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Martinez MN, Fahmy R, Li L, Herath K, Hollenbeck RG, Ibrahim A, Hoag SW, Longstaff D, Gao S, Myers MJ. The Use of Systemically Absorbed Drugs to Explore An In Vitro Bioequivalence Approach For Comparing Non-Systemically Absorbed Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Drug Products For Use in Dogs. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03766-3. [PMID: 39251485 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, for veterinary oral formulations containing one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that are not systemically absorbed and act locally within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the use of terminal clinical endpoint bioequivalence (BE) studies is the only option for evaluating product BE. This investigation explored the use of a totality of evidence approach as an alternative to these terminal studies. METHODS Three formulations of tablets containing ivermectin plus praziquantel were manufactured to exhibit distinctly different in vitro release characteristics. Because these APIs are highly permeable, plasma drug concentrations served as a biomarker of in vivo dissolution. Tablets were administered to 27 healthy Beagle dogs (3-way crossover) and the rate and extent of exposure of each API for each formulation was compared in a pairwise manner. These results were compared to product relative in vitro dissolution profiles in 3 media. In vivo and in vitro BE predictions were compared. RESULTS In vivo/in vitro inconsistencies in product relative performance were observed with both compounds when considering product performance across the 3 dissolution media. Formulation comparisons flagged major differences that could explain this outcome. CONCLUSIONS The finding of an inconsistent in vivo/in vitro relationship confirmed that in vitro dissolution alone cannot assure product BE for veterinary locally acting GI products. However, when combined with a comparison of product composition and manufacturing method, this totality of evidence approach can successfully alert scientists to potential therapeutic inequivalence, thereby supporting FDA's efforts to Replace, Reduce, and/or Refine terminal animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drugs, Rockville, MD, 20855, US.
| | - Raafat Fahmy
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drugs, Rockville, MD, 20855, US
| | - Linge Li
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Applied Sciences, Laurel, MD, 20708, US
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, US
| | - R Gary Hollenbeck
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, US
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, US
| | - Stephen W Hoag
- School of Pharmacy, University Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, US
| | - David Longstaff
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drugs, Rockville, MD, 20855, US
| | - Shasha Gao
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drugs, Rockville, MD, 20855, US
| | - Michael J Myers
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Applied Sciences, Laurel, MD, 20708, US
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Mekjaruskul C, O'Reilly Beringhs A, Qin B, Wang Y, Lu X. Impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient variables and oleaginous base on the in vitro drug release from ophthalmic ointments: An investigation using dexamethasone as a model drug. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124184. [PMID: 38692497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The present study systematically investigates the impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) variables and oleaginous base characteristics on the in vitro release (IVR) performance of ophthalmic ointments, utilizing dexamethasone as a model drug. The interplay between selected attributes (i.e., particle size distribution, crystallinity, and polymorphic form for API, and rheological factors for compendial-grade white petrolatum) and IVR performance was investigated. APIs from different vendors exhibited variations in crystallinity and polymorphism. Ointments containing amorphous dexamethasone presented higher release amounts/rates compared to crystalline counterparts, emphasizing the role of physical state in release kinetics. Variations in particle size of this lipophilic API (5.4 - 21.2 µm) did not appear to impact IVR performance significantly. In contrast, white petrolatum's rheological attributes, which varied substantially within USP-grade petrolatum, were found to critically affect the drug release rate and extent of the ointment. The study's comprehensive analysis establishes a coherent connection between the quality attributes of both API and petrolatum and IVR, delineating their intricate interdependent effects on ophthalmic ointment performance. These findings provide reference to formulation design, quality control, and regulatory considerations within the pharmaceutical industry, fostering a robust foundational understanding of commonly overlooked quality attributes in ophthalmic ointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheleeya Mekjaruskul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - André O'Reilly Beringhs
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiuling Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Rykowska I, Michałkiewicz O, Nowak I, Nowak R. Drug-Modified Contact Lenses-Properties, Release Kinetics, and Stability of Active Substances with Particular Emphasis on Cyclosporine A: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:2609. [PMID: 38893485 PMCID: PMC11173495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The following review focuses on the manufacturing and parameterizing of ocular drug delivery systems (DDS) using polymeric materials to create soft contact lenses. It discusses the types of drugs embedded into contact lenses, the various polymeric materials used in their production, methods for assessing the mechanical properties of polymers, and techniques for studying drug release kinetics. The article also explores strategies for investigating the stability of active substances released from contact lenses. It specifically emphasizes the production of soft contact lenses modified with Cyclosporine A (CyA) for the topical treatment of specific ocular conditions. The review pays attention to methods for monitoring the stability of Cyclosporine A within the discussed DDS, as well as investigating the influence of polymer matrix type on the stability and release of CyA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Rykowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.R.); (I.N.)
| | - Ola Michałkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.R.); (I.N.)
| | - Iwona Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (I.R.); (I.N.)
| | - Rafał Nowak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Medicine, ul. Szaserów 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
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Qian X, Wang K, Ma Y, Fang F, Meng X, Zhou L, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Jiang B, Liu S. Refining the rheological characteristics of high drug loading ointment via SDS and machine learning. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303199. [PMID: 38723048 PMCID: PMC11081290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an optimized preparation process for external ointment using the Definitive Screening Design (DSD) method. The ointment is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula developed by Professor WYH, a renowned TCM practitioner in Jiangsu Province, China, known for its proven clinical efficacy. In this study, a stepwise regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between key process factors (such as mixing speed and time) and rheological parameters. Machine learning techniques, including Monte Carlo simulation, decision tree analysis, and Gaussian process, were used for parameter optimization. Through rigorous experimentation and verification, we have successfully identified the optimal preparation process for WYH ointment. The optimized parameters included drug ratio of 24.5%, mixing time of 8 min, mixing speed of 1175 rpm, petroleum dosage of 79 g, liquid paraffin dosage of 6.7 g. The final ointment formulation was prepared using method B. This research not only contributes to the optimization of the WYH ointment preparation process but also provides valuable insights and practical guidance for designing the preparation processes of other TCM ointments. This advanced DSD method enhances the screening approach for identifying the best preparation process, thereby improving the scientific rigor and quality of TCM ointment preparation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Qian
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulu Ma
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Liu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yehuang Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (Chem BIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (Chem BIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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5
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Mekjaruskul C, O'Reilly Beringhs A, Qin B, Wang Y, Chowdhury P, Lu X. Impact of Apparatus and Adapter on In vitro Drug Release of Ophthalmic Semisolid Drug Products. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2239-2251. [PMID: 37679656 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro release testing (IVRT) is a widely used tool for evaluating the quality and performance of drug products. However, standardized sample adaptors or drug release apparatus setups for IVRT studies are still lacking for ophthalmic ointments. The aim of this study was to provide a better understanding of the impact of apparatus and sample adaptor setups on IVRT of ophthalmic ointments. METHODS Dexamethasone (DEX), a steroidal ingredient commonly used in ophthalmic drug products, was selected as a model drug. Ointments were prepared by mixing DEX in white petrolatum using a high shear mixer. A novel two-sided adapter was developed to increase the drug release surface area. DEX ointment was placed in one-sided or two-sided release adaptors coupled with 1.2 μm polyethersulfone membrane, and the drug release was studied in different USP apparatuses (I, II, and IV). RESULTS The sample adaptor setups had a minimal impact on cumulative drug release amount per area or release rate while USP IV apparatus with agitated flow enhanced drug release rates. The USP apparatus I with a two-sided semisolid adapter, which uses membranes on both sides, showed dramatically higher cumulative drug release and discriminative release profiles when evaluating ophthalmic formulations. CONCLUSIONS USP apparatuses and sample adaptors are critical considerations for IVRT. Two-sided semisolid adapter provides higher cumulative release, facilitating the discrimination between low drug content ophthalmic ointment formulations with good sensitivity and repeatability without affecting the drug release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheleeya Mekjaruskul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Integrative Pharmaceuticals and Innovation of Pharmaceutical Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, 44150, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - André O'Reilly Beringhs
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Xiuling Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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6
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Renukuntla J, Palakurthi SS, Bolla PK, Clark BA, Boddu SHS, Manda P, Sockwell S, Charbe NB, Palakurthi S. Advances in in-vitro bioequivalence testing methods for complex ophthalmic generic products. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122209. [PMID: 36162609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) demands that the generic industry prove topical ocular products' pharmaceutical and bioequivalence (BE). In contrast to generic oral drugs, topical ocular product BE testing has proved difficult. New generic versions are compared to an authorized drug product known as a Reference Listed Drug (RLD) to demonstrate their bioequivalence. If the excellent in-vitro results may support the presumption of equivalence in-vivo performance and the only clinically significant difference between the generic and RLD is in its physicochemical qualities and drug release rate, then in-vivo BE studies may be waived. Proving BE through dissolution tests is a golden standard for most conventional dosage forms. However, due to the limited number of biorelevant in-vitro drug release testing (IVRT) approaches capable of differentiating their performance based on product quality and physicochemical properties, the development of generic ophthalmic products has been slow and time-consuming. Often, BE of topical ophthalmic formulations cannot be proved using a single in-vitro test; therefore, an elaborated discussion on various IVRT methods performed to demonstrate bioequivalence of complex generis like ophthalmic emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and gels is necessary. This manuscript aims to review the status of biowaiver criteria for complex ophthalmic products concerning the product-specific FDA guidance to the generic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sushesh Srivatsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Prashanth Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Sockwell
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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7
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Usuda S, Masukawa N, Leong KH, Okada K, Onuki Y. Effects of Manufacturing Process Variables on the Tablet Weight Variation of Mini-tablets Clarified by a Definitive Screening Design. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:896-904. [PMID: 34470954 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of manufacturing process variables of mini-tablets, in particular, the effect of process variables concerning fluidized bed granulation on tablet weight variation. Test granules were produced with different granulation conditions according to a definitive screening design (DSD). The five evaluated factors assigned to DSD were: the grinding speed of the sample mill at the grinding process of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (X1), microcrystalline cellulose content in granules (X2), inlet air temperature (X3), binder concentration (X4) and the spray speed of the binder solution (X5) at the granulation process. First, the relationships between the evaluated factors and the granule properties were investigated. As a result of the DSD analysis, the mode of action of granulation parameters on the granule properties was fully characterized. Subsequently, the variation in tablet weight was examined. In addition to mini-tablets (3 mm diameter), this experiment assessed regular tablets (8 mm diameter). From the results for regular tablets, the variation in tablet weight was affected by the flowability of granules. By contrast, regarding the mini-tablets, no significant effect on the variation of tablet weight was found from the evaluated factors. From this result, this study further focused on other important factors besides the granulation process, and then the effect of the die-hole position of the multiple-tip tooling on tablet weight variation was proven to be significant. Our findings provide a better understanding of manufacturing mini-tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Usuda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama
| | | | - Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya
| | - Kotaro Okada
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama
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Farkas D, Madarász L, Nagy ZK, Antal I, Kállai-Szabó N. Image Analysis: A Versatile Tool in the Manufacturing and Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050685. [PMID: 34068724 PMCID: PMC8151645 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In pharmaceutical sciences, visual inspection is one of the oldest methods used for description in pharmacopeias and is still an important part of the characterization and qualification of active ingredients, excipients, and dosage forms. With the development of technology, it is now also possible to take images of various pharmaceutical dosage forms with different imaging methods in a size range that is hardly visible or completely invisible to the human eye. By analyzing high-quality designs, physicochemical processes can be understood, and the results can be used even in the optimization of the composition of the dosage form and in the development of its production. The present study aims to show some of the countless ways image analysis can be used in the manufacturing and quality assessment of different dosage forms. This summary also includes measurements and an evaluation of, amongst others, a less studied dosage form, medicated foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Lajos Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.M.); (Z.K.N.)
| | - Zsombor K. Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.M.); (Z.K.N.)
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Asian J, Quenta E, Castillo JL. Do viscosity and wettability of fluoride varnishes affect their fluoride release? J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e221-e226. [PMID: 33680323 PMCID: PMC7920555 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are several brands of fluoride varnishes in the market, but the dynamics of fluoride release from each one might be different. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the release of fluorides by fluoride varnishes and to determine the correlation with viscosity and wettability.
Material and Methods Forty four enamel blocks 5x5 mm were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=11) ((Duraphat®, Clinpro™ White Varnish, Flúor Protector® and control). We applied 30 milligrams of fluoride varnish to each specimen. The specimens were immersed in a Calcium Phosphate solution at a pH= 6.0. We evaluated the release of fluoride, by using a selective fluoride electrode, during 6 weeks. Viscosity was measured using an Oswald Viscosimeter and the wettability was determined by measuring the contact angle between the varnish and the enamel slab. The statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of variance.
Results Duraphat showed the highest fluoride release from the second weekend beyond (p<0.001) and Clinpro the greatest rate of release. Duraphat release was the steadiest throughout the experiment. Duraphat showed the highest viscosity and the lowest wettability (p<0.001) and Fluor Protector showed the highest wettability (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the release of fluoride and the viscosity and a negative correlation between fluoride release and wettability (r>0.7). Conclusions Viscosity and wettability influence the release of fluoride from fluoride varnishes. Key words:Fluorides topical, viscosity, wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Asian
- Professor, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Stomatology, Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents,Lima, Peru
| | - Edgar Quenta
- Professor, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Stomatology, Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents,Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge L Castillo
- Professor, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, School of Stomatology, Department of Dentistry for Children and Adolescents,Lima, Peru
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Mekjaruskul C, Beringhs AO, Luo WC, Xu Q, Halquist M, Qin B, Wang Y, Lu X. Impact of Membranes on In Vitro Release Assessment: a Case Study Using Dexamethasone. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:42. [PMID: 33426616 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro release studies are commonly used to assess the product performance of topical dosage forms. In such studies, the mass transport of drugs through synthetic membranes into a receiving chamber filled with a release medium is measured. The release medium is also passed through filtration membranes prior to chromatographic analysis. There are no official guidelines directing membrane selection for in vitro release studies or for filtration. Considering the diversity in membrane materials and their physical properties, the aim of this study was to investigate membrane-drug binding and the effect of various membranes on the release performance of a model drug dexamethasone (DEX) using USP dissolution apparatus IV. Seven membranes of different pore sizes (0.45 and 1.2 μm) and materials (cellulose acetate, polyethersulfone, and nylon) were assessed. Two different methods, syringe filter and 24-h incubation, were used for the determination of membrane-drug binding effects at low drug concentrations and saturated concentration conditions. Cellulose acetate and nylon membranes showed significant drug binding after 24-h incubations at both drug concentrations. DEX diffusion through membranes was significantly slowed down in all the tested membranes when compared with DEX solution without membranes. The extent of the retardation varied due to the differences in membrane structures. In conclusion, materials and sources of membranes affected drug dissolution profiles and the results showed membrane-drug binding effects. Proper selection of membranes with low drug binding ability and low diffusion resistance is essential to ensure appropriate and reproducible in vitro release assessments and filtration studies. Graphical Abstract.
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Vo A, Feng X, Patel D, Mohammad A, Patel M, Zheng J, Kozak D, Choi S, Ashraf M, Xu X. In vitro physicochemical characterization and dissolution of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions with similar composition. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119761. [PMID: 32795488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The quality of an ophthalmic suspension is crucial for its in vivo performance, and often impact product's effectiveness. An in-depth understanding of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of ophthalmic suspensions such as particle size distribution (PSD) and rheology, as well as the impact of these CQAs on product performance are important for successful product development, quality control, and regulatory approval. This study employed brinzolamide ophthalmic suspension, 1%, as a model ophthalmic product, and six batches were manufactured using an innovative planetary centrifugal milling (PCM) process. Three batches were manufactured to have distinctly different PSD. These three batches had qualitatively (Q1) and quantitatively (Q2) the same composition as the model drug product (i.e., Azopt), while the differences in PSD were introduced by changing only the manufacturing process parameters. On the other hand, changes in rheology were introduced by altering the input level of the viscosity enhancing polymer in the formulation. A systematic approach was employed to understand the relation between manufacturing process parameters, CQAs, and in vitro product performance. Among the evaluated CQAs, PSD, rheology, surface tension, and drug dissolution were found more sensitive to the changes in the manufacturing processes. Most notably, we developed a rapid dissolution method (completed within minutes) employing in-situ fiber optic UV dissolution system. This novel dissolution method mimics the environmental conditions of the eye such as dissolution under "non-sink" condition and under high shear (from blinking). The method was highly discriminatory to differences in the PSD in the suspension. This study also revealed an important relation between the PSD of the suspension and its rheology which originated as a result of an interaction at the molecular level between the solid drug particles and the viscosity enhancing polymers. These findings underscore the need to evaluate CQAs of the ophthalmic suspensions in concert rather than separately when comparing ophthalmic drug products and product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Vo
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Kulkarni M, Potdar S, Date AA, Marfatiya A. In Vitro Release Testing of Acyclovir Topical Formulations Using Immersion Cells. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 19:75-84. [PMID: 33035072 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to reinforce the applicability of the immersion cells for the in vitro release testing (IVRT) of topical formulations by using marketed acyclovir 5% cream formulation (Cream 1) as a model. The method employing the immersion cells was optimized by studying the effect of variables, such as membrane type, media temperature and volume, agitation speed, and cell size, on acyclovir release from the formulation. The in-house formulation similar to the qualitative and quantitative composition of Cream 1 and the other trial formulations with variable compositions were prepared and studied by using the immersion cells. Various other brands of acyclovir topical formulations available in the Indian market were also subjected to IVRT by using the optimized method. An increase in the media temperature from 32°C to 37°C and the stirring speed from 50 to 100 to 150 rpm led to an increase in the drug release. As the immersion cell size increased (0.5, 2 and 4 cm2 surface area), the release rate also increased. Nitrocellulose membrane showed the highest drug release and Fluoropore™ the least. The optimized IVRT method could establish the differences in the drug release rates among the formulations with the altered compositions. The method could also prove its discriminatory potential for various marketed formulations. The immersion cell method could serve as a simpler, facile, and reliable aid during product development and also as a quality control tool in assessing stability, aging, and batch-to-batch uniformity of semisolid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant Potdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
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13
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Influence of in vitro release methods on assessment of tobramycin ophthalmic ointments. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119938. [PMID: 33011250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation was carried out to identify appropriate parameters for measuring the in vitro release of tobramycin (TOB) ophthalmic ointments and to evaluate the feasibility of in vitro release testing methods to assess the product performance. Drug release was assessed using USP dissolution apparatus IV and a modified USP dissolution apparatus I with simulated tear solution (STS) as the dissolution medium. The study variables included temperature, membrane material, source and pore size. The results demonstrated a significant influence of the membrane source and pore size on the release of TOB from the ointments. A dissolution medium temperature of 40 °C was found to be appropriate for the release studies. Both of the apparatuses were able to discriminate between the release profiles of ointments with different physicochemical/rheological properties. Maximum release rate of TOB was observed in the first hour which followed a logarithmic time dependent release. The correlation between the release rates/amounts and yield stress of the ointments was observed in both the dissolution apparatuses. These results support a rational approach to guide the in vitro release testing of TOB ophthalmic ointments.
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14
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Progressing Towards the Sustainable Development of Cream Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070647. [PMID: 32659962 PMCID: PMC7407566 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims at providing the assumptions to assist the sustainable development of cream formulations. Specifically, it envisions to rationalize and predict the effect of formulation and process variability on a 1% hydrocortisone cream quality profile, interplaying microstructure properties with product performance and stability. This tripartite analysis was supported by a Quality by Design approach, considering a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. Critical material attributes and process parameters were identified from a failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis. The impact of glycerol monostearate amount, isopropyl myristate amount, and homogenization rate on relevant quality attributes was estimated crosswise. The significant variability in product droplet size, viscosity, thixotropic behavior, and viscoelastic properties demonstrated a noteworthy influence on hydrocortisone release profile (112 ± 2–196 ± 7 μg/cm2/√h) and permeation behavior (0.16 ± 0.03–0.97 ± 0.08 μg/cm2/h), and on the assay, instability index and creaming rate, with values ranging from 81.9 to 120.5%, 0.031 ± 0.012 to 0.28 ± 0.13 and from 0.009 ± 0.000 to 0.38 ± 0.07 μm/s, respectively. The release patterns were not straightforwardly correlated with the permeation behavior. Monitoring the microstructural parameters, through the balanced adjustment of formulation and process variables, is herein highlighted as the key enabler to predict cream performance and stability. Finally, based on quality targets and response constraints, optimal working conditions were successfully attained through the establishment of a design space.
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Vo A, Feng X, Patel D, Mohammad A, Kozak D, Choi S, Ashraf M, Xu X. Factors affecting the particle size distribution and rheology of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119495. [PMID: 32553495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug particle size distribution (PSD) and dispersion viscosity are two critical quality attributes that govern the performance of topical ophthalmic suspensions, such as suspension physical stability, ocular retention, and drug release characteristics.. An in-depth knowledge of the effects of formulation and manufacturing process on these critical quality attributes may facilitate the product and process development, quality control, as well as support regulatory policy and approval. The current study has investigated the effect of formulation and process parameters on the quality attributes of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions. In the first step, three milling techniques (probe sonication, microfluidization, and media milling with a planetary centrifugal mixer) were evaluated for manufacturing of brinzolamide suspension. Out of the three techniques, the planetary centrifugal media milling yielded the narrowest PSD and thus was considered the most viable lab-scale technique for this purpose. In the next step, various process parameters of media milling were evaluated using a central-composite experimental design. The independent variables included bead size, agitating intensity, and process time while the PSD of drug particles (D50) was the response variable. The effect of shear rate and shear time of the homogenization process and the concentration of carbomer on the rheological properties of the suspension were studied using a Box-Behnken design. Additionally, effects of sodium chloride and mannitol concentration on the rheological properties of the suspension was also investigated. Sodium chloride was found to exert a pronounced effect on rheology of the suspension. Despite variations in the carbomer concentration, a suspension of comparable rheology could be prepared by controlling the process parameters namely the shear rate and process time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Vo
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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16
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Takagaki K, Ito T, Arai H, Obata Y, Takayama K, Onuki Y. The Usefulness of Definitive Screening Design for a Quality by Design Approach as Demonstrated by a Pharmaceutical Study of Orally Disintegrating Tablet. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1144-1151. [PMID: 31582634 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Definitive screening design (DSD) is a new class of small three-level experimental design that is attracting much attention as a technical tool of a quality by design (QbD) approach. The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of DSD for QbD through a pharmaceutical study on the preparation of ethenzamide-containing orally disintegrating tablet. Model tablets were prepared by directly compressing the mixture of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients. The five evaluated factors assigned to DSD were: the contents of API (X1) and lubricant (X2), and the compression force (X3) of the tableting process, the mixing time (X4), and the filling ratio of powder in the V-type mixer (X5). After tablet preparation, hardness and disintegration time were measured. The same experiments were performed by using the conventional design of experiments [i.e., L8 and L16 orthogonal array designs and central composite design (CCD)]. Results showed that DSD successfully clarified how various factors contribute to tablet properties. Moreover, the analysis result from DSD agreed well with those from the L8 and L16 experiments. In additional experiments, response surfaces for tablet properties were created by DSD. Compared with the response surfaces created by CCD, DSD could produce reliable response surfaces for its smaller number of experiments. We conclude that DSD is a powerful tool for implementing pharmaceutical studies including the QbD approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terushi Ito
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | | | | | - Kozo Takayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
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Bao Q, Burgess DJ. Perspectives on Physicochemical and In Vitro Profiling of Ophthalmic Ointments. Pharm Res 2018; 35:234. [PMID: 30324424 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic ointments are unique in that they combine features of topical drug delivery, the ophthalmic route and ointment (semisolid) formulations. Accordingly, these complex formulations are challenging to develop and evaluate and therefore it is critically important to understand their physicochemical properties as well as their in vitro drug release characteristics. Previous reports on the characterization of ophthalmic ointments are very limited. Although there are FDA guidance documents and USP monographs covering some aspects of semisolid formulations, there are no FDA guidance documents nor any USP monographs for ophthalmic ointments. This review summarizes the physicochemical and in vitro profiling methods that have been previously reported for ophthalmic ointments. Specifically, insight is provided into physicochemical characterization (rheological parameters, drug content and content uniformity, and particle size of the API in the finished ointments) as well as important considerations (membranes, release media, method comparison, release kinetics and discriminatory ability) in in vitro release testing (IVRT) method development for ophthalmic ointments. Graphical Abstract Summary of the physicochemcial profiling and in vitro drug release testing (IVRT) for ophthalmic ointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA.
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