1
|
Dias KJSDO, Miranda GM, Bessa JR, Araújo ACJD, Freitas PR, Almeida RSD, Paulo CLR, Neto JBDA, Coutinho HDM, Ribeiro-Filho J. Terpenes as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953982. [PMID: 36313340 PMCID: PMC9606600 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge in modern pharmacotherapy. While molecular analyses have identified efflux pump expression as an essential mechanism underlying multidrug resistance, the targeted drug development has occurred slower. Thus, considering the verification that terpenes can enhance the activity of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, the present study gathered evidence pointing to these natural compounds as bacterial efflux pump inhibitors. A systematic search for manuscripts published between January 2007 and January 2022 was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and the following search terms: “Terpene”; AND “Efflux pump”; and “Bacteria.” From a total of 101 articles found in the initial search, 41 were included in this review. Seventy-five different terpenes, 63 bacterial strains, and 22 different efflux pumps were reported, with carvacrol, Staphylococcus aureus SA-1199B, and NorA appearing most frequently mentioned terpene, bacterial strain, and efflux pump (EP), respectively. The Chi-Squared analysis indicated that terpenes are significantly effective EP inhibitors in Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with the inhibitory frequency significantly higher in Gram-positive strains. The results of the present review suggest that terpenes are significant efflux pump inhibitors and, as such, can be used in drug development targeting the combat of antibacterial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Marinho Miranda
- Laboratory of Genetics and Translational Hematology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Reis Bessa
- Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Justino De Araújo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Ramos Freitas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ray Silva De Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cícera Laura Roque Paulo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Bezerra De Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Henrique D. M. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Laboratory of Genetics and Translational Hematology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Fiocruz Ceará, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Eusébio, Ceará, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jaime Ribeiro-Filho,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dos Santos Ramos MA, de Toledo LG, Spósito L, Marena GD, de Lima LC, Fortunato GC, Araújo VHS, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based lipid systems applied to resistant bacterial control: A review of their use in the past two decades. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120706. [PMID: 33991597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of infections caused by resistant bacteria to the antimicrobials available for human use grows exponentially every year, which generates major impacts on human health and the world economy. In the last two decades, human beings can witness the expressive increase in the Science and Technology worldwide, and areas such as Health Sciences have benefited from these advances in favor of human health, such as the advent of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology as an important approach applied for bacterial infections treatment with resistance profile to available antibiotics. This review of the scientific literature brings the applicability of nanotechnology-based lipid systems as an innovative tool in the improvement of bacterial infections treatment. Important studies involving the use of liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, microemulsions and lipid nanocapsules were verified in the period from 2000 to 2020, where important scientific results were found and will serve as a basis for the use of these systems to remain in constant updating. This manuscript shows the use of these drug delivery systems as potential vehicles for antibacterial compounds, which opens a new hope in the complement of the antibacterial therapeutic arsenal. Important studies developed in the last 20 years are present in this review, and thus guarantees an update on the use of these drug delivery systems for researchers from different areas of Health Sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Aparecido Dos Santos Ramos
- Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Luciani Gaspar de Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Larissa Spósito
- Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Davi Marena
- Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Laura Caminitti de Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Capaldi Fortunato
- Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araújo
- Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, 14.800-903 São Paulo State, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pinto F, Fonseca LP, Souza S, Oliva A, de Barros DP. Topical distribution and efficiency of nanostructured lipid carriers on a 3D reconstructed human epidermis model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
4
|
Bahrami A, Delshadi R, Assadpour E, Jafari SM, Williams L. Antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers for food packaging applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 278:102140. [PMID: 32171115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the demands of consumers for organic and safer foods has led to applying new technologies for food preservation. Active packaging (AP) containing natural antimicrobial agents is a good candidate for promoting the shelf life of food products. The efficiency of AP has been enhanced through nanoencapsulation methods, in which antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers could provide a controlled release of antimicrobial active packaging for keeping the quality of foods during storage. The main objective of this review is to introduce common methods for designing novel encapsulation delivery systems offering controlled release of antimicrobials in the AP systems. The common nanocarriers for enveloping antimicrobial agents are described and the current state of art in the application of nanoencapsulated antimicrobials in development of antimicrobial APs have been summarized and tabulated. Incorporation of a carrier loaded with natural antimicrobial agents is the most effective method for developing AP in the food packaging sector which has become possible by using nanoencapsulated antimicrobials in films or coating structures, instead of using their free form. Nanoencapsulation approaches provide many advantages including protection against environmental stresses, release control, and improving the solubility and absorption of natural antimicrobials in AP, which are the main achievements overcoming the barriers for using natural antimicrobials in food packaging.
Collapse
|
5
|
Orhan-Yanıkan E, da Silva-Janeiro S, Ruiz-Rico M, Jiménez-Belenguer AI, Ayhan K, Barat JM. Essential oils compounds as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents against strains present in the meat industry. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
6
|
Matougui N, Groo AC, Umerska A, Cassisa V, Saulnier P. A comparison of different strategies for antimicrobial peptides incorporation onto/into lipid nanocapsules. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1647-1662. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Over the last decade, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of various infections. The aim of this work is to explore the potential of lipid nanocapsules for the delivery of AMPs. Three approaches were compared in terms of encapsulation efficiency, peptide activity and protection against proteases: peptide encapsulation, surface adsorption or covalent attachment of three selected AMPs. Results: A potentiation of the antimicrobial activity and a partial protection of the peptides after adsorption were demonstrated compared with native peptides. Conversely, encapsulation allowed better peptide stability, correlated with higher encapsulation efficiencies and a preservation of the activity. Finally, the covalent attachment strategy turned out to be less conclusive due to peptide inactivation. Conclusion: In brief, a lipid nanocapsule-based platform appears suitable to deliver AMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Matougui
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationelles-MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, UBL Universite Bretagne Loire, Angers F-49933, France
| | - Anne-Claire Groo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN – EA 4258, FR CNRS 3038 INC3M, SF 4206 ICORE, Caen, France
| | - Anita Umerska
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationelles-MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, UBL Universite Bretagne Loire, Angers F-49933, France
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, Nancy, France
| | - Viviane Cassisa
- Equipe 7b, ATIP Avenir, ATOMyca, U892, CRCNA, CHU Angers, France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- Micro & Nanomédecines Translationelles-MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM U1066, CNRS UMR 6021, UBL Universite Bretagne Loire, Angers F-49933, France
- University Hospital Department of Biostatistics and Methodology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alanís-Garza BA, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Waksman de Torres N, Salazar-Aranda R, Mendoza-Olazarán S, Pérez-López LA, Flores-Treviño S, Garza-González E. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils-derived volatile compounds against several nosocomial pathogens including representative multidrug-resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2018.1483269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca A. Alanís-Garza
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Noemí Waksman de Torres
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Ricardo Salazar-Aranda
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Soraya Mendoza-Olazarán
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Luis A. Pérez-López
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Samantha Flores-Treviño
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Monterrey, México
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marchese A, Arciola CR, Coppo E, Barbieri R, Barreca D, Chebaibi S, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Daglia M. The natural plant compound carvacrol as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent: mechanisms, synergies and bio-inspired anti-infective materials. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:630-656. [PMID: 30067078 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1480756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol) is a natural compound that occurs in the leaves of a number of plants and herbs including wild bergamot, thyme and pepperwort, but which is most abundant in oregano. The aim of this review is to analyse the scientific data from the last five years (2012-2017) on the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of carvacrol, targeting different bacteria and fungi responsible for human infectious diseases. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm mechanisms of carvacrol and its synergies with antibiotics are illustrated. The potential of carvacrol-loaded anti-infective nanomaterials is underlined. Carvacrol shows excellent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, and is a very interesting bioactive compound against fungi and a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and being active against both planktonic and sessile human pathogens. Moreover, carvacrol lends itself to being combined with nanomaterials, thus providing an opportunity for preventing biofilm-associated infections by new bio-inspired, anti-infective materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- a Microbiology Section DISC-Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- b Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
- c Research Unit on Implant Infections , Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Bologna , Italy
| | - Erika Coppo
- d Microbiology Section DISC , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- d Microbiology Section DISC , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- e Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Salima Chebaibi
- f Department of Health and Environment, Science Faculty , University Moulay Ismail , Meknes , Morocco
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- g Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Santiago de Compostela , Spain
- h Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud , Universidad Central de Chile , Chile
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- i Applied Biotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- i Applied Biotechnology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- j Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Friedman M. Chemistry, Antimicrobial Mechanisms, and Antibiotic Activities of Cinnamaldehyde against Pathogenic Bacteria in Animal Feeds and Human Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10406-10423. [PMID: 29155570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a major constituent of cinnamon essential oils produced by aromatic cinnamon plants. This compound has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties in vitro in laboratory media and in animal feeds and human foods contaminated with disease-causing bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. This integrated review surveys and interprets our current knowledge of the chemistry, analysis, safety, mechanism of action, and antibiotic activities of cinnamaldehyde in food animal (cattle, lambs, calves, pigs, poultry) diets and in widely consumed liquid (apple, carrot, tomato, and watermelon juices, milk) and solid foods. Solid foods include various fruits (bayberries, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries), vegetables (carrots, celery, lettuce, spinach, cucumbers, and tomatoes), meats (beef, ham, pork, and frankfurters), poultry (chickens and turkeys), seafood (oysters and shrimp), bread, cheese, eggs, infant formula, and peanut paste. The described findings are not only of fundamental interest but also have practical implications for food safety, nutrition, and animal and human health. The collated information and suggested research needs will hopefully facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of cinnamaldehyde alone and in combination with other natural antimicrobials and medicinal antibiotics to help prevent and treat food animal and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between bacterial pathogens and antimicrobials is a key to realize the control over infections causing morbidity and mortality. An important current issue of contemporary medicine and microbiology is the search for new strategies for adequate therapy of infectious diseases associated with rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Recently, a great deal of progress has been made in the field of nanobiotechnology towards the development of various nanoantimicrobials (NAMs) as novel therapeutic solution. Current microbiological studies, employing either synthetic antibiotics or natural antimicrobial, have demonstrated the ability of NAMs to tackle the issue of MDR by reverting the mechanisms of resistance. The present review critically discusses the various factors that can contribute to modulate the effects of NAMs on microbes. It includes essential features of NAMs including but not limited to composition, surface charge, loading capacity, size, hydrophobicity/philicity, controlled release and functionalization. In contrast, how microbial structural differences, biofilm formation, persister cells and intracellular pathogens contribute towards sensitivity or resistance towards antimicrobials is comprehensively analysed. These multilateral factors should be considered earnestly in order to make NAMs a successful alternative of the conventional antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Jamil
- a Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- a Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Montagu A, Joly-Guillou ML, Rossines E, Cayon J, Kempf M, Saulnier P. Stress Conditions Induced by Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde on Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1133. [PMID: 27486453 PMCID: PMC4949268 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The ability of A. baumannii to display various resistance mechanisms against antibiotics has transformed it into a successful nosocomial pathogen. The limited number of antibiotics in development and the disengagement of the pharmaceutical industry have prompted the development of innovative strategies. One of these strategies is the use of essential oils, especially aromatic compounds that are potent antibacterial molecules. Among them, the combination of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde has already demonstrated antibacterial efficacy against A. baumannii. The aim of this study was to determine the biological effects of these two compounds in A. baumannii, describing their effect on the rRNA and gene regulation under environmental stress conditions. Results demonstrated rRNA degradation by the carvacrol/cinnamaldehyde mixture, and this effect was due to carvacrol. Degradation was conserved after encapsulation of the mixture in lipid nanocapsules. Results showed an upregulation of the genes coding for heat shock proteins, such as groES, groEL, dnaK, clpB, and the catalase katE, after exposure to carvacrol/cinnamaldehyde mixture. The catalase was upregulated after carvacrol exposure wich is related to an oxidative stress. The combination of thiourea (hydroxyl radical scavenger) and carvacrol demonstrated a potent bactericidal effect. These results underline the development of defense strategies of the bacteria by synthesis of reactive oxygen species in response to environmental stress conditions, such as carvacrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Montagu
- LUNAM UniversitéAngers, France
- INSERM U1066, Micro et Nanomédecines Biomimétiques, Institut de Biologie en Santé – Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngers, France
| | - Marie-Laure Joly-Guillou
- ATOMycA, INSERM Atip-Avenir Team, CRCNA, Inserm U892, 6299 CNRS, University of AngersAngers, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie en Santé – Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngers, France
| | | | - Jérome Cayon
- Plateforme d’Analyse Cellulaire Et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie en Santé – Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngers, France
| | - Marie Kempf
- ATOMycA, INSERM Atip-Avenir Team, CRCNA, Inserm U892, 6299 CNRS, University of AngersAngers, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie en Santé – Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngers, France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- LUNAM UniversitéAngers, France
- INSERM U1066, Micro et Nanomédecines Biomimétiques, Institut de Biologie en Santé – Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireAngers, France
| |
Collapse
|