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McQuaid C, Solorzano A, Dickerson I, Deane R. Uptake of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein mediated by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and ganglioside in human cerebrovascular cells. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1117845. [PMID: 36875642 PMCID: PMC9980911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1117845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is clinical evidence of neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). However, it is unclear whether differences in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/spike protein (SP) uptake by cells of the cerebrovasculature contribute to significant viral uptake to cause these symptoms. Methods Since the initial step in viral invasion is binding/uptake, we used fluorescently labeled wild type and mutant SARS-CoV-2/SP to study this process. Three cerebrovascular cell types were used (endothelial cells, pericytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells), in vitro. Results There was differential SARS-CoV-2/SP uptake by these cell types. Endothelial cells had the least uptake, which may limit SARS-CoV-2 uptake into brain from blood. Uptake was time and concentration dependent, and mediated by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), and ganglioside (mono-sialotetrahexasylganglioside, GM1) that is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system and the cerebrovasculature. SARS-CoV-2/SPs with mutation sites, N501Y, E484K, and D614G, as seen in variants of interest, were also differentially taken up by these cell types. There was greater uptake compared to that of the wild type SARS-CoV-2/SP, but neutralization with anti-ACE2 or anti-GM1 antibodies was less effective. Conclusion The data suggested that in addition to ACE2, gangliosides are also an important entry point of SARS-CoV-2/SP into these cells. Since SARS-CoV-2/SP binding/uptake is the initial step in the viral penetration into cells, a longer exposure and higher titer are required for significant uptake into the normal brain. Gangliosides, including GM1, could be an additional potential SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic target at the cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute Neuroscience, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC), Rochester, NY, United States
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Xiao Y, Cheng L, Xie HJ, Ju RJ, Wang X, Fu M, Liu JJ, Li XT. Vinorelbine cationic liposomes modified with wheat germ agglutinin for inhibiting tumor metastasis in treatment of brain glioma. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S524-S537. [PMID: 30299160 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1501377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. The application of chemotherapeutic drugs is limited due to the existence of blood-brain barrier and serious side effects. Liposomes have been proven to be a stable and useful drug delivery system for tumors. In this paper, WGA (wheat germ agglutinin) modified vinorelbine cationic liposomes had been successfully constructed for treating glioma. In the liposomes, WGA was modified on the liposomal surface for crossing the blood-brain barrier and increasing the targeting effects, 3-(N-(N', N'-dimethylaminoethane) carbamoyl) cholesterol (DC-Chol) was used as cationic material and vinorelbine was encapsulated in the aqueous core of liposomes to inhibit tumor metastasis and kill tumor cells. Studies were performed on C6 cells in vitro and were verified in brain glioma-bearing mice in vivo. Results in vitro demonstrated that the targeting liposomes could induce C6 cells apoptosis, promote drugs across the blood-brain barrier, inhibit the metastasis of tumor cells and increase targeting effects to tumor cells. Meanwhile, action mechanism studies showed that the targeting liposomes could down-regulate PI3K, MMP-2, MMP-9 and FAK to inhibit tumor metastasis. Results in vivo exhibited that the targeting liposomes displayed an obvious antitumor efficacy by accumulating selectively in tumor site and exhibited low toxicity to blood system and major organs. Hence, WGA modified vinorelbine cationic liposomes might provide a safe and efficient therapy strategy for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Lan Cheng
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Hong-Jun Xie
- b Department of medicine, Tibet University , Lasa , China
| | - Rui-Jun Ju
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Xin Wang
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Min Fu
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
| | - Xue-Tao Li
- a School of Pharmacy , Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Dalian , China
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Kuo YC, Wang IH. Using catanionic solid lipid nanoparticles with wheat germ agglutinin and lactoferrin for targeted delivery of etoposide to glioblastoma multiforme. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Kuo YC, Lee CH, Rajesh R. Recent advances in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme by inhibiting angiogenesis and using nanocarrier systems. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ginwala R, McTish E, Raman C, Singh N, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Sagar D, Jain P, Khan ZK. Apigenin, a Natural Flavonoid, Attenuates EAE Severity Through the Modulation of Dendritic Cell and Other Immune Cell Functions. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:36-47. [PMID: 26040501 PMCID: PMC4857760 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, a natural flavonoid, found in several plants, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices, is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are evident in the use of these substances for centuries as medicinal approaches to treat asthma, insomnia, Parkinson's disease, neuralgia, and shingles. However, there is a considerable dearth of information regarding its effect on immune cells, especially dendritic cells (DC) that maintain the critical balance between an immunogenic and tolerogenic immune response, in an immunospecialized location like the central nervous system (CNS). In this paper we looked at the anti-inflammatory properties of Apigenin in restoration of immune function and the resultant decrease in neuroinflammation. In vivo, a significant reduction in severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) progression and relapse was observed in C57BL/6 (progressive) and SJL/J (relapse-remitting) mouse models of multiple sclerosis upon treatment with Apigenin. Apigenin treated EAE mice show decreased expression of α4 integrin and CLEC12A on splenic DCs and an increased retention of immune cells in the periphery compared to untreated EAE mice. This correlated consequently with immunohistochemistry findings of decreased immune cell infiltration and reduced demyelination in the CNS. These results indicate a protective role of Apigenin against the neurodegenerative effects resulting from the entry of DC stimulated pathogenic T cells into the CNS thus implicating a potential therapy for neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashida Ginwala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Emily McTish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AB, USA
| | - Narendra Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Divya Sagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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Pichl CM, Dunkl B, Brauner B, Gabor F, Wirth M, Neutsch L. Biomimickry of UPEC Cytoinvasion: A Novel Concept for Improved Drug Delivery in UTI. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010016. [PMID: 26861401 PMCID: PMC4810137 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections. In an increasing number of cases, pathogen (multi-)resistance hampers durable treatment success via the standard therapies. On the functional level, the activity of urinary excreted antibiotics is compromized by the efficient tissue colonization mechanism of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Advanced drug delivery systems aim at exploiting a glycan-mediated targeting mechanism, similar to the UPEC invasion pathway, to increase bioavailability. This may be realized by conjugation of intravesically applied drugs or drug carriers to chosen plant lectins. Higher local drug concentrations in or nearby bacterial reservoirs may be gained, with higher chances for complete eradication. In this study, preliminary parameters to clarify the potential of this biorecognitive approach were evaluated. Glycan-triggered interaction cascades and uptake processes of several plant lectins with distinct carbohydrate specificities were characterized, and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) could be identified as the most promising targeter for crossing the urothelial membrane barrier. In partially differentiated primary cells, intracellular accumulation sites were largely identical for GlcNAc- and Mannose-specific lectins. This indicates that WGA-mediated delivery may also enter host cells via the FimH-dependent uptake pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Maria Pichl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Dunkl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Brauner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Wirth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Neutsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Bennani-Baiti B, Toegel S, Viernstein H, Urban E, Noe CR, Bennani-Baiti IM. Inflammation Modulates RLIP76/RALBP1 Electrophile-Glutathione Conjugate Transporter and Housekeeping Genes in Human Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139101. [PMID: 26406496 PMCID: PMC4583384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are often present at inflammation sites. This is the case of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of patients afflicted with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or multiple sclerosis, as well as in cases of bacterial meningitis, trauma, or tumor-associated ischemia. Inflammation is a known modulator of gene expression through the activation of transcription factors, mostly NF-κB. RLIP76 (a.k.a. RALBP1), an ATP-dependent transporter of electrophile-glutathione conjugates, modulates BBB permeability through the regulation of tight junction function, cell adhesion, and exocytosis. Genes and pathways regulated by RLIP76 are transcriptional targets of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pro-inflammatory molecule, suggesting that RLIP76 may also be an inflammation target. To assess the effects of TNF-α on RLIP76, we faced the problem of choosing reference genes impervious to TNF-α. Since such genes were not known in human BBB endothelial cells, we subjected these to TNF-α, and measured by quantitative RT-PCR the expression of housekeeping genes commonly used as reference genes. We find most to be modulated, and analysis of several inflammation datasets as well as a metaanalysis of more than 5000 human tissue samples encompassing more than 300 cell types and diseases show that no single housekeeping gene may be used as a reference gene. Using three different algorithms, however, we uncovered a reference geneset impervious to TNF-α, and show for the first time that RLIP76 expression is induced by TNF-α and follows the induction kinetics of inflammation markers, suggesting that inflammation can influence RLIP76 expression at the BBB. We also show that MRP1 (a.k.a. ABCC1), another electrophile-glutathione transporter, is not modulated in the same cells and conditions, indicating that RLIP76 regulation by TNF-α is not a general property of glutathione transporters. The reference geneset uncovered herein should aid in future gene expression studies in inflammatory conditions of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bennani-Baiti
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Vienna General Hospital (AKH), Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer-Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R. Noe
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Engleder E, Demmerer E, Wang X, Honeder C, Zhu C, Studenik C, Wirth M, Arnoldner C, Gabor F. Determination of the glycosylation-pattern of the middle ear mucosa in guinea pigs. Int J Pharm 2015; 484:124-30. [PMID: 25724132 PMCID: PMC4379074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the glycosylation pattern of the middle ear mucosa (MEM) of guinea pigs, an approved model for middle ear research, was characterized with the purpose to identify bioadhesive ligands which might prolong the contact time of drug delivery systems with the middle ear mucosa (MEM). To assess the utility of five fluorescein labeled plant lectins with different carbohydrate specificities as bioadhesive ligands, viable MEM specimens were incubated at 4°C and the lectin binding capacities were calculated from the MEM-associated relative fluorescence intensities. Among all lectins under investigation, fluorescein-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (F-WGA) emerged as the highest bioadhesive lectin. In general, the accessibility of carbohydrate moieties of the MEM followed the order: sialic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (WGA)>>mannose and galactosamine (Lensculinaris agglutinin)>N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (Solanumtuberosum agglutinin)>fucose (Ulexeuropaeus isoagglutinin I)>>terminal mannose α-(1,3)-mannose (Galanthusnivalis agglutinin). Competitive inhibition studies with the corresponding carbohydrate revealed that F-WGA-binding was inhibited up to 90% confirming specificity of the F-WGA-MEM interaction. The cilia of the MEM were identified as F-WGA binding sites by fluorescence imaging as well as a z-stack of overlays of transmission, F-WGA- and nuclei-stained images of the MEM. Additionally, co-localisation experiments revealed that F-WGA bound to acidic mucopolysaccharides of the MEM. All in all, lectin-mediated bioadhesion to the MEM is proposed as a new concept for drug delivery to prolong the residence time of the drug in the tympanic cavity especially for successful therapy for difficult-to-treat diseases such as otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Engleder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Demmerer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Honeder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chengjing Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Studenik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wirth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Arnoldner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kuo YC, Lin CC. Rescuing apoptotic neurons in Alzheimer's disease using wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated and cardiolipin-conjugated liposomes with encapsulated nerve growth factor and curcumin. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2653-72. [PMID: 25878499 PMCID: PMC4388084 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s79528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes with cardiolipin (CL) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were developed to permeate the blood–brain barrier and treat Alzheimer’s disease. WGA-conjugated and CL-incorporated liposomes (WGA-CL-liposomes) were used to transport nerve growth factor (NGF) and curcumin (CUR) across a monolayer of human brain-microvascular endothelial cells regulated by human astrocytes and to protect SK-N-MC cells against apoptosis induced by β-amyloid1–42 (Aβ1–42) fibrils. An increase in the CL mole percentage in lipids increased the liposomal diameter, absolute zeta potential value, entrapment efficiency of NGF and CUR, release of NGF, biocompatibility, and viability of SK-N-MC cells with Aβ1–42, but decreased the atomic ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus and release of CUR. In addition, an increase in the WGA concentration for grafting enhanced the liposomal diameter, atomic ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, and permeability of NGF and CUR across the blood–brain barrier, but reduced the absolute zeta potential value and biocompatibility. WGA-CL-liposomes carrying NGF and CUR could be promising colloidal delivery carriers for future clinical application in targeting the blood–brain barrier and inhibiting neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Xu L, Zhang H, Wu Y. Dendrimer advances for the central nervous system delivery of therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:2-13. [PMID: 24274162 DOI: 10.1021/cn400182z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of noninvasive treatment for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is generally limited by the poor access of therapeutic agents into the CNS. Most CNS drugs cannot permeate into the brain parenchyma because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and overcoming this has become one of the most significant challenges in the development of CNS therapeutics. Rapid advances in nanotechnology have provided promising solutions to this challenge. This review discusses the latest applications of dendrimers in the treatment of CNS diseases with an emphasis on brain tumors. Dendrimer-mediated drug delivery, imaging, and diagnosis are also reviewed. The toxicity, biodistribution, and transport mechanisms in dendrimer-mediated delivery of CNS therapeutic agents bypassing or crossing the BBB are also discussed. Future directions and major challenges of dendrimer-mediated delivery of CNS therapeutic agents are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, §Department of Chemical
and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, §Department of Chemical
and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, §Department of Chemical
and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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Brainpeps: the blood-brain barrier peptide database. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:687-718. [PMID: 22205159 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms, opening new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues. However, their BBB transport data are scattered in the literature over different disciplines, using different methodologies reporting different influx or efflux aspects. Therefore, a comprehensive BBB peptide database (Brainpeps) was constructed to collect the BBB data available in the literature. Brainpeps currently contains BBB transport information with positive as well as negative results. The database is a useful tool to prioritize peptide choices for evaluating different BBB responses or studying quantitative structure-property (BBB behaviour) relationships of peptides. Because a multitude of methods have been used to assess the BBB behaviour of compounds, we classified these methods and their responses. Moreover, the relationships between the different BBB transport methods have been clarified and visualized.
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He H, Li Y, Jia XR, Du J, Ying X, Lu WL, Lou JN, Wei Y. PEGylated Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based dual-targeting carrier for treating brain tumors. Biomaterials 2010; 32:478-87. [PMID: 20934215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A dual-targeting drug carrier (PAMAM-PEG-WGA-Tf) based on the PEGylated fourth generation (G = 4.0) PAMAM dendrimer with transferrin (Tf) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on the periphery and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded in the interior was synthesized and its BBB penetration and tumor targeting properties were explored. DLS and TEM measurements revealed the size of PAMAM-PEG-WGA-Tf was in the range of 14-20 nm. It reduced the cytotoxicity of DOX to the normal cells greatly, while efficiently inhibited the growth rate of the C6 glioma cells. The assay of transport across the BBB showed that PAMAM-PEG-WGA-Tf delivered 13.5% of DOX in a period of 2 h, demonstrating an enhanced transport ratio as compared to the ratio of 8% for PAMAM-PEG-WGA, 7% for PAMAM-PEG-Tf and 5% for free DOX in the same period of time. The accumulation of DOX in the tumor site was increased due to the targeting effects of both Tf and WGA, leading to the complete breakage of the avascular C6 glioma spheroids in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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