1
|
Chen B, Zhang F, Dhupia J, Morgenstern MP, Costello M, Boyce H, Sun WJ, Raofi S, Tian L, Xu W. A Chewing Study of Abuse-Deterrent Tablets Containing Polyethylene Oxide Using a Robotic Simulator. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:245. [PMID: 38030835 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) refer to formulation technologies aiming to deter the abuse of prescription drugs by making the dosage forms difficult to manipulate or extract the opioids. Assessments are required to evaluate the performance of the drugs through different routes including injection, ingestion, and insufflation and also when the drugs are manipulated. Chewing is the easiest and most convenient way to manipulate the drugs and deserves investigation. Chewing is one of the most complex bioprocesses, where the ingested materials are subject to periodic tooth crushing, mixed through the tongue, and lubricated and softened by the saliva. Inter- and intra-subject variations in chewing patterns may result in different chewing performances. The purpose of this study is to use a chewing simulator to assess the deterrent properties of tablets made of polyethylene oxide (PEO). The simulator can mimic human molar grinding with variable chewing parameters including molar trajectory, chewing frequency, and saliva flow rate. To investigate the effects of these parameters, the sizes of the chewed tablet particles and the chewing force were measured to evaluate the chewing performance. Thirty-four out of forty tablets were broken into pieces. The results suggested that the simulator can chew the tablets into smaller particles and that the molar trajectory and saliva flow rate had significant effect on reducing the size of the particles by analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the effect of chewing frequency was not clear. Additionally, chewing force can work as an indicator of the chewing performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bangxiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, 5 Grafton Rd, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Jaspreet Dhupia
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, 5 Grafton Rd, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Marco P Morgenstern
- Food Materials & Structures, Plant & Food Research Ltd, 74 Gerald Street, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Mark Costello
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton St., Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Heather Boyce
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Wei-Jhe Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Saeid Raofi
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Weiliang Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, The University of Auckland, 5 Grafton Rd, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Won DG, Park G, Ngo HV, Jin G, Park C, Lee BJ. Evaluation of the impact of abuse deterring agents on the physicochemical factors of tramadol-loaded tablet and the definition of new abuse deterrent index. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120726. [PMID: 34029664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the design of abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs), pharmaceutical strategies that do not modify the physical and chemical properties of opioid dosage forms should be investigated. Among these, four major drug abusing factors, including particle size by physical modification, swellability, dissolution rate, and solvent extraction, were mainly characterized for evaluating abuse deterrence of narcotics. Tramadol hydrochloride (TMD) was chosen as a model drug. In this study, the frequently used eight generally recognized as safe (GRAS)-listed pharmaceutical excipients, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 4,000, HPMC 100,000), xanthan gum (XG), cellulose acetate (CA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), carbomer 940 NF, and Compritol® 888 ATO, were selected as abuse deterring agents and used to prepare TMD-loaded tablet. A new abuse-deterrent index (ADI) for compressed TMD-loaded tablets was originally defined and considered as an index of drug abuse deterrence, based on the assumption that it was proportional to particle size and swellability but inversely proportional to dissolution and solvent extraction rates after assigning the categorized five scale scores (one to five) to the four experimental data. The resulting ADI of the selected eight abuse deterring agents in deionized water was given in decreasing order: HPMC 4000 > carbomer 940 > Compritol® 888 ATO > XG > PVA > HPMC 100,000 > PEO, and CA while in 40% hydro-alcoholic solution in the decreasing order: carbomer 940 > HPMC 4,000 ≒ XG > PVA > HPMC 100,000 > PEO > Compritol® 888 ATO > CA. Interestingly, the HPMC 4,000 and carbomer 940 showed the highest ADI and gave drug abuse deterrent potential. This study could provide a pharmaceutical strategy that utilizes a variety of abuse-deterring agents and resist to extraction solvents in designing drug abuse-deterrent formulations and establishing their standard guidelines for regulatory authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gyu Won
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Guilea Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai V Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhun Park
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alemzadeh K, Jones SB, Davies M, West N. Development of a Chewing Robot With Built-in Humanoid Jaws to Simulate Mastication to Quantify Robotic Agents Release From Chewing Gums Compared to Human Participants. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:492-504. [PMID: 32746044 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3005863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Medicated chewing gum has been recognised as a new advanced drug delivery method, with a promising future. Its potential has not yet been fully exploited because currently there is no gold standard for testing the release of agents from chewing gum in vitro. This study presents a novel humanoid chewing robot capable of closely replicating the human chewing motion in a closed environment, incorporating artificial saliva and allowing measurement of xylitol release from the gum. The release of xylitol from commercially available chewing gum was quantified following both in vitro and in vivo mastication. The chewing robot demonstrated a similar release rate of xylitol as human participants. The greatest release of xylitol occurred during the first 5 minutes of chewing and after 20 minutes of chewing only a low amount of xylitol remained in the gum bolus, irrespective of the chewing method used. Saliva and artificial saliva solutions respectively were collected after 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes of continuous chewing and the amount of xylitol released from the chewing gum determined. Bioengineering has been implemented as the key engineering strategy to create an artificial oral environment that closely mimics that found in vivo. These results demonstrate the chewing robot with built-in humanoid jaws could provide opportunities for pharmaceutical companies to investigate and refine drug release from gum, with reduced patient exposure and reduced costs using this novel methodology.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ong JJ, Awad A, Martorana A, Gaisford S, Stoyanov E, Basit AW, Goyanes A. 3D printed opioid medicines with alcohol-resistant and abuse-deterrent properties. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
5
|
Barakh Ali SF, Dharani S, Afrooz H, Mohamed EM, Cook P, Khan MA, Rahman Z. Development of Abuse-Deterrent Formulations Using Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:99. [PMID: 32133549 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to understand the effect of sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) on abuse-deterrent properties (ADPs) of abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) based on Polyox™. SAIB would enhance ADPs of Polyox™-based formulations due to its glassy liquid and hydrophobic properties. Formulations were prepared by granulation followed by compression and heat curing at 90°C. The formulations were evaluated for surface morphology, hardness, manipulation in coffee grinder, particle size distribution, drug (pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) extraction in water, alcohol, 0.1 N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH at room temperature and elevated temperature using microwave and oven, syringeability and injectability, and dissolution. The heat curing of formulations significantly increased the hardness (> 490 N). Addition of SAIB imparted elasticity to formulations and decreased brittleness as indicated by lower values of work done and gradient compared to control formulations. After grinding, about 7.7-25.6% of the powder remained on the sieve (1 mm pore opening), D90 was 53.1-136.7 μm more, and Q (fraction < 500 μm) was 17.8-40.7% less in SAIB-based formulations compared to control formulations. Drug extraction between control and test intact formulations was similar. However, drug extraction was 23.9-42.5% (water), 20.6-26.1% (0.1 N HCl), and 37.4-50.6% (0.1 N NaOH) less in SAIB-based powder cured and uncured formulations compared to control formulations. Dissolution varied from 65.6 ± 4.2 to 97.6 ± 4.0% in 9 h from the formulations. In conclusion, addition of SAIB to Polyox™-based ADFs has synergistic effect on ADPs. This would further decrease potential of drug abuse/misuse by various routes.
Collapse
|