introduces CPM in the form of nanosuspensions (NSs), characterized by an average particle size of 211 ± 2 nm. These CPM NSs are then incorporated into a trilayer dissolving microneedle patch (MAP) made from poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and w poly(vinyl alcohol) as needle arrays and prefrom 3D printed polylactic acid backing layer. This MAP features rapidly dissolving tips and exhibits good mechanical properties and insertion capability with delivery efficiency compared to the conventional Daivonex ointment. The effectiveness of this novel MAP was tested on Sprague-Dawley rats with imiquimod-induced psoriasis, demonstrating efficacy comparable to the marketed ointment. This innovative trilayer dissolving MAP represents a promising new local delivery system for calcipotriol, potentially revolutionizing psoriasis treatment by enhancing drug delivery and patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbing Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Mingshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Habibie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nur Amir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ke Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Haodong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Alejandro J Paredes
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
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Simões A, Castro RAE, Veiga F, Vitorino C. A quality by design framework for developing nanocrystal bioenabling formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123393. [PMID: 37717717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to outline a rational framework for the design and development of a 1.0% (w/v) hydrocortisone nanocrystal-based formulation, resorting to a simple, efficient, and scalable nanonization methodology, based on the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique. Accordingly, the innovative product was comprehensively optimized following a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The thorough selection of formulation composition was driven by a dual purpose: improving skin permeation and stability. In the early stage of development, a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) diagram was employed to identify the most impactful variables for the critical quality attributes (CQAs). In this sense, a rotatable, three-factor and five-level circumscribed central composite design (CCCD) was applied to investigate how squalene concentration (x1), soluplus concentration (x2) and HPH-time (x3) influence physicochemical properties, performance and physical stability of the formulation. A robust Design Space (DS) was defined, establishing the optimal settings for the critical variables, whose combination meets the requirements set in the quality target product profile (QTPP). Morphological analysis revealed the cuboidal shape of hydrocortisone nanocrystals. In what concerns colloidal properties, the most promising formulation disclosed a small particle size (Dx(50) = 311.8 ± 1.5 nm), along with narrow size distribution (span value = 1.91 ± 0.17). Zeta potential results (-2.19 ± 0.15 mV--12.1 ± 0.4 mV) suggested a steric hindrance stabilization. FTIR spectra showed no chemical interactions between drug and formulation components. XRD diffractograms confirmed loss of crystallinity during the downsizing process. In vitro studies revealed an improvement on drug release rate (316 ± 21-516 ± 35 μg/cm2/√t), compared to the coarse suspension and commercial products, and a straight dependence on the stabilizer concentration and HPH time. The permeation flux across the skin (0.16 ± 0.02-1.2 ± 0.5 μg/cm2/h) appeared to be dependent on the drug physicochemical properties, in particular saturation solubility. Further characterization of the experimental formulations pointed out the role of the stabilizing component to prevent against physical instability phenomena. This organic solvent-free, and therefore "green" nanocrystal production technology offers great potential for pharmaceutical R&D and drug delivery by enabling the development of new forms of conventional drugs with optimal physicochemical properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo A E Castro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Sampathi S, Haribhau CJ, Kuchana V, Junnuthula V, Dyawanapelly S. Nanosuspension encapsulated chitosan-pectin microbeads as a novel delivery platform for enhancing oral bioavailability. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121177. [PMID: 37567693 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to overcome the poor solubility and colon-specific delivery of curcumin (CUR) by formulating a curcumin nanosuspension (CUR-NS) using the antisolvent precipitation method. Freeze-dried CUR-NS was encapsulated into microbeads (CUR-NS-MB) by the ionotropic gelation method using zinc chloride (as a cross-linking agent) with the help of rate-controlling polymers, pectin, and chitosan. Furthermore, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) is incorporated as an enteric polymer to protect against acidic medium degradation. Particle size, surface morphology, interaction studies, and entrapment studies were performed to optimize CUR-NSs. Nanosuspensions stabilized with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E-15; 1 % w/v) showed an average particle size of 193.5 ± 4.31 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.261 ± 0.020. The optimized microbeads (CUR-NS-MB) showed 89.45 ± 3.11 % entrapment efficiency with a drug loading of 14.54 ± 1.02 %. The optimized formulation (CUR-NS-MB) showed colon-specific in vitro drug release bypassing acid pH degradation. In animal studies, a 2.5-fold increase in Cmax and a 4.4-fold increase in AUC048h were observed with CUR-NS-MB, which was more significant than that of plain CUR. Therefore, the developed CUR-NS-MB has the potential to be used as a colon-specific delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Sampathi
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rudraram, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Chormale Jaydeep Haribhau
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vijaya Kuchana
- Teegala Krishna Reddy College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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Xia Q, Shen J, Ding H, Liu S, Li F, Li F, Feng N. Intravenous nanocrystals: fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate, and applications for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1467-1488. [PMID: 37814582 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2268512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous nanocrystals (INCs) have shown intrinsic advantages in antitumor applications, particularly their properties of high drug loading, low toxicity, and controllable size. Therefore, it has a very bright application prospect as a drug delivery system. AREAS COVERED The ideal formulation design principles, fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate of INCs, the applications in drug delivery system (DDS) and the novel applications are covered in this review. EXPERT OPINION It is vital to select a suitable formulation and fabrication method to produce a stable and sterile INCs. Besides, the type of stabilizers and physical characteristics can also influence the in vivo fate of INCs, which is worthy of further studying. Based on wide researches about applications of INCs in cancer, biomimetic INCs are concerned increasingly for its favorable compatibility. The output of these studies suggested that INCs-based drug delivery could be a novel strategy for addressing the delivery of the drug that faces solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huining Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengqian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Marques SM, Kumar L. Factors affecting the preparation of nanocrystals: characterization, surface modifications and toxicity aspects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:871-894. [PMID: 37222381 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2218084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fabrication of well-defined nanocrystals in size and form is the focus of much investigation. In this work, we have critically reviewed several recent instances from the literature that shows how the production procedure affects the physicochemical properties of the nanocrystals. AREAS COVERED Scopus, MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-review articles published in the past few years using different key words. Authors chose relevant publications from their files for this review. This review focuses on the range of techniques available for producing nanocrystals. We draw attention to several recent instances demonstrating the impact of various process and formulation variables that affect the nanocrystals' physicochemical properties. Moreover, various developments in the characterization techniques explored for nanocrystals concerning their size, morphology, etc. have been discussed. Last but not least, recent applications, the effect of surface modifications, and the toxicological traits of nanocrystals have also been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The selection of an appropriate production method for the formation of nanocrystals, together with a deep understanding of the relationship between the drug's physicochemical properties, unique features of the various formulation alternatives, and anticipated in-vivo performance, would significantly reduce the risk of failure during human clinical trials that are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirleen Miriam Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Ahmad M, Khan S, Shah SMH, Zahoor M, Hussain Z, Hussain H, Shah SWA, Ullah R, Alotaibi A. Formulation and Optimization of Repaglinide Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics for Enhanced Bioavailability and Management of Diabetes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041064. [PMID: 37189682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The technologies for fabrication of nanocrystals have an immense potential to improve solubility of a variety of the poor water-soluble drugs with subsequent enhanced bioavailability. Repaglinide (Rp) is an antihyperglycemic drug having low bioavailability due to its extensive first-pass metabolism. Microfluidics is a cutting-edge technique that provides a new approach for producing nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled properties for a variety of applications. The current study’s goal was to engineer repaglinide smart nanoparticles (Rp-Nc) utilizing microfluidic technology (Dolomite Y shape), and then to perform in-vitro, in-vivo, and toxicity evaluations of them. This method effectively generated nanocrystals with average particle sizes of 71.31 ± 11 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.072 ± 12. The fabricated Rp’s crystallinity was verified by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). In comparison to the raw and commercially available tablets, the fabricated Rp’s nanoparticles resulted in a higher saturation solubility and dissolving rate (p < 0.05). Rp nanocrystals had a considerably lower (p < 0.05) IC50 value than that of the raw drug and commercial tablets. Moreover, Rp nanocrystals at the 0.5 and 1 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose level (mg/dL, p < 0.001, n = 8) compared to its counterparts. Rp nanocrystals at the 0.5 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.001, n = 8) in blood glucose compared to its counterparts at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The selected animal model’s histological analyses and the effect of Rp nanocrystals on several internal organs were determined to be equivalent to those of the control animal group. The findings of the present study indicated that nanocrystals of Rp with improved anti-diabetic properties and safety profiles can be successfully produced using controlled microfluidic technology, an innovative drug delivery system (DDS) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Syed Muhammad Hassan Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 18500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haya Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Dir 18000, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alotaibi
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Sarveswari HB, Gupta KK, Durai R, Solomon AP. Development of a smart pH-responsive nano-polymer drug, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol conjugate against the intestinal pathogen, Vibrio cholerae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1250. [PMID: 36690664 PMCID: PMC9871008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, an acute diarrhoeal disease. The virulence in V. cholerae is regulated by the quorum-sensing mechanism and response regulator LuxO positively regulates the expression of virulence determinants adhesion, biofilm formation, and cholera toxin production. Previous in-silico studies revealed that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol could bind to the ATP binding site of LuxO and the complex was compact and stable in pHs like intestinal pHs. Here, we have explored the polymeric nano-formulation of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol using cellulose acetate phthalate for controlled drug release and their effectiveness in attenuating the expression of V. cholerae virulence. Physico-chemical characterization of the formulation showed particles with a mean size of 91.8 ± 14 nm diameter and surface charge of - 14.7 ± 0.07 mV. The uniform round polymeric nanoparticles formed displayed about 51% burst release of the drug at pH 7 by 3rd h, followed by a controlled linear release in alkaline pH. The polymeric nanoparticles demonstrated a tenfold increase in intestinal membrane permeability ex-vivo. At lower concentrations, the 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol polymeric nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic to Int 407 cells. In-vitro analysis at pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 9 revealed that cellulose acetate phthalate-2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol nanoparticles were non-bactericidal at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL. At 31.25 μg/mL, the nanoparticles inhibited about 50% of the biofilm formation of V. cholerae MTCC 3905 and HYR14 strains. At this concentration, the adherence of V. cholerae MTCC 3905 and HYR14 to Int 407 cell lines were also significantly affected. Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression of tcp, qrr, and ct at pH 6, 7, 8, and 9 has reduced. The CAP-2M4VP nanoparticles have demonstrated the potential to effectively reduce the virulence of V. cholerae in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Bhagavathi Sarveswari
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Krishna Kant Gupta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Ramyadevi Durai
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, 613401, India.
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Bariki SG, Movahedirad S. A flow map for core/shell microdroplet formation in the co-flow Microchannel using ternary phase-field numerical model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22010. [PMID: 36539594 PMCID: PMC9768139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Core/shell microdroplets formation with uniform size is investigated numerically in the co-flow microchannel. The interface and volume fraction contour between three immiscible fluids are captured using a ternary phase-field model. Previous research has shown that the effective parameters of microdroplet size are the physical properties and velocity of the three phases. By adjusting these variables, five main flow patterns are observed in numerical simulations. A core/shell dripping/slug regime is observed when the inertia of the continuous phase breaks the flow of the core and shell phases and makes a droplet. In the slug regime, the continuous phase has less inertia, and the droplets that form are surrounded by the channel walls, while in the dripping regime, the shell phase fluid is surrounded by the continuous phase. An increase in continuous-fluid or shell-fluid flow rate leads to dripping to a jetting transition. When three immiscible liquids flow continuously and parallel to one another without dispersing, this is known as laminar flow. In the tubing regime, the core phase flows continuously in the channel's central region, the shell phase flows in the annulus formed by the core phase's central region, and the continuous phase flows between the shell phase fluid and channel walls. In order to discriminate between the aforementioned flow patterns using Weber and Capillary numbers and establish regime transition criteria based on these two dimensionless variables, a flow regime map is provided. Finally, a correlation for shell thickness using shell-to-core phase velocity ratio and conducting 51 CFD simulations was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghasemzade Bariki
- grid.411748.f0000 0001 0387 0587School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Salman Movahedirad
- grid.411748.f0000 0001 0387 0587School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114 Iran
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Cai S, Erfle P, Dietzel A. A Digital Twin of the Coaxial Lamination Mixer for the Systematic Study of Mixing Performance and the Prediction of Precipitated Nanoparticle Properties. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2076. [PMID: 36557375 PMCID: PMC9780925 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of nanoparticles in microchannels promises the advantages of small size, uniform shape and narrow size distribution. However, only with insights into the mixing processes can the most suitable designs and operating conditions be systematically determined. Coaxial lamination mixers (CLM) built by 2-photon polymerization can operate long-term stable nanoparticle precipitation without fouling issues. Contact of the organic phase with the microchannel walls is prevented while mixing with the aqueous phase is intensified. A coaxial nozzle allows 3D hydrodynamic focusing followed by a sequence of stretch-and-fold units. By means of a digital twin based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and numerical evaluation of mixing progression, the influences of operation conditions are now studied in detail. As a measure for homogenization, the mixing index (MI) was extracted as a function of microchannel position for different operating parameters such as the total flow rate and the share of solvent flow. As an exemplary result, behind a third stretch-and-fold unit, practically perfect mixing (MI>0.9) is predicted at total flow rates between 50 µL/min and 400 µL/min and up to 20% solvent flow share. Based on MI values, the mixing time, which is decisive for the size and dispersity of the nanoparticles, can be determined. Under the conditions considered, it ranges from 5 ms to 54 ms. A good correlation between the predicted mixing time and nanoparticle properties, as experimentally observed in earlier work, could be confirmed. The digital twin combining CFD with the MI methodology can in the future be used to adjust the design of a CLM or other micromixers to the desired total flow rates and flow rate ratios and to provide valuable predictions for the mixing time and even the properties of nanoparticles produced by microfluidic antisolvent precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Cai
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peer Erfle
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Zhang C, Bodmeier R. A comparative study of PLGA microparticle properties loaded with micronized, nanosized or dissolved drug. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Osouli-Bostanabad K, Puliga S, Serrano DR, Bucchi A, Halbert G, Lalatsa A. Microfluidic Manufacture of Lipid-Based Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091940. [PMID: 36145688 PMCID: PMC9506151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate technologies have revolutionized drug delivery allowing for passive and active targeting, altered biodistribution, controlled drug release (temporospatial or triggered), enhanced stability, improved solubilization capacity, and a reduction in dose and adverse effects. However, their manufacture remains immature, and challenges exist on an industrial scale due to high batch-to-batch variability hindering their clinical translation. Lipid-based nanomedicines remain the most widely approved nanomedicines, and their current manufacturing methods remain discontinuous and face several problems such as high batch-to-batch variability affecting the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product, laborious multistep processes, need for an expert workforce, and not being easily amenable to industrial scale-up involving typically a complex process control. Several techniques have emerged in recent years for nanomedicine manufacture, but a paradigm shift occurred when microfluidic strategies able to mix fluids in channels with dimensions of tens of micrometers and small volumes of liquid reagents in a highly controlled manner to form nanoparticles with tunable and reproducible structure were employed. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the manufacturing of lipid-based nanomedicines using microfluidics with particular emphasis on the parameters that govern the control of CQAs of final nanomedicines. The impact of microfluidic environments on formation dynamics of nanomaterials, and the application of microdevices as platforms for nanomaterial screening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Osouli-Bostanabad
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Sara Puliga
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Bucchi
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
| | - Gavin Halbert
- CRUK Formulation Unit, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- CRUK Formulation Unit, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
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12
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Erfle P, Riewe J, Cai S, Bunjes H, Dietzel A. Horseshoe lamination mixer (HLM) sets new standards in the production of monodisperse lipid nanoparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3025-3044. [PMID: 35829631 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00240j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic mixers promise unique conditions for the controlled and continuous preparation of nanoparticles by antisolvent precipitation. Nanoparticles may enable encapsulation of drug or mRNA molecules in the form of carrier nanoparticles or can provide higher bioavailability in the form of drug nanoparticles. The ultimate goal in microfluidic approaches is the production of nanoparticles with narrow size distributions while avoiding contaminations and achieving sufficiently high throughput. To achieve this, a novel microfluidic precipitation device was developed and realized by two-photon polymerization: mixing elements were designed in such a way that the liquids undergo a repeated Smale horseshoe transformation resulting in an increased interfacial area and mixing times of less than 10 ms. These elements and an additional 3D flow focusing ensure that no organic phase is exposed to the channel walls. The integration of a fluidic shield layer in the flow focusing proved to be useful to delay the precipitation process until reaching a sufficient distance to the injection nozzle. Lipid nanoparticle preparation with different concentrations of castor oil or the hard fat Softisan® 100 were performed at different flow rates and mixing ratios with and without a shield layer. Flow rates of up to 800 μl min-1 and organic phase mixing ratios of up to 20% resulted in particle sizes ranging from 42 nm to 166 nm with polydispersity indices from 0.04 to 0.11, indicating very narrowly distributed, and in most cases even monodisperse, nanoparticles. The occurrence of fouling can be completely suppressed with this new type of mixing elements, as long as Dean vortices are prevented. Moreover, this parameter range in the horseshoe lamination mixer provided a stable and continuous process, which enables a scalable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Erfle
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juliane Riewe
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Songtao Cai
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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A Poly (Caprolactone)-Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Transdermal Delivery of Hydrocortisone in Treating Psoriasis Vulgaris. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132633. [PMID: 35808678 PMCID: PMC9269097 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is a common chronic disease, affecting much of the population. Hydrocortisone (HCT) is currently utilized as a PV treatment; however, it is associated with undesirable side effects. The aim of this research was to create a thermo-responsive nano-hydrogel delivery system. HCT-loaded sorbitan monostearate (SMS)-polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, encapsulated with thermo-responsive hydrogel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), were synthesized by applying the interfacial polymer-deposition method following solvent displacement. The nanoparticles’ properties were evaluated employing Differential Scanning Colorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Zeta sizer, Ultraviolet/Visual spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity testing. The nanoparticle sizes were 110.5 nm, with polydispersity index of 0.15 and zeta potential of −58.7 mV. A drug-entrapment efficacy of 76% was attained by the HCT-loaded SMS-PCL nanoparticles and in vitro drug-release profiles showed continuous drug release over a period of 24 hrs. Keratinocyte skin cells were treated with HCT-loaded SMS-PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with CMC; the results indicated that the synthesized drug-delivery system was less toxic to the keratinocyte cells compared to HCT. The combined trials and results from the formulation of HCT-loaded SMS-PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with CMC showed evidence that this hydrogel can be utilized as a potentially invaluable formulation for transdermal drug delivery of HCT, with improved efficacy and patient conformity.
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14
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Sheng Y, Zhang S, Ling J, Hu C, Zhang Z, Lv H. Oxybutynin nanosuspension gel for enhanced transdermal treatment for overactive bladder syndrome. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:459-468. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2078983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Sheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 210028, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
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15
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Non-Effective Improvement of Absorption for Some Nanoparticle Formulations Explained by Permeability under Non-Sink Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040816. [PMID: 35456650 PMCID: PMC9024805 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the in vitro permeability of nanoparticle formulations of high and low lipophilic compounds under non-sink conditions, wherein compounds are not completely dissolved. The permeability of the highly lipophilic compound, griseofulvin, was improved by about 30% due to nanonization under non-sink conditions. Moreover, this permeability was about 50% higher than that under sink conditions. On the other hand, for the low lipophilic compound, hydrocortisone, there was no difference in permeability between micro-and nano-sized compounds under non-sink conditions. The nanonization of highly lipophilic compounds improves the permeability of the unstirred water layer (UWL), which in turn improves overall permeability. On the other hand, because the rate-limiting step in permeation for the low lipophilic compounds is the diffusion of the compounds in the membrane, the improvement of UWL permeability by nanonization does not improve the overall permeability. Based on this mechanism, nanoparticle formulations are not effective for low lipophilic compounds. To accurately predict the absorption of nanoparticle formulations, it is necessary to consider their permeability under non-sink conditions which reflect in vivo conditions.
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16
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Koca M, Sevinç Özakar R, Ozakar E, Sade R, Pirimoğlu B, Şimsek Özek N, Aysin F. Preparation and Characterization of Nanosuspensions of Triiodoaniline Derivative New Contrast Agent, and Investigation into Its Cytotoxicity and Contrast Properties. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2022; 21:e123824. [PMID: 35765507 PMCID: PMC9191222 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-based contrast agents have limitations such as rapid clearance, potential renal toxicity, non-specific blood pool distribution, headache, and adverse events. Nowadays, it is quite common to work with nanosized systems in order to eliminate the side effects of contrast agents. This study aims to synthesize a new iodinated contrast agent, prepare its nanosuspension by using the nanoprecipitation method, investigate its cytotoxicity, and compare its contrast properties with iohexol and iopromide through in-vitro experiments. The values of nanosuspension particle size and zeta potential have been found to be ~ 400 nm and ~ (-) 15 mV, respectively. In-vitro cellular viability findings indicated that the nanosuspension has lower cytotoxicity than the iohexol and iopromide. In the computed tomography (CT) imaging study of contrast features of nanosuspensions and two commercial agents, which involved 86 CT examinations using 31 parameters and two different devices, it was found that iodine had a stronger presence in its nanosuspension form than in iohexol and iopromide, which were the other two commercial contrast agents, when used in equal amounts. Thus in the case of nanosuspensions contrast brightness was achieved by using less iodine, while the same brightness could be obtained with higher doses of iohexol and iopromide. CT imaging therefore be done without much chemical use, which indicates that it may witness fewer side effects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Sevinç Özakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Emrah Ozakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Sade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Berhan Pirimoğlu
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nihal Şimsek Özek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhunde Aysin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Spray freeze drying to solidify Nanosuspension of Cefixime into inhalable microparticles. Daru 2022; 30:17-27. [PMID: 34997567 PMCID: PMC9114214 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spray-freeze drying (SFD) incorporating diverse carbohydrates and leucine was employed to obtain dried nanosuspension of cefixime with improved dissolution profile, good dispersibility, and excellent inhalation performance. METHODS Nanoprecipitation was utilized to prepare nanoparticles (NPs). Nanosuspensions of cefixime were solidified via SFD to access inhalable microparticles. The aerosolization efficiencies were evaluated through twin stage impinger (TSI). Laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided assistance to determine the particle size/size distribution and morphology, respectively. Amorphous/ crystalline states of materials were examined via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Release profiles of candidate preparations were evaluated. RESULTS The fine particle fraction (FPF) ranged from 18.96 ± 0.76 to 79.28 ± 0.45%. The highest value resulted from trehalose with NP/carrier ratio of 1:1 and leucine 20%. The particle size varied from 5.24 ± 0.97 to 10.17 ± 1.01 μm. The most and the least size distribution were achieved in mannitol and trehalose containing formulations, respectively. The majority of samples demonstrated ideally spherical morphology with diverse degrees of porosity and without needle-shaped structure. Percentages of release in F7 and F8 were 89.33 ± 0.88% and 93.54 ± 1.02%, respectively, via first 10 min. CONCLUSION SFD of nanosuspensions can be established as a platform for the pulmonary delivery of poorly water-soluble molecules of cefixime. Trehalose and raffinose with a lower ratio of NP to the carrier and higher level of leucine could be introduced as favorable formulations for further respiratory delivery of cefixime.
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18
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De Grandi D, Meghdadi A, LuTheryn G, Carugo D. Facile production of quercetin nanoparticles using 3D printed centrifugal flow reactors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20696-20713. [PMID: 35919149 PMCID: PMC9295137 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02745c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3D printed reactor-in-a-centrifuge (RIAC) was developed to produce drug nanocrystals. Quercetin nanocrystals were manufactured at varying operational and formulation conditions, and had a small size (190–302 nm) and low size dispersity (PDI < 0.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide De Grandi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alireza Meghdadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gareth LuTheryn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Dario Carugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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19
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Yan R, Xu L, Wang Q, Wu Z, Zhang H, Gan L. Cyclosporine A Nanosuspensions for Ophthalmic Delivery: A Comparative Study between Cationic Nanoparticles and Drug-Core Mucus Penetrating Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4290-4298. [PMID: 34731571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of mucin on ocular bioavailability depends on the extent to which it acts as a barrier or retention site. Mucus penetrating particles (MPPs) can evade the mucus entrapment and associated rapid clearance, but cationic nanoparticles have high adhesion to the mucosa. Both formulations can prolong the drug residence time on the surface of the eyes. The purpose of this work is to compare the effects of mucoadhesion of cationic nanoparticles and mucous permeability of MPPs on ocular bioavailability. Cationic nanosuspensions and drug-core MPP nanosuspensions were developed using the anti-solvent precipitation method. The results of X-ray diffraction revealed that CsA was amorphous. In vitro mucoadhesion evaluation demonstrated that cationic nanosuspensions enhanced the interaction with pig mucin about 5.0-6.0 fold compared to drug-core MPP nanosuspensions. A mucus permeation study by the transwell diffusion system showed that the Papp values of drug-core MPP nanosuspensions were 5.0-10.0 times higher than those of cationic nanosuspensions. In vivo ocular bioavailability evaluation of those CsA formulations was conducted in rabbits using a conventional nanosuspension as a comparison. The CsA concentrations in the cornea following the administration of a cationic nanosuspension and a drug-core MPP nanosuspension were 13,641.10 ng/g and 11,436.07 ng/g, respectively, significantly higher than that of the conventional nanosuspension (8310.762 ng/g). The results showed that both the cationic and MPP nanosuspensions were able to deliver CsA to anterior ocular tissues in effective therapeutic concentrations (10-20 μg/g) with topical drop instillation. The cationic nanosuspension could achieve relatively higher bioavailability than the MPP nanosuspension. The cationic nanosuspension would be a promising ocular drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-tech Company Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qiuhe Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Li Gan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
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20
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Influence of Stabilizer on the Development of Luteolin Nanosuspension for Cutaneous Delivery: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111812. [PMID: 34834227 PMCID: PMC8621241 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a natural drug used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, but unfortunately, it possesses low water solubility, which hinders its delivery via the skin. The main objective of this study was to prepare a luteolin-loaded nanosuspension by the antisolvent precipitation/sonication technique and study the effects of four stabilizers (two nonionic stabilizers, Pluronic F127 and Tween 80, and two polymeric stabilizers, HPMC and alginate) on the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations. The selected formulations were incorporated into a gel base to evaluate their skin permeability and anti-inflammatory efficacy. The particle size was in the nanosize range (in the range from 468.1 ± 18.6 nm to 1024.8 ± 15.9 nm), while the zeta potential was negative and in the range from −41.7 ± 6.3 mV to −15.3 ± 1.9 mV. In particular, alginate-stabilized nanosuspensions showed the smallest particle size, the highest zeta potential value, and excellent stability due to the dual stabilizing effects (electrostatic and steric effects). The DSC results revealed a less crystalline structure of luteolin in lyophilized NS2 and NS12. Formulations stabilized by 1% Pluronic (NS2) and 2% alginate (NS12) were incorporated into a carbopol 940 gel base and showed good organoleptic character (homogenous with no evidenced phase separation or grittiness). In vitro dissolution studies showed that NS12 enhanced luteolin release rates, indicating the effect of particle size on the drug release pattern. On the other hand, NS2 showed enhanced skin permeability and anti-inflammatory effect in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, revealing the surface activity role of the stabilizers. In conclusion, while alginate increased the nanosuspension stability by means of dual stabilizing effects, Pluronic F127 improved the skin delivery and pharmacodynamic efficacy of luteolin.
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21
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Xie Z, Pu H, Sun DW. Computer simulation of submicron fluid flows in microfluidic chips and their applications in food analysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3818-3837. [PMID: 34056852 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, countries around the world have maintained a zero-tolerance attitude toward safety problems in the food industry. In order to ensure human health, a fast, sensitive, and high-throughput analysis of food contaminants is necessary to ensure safe food products on the market. Microfluidics, as a high-efficiency and sensitive detection technology, has many advantages in the detection of food contaminants, including foodborne pathogens, pesticides, heavy metal ions, toxic substances, and so forth, especially in conjunction with a variety of submicron fluid driving methods, making food detection and analysis more efficient and accurate. This review introduces the principle of submicron fluid driving modes and discusses the driving simulation of submicron fluid in microfluidic chips. In addition, the latest developments in the application of simulation in food analysis from 2006 to 2020 are discussed, and the computer simulation of submicron fluid flow in microfluidic chips and its application and development trend in food analysis are also highlighted. The review indicates that microfluidic technology, using numerical simulation as an auxiliary tool, combined with traditional methods has greatly improved the detection and analysis of food products. In addition, microfluidics combined with a variety of control methods embodies the ability of specific, multifunctional, and sensitive detection and analysis of food products. The development of high-sensitivity, high-throughput, portable, integrated microfluidic chips will enable the technology to be applied in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoda Xie
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, & Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Intelligent Cold Chain Logistics Equipment for Agricultural Products, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology, School of Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Quality by design prospects of pharmaceuticals application of double emulsion method for PLGA loaded nanoparticles. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
QbD approach empowers the pharma researchers to minimize the number of experimental trials and time. It helps identify the significant, influential factors such as critical material attributes, critical formulation variables, and critical process parameters, which may significantly impact the quality of the products. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, has gained an immense potential and wide range of applications as a carrier for manufacturing of polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems as per US-FDA and European Medicine Agency for drug delivery. The double emulsion method for preparing PLGA nanoparticles to encapsulate hydrophilic drugs has attracted interest in manufacturing processes. The double emulsion is a two-step process consisting of two different emulsification, making the process more complicated. The stability of nanoparticles obtained by a double emulsion method remains questionable due to the many formulations and process attributes. Currently, PLGA based nanoparticles prepared by a double emulsion technique are an alternative pharmaceutical manufacturing operation for getting the quality product by employing the Quality by Design approach. This present review has discussed the QbD elements to elucidate the effect of material attributes, formulation, and process variables on the critical quality attributes of the drug product, such as particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, etc. The components of a double emulsion, characteristics of drugs, polymers, and stabilizers used have been discussed in detail in this review.
Graphic abstract
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23
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Arzi RS, Kay A, Raychman Y, Sosnik A. Excipient-Free Pure Drug Nanoparticles Fabricated by Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:529. [PMID: 33920184 PMCID: PMC8069523 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoprecipitation is one of the most versatile methods to produce pure drug nanoparticles (PDNPs) owing to the ability to optimize the properties of the product. Nevertheless, nanoprecipitation may result in broad particle size distribution, low physical stability, and batch-to-batch variability. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful tool to produce PDNPs in a simple, reproducible, and cost-effective manner with excellent control over the nanoparticle size. In this work, we designed and fabricated T- and Y-shaped Si-made microfluidic devices and used them to produce PDNPs of three kinase inhibitors of different lipophilicity and water-solubility, namely imatinib, dasatinib and tofacitinib, without the use of colloidal stabilizers. PDNPs display hydrodynamic diameter in the 90-350 nm range as measured by dynamic light scattering and a rounded shape as visualized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that this method results in highly amorphous nanoparticles. In addition, we show that the flow rate of solvent, the anti-solvent, and the channel geometry of the device play a key role governing the nanoparticle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Sverdlov Arzi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel; (R.S.A.); (Y.R.)
| | - Asaf Kay
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel;
| | - Yulia Raychman
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel; (R.S.A.); (Y.R.)
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel; (R.S.A.); (Y.R.)
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24
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Niculescu AG, Chircov C, Bîrcă AC, Grumezescu AM. Nanomaterials Synthesis through Microfluidic Methods: An Updated Overview. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:864. [PMID: 33800636 PMCID: PMC8066900 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices emerged due to an interdisciplinary "collision" between chemistry, physics, biology, fluid dynamics, microelectronics, and material science. Such devices can act as reaction vessels for many chemical and biological processes, reducing the occupied space, equipment costs, and reaction times while enhancing the quality of the synthesized products. Due to this series of advantages compared to classical synthesis methods, microfluidic technology managed to gather considerable scientific interest towards nanomaterials production. Thus, a new era of possibilities regarding the design and development of numerous applications within the pharmaceutical and medical fields has emerged. In this context, the present review provides a thorough comparison between conventional methods and microfluidic approaches for nanomaterials synthesis, presenting the most recent research advancements within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandra Cătălina Bîrcă
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (C.C.); (A.C.B.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
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Generation of Ophthalmic Nanosuspension of Prednisolone Acetate Using a Novel Technology. Pharm Res 2021; 38:319-333. [PMID: 33560484 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-02985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prednisolone Acetate (PAC) is currently marketed as micronized ophthalmic suspension. The microsuspension has poor dose accuracy and efficacy due to aggregation, slow dissolution rate and limited corneal residence. The ophthalmic nanosuspension of PAC shall show enhanced solubility, dissolution rate and corneal adhesion due to small particle size and increased surface area. METHODS In the current work, we prepared ophthalmic formulation of PAC using a novel, spray drying based technology. Firstly, PAC nanocrystalline solid dispersions (NCSD) were prepared using Mannitol (MAN) as the crystallization inducing excipient and two separate stabilizers, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PAC_MAN_PVA) and Vitamin E Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Sulphosuccinate (PAC_MAN_TPGS). The NCSD was dispersed in an aqueous vehicle to obtain an ophthalmic nanosuspension. RESULTS The composition, PAC_MAN_PVA (0.3:0.67:0.03%), was pursued due to absence of crystal growth on storage at 40°C/75%RH for 3 months. The resulting nanosuspension showed crystal size, osmolality and viscosity of 590 ± 165 nm, 297 ± 6 mOsm/L and 11 ± 8cP respectively. In 1%w/v SLS media, the nanosuspension showed rapid and complete dissolution of PAC in 120 s. Ex-vivo goat corneal permeation and adhesion study revealed that in comparison to microsuspension, a higher fraction (6.2 times) of nanosuspension adhered to the cornea. Safety studies performed using corneal histopathology and Hen Egg Test- Chorio Allantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay showed no physical change in cornea or capillary damage, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The NCSD can be explored for generation of ophthalmically acceptable nanosuspensions of poorly soluble drugs.
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Hassan Shah SM, Mukarram Shah SM, Khan S, Ullah F, Ali Shah SW, Ghias M, Shahid M, Smyth HDC, Hussain Z, Sohail M, Elhissi A, Isreb M. Efficient design to fabricate smart Lumefantrine nanocrystals using DENA® particle engineering technology: Characterisation, in vitro and in vivo antimalarial evaluation and assessment of acute and sub-acute toxicity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Characterization and Applications of Colloidal Systems as Versatile Drug Delivery Carriers for Parenteral Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020108. [PMID: 33573103 PMCID: PMC7911661 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing a suitable formulation for parenteral administration is already a difficult task; this, coupled with poor water-soluble new chemical entity (NCE), complicates this situation even further. There are several methodologies available to enhance water solubility, but this alone does not entail successful formulation. Making a micro/nano emulsion with a suitable surfactant not only increases the drug solubility but also the cell membrane permeability. Thus, not only biopharmaceutic classification system (BCS)-II (low solubility compounds) but also BCS-III (low permeability) and BCS-IV drugs (low solubility and low permeability) can be further exploited. Those drug candidates otherwise will not move further in NCE evaluation or clinical trials. This succinct review article delves into various aspects of biphasic micro/nano emulsion systems for parenteral drug delivery including the structure of the biphasic colloidal systems, characterization parameters, stability issues, regulatory considerations, and applications in life sciences.
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Wang Y, Wang S, Xu Y, Wang P, Li S, Liu L, Liu M, Jin X. Etoposide Amorphous Nanopowder for Improved Oral Bioavailability: Formulation Development, Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7601-7613. [PMID: 33116490 PMCID: PMC7549503 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s265817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Etoposide refers to a derivative of podophyllotoxin, which plays an important role in the treatment of cancer due to its prominent anti-tumor effect. As a BCS IV drug, etoposide exhibits insufficient aqueous solubility and permeability, thereby limiting its oral absorption. To enhance the oral bioavailability of etoposide, this study developed an amorphous nanopowder. Methods Based on preliminary screening and experimental design, the stabilizer and preparation process of etoposide nanosuspension were explored. Subsequently, using a Box–Behnken design, the effects of independent factors (ultrasonication time, ratio of two phases and stabilizer concentration) on response variables (particle size and polydispersity index) were studied, and then the formulation was optimized. Finally, nanosuspension was further freeze dried with 1% of mannitol resulting in the formation of etoposide amorphous nanopowder. Results The optimized etoposide nanopowder showed as spherical particles with an average particle size and polydispersity index of 211.7 ± 10.4 nm and 0.125 ± 0.028. X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the ETO in the nanopowder was amorphous. Compared with coarse powder and physical mixture, etoposide nanopowder achieved significantly enhanced saturated solubility and dissolution in various pH environments. The Cmax and AUC0–t of etoposide nanopowder after oral administration in rats were respectively 2.21 and 2.13 times higher than the crude etoposide suspension. Additionally, the Tmax value of nanopowder was 0.25 h, compared with 0.5 h of reference group. Discussion In the present study, the optimized amorphous nanopowder could significantly facilitate the dissolution and oral absorption of etoposide and might act as an effective delivery method to enhance its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Sukai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqun Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Bhatia M, Rohilla S. Formulation and optimization of quinoa starch nanoparticles: Quality by design approach for solubility enhancement of piroxicam. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:927-935. [PMID: 32792837 PMCID: PMC7414099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study piroxicam loaded starch nanoparticles were prepared to enhance the solubility of piroxicam by nanoprecipitation technique. The preparation of nanoparticles was carried out as per central composite experimental design protocol, having concentration of starch and drug as independent variables and particle size and polydispersity index (PdI) as dependent variables. The particle size and PdI of piroxicam loaded starch nanoparticles was found to be between 282–870 nm and 0.339–0.772, respectively. After the characterization by FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM studies, the optimized batch was evaluated for in-vitro release study, anti-inflammatory activity and anti-oxidant activity. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of piroxicam loaded starch nanoparticles was found to be more than the pure drug piroxicam whereas the anti-oxidant activity of starch is found greater than starch nanoparticles. In-vitro release study showed 98.8% release in 2 h dissolution study following supercase II transport mechanism of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Bhatia
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125 001, India
| | - Sulekha Rohilla
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125 001, India
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30
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Hamdallah SI, Zoqlam R, Erfle P, Blyth M, Alkilany AM, Dietzel A, Qi S. Microfluidics for pharmaceutical nanoparticle fabrication: The truth and the myth. Int J Pharm 2020; 584:119408. [PMID: 32407942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using micro-sized channels to manipulate fluids is the essence of microfluidics which has wide applications from analytical chemistry to material science and cell biology research. Recently, using microfluidic-based devices for pharmaceutical research, in particular for the fabrication of micro- and nano-particles, has emerged as a new area of interest. The particles that can be prepared by microfluidic devices can range from micron size droplet-based emulsions to nano-sized drug loaded polymeric particles. Microfluidic technology poses unique advantages in terms of the high precision of the mixing regimes and control of fluids involved in formulation preparation. As a result of this, monodispersity of the particles prepared by microfluidics is often recognised as being a particularly advantageous feature in comparison to those prepared by conventional large-scale mixing methods. However, there is a range of practical drawbacks and challenges of using microfluidics as a direct micron- and nano-particle manufacturing method. Technological advances are still required before this type of processing can be translated for application by the pharmaceutical industry. This review focuses specifically on the application of microfluidics for pharmaceutical solid nanoparticle preparation and discusses the theoretical foundation of using the nanoprecipitation principle to generate particles and how this is translated into microfluidic design and operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Hamdallah
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Randa Zoqlam
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peer Erfle
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrotechnik / Institute of Microtechnology, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, Geb. 1A, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Blyth
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alaaldin M Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrotechnik / Institute of Microtechnology, Alte Salzdahlumer Str. 203, Geb. 1A, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Kakade P, Gite S, Patravale V. Development of Atovaquone Nanosuspension: Quality by Design Approach. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:112-125. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666191227095019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
The present study reports the use of MicrofluidizerTM technology to form a stable
nanosuspension of atovaquone (ATQ) using quality by design (QbD) approach.
Methods:
The patient-centric quality target product profile and critical quality attributes (CQAs) were
identified. A Box-Behnken design was employed for the optimization of dependent variables, while
CQAs like particle size and PDI were evaluated as response variables. Effective optimization of ATQ
nanosuspension preparation using Microfluidizer processor as a novel green technology was achieved
using QbD approach.
Result:
The prepared nanosuspension had a mean particle size of 865 nm ± 5%, PDI of 0.261 ± 3%, and
zeta potential of -1.79 ± 5 mV. The characterization of the prepared nanosuspension by SEM, DSC, and
XRD revealed its nano-crystalline nature whereas FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirmed the absence
of any physicochemical interaction because of process parameters between the drug and excipients.
Conclusion:
In vitro dissolution studies of the nanosuspension using USP-IV exhibited a 100% cumulative
drug release over 90 minutes, which is significantly better than that of ATQ pure API. In vivo
pharmacokinetic studies revealed bioequivalence of ATQ nanosuspensions by Microfluidizer homogenization
process to the marketed formulation1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kakade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Sandip Gite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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Continuous synthesis of drug nanocrystals by solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:118978. [PMID: 31870959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Size reduction of drug with poor water solubility to nanoscale is an effective way to help improve the efficacy of drug delivery to the human body. A solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization technique has been adopted to continuously produce griseofulvin drug nanoparticles under modest conditions with accurate controllability. In the solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization device, drug solution flowed through the bores of solid hollow fibers while the cooling liquid was circulated counter-currently in the shell side of the device to cool down the drug solution in the tube side. Due to intense heat exchange between the cooling liquid and the drug solution through the thin fiber walls, the temperature of drug solution decreased rapidly so that drug nanoparticles were precipitated out from the solution by sudden reduction of solubility. Through variation of the experimental conditions and parameters, the mean size of the produced nanoparticles was regulated and controlled. The nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly, the chemical structure and bonds of prepared nanoparticles was the same with as-received griseofulvin. Both raw material and NPs the polymorph(s) present form I, the melting point was 220 °C. Drug dissolution testing was also executed to verify that nanocrystals have a higher dissolution profile.
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Cui J, Sun C, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhu H, Shen Y, Li N, Zhao X, Cui B, Wang C, Gao F, Zeng Z, Cui H. Dual-Functionalized Pesticide Nanocapsule Delivery System with Improved Spreading Behavior and Enhanced Bioactivity. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020220. [PMID: 32012747 PMCID: PMC7074971 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and control of pests and diseases are becoming increasingly difficult owing to extensive pesticide resistance. The synergistic use of pesticides for disease control is an effective way of slowing pesticide resistance, reducing the number of pesticide applications, and protecting the environment. In this study, a dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsule delivery system loaded with two active ingredients (AIs)—validamycin and thifluzamide—was developed to prevent and control rice sheath blight; the nanocapsule system was based on a water–oil–water double emulsion method combined with high-pressure homogenization technology. Our results showed that the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules were monodisperse spheres with a mean particle size of ~260 nm and had good storage stability. Compared with commercial formulations, the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules exhibited good foliar spread owing to their small size, which is beneficial for reducing the loss of pesticides on the leaves. The 50% median effect concentration and synergistic ratio against Rhizoctonia solani of the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules and commercial formulation were 0.0082 and 0.0350 μg/mL, and 2.088 and 0.917, respectively. These findings indicate that the bioactivity of the dual-functionalized system was significantly better than that of the commercial formulations and that the dual-functionalized system demonstrated a clear synergistic effect between the two AIs. The system presented here is simple, fast, and capable of dual-pesticide loading with significant synergistic effects. Our findings could help to facilitate the improvement of pesticides efficiency and the slowing of pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-10-82105997 (Y.W.); +86-10-82106013 (H.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haixin Cui
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-10-82105997 (Y.W.); +86-10-82106013 (H.C.)
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Huyke DA, Ramachandran A, Oyarzun DI, Kroll T, DePonte DP, Santiago JG. On the competition between mixing rate and uniformity in a coaxial hydrodynamic focusing mixer. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:1-10. [PMID: 32081173 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast microfluidic mixers for use with line-of-sight integrating detection schemes pose unique challenges. Such detectors typically cannot discriminate signal from slow moving (e.g. near internal walls) and fast-moving portions of the fluid stream. This convolves reaction rate dynamics with fluid flow residence time dynamics. Further, the small cross sections of typical three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing devices lead to lower detection signals. The current study focuses on achieving both small time scales of mixing and homogenous residence times. This is achieved by injecting sample through a center capillary and hydrodynamically focusing using a sheath flow within a tapered second capillary. The current design also features a third, larger coaxial capillary. The mixed stream flows into the large cross-section of this third capillary to decelerate and expand the stream by up to 14-fold to improve line-of-sight signal strength of reaction products. Hydrodynamic focusing, mixing, and expansion are studied using analytical and numerical models and also studied experimentally using a fluorescein-iodide quenching reaction. The experimentally validated models are used to explore trade-offs between mixing rate and uniformity. For the first time, this work presents detailed analysis of the Lagrangian time history of species transport during mixing inside coaxial capillaries to measure mixing nonuniformity. The mixing region enables order 100 μs mixing times and residence time widths of the same order (140 μs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Huyke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Diego I Oyarzun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Daniel P DePonte
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Mahdavi Z, Rezvani H, Keshavarz Moraveji M. Core–shell nanoparticles used in drug delivery-microfluidics: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18280-18295. [PMID: 35517190 PMCID: PMC9053716 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments in the fields of lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic technology have benefited nanomaterial production processes due to fluid miniaturization. The ability to acquire, manage, create, and modify structures on a nanoscale is of great interest in scientific and technological fields. Recently, more attention has been paid to the production of core–shell nanomaterials because of their use in various fields, such as drug delivery. Heterostructured nanomaterials have more reliable performance than the individual core or shell materials. Nanoparticle synthesis is a complex process; therefore, various techniques exist for the production of different types of nanoparticles. Among these techniques, microfluidic methods are unique and reliable routes, which can be used to produce nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. Developments in the fields of lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic technology have benefited nanomaterial production processes due to fluid miniaturization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mahdavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Hamed Rezvani
- Department of Petroleum Engineering
- Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)
- Tehran
- Iran
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Kuk DH, Ha ES, Ha DH, Sim WY, Lee SK, Jeong JS, Kim JS, Baek IH, Park H, Choi DH, Yoo JW, Jeong SH, Hwang SJ, Kim MS. Development of a Resveratrol Nanosuspension Using the Antisolvent Precipitation Method without Solvent Removal, Based on a Quality by Design (QbD) Approach. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E688. [PMID: 31861173 PMCID: PMC6955680 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a resveratrol nanosuspension with enhanced oral bioavailability, based on an understanding of the formulation and process parameters of nanosuspensions and using a quality by design (QbD) approach. Particularly, the antisolvent method, which requires no solvent removal and no heating, is newly applied to prepare resveratrol nanosuspension. To ensure the quality of the resveratrol nanosuspensions, a quality target product profile (QTPP) was defined. The particle size (z-average, d90), zeta potential, and drug content parameters affecting the QTPP were selected as critical quality attributes (CQAs). The optimum composition obtained using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was as follows: polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (10 mg/mL), polyvinylpyrrolidone K12 (5 mg/mL), sodium lauryl sulfate (1 mg/mL), and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE, 5% v/v) at a resveratrol concentration of 5 mg/mL. The initial particle size (z-average) was 46.3 nm and the zeta potential was -38.02 mV. The robustness of the antisolvent process using the optimized composition conditions was ensured by a full factorial design. The dissolution rate of the optimized resveratrol nanosuspension was significantly greater than that of the resveratrol raw material. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC0-12h) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) respectively, than those of the resveratrol raw material. Therefore, the prepara values of the resveratrol nanosuspension were approximately 1.6- and 5.7-fold higher,tion of a resveratrol nanosuspension using the QbD approach may be an effective strategy for the development of a new dosage form of resveratrol, with enhanced oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hoon Kuk
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Eun-Sol Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Woo-Yong Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Seon-Kwang Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Ji-Su Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Soo Kim
- Dong-A ST Co. Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-905, Korea;
| | - In-hwan Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, 309, Suyeong-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48434, Korea;
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea;
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | | | - Sung-Joo Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Korea;
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, 63 Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (D.-H.K.); (E.-S.H.); (D.-H.H.); (W.-Y.S.); (S.-K.L.); (J.-S.J.); (J.-W.Y.)
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Lai F, Schlich M, Pireddu R, Fadda AM, Sinico C. Nanocrystals as Effective Delivery Systems of Poorly Water-soluble Natural Molecules. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4657-4680. [PMID: 30543163 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213095809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are an important source of therapeutically effective compounds throughout the world. Since ancient times, a huge amount of both plant extracts and isolated compounds have been largely employed in treatment and prevention of human disorders and, currently, more than 60% of the world's population trusts on plant medicaments as demonstrated by the increasing quantity of herbal therapeutics in the market. Unfortunately, several promising natural molecules for the treatment of the most diverse ailments are characterized by extremely unfavourable features, such as low water solubility and poor/irregular bioavailability, which hinder their clinical use. To overcome these limitations and to make herbal therapy more effective, different formulative approaches have been employed. Among the different strategies for increasing drug solubility, nanocrystals can be considered one of the most interesting and successful approaches. Drug nanocrystals are nanosized drug particles usually formulated as nanosuspensions, namely submicron dispersions in liquid media where surfactants, polymers, or a mixture of both act as stabilisers. In this review, we described the most significant results and progresses concerning drug nanocrystal formulations for the delivery of natural compounds with a significant pharmacological activity. The text is organized in nine sections, each focusing on a specific poorly water- soluble natural compound (apigenin, quercetin, rutin, curcumin, baicalin and baicalein, hesperetin and hesperidin, resveratrol, lutein, silybin). To foster the clinical translation of these natural nanomedicines, our opinion is that future research should pair the essential pharmacokinetic studies with carefully designed pre-clinical experiments, able to prove the formulation efficacy in relevant animal models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lai
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Schlich
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosa Pireddu
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fadda
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Sinico
- Dept. Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Shokoohinia P, Hajialyani M, Sadrjavadi K, Akbari M, Rahimi M, Khaledian S, Fattahi A. Microfluidic-assisted preparation of PLGA nanoparticles for drug delivery purposes: experimental study and computational fluid dynamic simulation. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:459-470. [PMID: 31798663 PMCID: PMC6827194 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.268207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study, for the first time, tries to provide a simultaneous experimental and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation investigation for production of uniform, reproducible, and stable polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles. CFD simulation was carried out to observe fluid flow behavior and micromixing in microfluidic system and improve our understanding about the governing fluid profile. The major objective of such effort was to provide a carrier for controlled and sustained release profile of different drugs. Different experimental parameters were optimized to obtain PLGA nanoparticles with proper size and minimized polydispersity index. The particle size, polydispersity, morphology, and stability of nanoparticles were compared. Microfluidic system provided a platform to control over the characteristics of nanoparticles. Using microfluidic system, the obtained particles were more uniform and harmonious in size, more stable, monodisperse and spherical, while particles produced by batch method were non-spherical and polydisperse. The best size and polydispersity index in the microfluidic method was obtained using 2% PLGA and 0.0625% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions, and the flow rate ratio of 10:0.6 for PVA and PLGA solutions. CFD simulation demonstrated the high mixing intensity of about 0.99 at optimum condition in the microfluidic system, which is the possible reason for advantageous performance of this system. Altogether, the results of microfluidic-assisted method were found to be more reproducible, predictable, and controllable than batch method for producing a nanoformulation for delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shokoohinia
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hajialyani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Komail Sadrjavadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Akbari
- CFD Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Masoud Rahimi
- CFD Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Salar Khaledian
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Fattahi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
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Zhang H, Liu H, Qi P, Wang S, Hu H, Gou J, Zhang Y, He H, Tang X, Yin T, Yuan Y. Enhanced the Bioavailability of Sterile 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Nanocrystalline Suspension Coated by Bovine Serum Albumin for Intramuscular Injection: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:305. [PMID: 31506831 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension and enhance the bioavailability of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by intramuscular injection. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension was prepared using an anti-solvent combined with ultrasonic approach, in which meglumine and bovine serum albumin were screened as the optimized stabilizer and the coating agent during spray drying process, respectively. The optimal nanocrystallines were nearly spherical with a uniform particle size distribution, the mean particle size, polydispersity index, and drug loading of which were 151.20 ± 2.54 nm, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 47.15% (w/w), respectively. Sterile 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension was obtained by passing through a 0.22-μm membrane, and the average filtration efficiency (FE%) was 99.96%. The cumulative release percentage of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension was 92.36% 20(S)-protopanaxadiol within 60 min in vitro, which was relatively rapid compared with that of the physical mixture for 12.51% and the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol bulk powder for 9.71% during the same time interval. The sterile 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension caused minimal irritation responses by histological examination, indicating a good biocompatibility between the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension and muscle tissues. In pharmacokinetic study, the absolute bioavailability of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension for intramuscular injection and for oral gavage was 5.99 and 0.03, respectively. In summary, the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline via intramuscular injection is an efficient drug delivery system to improve its bioavailability.
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KianvashRad N, Barkhordari E, Mostafavi SH, Aghajani M. Optimizing microfluidic preparation parameters of nanosuspension to evaluate stability in nanoprecipitation of stable-iodine (127I). SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Feng Y, Ibarra-Sánchez LA, Luu L, Miller MJ, Lee Y. Co-assembly of nisin and zein in microfluidics for enhanced antilisterial activity in Queso Fresco. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pailla SR, Talluri S, Rangaraj N, Ramavath R, Challa VS, Doijad N, Sampathi S. Intranasal Zotepine Nanosuspension: intended for improved brain distribution in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:541-556. [PMID: 31256410 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zotepine (ZTP), an antipsychotic drug is well tolerated and particularly effective for treating negative symptoms of psychosis. But is limited by low oral bioavailability caused by substantial first pass metabolism and thereby less amount of drug reaches the brain due to blood brain barrier (BBB). OBJECTIVES Since ZTP displays dose dependent side effects, purpose of the contemporary study is to develop zotepine loaded nanosuspension (ZTP-NS) for increased brain targeting in rats at lower doses. METHODS ZTP-NS is prepared by two techniques viz., sonoprecipitation (SP) and combination technique (high pressure homogenization preceded by precipitation) by employing various stabilizers. Optimized ZTP-NS was characterized for particle size, solid state, morphology and solubility. In vitro drug release of ZTP and formulations was conducted using Franz diffusion cell. Stability study was performed at different temperature conditions. Pharmacokinetic study was performed in Wistar rats to determine the bioavailability and brain distribution of ZTP after intra-nasal (IN) and intravenous (IV) administration. Histopathology of brain was done after repeated administration of IN ZTP dispersion and NS up to 14 days. RESULTS The optimized ZTP-NS formulated with Pluronic F-127 (0.3%w/v), Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E15 (0.3%w/v) and soya lecithin (0.4%w/v) showed particle size of 519.26 ± 10.44 nm & 330.2 ± 12.90 nm and zeta potential of -21.7 ± 1.39 mV and - 18.26 ± 1.64 mV with sonoprecipitation and combination technique respectively. In vitro drug release was high (81.79 ± 3.23%) for ZTP-NS prepared by combination technique. Intranasal NS resulted in high brain concentrations of 8.6 fold (sonoprecipitation) and 10.79-fold hike in AUC0-24h in contrast to intravenous ZTP solution. Histopathology results reveal no significant changes in brain microscopic images. CONCLUSION ZTP-NS was successfully developed, characterized and found that nanosuspension is a favorable approach for intranasal delivery of zotepine. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract representing zotepine drawbacks, nanosuspension preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Reddy Pailla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sreekanth Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Ramdas Ramavath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Veerabhadra Swamy Challa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nandkumar Doijad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sunitha Sampathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Ahmadi Tehrani A, Omranpoor MM, Vatanara A, Seyedabadi M, Ramezani V. Formation of nanosuspensions in bottom-up approach: theories and optimization. Daru 2019; 27:451-473. [PMID: 30661188 PMCID: PMC6593134 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-00235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanosuspensions, liquid dispersions with nanometer size distribution, are becoming trendy in pharmaceutical practice to formulate poorly water-soluble drugs and to enhance their bioavailability. Generally, nanosuspensions are produced in two main approaches; top-down or bottom-up. The former is based on size-reduction of large particles via milling or high pressure homogenization. The latter is focused on the mechanisms of nucleation and particle growth. METHODS In this review, the critical factors influencing the kinetics or dynamics of nucleation and growth are discussed. Subsequently, the mechanisms of nanosuspension instability as well as strategies for stabilization are elaborated. Furthermore, the effects of stabilizers on key parameters of instability as well as the process of choosing an appropriate stabilizer is discussed. RESULTS Steric and electrostatic stabilizations or combination of them is essential for nanosuspensions formulation to prevent coagulation. Accordingly, some characteristics of stabilizers play critical role on stability and optimization of nanosuspensions; i.e., HLB and concentration. Nevertheless, after reviewing various articles, it is ascertained that each formulation requires individual selection of surfactants according to the parameters of the particle surface and the medium. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, application of excipients such as stabilizers requires proper optimization of type and concentration. This implies that each formulation requires its own optimization process. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi Tehrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Omranpoor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Vatanara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Vahid Ramezani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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44
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Feng Y, Lee Y. Microfluidic assembly of food-grade delivery systems: Toward functional delivery structure design. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Mohammad IS, Hu H, Yin L, He W. Drug nanocrystals: Fabrication methods and promising therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:187-202. [PMID: 30851386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The drug nanocrystals (NCs) with unique physicochemical properties are now considered as a promising drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. So far >20 formulations of NCs have been approved in the market. In this review, we summarized recent advances of NCs with emphasis on their therapeutic applications based on administration route and disease states. At the end, we present a brief description of the future perspectives of NCs and their potential role as a promising drug delivery system. As a strategy for solubilization and bioavailability enhancement, the NCs have gained significant success. Besides this, the function of NCs is still far from developed. The emerging NC-based drug delivery approach would widen the applications of NCs in drug delivery and bio-medical field. Their in vitro and in vivo fate is extremely unclear; and the development of hybrid NCs with environment-sensitive fluorophores may assist to extend the scope of bio-imaging and provide better insight to their intracellular uptake kinetics, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai 200443, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Ndlovu ST, Ullah N, Khan S, Ramharack P, Soliman M, de Matas M, Shahid M, Sohail M, Imran M, Shah SWA, Hussain Z. Domperidone nanocrystals with boosted oral bioavailability: fabrication, evaluation and molecular insight into the polymer-domperidone nanocrystal interaction. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:284-297. [PMID: 30387048 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-00596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to employ experimental and molecular modelling approaches to use molecular level interactions to rationalise the selection of suitable polymers for use in the production of stable domperidone (DOMP) nanocrystals with enhanced bioavailability. A low-energy antisolvent precipitation method was used for the preparation and screening of polymers for stable nanocrystals of DOMP. Ethyl cellulose was found to be very efficient in producing stable DOMP nanocrystals with particle size of 130 ± 3 nm. Moreover, the combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol was also shown to be better in producing DOMP nanocrystals with smaller particle size (200 ± 3.5 nm). DOMP nanosuspension stored at 2-8 °C and at room temperature (25 °C) exhibited better stability compared to the samples stored at 40 °C. Crystallinity of the unprocessed and processed DOMP was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. DOMP nanocrystals gave enhanced dissolution rate compared to the unprocessed drug substance. DOMP nanocrystals at a dose of 10 mg/kg in rats showed enhanced bioavailability compared to the raw drug substance and marketed formulation. A significant increase in plasma concentration of 2.6 μg/mL with a significant decrease in time (1 h) to reach maximum plasma concentration was observed for DOMP nanocrystals compared to the raw DOMP. Molecular modelling studies provided underpinning knowledge at the molecular level of the DOMP-polymer nanocrystal interactions and substantiated the experimental studies. This included an understanding of the impact of polymers on the size of nanocrystals and their associated stability characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalielson Tatenda Ndlovu
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Naseem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir Lower Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Pritika Ramharack
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Marcel de Matas
- SEDA Pharmaceutical Development Services, The BioHub at Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- HEJ, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Wadood Ali Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir Lower Chakdara, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wang R, Yang M, Li G, Wang X, Zhang Z, Qiao H, Chen J, Chen Z, Cui X, Li J. Paclitaxel-betulinic acid hybrid nanosuspensions for enhanced anti-breast cancer activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:270-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tao J, Chow SF, Zheng Y. Application of flash nanoprecipitation to fabricate poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:4-18. [PMID: 30766774 PMCID: PMC6361851 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are considered to be a powerful approach for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. One of the main challenges is developing an appropriate method for preparation of drug nanoparticles. As a simple, rapid and scalable method, the flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) has been widely used to fabricate these drug nanoparticles, including pure drug nanocrystals, polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polyelectrolyte complexes. This review introduces the application of FNP to produce poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles by controllable mixing devices, such as confined impinging jets mixer (CIJM), multi-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM) and many other microfluidic mixer systems. The formation mechanisms and processes of drug nanoparticles by FNP are described in detail. Then, the controlling of supersaturation level and mixing rate during the FNP process to tailor the ultrafine drug nanoparticles as well as the influence of drugs, solvent, anti-solvent, stabilizers and temperature on the fabrication are discussed. The ultrafine and uniform nanoparticles of poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles prepared by CIJM, MIVM and microfluidic mixer systems are reviewed briefly. We believe that the application of microfluidic mixing devices in laboratory with continuous process control and good reproducibility will be benefit for industrial formulation scale-up.
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Key Words
- ACN, acetonitrile
- CA 320S Seb, cellulose acetate 320S sebacate
- CAP Adp 0.33, cellulose acetate propionate 504-0.2 adipate 0.33
- CAP Adp 0.85, cellulose acetate propionate adipate 0.85
- CFA, cefuroxime axetil
- CIJM, confined impinging jets mixer
- CMCAB, carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate
- CTACl, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride
- DMF, dimethyl formamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DSPE-PEG, distearyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)
- Dex-PLLA, dextrose-poly(l-lactic acid)
- FNP, flash nanoprecipitation
- Flash nanoprecipitation
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
- HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- MIVM, multi-inlet vortex mixer
- Microfluidic mixer device
- NaAlg, sodium alginate
- NaCMC, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
- Nanoparticles
- P(MePEGCA-co-HDCA), poly(methoxy polyethylene glycol cyanoacrylate-co-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate)
- PAA, poly(acrylic acid)
- PAH, polyallylamine hydrochloride
- PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone)
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEG-PCL, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone)
- PEG-PLA, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid)
- PEG-PLGA, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PEG-PS, poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PEO-PDLLA, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(d,l-lactic acid)
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- PSS, polyprotomine sulfate
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- PVP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone
- Poorly water-soluble drug
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfonate
- SLS, sodium lauryl sulfate
- THF, tetrahydrofuran
- TPGS, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
- ε-PL, ε-polylysine
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Science, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Jarvis M, Krishnan V, Mitragotri S. Nanocrystals: A perspective on translational research and clinical studies. Bioeng Transl Med 2019; 4:5-16. [PMID: 30680314 PMCID: PMC6336669 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly soluble small molecules typically pose translational hurdles owing to their low solubility, low bioavailability, and formulation challenges. Nanocrystallization is a versatile method for salvaging poorly soluble drugs with the added benefit of a carrier-free delivery system. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of nanocrystals with emphasis on their clinical translation. Additionally, the review sheds light on clinically approved nanocrystal drug products as well as those in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jarvis
- Dept. of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX 77030
| | - Vinu Krishnan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesWyss Institute, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesWyss Institute, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
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Martins JP, Liu D, Fontana F, Ferreira MPA, Correia A, Valentino S, Kemell M, Moslova K, Mäkilä E, Salonen J, Hirvonen J, Sarmento B, Santos HA. Microfluidic Nanoassembly of Bioengineered Chitosan-Modified FcRn-Targeted Porous Silicon Nanoparticles @ Hypromellose Acetate Succinate for Oral Delivery of Antidiabetic Peptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44354-44367. [PMID: 30525379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics technology is emerging as a promising strategy in improving the oral delivery of proteins and peptides. Herein, a multistage drug delivery system is proposed as a step forward in the development of noninvasive therapies. Undecylenic acid-modified thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon (UnPSi) nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized with the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G for targeting purposes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was loaded into the NPs as a model antidiabetic drug. Fc-UnPSi NPs were coated with mucoadhesive chitosan and ultimately entrapped into a polymeric matrix with pH-responsive properties by microfluidic nanoprecipitation. The final formulation showed a controlled and narrow size distribution. The pH-responsive matrix remained intact in acidic conditions, dissolving only in intestinal pH, resulting in a sustained release of the payload. The NPs presented high cytocompatibility and increased levels of interaction with intestinal cells when functionalized with the Fc fragment, which was supported by the validation of the Fc-fragment integrity after conjugation to the NPs. Finally, the Fc-conjugated NPs showed augmented GLP-1 permeability in an intestinal in vitro model. These results highlight the potential of microfluidics as an advanced technique for the preparation of multistage platforms for oral administration. Moreover, this study provides new insights on the potential of the Fc receptor transcytotic capacity for the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Valentino
- Department of Drug Sciences , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Viale Taramello 12 , 27100 Pavia , Itália
| | | | | | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
| | - Jarno Salonen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku FI-20014 , Finland
| | | | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU-Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , 4585-116 Gandra , Portugal
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