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McCartney F, Caisse P, Dumont C, Brayden DJ. Labrafac TM MC60 is an efficacious intestinal permeation enhancer for macromolecules: Comparisons with Labrasol® ALF in ex vivo and in vivo rat studies. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124353. [PMID: 38909926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Labrafac™ MC60 (glycerol monocaprylocaprate) is a lipid-based excipient used in oral formulations as a solubiliser. Due to the high proportions of established permeability enhancers, caprylate (C8) and caprate (C10), in Labrafac™ MC60, we hypothesised that it might behave as an intestinal permeation enhancer. We therefore evaluated this using two paracellular markers (ex vivo) and insulin (in vivo) as model molecules. Ex vivo studies were conducted in isolated muscle-stripped rat colonic mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers. Apical addition of Labrafac™ MC60 (8, 12, and 16 mg/ml) enhanced the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of [14C] mannitol and FITC-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) across colonic mucosae. Similar effects were observed in isolated jejunal mucosae, but at higher concentrations (40 mg/ml). The enhancing capacity of Labrafac™ MC60 was transient due to reversibility of reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) upon wash-out and effects on fluxes were molecular weight-dependent (MW) as suggested by fluxes of a set of high MW FITC-dextrans. The permeability enhancing effects of Labrafac™ MC60 ex vivo were maintained in the presence of simulated intestinal fluids, FaSSIF and FaSSCoF, in both jejunal and colonic mucosae, respectively. Following intra-intestinal regional instillations to rats, the relative bioavailability of 50 IU/kg insulin ad-mixed with Labrafac™ MC60 was 5 % in jejunum (40 mg/ml) and 6 % in colon (8 mg/ml). When Labrafac™ MC60 was combined with PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (1 % v/v), this further increased the bioavailability of insulin to 8 % in jejunum. Absorption enhancement was also maintained in the presence of FaSSIF in jejunal instillations. Histology after 120 min exposure to Labrafac™ MC60 in vivo for both jejunum and colon was similar to untreated control. Labrafac™ MC60 therefore acts as a non-damaging intestinal permeation enhancer for macromolecules and can be considered as another excipient in screening programmes to develop orally administered macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McCartney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Camille Dumont
- Gattefossé SAS, 36, Chemin de Genas, Saint-Priest, France
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Van Steenwinckel J, Bokobza C, Laforge M, Shearer IK, Miron VE, Rua R, Matta SM, Hill‐Yardin EL, Fleiss B, Gressens P. Key roles of glial cells in the encephalopathy of prematurity. Glia 2024; 72:475-503. [PMID: 37909340 PMCID: PMC10952406 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Across the globe, approximately one in 10 babies are born preterm, that is, before 37 weeks of a typical 40 weeks of gestation. Up to 50% of preterm born infants develop brain injury, encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP), that substantially increases their risk for developing lifelong defects in motor skills and domains of learning, memory, emotional regulation, and cognition. We are still severely limited in our abilities to prevent or predict preterm birth. No longer just the "support cells," we now clearly understand that during development glia are key for building a healthy brain. Glial dysfunction is a hallmark of EoP, notably, microgliosis, astrogliosis, and oligodendrocyte injury. Our knowledge of glial biology during development is exponentially expanding but hasn't developed sufficiently for development of effective neuroregenerative therapies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge for the roles of glia in infants with EoP and its animal models, and a description of known glial-cell interactions in the context of EoP, such as the roles for border-associated macrophages. The field of perinatal medicine is relatively small but has worked passionately to improve our understanding of the etiology of EoP coupled with detailed mechanistic studies of pre-clinical and human cohorts. A primary finding from this review is that expanding our collaborations with computational biologists, working together to understand the complexity of glial subtypes, glial maturation, and the impacts of EoP in the short and long term will be key to the design of therapies that improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Bokobza
- NeuroDiderot, INSERMUniversité Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | - Isabelle K. Shearer
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesSTEM College, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis CentreSt. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- College of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineThe Dementia Research Institute at The University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rejane Rua
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐Luminy (CIML), Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Samantha M. Matta
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesSTEM College, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elisa L. Hill‐Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesSTEM College, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- NeuroDiderot, INSERMUniversité Paris CitéParisFrance
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesSTEM College, RMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
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Unnithan D, Sartaj A, Iqubal MK, Ali J, Baboota S. A neoteric annotation on the advances in combination therapy for Parkinson's disease: nanocarrier-based combination approach and future anticipation. Part II: nanocarrier design and development in focus. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:437-456. [PMID: 38507231 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2331216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current treatment modalities available for Parkinson's disease (PD) prove inadequate due to the inherent constraints in effectively transporting bioactive compounds across the blood-brain barrier. The utilization of synergistic combinations of multiple drugs in conjunction with advanced nanotechnology, emerges as a promising avenue for the treatment of PD, offering potential breakthroughs in treatment efficacy, targeted therapy, and personalized medicine. AREAS COVERED This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the efficacy of multifactorial interventions for PD, simultaneously addressing the primary challenges of conventional therapies and highlighting how advanced technologies can help overcome these limitations. Part II focuses on the effectiveness of nanotechnology for improving pharmacokinetics of conventional therapies, through the synergistic use of dual or multiple therapeutic agents into a single nanoformulation. Significant emphasis is laid on the advancements toward innovative integrations, such as CRISPR/Cas9 with neuroprotective agents and stem cells, all effectively synergized with nanocarriers. EXPERT OPINION By using drug combinations, we can leverage their combined effects to enhance treatment efficacy and mitigate side effects through lower dosages. This article is meant to give nanocarrier-mediated co-delivery of drugs and the strategic incorporation of CRISPR/Cas9, either as an independent intervention or synergized with a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Unnithan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ali Sartaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Abedin S, Adeleke OA. State of the art in pediatric nanomedicines. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01532-x. [PMID: 38324166 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the continuous development of innovative nanopharmaceuticals is expanding their biomedical and clinical applications. Nanomedicines are being revolutionized to circumvent the limitations of unbound therapeutic agents as well as overcome barriers posed by biological interfaces at the cellular, organ, system, and microenvironment levels. In many ways, the use of nanoconfigured delivery systems has eased challenges associated with patient differences, and in our opinion, this forms the foundation for their potential usefulness in developing innovative medicines and diagnostics for special patient populations. Here, we present a comprehensive review of nanomedicines specifically designed and evaluated for disease management in the pediatric population. Typically, the pediatric population has distinguishing needs relative to those of adults majorly because of their constantly growing bodies and age-related physiological changes, which often need specialized drug formulation interventions to provide desirable therapeutic effects and outcomes. Besides, child-centric drug carriers have unique delivery routes, dosing flexibility, organoleptic properties (e.g., taste, flavor), and caregiver requirements that are often not met by traditional formulations and can impact adherence to therapy. Engineering pediatric medicines as nanoconfigured structures can potentially resolve these limitations stemming from traditional drug carriers because of their unique capabilities. Consequently, researchers from different specialties relentlessly and creatively investigate the usefulness of nanomedicines for pediatric disease management as extensively captured in this compilation. Some examples of nanomedicines covered include nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanomicelles for cancer; solid lipid and lipid-based nanostructured carriers for hypertension; self-nanoemulsifying lipid-based systems and niosomes for infections; and nanocapsules for asthma pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Abedin
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Oluwatoyin A Adeleke
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Guizze F, Serra CHR, Giarolla J. PAMAM Dendrimers: A Review of Methodologies Employed in Biopharmaceutical Classification. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2662-2673. [PMID: 35850238 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the preferred way of drug administration for most drugs, whose treatment success is directly related to the compound intestinal absorption. This absorption process, in its turn, is influenced by several factors impacting the drug bioavailability, which is extremely dependent on the maximum solubility and permeability. However, optimizing these last two factors, without chemical structural modification, is challenging. Although poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) are an innovative and promising strategy as drug delivery compounds, there are few studies that determine the permeability and solubility of PAMAM-drugs derivatives. Considering this scenario, this paper aimed to carry out a literature review of the last five years concerning biopharmaceutical characterizations of dendrimer delivery systems. In vitro methodologies, such as the Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) (non-cellular based model) and Caco-2 cells (cellular based model), used for the permeability evaluation in the early stages of drug discovery proved to be the most promising methodologies. As a result, we discussed, for instance, that through the usage of PAMPA it was possible to evaluate the higher capacity for transdermal delivery of DNA of TAT-conjugated PAMAM, when in comparison with unmodified PAMAM dendrimer with a P<0.05. We also presented the importance of choosing the best methods of biopharmaceutical characterization, which will be essential to guarantee the efficacy and safety of the drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Guizze
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Helena Reis Serra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Palan F, Chatterjee B. Dendrimers in the context of targeting central nervous system disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Applications of Various Types of Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132140. [PMID: 35807977 PMCID: PMC9268720 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are recognized as one of the major health concerns globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), neurological disorders are one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. Neurological disorders include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson′s disease, Huntington′s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia, Prion disease, Brain tumor, Spinal cord injury, and Stroke. These diseases are considered incurable diseases because no specific therapies are available to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain in a significant amount for the pharmacological effect in the brain. There is a need for the development of strategies that can improve the efficacy of drugs and circumvent BBB. One of the promising approaches is the use of different types of nano-scale materials. These nano-based drugs have the ability to increase the therapeutic effect, reduce toxicity, exhibit good stability, targeted delivery, and drug loading capacity. Different types and shapes of nanomaterials have been widely used for the treatment of neurological disorders, including quantum dots, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and micelles. These nanoparticles have unique characteristics, including sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to cross the BBB when used in nano-sized particles, and are widely used for imaging studies and treatment of NDs. In this review, we briefly summarized the recent literature on the use of various nanomaterials and their mechanism of action for the treatment of various types of neurological disorders.
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Chung TW, Wu TY, Siah ZY, Liu DZ. Antioxidative NAC-Loaded Silk Nanoparticles with Opening Mucosal Tight Junctions for Nasal Drug Delivery: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061288. [PMID: 35745861 PMCID: PMC9229699 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Using nasal routes to deliver drugs to the brain using multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) to bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB) might enhance the delivery efficacy. Anti-oxidative N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)-loaded silk fibroin (SF/NAC) NPs are produced, characterized and studied as a potential delivery vehicle for NAC delivered to the brain via nasal for both in vitro and in vivo studies. The NPs are not cytotoxic to RPMI 2650 cells, mucosal model cells, at a concentration of 6000 μg/mL. The anti-oxidative activities of SF/NAC NPs are demonstrated by high H2O2 scavenge capacities of the NPs and shown by mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) immunostaining of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tight junctions in RPMI 2650 cells are opened after 30 min of incubation with SF/NAC NPs, which are demonstrated by measuring the decrease in trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and discreteness in ZO-1 stains. The cellular uptake of SF/NAC NPs by RPMI 2650 cells is significantly greater than that for SF NPs and increased with increasing incubation time. In an in vivo imaging study (IVIS) using rats shows that the amount of NAC that is delivered to the brain by SF/NAC NPs increased by 1.40–2.60 times and NAC is retained longer in the nasal cavity than NAC solutions in a 2-h study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Wen Chung
- Biomedical Engineering Research and Development Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.W.); (Z.-Y.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ting-Ya Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.W.); (Z.-Y.S.)
| | - Zheng-Yu Siah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.W.); (Z.-Y.S.)
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
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Mittal KR, Pharasi N, Sarna B, Singh M, Rachana, Haider S, Singh SK, Dua K, Jha SK, Dey A, Ojha S, Mani S, Jha NK. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery for the treatment of CNS disorders. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:527-546. [PMID: 36741545 PMCID: PMC9883694 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 6.8 million people die annually because of problems related to the central nervous system (CNS), and out of them, approximately 1 million people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. CNS problems are a primary concern because of the complexity of the brain. There are various drugs available to treat CNS disorders and overcome problems with toxicity, specificity, and delivery. Barriers like the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are a challenge, as they do not allow therapeutic drugs to cross and reach their target. Researchers have been searching for ways to allow drugs to pass through the BBB and reach the target sites. These problems highlight the need of nanotechnology to alter or manipulate various processes at the cellular level to achieve the desired attributes. Due to their nanosize, nanoparticles are able to pass through the BBB and are an effective alternative to drug administration and other approaches. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve treatment and diagnostic techniques for CNS disorders and facilitate effective drug transfer. With the aid of nanoengineering, drugs could be modified to perform functions like transference across the BBB, altering signaling pathways, targeting specific cells, effective gene transfer, and promoting regeneration and preservation of nerve cells. The involvement of a nanocarrier framework inside the delivery of several neurotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of neurological diseases is reviewed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushi R. Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Nandini Pharasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Bhavya Sarna
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Rachana
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot No. 32-34 Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata700073, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Emerging Diseases, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot No. 32-34 Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
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Fernandes G, Pandey A, Kulkarni S, Mutalik SP, Nikam AN, Seetharam RN, Kulkarni SS, Mutalik S. Supramolecular dendrimers based novel platforms for effective oral delivery of therapeutic moieties. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ashique S, Sandhu NK, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1435-1455. [PMID: 34151759 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to various limitations in conventional drug delivery system, it is important to focus on the target-specific drug delivery system where we can deliver the drug without any degradation. Among various challenges faced by a formulation scientist, delivering the drug to its right site, in its right dose, is also an important aim. A focused drug transport aims to extend, localize, target and have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of targeted drug delivery is to make the required amount of the drug available at its desired site of action. Drug targeting can be accomplished in a number ways that include enzyme mediation, pH-dependent release, use of special vehicles, receptor targeting among other mechanisms. Intelligently designed targeted drug delivery systems also offer the advantages of a low dose of the drug along with reduced side effects which ultimately improves patient compliance. Incidences of dose dumping and dosage form failure are negligible. A focused drug transport aims to have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the available targeting techniques for delivery to the colon, brain and other sites of interest. Overall, the article should make an excellent read for the researchers in this area. Newer drug targets may be identified and exploited for successful drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Navjot Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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13
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Visser EJ, Drummond PD, Lee-Visser JLA. Reduction in Migraine and Headache Frequency and Intensity With Combined Antioxidant Prophylaxis (N-acetylcysteine, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C): A Randomized Sham-Controlled Pilot Study. Pain Pract 2020; 20:737-747. [PMID: 32306462 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the preventive effects of a combined antioxidant drug (N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and vitamin C [NEC]) on migraine outcomes. Migraine is characterized by increased oxidative stress and neurogenic inflammation in the brain; therefore, antioxidants may have a migraine preventive effect. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study. SETTING Australian community. SUBJECTS Adults reporting 2 to 8 migraines per month for at least a year. METHODS After a 1-month baseline period, 35 subjects completed 3 months of treatment with NEC (n = 19) or sham (n = 16) capsules. The primary outcome was the difference in mean number of headaches per month between baseline and final month of the trial for NEC and sham groups; secondary outcomes are listed below. RESULTS For NEC there was a significant decrease in mean number of headaches by 3.0 per month (P = 0.004) compared with 1.4 for sham (P = 0.073); there was no significant difference in these changes between the 2 groups (P = 0.052). Average monthly headache (P = 0.041) and migraine frequency (P = 0.018) were significantly less for NEC vs. sham. In NEC subjects, there was a significant decrease in average monthly migraine days (-3.1), moderate/severe headache days (-3.2), migraine duration, headache pain scores, and acute headache medication use. CONCLUSIONS This is the first randomized controlled trial to find that combined antioxidant therapy with NEC reduces headaches and migraines in adult migraineurs. Given the limitations of this pilot study, an adequately powered randomized controlled trial is planned to further investigate antioxidant prophylaxis in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric John Visser
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Julia L A Lee-Visser
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
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14
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Zhu Y, Liu C, Pang Z. Dendrimer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Brain Targeting. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E790. [PMID: 31783573 PMCID: PMC6995517 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding basic aspects of functional organization; it is a renowned fact that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes the permeation and access of most drugs to central nervous system (CNS) and that many neurological diseases remain undertreated. Therefore, a number of nanocarriers have been designed over the past few decades to deliver drugs to the brain. Among these nanomaterials, dendrimers have procured an enormous attention from scholars because of their nanoscale uniform size, ease of multi-functionalization, and available internal cavities. As hyper-branched 3D macromolecules, dendrimers can be maneuvered to transport diverse therapeutic agents, incorporating small molecules, peptides, and genes; diminishing their cytotoxicity; and improving their efficacy. Herein, the present review will give exhaustive details of extensive researches in the field of dendrimer-based vehicles to deliver drugs through the BBB in a secure and effectual manner. It is also a souvenir in commemorating Donald A. Tomalia on his 80th birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Medical Center, 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chunying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.Z.); (C.L.)
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Leichner C, Jelkmann M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:191-221. [PMID: 31028759 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiolated polymers designated "thiomers" are obtained by covalent attachment of thiol functionalities on the polymeric backbone of polymers. In 1998 these polymers were first described as mucoadhesive and in situ gelling compounds forming disulfide bonds with cysteine-rich substructures of mucus glycoproteins and crosslinking through inter- and intrachain disulfide bond formation. In the following, it was shown that thiomers are able to form disulfides with keratins and membrane-associated proteins exhibiting also cysteine-rich substructures. Furthermore, permeation enhancing, enzyme inhibiting and efflux pump inhibiting properties were demonstrated. Because of these capabilities thiomers are promising tools for drug delivery guaranteeing a strongly prolonged residence time as well as sustained release on mucosal membranes. Apart from that, thiomers are used as drugs per se. In particular, for treatment of dry eye syndrome various thiolated polymers are in development and a first product has already reached the market. Within this review an overview about the thiomer-technology and its potential for different applications is provided discussing especially the outcome of studies in non-rodent animal models and that of numerous clinical trials. Moreover, an overview on product developments is given.
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Yellepeddi VK, Ghandehari H. Pharmacokinetics of oral therapeutics delivered by dendrimer-based carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1051-1061. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1656607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata K. Yellepeddi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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White DT, Saxena MT, Mumm JS. Let's get small (and smaller): Combining zebrafish and nanomedicine to advance neuroregenerative therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:344-359. [PMID: 30769046 PMCID: PMC6937731 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several key attributes of zebrafish make them an ideal model system for the discovery and development of regeneration promoting therapeutics; most notably their robust capacity for self-repair which extends to the central nervous system. Further, by enabling large-scale drug discovery directly in living vertebrate disease models, zebrafish circumvent critical bottlenecks which have driven drug development costs up. This review summarizes currently available zebrafish phenotypic screening platforms, HTS-ready neurodegenerative disease modeling strategies, zebrafish small molecule screens which have succeeded in identifying regeneration promoting compounds and explores how intravital imaging in zebrafish can facilitate comprehensive analysis of nanocarrier biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Finally, we discuss the benefits and challenges attending the combination of zebrafish and nanoparticle-based drug optimization, highlighting inspiring proof-of-concept studies and looking toward implementation across the drug development community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T White
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Meera T Saxena
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Luminomics Inc., Baltimore, MD 21286, USA
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Teleanu DM, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM, Volceanov A, Teleanu RI. Blood-Brain Delivery Methods Using Nanotechnology. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E269. [PMID: 30544966 PMCID: PMC6321434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologies of the brain, of which brain cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis, are some of the most prevalent, and that presently are poorly treated due to the difficulties associated with drug development, administration, and targeting to the brain. The existence of the blood-brain barrier, a selective permeability system which acts as a local gateway against circulating foreign substances, represents the key challenge for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. However, the development of nanotechnology-based approaches for brain delivery, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and carbon nanotubes, might be the solution for improved brain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mihai Teleanu
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
- ICUB-Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 36-46 M. Kogalniceanu Blvd., 050107 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian Volceanov
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 060042 București, Romania.
| | - Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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