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Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, V Tarasov V, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, V Bazhinf A, A Zamyatnin A. Cancer Vaccine in Cold Tumors: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:437-453. [PMID: 35156572 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to fight tumors without destroying normal cells. One of the anticancer therapy methods, among many, is based on the use of cancer vaccines that contain tumor antigens in order to induce immune responses against tumors. However, clinical trials have shown that the use of such vaccines as a monotherapy is ineffective in many cases, since they do not cause a strong immune response. Particular tumors are resistant to immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells, and hence, they are called cold or non-inflamed tumors. Cold tumors are characterized by a lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration, the presence of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells. It is very important to understand which stage of the antitumor response does not work properly in order to use the right strategy for the treatment of patients. Applying other therapeutic methods alongside cancer vaccines can be more rational for cold tumors which do not provoke the immune system strongly. Herein, we indicate some combinational therapies that have been used or are in progress for cold tumor treatment alongside vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V Bazhinf
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is so far the most effective way of eradicating infections. Rapidly emerging drug resistance against infectious diseases and chemotherapy-related toxicities in cancer warrant immediate vaccine development to save mankind. Subunit vaccines alone, however, fail to elicit sufficiently strong and long-lasting protective immunity against deadly pathogens. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery vehicles like microemulsions, liposomes, virosomes, nanogels, micelles and dendrimers offer promising strategies to overcome limitations of traditional vaccine adjuvants. Nanovaccines can improve targeted delivery, antigen presentation, stimulation of body's innate immunity, strong T cell response combined with safety to combat infectious diseases and cancers. Further, nanovaccines can be highly beneficial to generate effective immutherapeutic formulations against cancer. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the emerging nanoparticle strategies highlighting their success and challenges in preclinical and clinical trials in infectious diseases and cancer. It provides a concise overview of current nanoparticle-based vaccines, their adjuvant potential and their cellular delivery mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION The nanovaccines (50-250 nm in size) are most efficient in terms of tissue targeting, prolonged circulation and preferential uptake by the professional APCs chiefly due to their small size. More rational designing, improved antigen loading, extensive functionalization and targeted delivery are some of the future goals of ideal nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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3
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Cuzzubbo S, Mangsbo S, Nagarajan D, Habra K, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615240. [PMID: 33679703 PMCID: PMC7927599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that ‘depot’ antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation—inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Clinical pathology Rudbeck laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinana Habra
- The School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Wu D, Zhao Z, Kim J, Razmi A, Wang LL, Kapate N, Gao Y, Peng K, Ukidve A, Mitragotri S. Gemcitabine and doxorubicin in immunostimulatory monophosphoryl lipid A liposomes for treating breast cancer. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10188. [PMID: 33532588 PMCID: PMC7823124 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy is increasingly shifting toward targeting the tumor immune microenvironment and influencing populations of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Breast cancer presents a unique challenge as tumors of the triple-negative breast cancer subtype employ a multitude of immunosilencing mechanisms that promote immune evasion and rapid growth. Treatment of breast cancer with chemotherapeutics has been shown to induce underlying immunostimulatory responses that can be further amplified with the addition of immune-modulating agents. Here, we investigate the effects of combining doxorubicin (DOX) and gemcitabine (GEM), two commonly used chemotherapeutics, with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a clinically used TLR4 adjuvant derived from liposaccharides. MPLA was incorporated into the lipid bilayer of liposomes loaded with a 1:1 molar ratio of DOX and GEM to create an intravenously administered treatment. In vivo studies indicated excellent efficacy of both GEM-DOX liposomes and GEM-DOX-MPLA liposomes against 4T1 tumors. In vitro and in vivo results showed increased dendritic cell expression of CD86 in the presence of liposomes containing chemotherapeutics and MPLA. Despite this, a tumor rechallenge study indicated little effect on tumor growth upon rechallenge, indicating the lack of a long-term immune response. GEM/DOX/MPLA-L displayed remarkable control of the primary tumor growth and can be further explored for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer with other forms of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amaya Razmi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lily Li‐Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kevin Peng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anvay Ukidve
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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5
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Singha S, Shao K, Ellestad KK, Yang Y, Santamaria P. Nanoparticles for Immune Stimulation Against Infection, Cancer, and Autoimmunity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10621-10635. [PMID: 30481968 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination using nanocarrier-based delivery systems has recently emerged as a promising approach for meeting the continued challenge posed by infectious diseases and cancer. A diverse portfolio of nanocarriers of various sizes, compositions, and physical parameters have now been developed, and this diversity provides an opportunity for the rational design of vaccines that can mediate targeted delivery of various antigens and adjuvants or immune regulatory agents in ways unachievable with classical vaccination approaches. This flexibility allows control over the characteristics of vaccine-elicited immune responses such that they can be tailored to be effective in circumstances where classical vaccines have failed. Furthermore, the utility of nanocarrier-based immune modulation extends to the treatment of autoimmune disease where precisely targeted inhibition of immune responses is desirable. Clearly, the selection of appropriate nanocarriers, antigens, adjuvants, and other components underpins the efficacy of these nanoimmune interventions. Herein, we provide an overview of currently available nanocarriers of various types and their physical and pharmacological properties with the goal of providing a resource for researchers exploring nanomaterial-based approaches for immune modulation and identify some information gaps and unexplored questions to help guide future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiswarup Singha
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Kun Shao
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Kristofor K Ellestad
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 4N1 , Canada
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer , Barcelona 08036 , Spain
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Razazan A, Behravan J, Arab A, Barati N, Arabi L, Gholizadeh Z, Hatamipour M, Reza Nikpoor A, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Mosaffa F, Ghahremani MH, Jaafari MR. Conjugated nanoliposome with the HER2/neu-derived peptide GP2 as an effective vaccine against breast cancer in mice xenograft model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185099. [PMID: 29045460 PMCID: PMC5646774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenging issues in vaccine development is peptide and adjuvant delivery into target cells. In this study, we developed a vaccine and therapeutic delivery system to increase cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against a breast cancer model overexpressing HER2/neu. Gp2, a HER2/neu-derived peptide, was conjugated to Maleimide-mPEG2000-DSPE micelles and post inserted into liposomes composed of DMPC, DMPG phospholipids, and fusogenic lipid dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvant (DMPC-DMPG-DOPE-MPL-Gp2). BALB/c mice were immunized with different formulations and the immune response was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. ELISpot and intracellular cytokine analysis by flow cytometry showed that the mice vaccinated with Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 incited the highest number of IFN-γ+ in CD8+ cells and CTL response. The immunization led to lower tumor sizes and longer survival time compared to the other groups of mice immunized and treated with the Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 formulation in both prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. These results showed that co-formulation of DOPE and MPL conjugated with GP2 peptide not only induces high antitumor immunity but also enhances therapeutic efficacy in TUBO mice model. Lip-DOPE-MPL-GP2 formulation could be a promising vaccine and a therapeutic delivery system against HER2 positive cancers and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Razazan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Arab
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nastaran Barati
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholizadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hatamipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hosein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Fontana F, Liu D, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. Delivery of therapeutics with nanoparticles: what's new in cancer immunotherapy? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27470448 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the treatment of cancer or other diseases has been boosted during the last decades due to the possibility to precise deliver drugs where needed, enabling a decrease in the drug's side effects. Nanocarriers are particularly valuable for potentiating the simultaneous co-delivery of multiple drugs in the same particle for the treatment of heavily burdening diseases like cancer. Immunotherapy represents a new concept in the treatment of cancer and has shown outstanding results in patients treated with check-point inhibitors. Thereby, researchers are applying nanotechnology to cancer immunotherapy toward the development of nanocarriers for delivery of cancer vaccines and chemo-immunotherapies. Cancer nanovaccines can be envisioned as nanocarriers co-delivering antigens and adjuvants, molecules often presenting different physicochemical properties, in cancer therapy. A wide range of nanocarriers (e.g., polymeric, lipid-based and inorganic) allow the co-formulation of these molecules, or the delivery of chemo- and immune-therapeutics in the same system. Finally, there is a trend toward the use of biologically inspired and derived nanocarriers. In this review, we present the recent developments in the field of immunotherapy, describing the different systems proposed by categories: polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanosystems, metallic and inorganic nanosystems and, finally, biologically inspired and derived nanovaccines. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1421. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1421 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fontana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dongfei Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Temizoz B, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Vaccine adjuvants as potential cancer immunotherapeutics. Int Immunol 2016; 28:329-38. [PMID: 27006304 PMCID: PMC4922024 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence obtained from various clinical trials and animal studies suggested that cancer vaccines need better adjuvants than those that are currently licensed, which include the most commonly used alum and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, because of either a lack of potent anti-tumor immunity or the induction of undesired immunity. Several clinical trials using immunostimulatory adjuvants, particularly agonistic as well as non-agonistic ligands for TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and stimulator of interferon genes, have revealed their therapeutic potential not only as vaccine adjuvants but also as anti-tumor agents. Recently, combinations of such immunostimulatory or immunomodulatory adjuvants have shown superior efficacy over their singular use, suggesting that seeking optimal combinations of the currently available or well-characterized adjuvants may provide a better chance for the development of novel adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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9
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Designing liposomal adjuvants for the next generation of vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:85-96. [PMID: 26576719 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes not only offer the ability to enhance drug delivery, but can effectively act as vaccine delivery systems and adjuvants. Their flexibility in size, charge, bilayer rigidity and composition allow for targeted antigen delivery via a range of administration routes. In the development of liposomal adjuvants, the type of immune response promoted has been linked to their physico-chemical characteristics, with the size and charge of the liposomal particles impacting on liposome biodistribution, exposure in the lymph nodes and recruitment of the innate immune system. The addition of immunostimulatory agents can further potentiate their immunogenic properties. Here, we outline the attributes that should be considered in the design and manufacture of liposomal adjuvants for the delivery of sub-unit and nucleic acid based vaccines.
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Schwendener RA. Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:159-82. [PMID: 25364509 DOI: 10.1177/2051013614541440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes and liposome-derived nanovesicles such as archaeosomes and virosomes have become important carrier systems in vaccine development and the interest for liposome-based vaccines has markedly increased. A key advantage of liposomes, archaeosomes and virosomes in general, and liposome-based vaccine delivery systems in particular, is their versatility and plasticity. Liposome composition and preparation can be chosen to achieve desired features such as selection of lipid, charge, size, size distribution, entrapment and location of antigens or adjuvants. Depending on the chemical properties, water-soluble antigens (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, haptens) are entrapped within the aqueous inner space of liposomes, whereas lipophilic compounds (lipopeptides, antigens, adjuvants, linker molecules) are intercalated into the lipid bilayer and antigens or adjuvants can be attached to the liposome surface either by adsorption or stable chemical linking. Coformulations containing different types of antigens or adjuvants can be combined with the parameters mentioned to tailor liposomal vaccines for individual applications. Special emphasis is given in this review to cationic adjuvant liposome vaccine formulations. Examples of vaccines made with CAF01, an adjuvant composed of the synthetic immune-stimulating mycobacterial cordfactor glycolipid trehalose dibehenate as immunomodulator and the cationic membrane forming molecule dimethyl dioctadecylammonium are presented. Other vaccines such as cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDCs) and other adjuvants like muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A and listeriolysin O are mentioned as well. The field of liposomes and liposome-based vaccines is vast. Therefore, this review concentrates on recent and relevant studies emphasizing current reports dealing with the most studied antigens and adjuvants, and pertinent examples of vaccines. Studies on liposome-based veterinary vaccines and experimental therapeutic cancer vaccines are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Laboratory of Liposome Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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11
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Liu SY, Wei W, Yue H, Ni DZ, Yue ZG, Wang S, Fu Q, Wang YQ, Ma GH, Su ZG. Nanoparticles-based multi-adjuvant whole cell tumor vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8291-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DVR, Kumar H. Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:248. [PMID: 24032031 PMCID: PMC3759294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These biochemical signatures primarily consist of a major family of biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, nitrogen bases, and sugar and its complexes, which are distinct from host molecules and exclusively expressed in pathogens and essential to their survival. The family of sensors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germ-line encoded, evolutionarily conserved molecules, and consist of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), and DNA sensors. Sensing of PAMP by PRR initiates the cascade of signaling leading to the activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), resulting in a variety of cellular responses, including the production of interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss sensing of different types of glycosylated PAMPs such as β-glucan (a polymeric sugar) or lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acid, and so on (sugar complex PAMPs) by different families of sensors, its role in pathogenesis, and its application in development of potential vaccine and vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Singh Mahla
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Bhopal , India
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Recent trends in multifunctional liposomal nanocarriers for enhanced tumor targeting. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:705265. [PMID: 23533772 PMCID: PMC3606784 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are delivery systems that have been used to formulate a vast variety of therapeutic and imaging agents for the past several decades. They have significant advantages over their free forms in terms of pharmacokinetics, sensitivity for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy. The multifactorial nature of cancer and the complex physiology of the tumor microenvironment require the development of multifunctional nanocarriers. Multifunctional liposomal nanocarriers should combine long blood circulation to improve pharmacokinetics of the loaded agent and selective distribution to the tumor lesion relative to healthy tissues, remote-controlled or tumor stimuli-sensitive extravasation from blood at the tumor's vicinity, internalization motifs to move from tumor bounds and/or tumor intercellular space to the cytoplasm of cancer cells for effective tumor cell killing. This review will focus on current strategies used for cancer detection and therapy using liposomes with special attention to combination therapies.
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Kar UK, Jiang J, Champion CI, Salehi S, Srivastava M, Sharma S, Rabizadeh S, Niazi K, Kickhoefer V, Rome LH, Kelly KA. Vault nanocapsules as adjuvants favor cell-mediated over antibody-mediated immune responses following immunization of mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38553. [PMID: 22808011 PMCID: PMC3394761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modifications of adjuvants that induce cell-mediated over antibody-mediated immunity is desired for development of vaccines. Nanocapsules have been found to be viable adjuvants and are amenable to engineering for desired immune responses. We previously showed that natural nanocapsules called vaults can be genetically engineered to elicit Th1 immunity and protection from a mucosal bacterial infection. The purpose of our study was to characterize immunity produced in response to OVA within vault nanoparticles and compare it to another nanocarrier. Methodology and Principal Findings We characterized immunity resulting from immunization with the model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) encased in vault nanocapsules and liposomes. We measured OVA responsive CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cell responses, cytokine production and antibody titers in vitro and in vivo. We found that immunization with OVA contain in vaults induced a greater number of anti-OVA CD8+ memory T cells and production of IFNγ plus CD4+ memory T cells. Also, modification of the vault body could change the immune response compared to OVA encased in liposomes. Conclusions/Significance These experiments show that vault nanocapsules induced strong anti-OVA CD8+ and CD4+ T cell memory responses and modest antibody production, which markedly differed from the immune response induced by liposomes. We also found that the vault nanocapsule could be modified to change antibody isotypes in vivo. Thus it is possible to create a vault nanocapsule vaccine that can result in the unique combination of immunogen-responsive CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immunity coupled with an IgG1 response for future development of vault nanocapsule-based vaccines against antigens for human pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra K. Kar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Janina Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl I. Champion
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Minu Srivastava
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran’s Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sherven Sharma
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran’s Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kayvan Niazi
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen A. Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marianecci C, Marzio LD, Rinaldi F, Carafa M, Alhaique F. Pulmonary Delivery: Innovative Approaches and Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2011.225068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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