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Kim M, Kim JH, Kim S, Maharjan R, Kim NA, Jeong SH. New long-acting injectable microspheres prepared by IVL-DrugFluidic™ system: 1-month and 3-month in vivo drug delivery of leuprolide. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121875. [PMID: 35636628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microspheres for 1-month (PLGA-based) and 3-month (PLA-based) drug releases of leuprolide were manufactured using an IVL-DrugFluidic™ system and their morphology, particle size and distribution, and encapsulation efficiency were compared with the commercialized products. In vivo test was also conducted to monitor the amount of leuprolide and testosterone in plasma after a single subcutaneous injection in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and male Beagle dogs. The median diameter, span value, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency of PLGA-based microspheres (63.29 μm, 0.26, 13.15%, and 78.90%, respectively) and PLA-based microspheres (80.28 μm, 0.21, 14.42%, and 86.50%, respectively) demonstrated narrow particle size distribution (monodispersed) and efficient drug loading/encapsulation efficiency. Both the microspheres exhibited a desired time-dependent drug release profile and reduced initial burst release by 16-fold in SD rats and 240-fold in Beagle dogs compared to Leuplin DPS®. Moreover, the testosterone level in plasma was suppressed to < 0.50 ng/mL after 28 days with a steady plasma drug concentration. The results suggested that newly developed leuprolide-loaded microspheres produced by the IVL-DrugFluidic™ system could provide extended drug release with advantages such as reduced initial burst release and testosterone level suppression, along with steady plasma drug concentration, over the existing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsung Kim
- Inventage Lab Inc, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13438, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Inventage Lab Inc, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13438, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Inventage Lab Inc, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13438, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ravi Maharjan
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Ah Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Park K, Otte A, Sharifi F, Garner J, Skidmore S, Park H, Jhon YK, Qin B, Wang Y. Formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2021; 329:1150-1161. [PMID: 33148404 PMCID: PMC7904638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable long-acting formulations, specifically poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based systems, have been used to deliver drugs systemically for up to 6 months. Despite the benefits of using this type of long-acting formulations, the development of clinical products and the generic versions of existing formulations has been slow. Only about two dozen formulations have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during the last 30 years. Furthermore, less than a dozen small molecules have been incorporated and approved for clinical use in PLGA-based formulations. The limited number of clinically used products is mainly due to the incomplete understanding of PLGA polymers and the various variables involved in the composition and manufacturing process. Numerous process parameters affect the formulation properties, and their intricate interactions have been difficult to decipher. Thus, it is necessary to identify all the factors affecting the final formulation properties and determine the main contributors to enable control of each factor independently. The composition of the formulation and the manufacturing processes determine the essential property of each formulation, i.e., in vivo drug release kinetics leading to their respective pharmacokinetic profiles. Since the pharmacokinetic profiles can be correlated with in vitro release kinetics, proper in vitro characterization is critical for both batch-to-batch quality control and scale-up production. In addition to in vitro release kinetics, other in vitro characterization is essential for ensuring that the desired formulation is produced, resulting in an expected pharmacokinetic profile. This article reviews the effects of a selected number of parameters in the formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of microparticle systems. In particular, the emphasis is focused on the characterization of surface morphology of PLGA microparticles, as it is a manifestation of the formulation composition and the manufacturing process. Also, the implication of the surface morphology on the drug release kinetics is examined. The information described here can also be applied to in situ forming implants and solid implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Farrokh Sharifi
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Park K, Otte A, Sharifi F, Garner J, Skidmore S, Park H, Jhon YK, Qin B, Wang Y. Potential Roles of the Glass Transition Temperature of PLGA Microparticles in Drug Release Kinetics. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:18-32. [PMID: 33331774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been used for long-acting injectable drug delivery systems for more than 30 years. The factors affecting the properties of PLGA formulations are still not clearly understood. The drug release kinetics of PLGA microparticles are influenced by many parameters associated with the formulation composition, manufacturing process, and post-treatments. Since the drug release kinetics have not been explainable using the measurable properties, formulating PLGA microparticles with desired drug release kinetics has been extremely difficult. Of the various properties, the glass transition temperature, Tg, of PLGA formulations is able to explain various aspects of drug release kinetics. This allows examination of parameters that affect the Tg of PLGA formulations, and thus, affecting the drug release kinetics. The impacts of the terminal sterilization on the Tg and drug release kinetics were also examined. The analysis of drug release kinetics in relation to the Tg of PLGA formulations provides a basis for further understanding of the factors controlling drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Andrew Otte
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Farrokh Sharifi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Bin Qin
- Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Generic Drugs, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Grizić D, Lamprecht A. Process parameters of microsphere preparation based on propylene carbonate emulsion-precursors. J Microencapsul 2020; 38:1-10. [PMID: 32930025 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2020.1823501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed for a detailed understanding of the impact of different process parameters involved during celecoxib-loaded microsphere preparation based on propylene carbonate emulsion-precursors. METHODS Microspheres were prepared by a modified emulsification-solvent extraction method. Performed investigations included polymer solubility and viscosity, microsphere size, morphology and stability, propylene carbonate content as well as celecoxib solid state, content and release. RESULTS Rough-walled round microspheres with sizes between 21 µm and 122 µm and an internal sponge-like structure filled with residual propylene carbonate (content between 1.9 ± 0.1% and 6.7 ± 0.5% w/w) were obtained. Encapsulation efficiencies varied between 28.3 ± 0.1% and 66.8 ± 1.0%. The release rates were affected by the polymer concentration, the emulsion phase ratio and the residual propylene carbonate content (t50% varied between 2.2 hours and 23.4 hours). CONCLUSIONS This study identified the most relevant process parameters for this new preparation method for the model drug celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daris Grizić
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, Bonn, Germany.,PEPITE (EA4267), University of Burgundy/Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Abd-Elal RMA, Elosaily GH, Gad S, Khafagy ES, Mostafa Y. Full Factorial Design, Optimization, In vitro and Ex vivo Studies of Ocular Timolol-Loaded Microsponges. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Microparticle preparation by a propylene carbonate emulsification-extraction method. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:213-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wang W, Cai Y, Zhang G, Liu Y, Sui H, Park K, Wang H. Sophoridine-loaded PLGA microspheres for lung targeting: preparation, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3674-3680. [PMID: 27689622 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1223210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-targeting sophoridine-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres were constructed by a simple oil-in-oil emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The obtained microspheres were systematically studied on their morphology, size distribution, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release profile, and biodistribution in rats. The drug-loaded microparticles showed as tiny spheres under SEM and had an average size of 17 μm with 90% of the microspheres ranging from 12 to 24 μm. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 65% and 6.5%, respectively. The in vitro drug release behavior of microspheres exhibited an initial burst of 16.6% at 4 h and a sustained-release period of 14 days. Drug concentration in lung tissue of rats was 220.10 μg/g for microspheres and 6.77 μg/g for solution after intraveneous injection for 30 min, respectively. And the microsphere formulation showed a significantly higher drug level in lung tissue than in other major organs and blood samples for 12 days. These results demonstrated that the obtained PLGA microspheres could potentially improve the treatment efficacy of sophoridine against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China.,b Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine & Key Lab of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Yaqin Cai
- a School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Guangxing Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- a School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China.,b Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine & Key Lab of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Hong Sui
- a School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China.,b Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Hui Medicine & Key Lab of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
| | - Kinam Park
- c Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA , and
| | - Hong Wang
- d Department of Pharmaceutics , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China
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Comparative studies on the properties of glycyrrhetinic acid-loaded PLGA microparticles prepared by emulsion and template methods. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:723-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Lomova MV, Ivanov IV, German SV, Meleshko TK, Pavlov AM, Inozemtseva OA, Antipina MN, Yakimansky AV, Sukhorukov GB, Gorin DA. Composite magnetic microcapsules based on multilayer assembly of ethanol-soluble polyimide brushes and magnetite nanoparticles: preparation and response to magnetic field gradient. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Continuous API-crystal coating via coacervation in a tubular reactor. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Qi F, Wu J, Yang T, Ma G, Su Z. Mechanistic studies for monodisperse exenatide-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared by different methods based on SPG membrane emulsification. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4247-56. [PMID: 24952071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres have been widely prepared by many methods, including solvent evaporation, solvent extraction and the co-solvent method. However, very few studies have compared the properties of microspheres fabricated by these methods. This is partly because the broad size distribution of the resultant particles severely complicates the analysis and affects the reliability of the comparison. To this end, uniform-sized PLGA microspheres have been prepared by Shirasu porous glass premix membrane emulsification and used to encapsulate exenatide, a drug for treating Type 2 diabetes. Based on this technique, the influences on the properties of microspheres fabricated by the aforementioned three methods were intensively investigated, including in vitro release, degradation and pharmacology. We found that these microspheres presented totally different release behaviors in vitro and in vivo, but exhibited a similar trend of PLGA degradation. Moreover, the internal structural evolution visually demonstrated these release behaviors. We selected for further examination the microsphere prepared by solvent evaporation because of its constant release rate, and explored its pharmacodynamics, histology, etc., in more detail. This microsphere when injected once showed equivalent efficacy to that of twice-daily injections of exenatide with no inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Turino LN, Mariano RN, Boimvaser S, Luna JA. In Situ-Formed Microparticles of PLGA from O/W Emulsions Stabilized with PVA: Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Progesterone. J Pharm Innov 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-014-9180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Huang SS, Li IH, Hong PD, Yeh MK. Development of Yersinia pestis F1 antigen-loaded microspheres vaccine against plague. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:813-22. [PMID: 24550673 PMCID: PMC3926461 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s56260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis F1 antigen-loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PLGA/PEG) microspheres were produced using a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion/solvent extraction technique and assayed for their percent yield, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, in vitro release properties, and in vivo animal protect efficacy. The Y. pestis F1 antigen-loaded microspheres (mean particle size 3.8 μm) exhibited a high loading capacity (4.5% w/w), yield (85.2%), and entrapment efficiency (38.1%), and presented a controlled in vitro release profile with a low initial burst (18.5%), then continued to release Y. pestis F1 antigen over 70 days. The distribution (%) of Y. pestis F1 on the microspheres surface, outer layer, and core was 3.1%, 28.9%, and 60.7%, respectively. A steady release rate was noticed to be 0.55 μg Y. pestis F1 antigen/mg microspheres/day of Y. pestis F1 antigen release maintained for 42 days. The cumulative release amount at the 1st, 28th, and 42nd days was 8.2, 26.7, and 31.0 μg Y. pestis F1 antigen/mg microspheres, respectively. The 100 times median lethal dose 50% (LD50) of Y. pestis Yokohama-R strain by intraperitoneal injection challenge in mice test, in which mice received one dose of 40 μg F1 antigen content of PLGA/PEG microspheres, F1 antigen in Al(OH)3, and in comparison with F1 antigen in Al(OH)3 vaccine in two doses, was evaluated after given by subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice. The study results show that the greatest survival was observed in the group of mice immunized with one dose of F1 antigen-loaded PLGA/PEG microspheres, and two doses of F1 antigen in Al(OH)3 vaccine (100%). In vivo vaccination studies also demonstrated that F1 vaccines microspheres had a protective ability; its steady-state IgG immune protection in mice plasma dramatic increased from 2 weeks (18,764±3,124) to 7 weeks (126,468±19,176) after vaccination. These findings strongly suggest that F1-antigen loaded microspheres vaccine offer a new therapeutic strategy in optimizing the vaccine incorporation and delivery properties of these potential vaccine targeting carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-shiung Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Graduate Institute of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Hsun Li
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-da Hong
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Graduate Institute of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-kung Yeh
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Graduate Institute of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ; School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China ; Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Villa Nova M, Gonçalves MDCP, Nogueira AC, Herculano LDS, Medina AN, Bazotte RB, Bruschi ML. Formulation and characterization of ethylcellulose microparticles containing .L-alanyl- L-glutamine peptide. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1308-17. [PMID: 23862977 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.817417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The L-alanyl-L-glutamine peptide (AGP) has been effective to promote acute glycemia recovery during long-term insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH), and the oral administration of AGP is suggested to prevent prolonged hypoglycemia, such as nocturnal hypoglycemia. OBJECTIVE Considering the ability of AGP on glycemia recovery and AGP's fast metabolism, the aim of current study was to obtain and characterize ethylcellulose microparticles to deliver the drug for a prolonged time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microparticles were prepared by simple and double emulsification/hardening method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectroscopy and in vitro release. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Spherical structures with a mean diameter between 9.30 µm and 13.19 µm were formed. TG analysis showed that the thermal stability of AGP was even more increased by encapsulation with ethylcellulose. In addition, TG, DSC, FTIR and FT-Raman analyses proved that AGP was encapsulated in a molecular way. Higher values of encapsulation efficiency were observed for the microparticles prepared by double emulsification (57.83-83.67%) than for those prepared by simple emulsification (18.37%). However, the last ones could release the peptide in a quicker and more extensive manner than those prepared by double emulsification. CONCLUSION For the first time, microparticles containing AGP were developed and exhibited prolonged in vitro release as well as protection to the drug, and it could be considered as a dosage form for patients who suffer from insulin-induced hypoglycemia and/or nocturnal hypoglycemia.
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Lee H, Lee S, Bhattacharjee H, Sah H. Application of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of dispersed organic solvent in developing new microencapsulation process technology. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:380-7. [PMID: 22299629 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.651502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a new microencapsulation technology employing an acid-catalyzed solvent extraction method in conjunction to an emulsion-based microencapsulation process. Its process consisted of emulsifying a dispersed phase of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and isopropyl formate in an aqueous phase. This step was followed by adding hydrochloric acid to the resulting oil-in-water emulsion, in order to initiate the hydrolysis of isopropyl formate dissolved in the aqueous phase. Its hydrolysis caused the liberation of water-soluble species, that is, isopropanol and formic acid. This event triggered continual solvent leaching out of emulsion droplets, thereby initiating microsphere solidification. This new processing worked well for encapsulation of progesterone and ketoprofen that were chosen as a nonionizable model drug and a weakly acidic one, respectively. Furthermore, the structural integrity of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) was retained during microencapsulation. The new microencapsulation technology, being conceptually different from previous approaches, might be useful in preparing various polymeric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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