1
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Tegegne AM, Ayenew KD, Selam MN. Review on Recent Advance of 3DP-Based Pediatric Drug Formulations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:4875984. [PMID: 39364267 PMCID: PMC11449557 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4875984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as a game-changing technology in the pharmaceutical industry, providing novel formulation development in the pharmaceutical sector as a whole, which improved patients' individualized therapy. The pediatric population is among the key targets for individualized therapy. Children are a diverse group that includes neonates, infants, and toddlers, each with unique physiological characteristics. Treatment adherence has a significant impact on safe and effective pharmacotherapy in the pediatric population. Improvement of therapeutic dosage forms that provide for the special demands of the pediatric population is a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Scientists have actively explored 3DP, a quick prototype manufacturing method that has emerged in recent years from many occupations due to its benefits of modest operation, excellent reproducibility, and vast adaptability. This review illuminates the most widely used 3DP technology and its application in the development of pediatric-friendly drug formulations. This 3DP technology allows optimization of pediatric dosage regimens and cases that require individualized treatment, such as geriatrics, renal impairment, liver impairment, critically ill, pregnancy populations, and drugs with nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The fast evolution of 3DP expertise, in addition to the introduction of pharmaceutical inks, has enormous promise for patient dosage form customization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aychew Mekuriaw Tegegne
- Department of PharmacyMedicine and Health Science CollegeDebre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Dires Ayenew
- Department of PharmacyMedicine and Health Science CollegeDebre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Nigatu Selam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social PharmacySchool of PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesAddis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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2
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Mora-Castaño G, Millán-Jiménez M, Niederquell A, Schönenberger M, Shojaie F, Kuentz M, Caraballo I. Amorphous solid dispersion of a binary formulation with felodipine and HPMC for 3D printed floating tablets. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124215. [PMID: 38740104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the combination of three-dimensional printing (3DP) and amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technologies for the manufacturing of gastroretentive floating tablets. Employing hot melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modeling (FDM), the study investigates the development of drug-loaded filaments and 3D printed (3DP) tablets containing felodipine as model drug and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the polymeric carrier. Prior to fabrication, solubility parameter estimation and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to predict drug-polymer interactions, which are crucial for ASD formation. Physical bulk and surface characterization complemented the quality control of both drug-loaded filaments and 3DP tablets. The analysis confirmed a successful amorphous dispersion of felodipine within the polymeric matrix. Furthermore, the low infill percentage and enclosed design of the 3DP tablet allowed for obtaining low-density systems. This structure resulted in buoyancy during the entire drug release process until a complete dissolution of the 3DP tablets (more than 8 h) was attained. The particular design made it possible for a single polymer to achieve a zero-order controlled release of the drug, which is considered the ideal kinetics for a gastroretentive system. Accordingly, this study can be seen as an advancement in ASD formulation for 3DP technology within pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mora-Castaño
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Millán-Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Andreas Niederquell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Monica Schönenberger
- University of Basel, Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Nano Imaging Lab, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fatemeh Shojaie
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Isidoro Caraballo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
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3
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Peng H, Han B, Tong T, Jin X, Peng Y, Guo M, Li B, Ding J, Kong Q, Wang Q. 3D printing processes in precise drug delivery for personalized medicine. Biofabrication 2024; 16:10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a14. [PMID: 38569493 PMCID: PMC11164598 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of personalized medicine, the drug delivery system will be changed significantly. The development of personalized medicine needs the support of many technologies, among which three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is a novel formulation-preparing process that creates 3D objects by depositing printing materials layer-by-layer based on the computer-aided design method. Compared with traditional pharmaceutical processes, 3DP produces complex drug combinations, personalized dosage, and flexible shape and structure of dosage forms (DFs) on demand. In the future, personalized 3DP drugs may supplement and even replace their traditional counterpart. We systematically introduce the applications of 3DP technologies in the pharmaceutical industry and summarize the virtues and shortcomings of each technique. The release behaviors and control mechanisms of the pharmaceutical DFs with desired structures are also analyzed. Finally, the benefits, challenges, and prospects of 3DP technology to the pharmaceutical industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Tianjian Tong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Rd, Nanjing 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meitong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States of America
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4
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Kyser AJ, Fotouh B, Mahmoud MY, Frieboes HB. Rising role of 3D-printing in delivery of therapeutics for infectious disease. J Control Release 2024; 366:349-365. [PMID: 38182058 PMCID: PMC10923108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Modern drug delivery to tackle infectious disease has drawn close to personalizing medicine for specific patient populations. Challenges include antibiotic-resistant infections, healthcare associated infections, and customizing treatments for local patient populations. Recently, 3D-printing has become a facilitator for the development of personalized pharmaceutic drug delivery systems. With a variety of manufacturing techniques, 3D-printing offers advantages in drug delivery development for controlled, fine-tuned release and platforms for different routes of administration. This review summarizes 3D-printing techniques in pharmaceutics and drug delivery focusing on treating infectious diseases, and discusses the influence of 3D-printing design considerations on drug delivery platforms targeting these diseases. Additionally, applications of 3D-printing in infectious diseases are summarized, with the goal to provide insight into how future delivery innovations may benefit from 3D-printing to address the global challenges in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kyser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Bassam Fotouh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; UofL Health - Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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5
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Mishra Y, Mishra V, Aljabali AAA, El-Tanani M, Naikoo GA, Charbe N, Chava SR, Tambuwala MM. 3D Printed Personalized Colon-targeted Tablets: A Novel Approach in Ulcerative Colitis Management. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1211-1225. [PMID: 37718525 DOI: 10.2174/1567201821666230915150544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that are increasing in frequency and incidence worldwide, particularly in highly industrialized countries. Conventional tablets struggle to effectively deliver anti-inflammatory drugs since the inflammation is localized in different areas of the colon in each patient. The goal of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutics is to create personalized drug delivery systems (DDS) that are tailored to each individual's specific needs. This review provides an overview of existing 3D printing processes, with a focus on extrusion-based technologies, which have received the most attention. Personalized pharmaceutical products offer numerous benefits to patients worldwide, and 3D printing technology is becoming more affordable every day. Custom manufacturing of 3D printed tablets provides innovative ideas for developing a tailored colon DDS. In the future, 3D printing could be used to manufacture personalized tablets for UC patients based on the location of inflammation in the colon, resulting in improved therapeutic outcomes and a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachana Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab)-144411, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab)-144411, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah PC 211, Oman
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics (Lake Nona), University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS. United Kingdom
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6
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Roche A, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Bataille B, Delannoy V, Soulairol I. Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printing and solubility improvement of BCS II and IV active ingredients - A narrative review. J Control Release 2024; 365:507-520. [PMID: 38036003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the field of pharmaceutical research and development, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printing (3DP) has aroused growing interest within the last ten years. The use of thermoplastic polymers, combined with the melting process of the raw materials, offers the possibility of manufacturing amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). In the pharmaceutical industry, the formulation of an ASD is a widely used strategy to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs (classified by the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) as class II and IV). In this review, an analysis of studies that have developed a FDM printed form containing a BCS class II or IV active substance was performed. The focus has been placed on the evaluation of the solid state of the active molecules (crystalline or amorphous) and on the study of their dissolution profile. Thus, the aim of this work is to highlight the interest of FDM 3DP to induce the amorphisation phenomenon of Class II and IV active substances by forming an ASD, and as result improving their solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Roche
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Noelia M Sanchez-Ballester
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
| | - Bernard Bataille
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Violaine Delannoy
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Ian Soulairol
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France.
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7
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Dos Santos J, Kielholz T, Funk NL, Balbinot GDS, Daitx TDS, Petzhold CL, Buchner S, Collares FM, Windbergs M, Beck RCR. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) and Eudragit E blends modulate the drug release profiles from FDM printlets. Int J Pharm 2023; 647:123533. [PMID: 37863446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polymers have been used to produce filaments by hot melt extrusion (HME), which can be applied to obtain 3D printlets by fused deposition modelling (FDM). Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a low melting point thermoplastic polymer that provides HME filaments with excellent mechanical and printability properties. However, due to the highly hydrophobic properties of PCL, they afford printlets with slow drug release behaviour. We hypothesized that blending a less hydrophobic polymer, the Eudragit E (EudE), with PCL could be an approach to increase the drug release rate from PCL 3D printlets. PCL and EudE were blended at different proportions, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20 (w/w), to produce HME filaments. They were produced with dexamethasone at 5 % (w/w) and were effectively extruded and printable by FDM, except that composed of 50:50 (w/w). Printlets had homogeneous distribution of their components. Their drug release behaviour was dependent on the ratio of the polymeric blends. The highest EudE ratio (60:40 w/w) afforded printlets showing the highest release rate. Therefore, adding up to 40 % (w/w) of EudE to PCL does not impair the mechanical and printability properties of its HME filaments. This innovative approach is proposed here to modulate the drug release behaviour from PCL printlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Tobias Kielholz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Lysyk Funk
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Gabriela de Souza Balbinot
- Laboratório de Materiais Dentários, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492/4(th) Floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tales da Silva Daitx
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves - Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Cesar Liberato Petzhold
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves - Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil
| | - Silvio Buchner
- Laboratório de Altas Pressões e Materiais Avançados (LAPMA), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Laboratório de Materiais Dentários, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492/4(th) Floor, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maike Windbergs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brasil.
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8
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Crișan AG, Porfire A, Iurian S, Rus LM, Lucăcel Ciceo R, Turza A, Tomuță I. Development of a Bilayer Tablet by Fused Deposition Modeling as a Sustained-Release Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1321. [PMID: 37765129 PMCID: PMC10537489 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) coupled with hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a point of convergence of research efforts directed toward the development of personalized dosage forms. In addition to the customization in terms of shapes, sizes, or delivered drug doses, the modulation of drug release profiles is crucial to ensure the superior efficacy and safety of modern 3D-printed medications compared to those of conventional ones. Our work aims to solidify the groundwork for the preparation of 3D-printed tablets that ensure the sustained release of diclofenac sodium. Specifically, we achieved the fast release of a diclofenac sodium dose to allow for the prompt onset of its pharmacological effect, further sustaining by the slow release of another dose to maintain the effect over a prolonged timeframe. In this regard, proper formulation and design strategies (a honeycomb structure for the immediate-release layer and a completely filled structure for the sustained-release layer) were applied. Secondarily, the potential of polyvinyl alcohol to function as a multifaceted polymeric matrix for both the immediate and slow-release layers was explored, with the objective of promoting the real-life applicability of the technique by downsizing the number of materials required to obtain versatile pharmaceutical products. The present study is a step forward in the translation of HME-FDM-3DP into a pharmaceutical manufacturing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabriela Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
| | - Lucia Maria Rus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Raluca Lucăcel Ciceo
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Science, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Turza
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.G.C.); (S.I.); (I.T.)
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9
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Anaya BJ, Cerda J, Datri R, Yuste I, Luciano FC, Kara A, Ruiz HK, Ballesteros MP, Serrano DR. Engineering of 3D printed personalized polypills for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Int J Pharm 2023:123194. [PMID: 37394160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a collection of abnormalities, including at least three of the following insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity, inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 3D printed solid dosage forms have emerged as a promising tool enabling the fabrication of personalized medicines and offering solutions that cannot be achieved by industrial mass production. Most attempts found in the literature to manufacture polypills for this syndrome contain just two drugs. However, most fixed-dose combination (FDC) products in clinical practice required the use of three or more drugs. In this work, Fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology coupled with Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has been successfully applied in the manufacture of polypills containing nifedipine (NFD), as an antihypertensive drug, simvastatin (SMV), as an antihyperlipidemic drug, and gliclazide (GLZ) as an antiglycemic drug. Hanssen solubility parameters (HSPs) were utilized as predictors to guide the formation of amorphous solid dispersion between drug and polymer to ensure miscibility and enhanced oral bioavailability. The HSP varied from 18.3 for NFD, 24.6 for SMV, and 7.0 for GLZ while the total solubility parameter for the excipient mixture was 27.30.5. This allowed the formation of an amorphous solid dispersion in SMV and GLZ 3D printed tablets compared to NFD which was partially crystalline. Popypill showed a dual release profile combining a faster SMV release (< 6 h) with a 24 h sustained release for NDF and GLZ. This work demonstrated the transformation of FDC into dynamic dose-personalized polypills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayan J Anaya
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Cerda
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Datri
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Yuste
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F C Luciano
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aytug Kara
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helga K Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M P Ballesteros
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D R Serrano
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Parulski C, Bya LA, Goebel J, Servais AC, Lechanteur A, Evrard B. Development of 3D printed mini-waffle shapes containing hydrocortisone for children's personalized medicine. Int J Pharm 2023:123131. [PMID: 37321464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone is mainly used in the substitution treatment of adrenal insufficiency which results in a dysregulation of cortisol. Compounding of hydrocortisone capsules remains the only low-dose oral treatment suitable for the pediatric population. However, capsules often show non-compliance in mass and content uniformity. Three-dimensional printing offers the prospect of practising personalized medicine for vulnerable patients like children. The goal of this work is to develop low-dose solid oral forms containing hydrocortisone by hot-melt extrusion coupled with fused deposition modeling for the pediatric population. Formulation, design and processes temperatures were optimized to produce printed forms with the desired characteristics. Red mini-waffle shapes containing drug loads of 2, 5 and 8 mg were successfully printed. This new 3D design allow to release more than 80% of the drug in 45 minutes indicating a conventional release like the one obtained with capsules. Mass and content uniformity, hardness and friability tests complied with European Pharmacopeia specifications, despite the considerable challenge of the small dimensions of the forms. This study demonstrates that FDM can be used to produce innovative pediatric-friendly printed shapes of an advanced pharmaceutical quality to practice personalize medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Parulski
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Laure-Anne Bya
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Justine Goebel
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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11
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Ahmad J, Garg A, Mustafa G, Mohammed AA, Ahmad MZ. 3D Printing Technology as a Promising Tool to Design Nanomedicine-Based Solid Dosage Forms: Contemporary Research and Future Scope. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1448. [PMID: 37242690 PMCID: PMC10220923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology in medicine is gaining great attention from researchers since the FDA approved the first 3D-printed tablet (Spritam®) on the market. This technique permits the fabrication of various types of dosage forms with different geometries and designs. Its feasibility in the design of different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms is very promising for making quick prototypes because it is flexible and does not require expensive equipment or molds. However, the development of multi-functional drug delivery systems, specifically as solid dosage forms loaded with nanopharmaceuticals, has received attention in recent years, although it is challenging for formulators to convert them into a successful solid dosage form. The combination of nanotechnology with the 3D printing technique in the field of medicine has provided a platform to overcome the challenges associated with the fabrication of nanomedicine-based solid dosage forms. Therefore, the major focus of the present manuscript is to review the recent research developments that involved the formulation design of nanomedicine-based solid dosage forms utilizing 3D printing technology. Utilization of 3D printing techniques in the field of nanopharmaceuticals achieved the successful transformation of liquid polymeric nanocapsules and liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) to solid dosage forms such as tablets and suppositories easily with customized doses as per the needs of the individual patient (personalized medicine). Furthermore, the present review also highlights the utility of extrusion-based 3D printing techniques (Pressure-Assisted Microsyringe-PAM; Fused Deposition Modeling-FDM) to produce tablets and suppositories containing polymeric nanocapsule systems and SNEDDS for oral and rectal administration. The manuscript critically analyzes contemporary research related to the impact of various process parameters on the performance of 3D-printed solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anuj Garg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aleem Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Doolaanea A, Latif N, Singh S, Kumar M, Safa'at MF, Alfatama M, Edros R, Bhatia A. A Review on Physicochemical Properties of Polymers Used as Filaments in 3D-Printed Tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:116. [PMID: 37160772 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has presently been explored widely in the field of pharmaceutical research to produce various conventional as well as novel dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, oral films, pellets, subcutaneous implants, scaffolds, and vaginal rings. The use of this innovative method is a good choice for its advanced technologies and the ability to make tailored medicine specifically for individual patient. There are many 3D printing systems that are used to print tablets, implants, and vaginal rings. Among the available systems, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) is widely utilized. The FDM has been regarded as the best choice of printer as it shows high potential in the production of tablets as a unit dose in 3D printing medicine manufacturing. In order to design a 3D-printed tablet or other dosage forms, the physicochemical properties of polymers play a vital role. One should have proper knowledge about the polymer's properties so that one can select appropriate polymers in order to design 3D-printed dosage form. This review highlighted the various physicochemical properties of polymers that are currently used as filaments in 3D printing. In this manuscript, the authors also discussed various systems that are currently adopted in the 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdAlmonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
- IKOP SdnBhd, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - NurFaezah Latif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | | | - Mulham Alfatama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Raihana Edros
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India.
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13
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Jørgensen AK, Ong JJ, Parhizkar M, Goyanes A, Basit AW. Advancing non-destructive analysis of 3D printed medicines. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:379-393. [PMID: 37100732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical 3D printing (3DP) has attracted significant interest over the past decade for its ability to produce personalised medicines on demand. However, current quality control (QC) requirements for traditional large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing are irreconcilable with the production offered by 3DP. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) have recently published documents supporting the implementation of 3DP for point-of-care (PoC) manufacturing along with regulatory hurdles. The importance of process analytical technology (PAT) and non-destructive analytical tools in translating pharmaceutical 3DP has experienced a surge in recognition. This review seeks to highlight the most recent research on non-destructive pharmaceutical 3DP analysis, while also proposing plausible QC systems that complement the pharmaceutical 3DP workflow. In closing, outstanding challenges in integrating these analytical tools into pharmaceutical 3DP workflows are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kirstine Jørgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jun Jie Ong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Maryam Parhizkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS) and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford TN24 8DH, UK; FabRx Artificial Intelligence, Carretera de Escairón 14, 27543 Currelos (O Saviñao) Lugo, Spain.
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., Henwood House, Henwood, Ashford TN24 8DH, UK; FabRx Artificial Intelligence, Carretera de Escairón 14, 27543 Currelos (O Saviñao) Lugo, Spain.
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14
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Domsta V, Hänsch C, Lenz S, Gao Z, Matin-Mann F, Scheper V, Lenarz T, Seidlitz A. The Influence of Shape Parameters on Unidirectional Drug Release from 3D Printed Implants and Prediction of Release from Implants with Individualized Shapes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1276. [PMID: 37111760 PMCID: PMC10143641 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The local treatment of diseases by drug-eluting implants is a promising tool to enable successful therapy under potentially reduced systemic side effects. Especially, the highly flexible manufacturing technique of 3D printing provides the opportunity for the individualization of implant shapes adapted to the patient-specific anatomy. It can be assumed that variations in shape can strongly affect the released amounts of drug per time. This influence was investigated by performing drug release studies with model implants of different dimensions. For this purpose, bilayered model implants in a simplified geometrical shape in form of bilayered hollow cylinders were developed. The drug-loaded abluminal part consisted of a suitable polymer ratio of Eudragit® RS and RL, while the drug-free luminal part composed of polylactic acid served as a diffusion barrier. Implants with different heights and wall thicknesses were produced using an optimized 3D printing process, and drug release was determined in vitro. The area-to-volume ratio was identified as an important parameter influencing the fractional drug release from the implants. Based on the obtained results drug release from 3D printed implants with individual shapes exemplarily adapted to the frontal neo-ostial anatomy of three different patients was predicted and also tested in an independent set of experiments. The similarity of predicted and tested release profiles indicates the predictability of drug release from individualized implants for this particular drug-eluting system and could possibly facilitate the estimation of the performance of customized implants independent of individual in vitro testing of each implant geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Domsta
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christin Hänsch
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stine Lenz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ziwen Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Farnaz Matin-Mann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Scheper
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” EXC 1077/1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” EXC 1077/1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Parhi R. Recent advances in 3D printed microneedles and their skin delivery application in the treatment of various diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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16
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Muhindo D, Elkanayati R, Srinivasan P, Repka MA, Ashour EA. Recent Advances in the Applications of Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) in Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:57. [PMID: 36759435 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a tremendous increase in the investigations of three-dimensional (3D) printing for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, and drug delivery in particular, ever since the US FDA approved the first 3D printed medicine, SPRITAM® (levetiracetam) in 2015. Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves various manufacturing techniques like fused-deposition modeling, 3D inkjet, stereolithography, direct powder extrusion, and selective laser sintering, among other 3D printing techniques, which are based on the digitally controlled layer-by-layer deposition of materials to form various geometries of printlets. In contrast to conventional manufacturing methods, 3D printing technologies provide the unique and important opportunity for the fabrication of personalized dosage forms, which is an important aspect in addressing diverse patient medical needs. There is however the need to speed up the use of 3D printing in the biopharmaceutical industry and clinical settings, and this can be made possible through the integration of modern technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and Internet of Things, into additive manufacturing. This will lead to less human involvement and expertise, independent, streamlined, and intelligent production of personalized medicines. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is another important additive manufacturing technique similar to 3D printing, but adds a 4th dimension defined as time, to the printing. This paper aims to give a detailed review of the applications and principles of operation of various 3D printing technologies in drug delivery, and the materials used in 3D printing, and highlight the challenges and opportunities of additive manufacturing, while introducing the concept of 4D printing and its pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Muhindo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Rasha Elkanayati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Priyanka Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Eman A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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17
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Hybrid Manufacturing of Oral Solid Dosage Forms via Overprinting of Injection-Molded Tablet Substrates. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020507. [PMID: 36839829 PMCID: PMC9965482 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 3D printing allows for patient-specific dosage forms, it has become a major focus in pharmaceutical research. However, it is difficult to scale up drug product manufacturing. Injection molding has been used in conjunction with hot-melt extrusion to mass produce drug products, but making tailored solid dosage forms with this technology is neither cost-effective nor simple. This study explored the use of a combination of fused filament fabrication and injection molding to create patient-specific solid dosage forms. A tablet fixation and location template was used to overprint directly on injection-molded tablet bases, and theophylline was combined with polycaprolactone and Kollidon® VA64 via hot-melt extrusion to produce the filament. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to evaluate the brittleness of the filament, and differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze the thermal results. The results showed that theophylline had a flow promoting effect on the polymer blend and that overprinted tablets were manufactured faster than 3D-printed tablets. Drug release studies also showed that overprinted tablets released faster than injection-molded tablets. This method demonstrates the potential of hybrid manufacturing for the pharmaceutical industry as a means of bridging the gap between personalized dosage forms and mass production.
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18
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Serrano DR, Kara A, Yuste I, Luciano FC, Ongoren B, Anaya BJ, Molina G, Diez L, Ramirez BI, Ramirez IO, Sánchez-Guirales SA, Fernández-García R, Bautista L, Ruiz HK, Lalatsa A. 3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:313. [PMID: 36839636 PMCID: PMC9967161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing technologies enable medicine customization adapted to patients' needs. There are several 3D printing techniques available, but majority of dosage forms and medical devices are printed using nozzle-based extrusion, laser-writing systems, and powder binder jetting. 3D printing has been demonstrated for a broad range of applications in development and targeting solid, semi-solid, and locally applied or implanted medicines. 3D-printed solid dosage forms allow the combination of one or more drugs within the same solid dosage form to improve patient compliance, facilitate deglutition, tailor the release profile, or fabricate new medicines for which no dosage form is available. Sustained-release 3D-printed implants, stents, and medical devices have been used mainly for joint replacement therapies, medical prostheses, and cardiovascular applications. Locally applied medicines, such as wound dressing, microneedles, and medicated contact lenses, have also been manufactured using 3D printing techniques. The challenge is to select the 3D printing technique most suitable for each application and the type of pharmaceutical ink that should be developed that possesses the required physicochemical and biological performance. The integration of biopharmaceuticals and nanotechnology-based drugs along with 3D printing ("nanoprinting") brings printed personalized nanomedicines within the most innovative perspectives for the coming years. Continuous manufacturing through the use of 3D-printed microfluidic chips facilitates their translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores R. Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aytug Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Yuste
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francis C. Luciano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Baris Ongoren
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Brayan J. Anaya
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Molina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Diez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca I. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irving O. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio A. Sánchez-Guirales
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-García
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana Bautista
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helga K. Ruiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- CRUK Formulation Unit, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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19
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The Quest for Child-Friendly Carrier Materials Used in the 3D Semi-Solid Extrusion Printing of Medicines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010028. [PMID: 36678657 PMCID: PMC9865971 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work gives a brief overview of carrier materials currently used in pharmaceutical studies on the three-dimensional (3D) semi-solid extrusion (SSE) printing of medicines for pediatrics. The suitability of using these carrier materials in pediatric formulations, concerning safety and toxicity, was reviewed by consulting the 'Safety & Toxicity of Excipients for Pediatrics' (STEP) database and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. In the second part of this work, carrier materials were tested on their ability to form a semi-solid mixture with lactose by dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC) and printing by SSE. With the combination of theoretical and experimental studies, this work will guide research toward grounded decision-making when it comes to carrier material selection for pharmaceutical pediatric 3D SSE printing formulations.
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20
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Ayyoubi S, van Kampen EEM, Kocabas LI, Parulski C, Lechanteur A, Evrard B, De Jager K, Muller E, Wilms EW, Meulenhoff PWC, Ruijgrok EJ. 3D printed, personalized sustained release cortisol for patients with adrenal insufficiency. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122466. [PMID: 36493969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The standard of care for patients with Adrenal Insufficiency (AI) is suboptimal. Administration of hydrocortisone three times a day produces plasma cortisol fluctuations associated with negative health outcomes. Furthermore, there is a high inter-individual variability in cortisol need, necessitating a personalized approach. It is hypothesized that a personalized, sustained release formulation would enhance the pharmacotherapy by mimicking the physiological cortisol plasma concentration at a higher level. Therefore, a novel 24 h sustained release 3D printed (3DP) hydrocortisone formulation has been developed (M3DICORT) by coupling hot-melt extrusion with fused deposition modeling. A uniform drug distribution in the 3DP tablets is demonstrated by a content of 101.66 ± 1.60 % with an acceptance value of 4.01. Furthermore, tablets had a stable 24 h dissolution profile where the intra-batch standard deviation was ± 2.8 % and the inter-batch standard deviation was ± 6.8 %. Tablet height and hydrocortisone content were correlated (R2 = 0.996), providing a tool for easy dose personalization. Tablets maintained critical quality attributes, such as dissolution profile (f2 > 60) and content uniformity after process transfer from a single-screw extruder to a twin-screw extruder. Impurities were observed in the final product which should be mitigated before clinical assessment. To our knowledge, M3DICORT is the first 3DP hydrocortisone formulation specifically developed for AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ayyoubi
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - E E M van Kampen
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L I Kocabas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Parulski
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - A Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - B Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege (ULiege), Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - K De Jager
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Muller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Control, The Hague Hospital Pharmacy, Charlotte Jacobslaan 70, 2545 AB The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - E W Wilms
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Control, The Hague Hospital Pharmacy, Charlotte Jacobslaan 70, 2545 AB The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - P W C Meulenhoff
- Tridi Pharma B.V. M.H. Trompstraat 7, 3572 XS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E J Ruijgrok
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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3D printed bilayer mucoadhesive buccal film of estradiol: Impact of design on film properties, release kinetics and predicted in vivo performance. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Deon M, dos Santos J, de Andrade DF, Beck RCR. A critical review of traditional and advanced characterisation tools to drive formulators towards the rational development of 3D printed oral dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Gorkem Buyukgoz G, Kossor CG, Ji S, Guvendiren M, Davé RN. Dose Titration of Solid Dosage Forms via FDM 3D-Printed Mini-Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2305. [PMID: 36365124 PMCID: PMC9695869 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The robustness of 3D-printed mini-tablets as a platform to administer milligram dosages, intended for age-specific therapy, without the need of tablet splitting while maintaining similar release profiles, was investigated. Griseofulvin, as a model poorly water-soluble drug, and hydroxypropyl cellulose along with Kollicoat Protect as polymers were used to prepare filaments at 1-20% drug concentrations via hot-melt extrusion (HME). Higher drug concentrations served for testing the feasibility of a reduced number of mini-tablets to be administered. A reliable dose titration in the range 0.19-3.91 mg at a high accuracy (R2 of 0.999) was achieved through composite unit (multi-unit) mini-tablets. All mini-tablets produced had excellent content uniformity and their label claim values were within the acceptable range, proving that HME processing followed by 3D printing promotes content uniformity even for mini-tablets containing low drug doses (0.19 mg). Remarkably, the proposed approach allowed achieving similar drug release profiles via composite unit mini-tablets as well as single mini-tablets at high drug concentrations. In contrast, split tablets demonstrated different release behaviors, attributed to their size and shape differences. Overall, the distinct advantages of mini-tablets to provide dose flexibility while maintaining similar release profiles was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guluzar Gorkem Buyukgoz
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates (NJCEP), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Christopher G. Kossor
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates (NJCEP), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Shen Ji
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Rajesh N. Davé
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates (NJCEP), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Rolon M, Hanna E, Vega C, Coronel C, Dea-Ayuela MA, Serrano DR, Lalatsa A. Solid Nanomedicines of Nifurtimox and Benznidazole for the Oral Treatment of Chagas Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091822. [PMID: 36145570 PMCID: PMC9504116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic zoonosis endemic in Central and South America affecting nearly 10 million people, with 100 million people at high risk of contracting the disease. Treatment is only effective when received at the early stages of the disease and it involved two drugs (nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazole (BNZ)). Both treatments require multiple daily administrations of high doses, suffer from variable efficacy and insufficient efficacy in chronic CD, many side effects, and a very long duration of treatment that results in poor compliance, while combined available therapies that lead to reduced duration of treatment are not available and polypharmacy reduces compliance and increases the cost further. Here we present self-nanoemulsified drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) able to produce easily scalable combined formulations of NFX and BNZ that can allow for tailoring of the dose and can be easily converted to oral solid dosage form by impregnation on mesoporous silica particles. SNEDDS demonstrated an enhanced solubilisation capacity for both drugs as demonstrated by flow-through studies and in vitro lipolysis studies. High loading of SNEDDS to Syloid 244 and 3050 silicas (2:1 w/w) allowed clinically translatable amounts of both NFX and BNZ to be loaded. Tablets prepared from NFX-BNZ combined SNEDDS loaded on Syloid 3050 silicas demonstration near complete dissolution in the flow through cell apparatus compared to NFX and BNZ commercial tablets respectively (Lampit® and Rochagan®). NFX-BNZ-SNEDDS demonstrated nanomolar efficacy in epimastigotes and amastigotes of T. cruzi with acceptable selectivity indexes and demonstrated enhanced survival and reduced parasitaemia in acute murine experimental models of CD. Thus, the results presented here illustrate the ability for an easily scalable and personalised combination oral therapy prepared from GRAS excipients, enabling treatment access worldwide for the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rolon
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de Agosto y O’Leary, Asuncion 1255, Paraguay
| | - Eustine Hanna
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicines (BioN) Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Celeste Vega
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de Agosto y O’Leary, Asuncion 1255, Paraguay
| | - Cathia Coronel
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Científica (CEDIC), Manduvirá 635 entre 15 de Agosto y O’Leary, Asuncion 1255, Paraguay
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), School of Pharmacy, University Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Biomaterials, Bio-Engineering and Nanomedicines (BioN) Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, John Arbuthnot Building, Robertson Wing, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Correspondence: (D.R.S.); (A.L.); Tel.: +44-141-548-2675 (A.L.)
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25
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Darmawan BA, Lee SB, Nan M, Nguyen VD, Park JO, Choi E. Shape-Tunable UV-Printed Solid Drugs for Personalized Medicine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132714. [PMID: 35808759 PMCID: PMC9269401 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent advances have emerged in biotherapy and the development of personal drugs. However, studies exploring effective manufacturing methods of personal drugs remain limited. In this study, solid drugs based on poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel and doxorubicin were fabricated, and their final geometry was varied through UV-light patterning. The results suggested that the final drug concentration was affected by the geometrical volume as well as the UV-light exposure time. The analysis of PEGDA showed no effect on the surrounding cells, indicating its high biocompatibility. However, with the addition of doxorubicin, it showed an excellent therapeutic effect, indicating that drugs inside the PEGDA structure could be successfully released. This approach enables personal drugs to be fabricated in a simple, fast, and uniform manner, with perfectly tuned geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Aditya Darmawan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.A.D.); (M.N.); (V.D.N.)
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Sang Bong Lee
- THERABEST, Co., Ltd., Seocho-daero 40-gil, Seoul 06657, Korea;
| | - Minghui Nan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.A.D.); (M.N.); (V.D.N.)
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Van Du Nguyen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.A.D.); (M.N.); (V.D.N.)
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-O.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.A.D.); (M.N.); (V.D.N.)
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-O.P.); (E.C.)
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An investigation into the effects of geometric scaling and pore structure on drug dose and release of 3D printed solid dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:113-125. [PMID: 35779743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A range of 3D printing methods have been investigated intensively in the literature for manufacturing personalised solid dosage forms, with infill density commonly used to control release rates. However, there is limited mechanistic understanding of the impacts of infill adjustments on in vitro performance when printing tablets of constant dose. In this study, the effects and interplay of infill pattern and tablet geometry scaling on dose and drug release performance were investigated. Paracetamol (PAC) was used as a model drug. An immediate release erodible system (Eudragit E PO) and an erodible swellable system (Soluplus) were prepared via wet granulation into granules and printed using Arburg Plastic Freeforming (APF). Both binary formulations, despite not FDM printable, were successfully APF printed and exhibited good reproducibility compared to pharmacopoeia specification. The physical form of the drug and its integrity following granulation and printing was assessed using DSC, PXRD and ATR-FTIR. Two infill patterns (SM1 and SM2) were employed to print tablets with equal porosity, but different pore size, structure and surface area to volume ratio (SA/V). Geometry scaling (tablet height and diameter) of Eudragit-PAC tablets was not found to significantly influence the release rate of the tablets with 30 to 70% infill density. When increased to 90% infill density, geometric scaling was found to have a significant effect on release rate with the constant diameter tablet releasing faster than the constant height tablet. Soluplus-PAC tablets printed using different infill patterns demonstrated similar release profiles, due to swelling. Geometric parameters were found to significantly influence release profiles for tablets printed at certain infill densities giving new insight into how software parameters can be used to tune drug release.
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Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting: A Review of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials Ink. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112260. [PMID: 35683932 PMCID: PMC9183181 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based biodegradable hydrogel proves to be excellently suitable for the medical and water treatment industry based on the expressed properties such as its flexible structure and broad compatibility. Moreover, their potential to provide excellent waste management from the unutilized plant has triggered further study on the advanced biomaterial applications. To extend the use of cellulose-based hydrogel, additive manufacturing is a suitable technique for hydrogel fabrication in complex designs. Cellulose-based biomaterial ink used in 3D bioprinting can be further used for tissue engineering, drug delivery, protein study, microalgae, bacteria, and cell immobilization. This review includes a discussion on the techniques available for additive manufacturing, bio-based material, and the formation of a cellulose-based hydrogel.
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Development and Validation of a Novel Tool for Assessing the Environmental Impact of 3D Printing Technologies: A Pharmaceutical Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050933. [PMID: 35631519 PMCID: PMC9146618 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements have created infinite opportunities and rendered our life easier at several fronts. Nonetheless, the environment has suffered the aftermaths of modernization. Ironically, the pharmaceutical industry was found to be a significant contributor to environmental deterioration. To tackle this issue, continuous eco-evaluation of newly introduced technologies is crucial. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is rapidly establishing its routes in different industries. Interestingly, 3DP is revolutionising the production of pharmaceuticals and is regarded as a promising approach for the fabrication of patient-centric formulations. Despite the increasing applications in the pharmaceutical field, tools that evaluate the environmental impacts of 3DP are lacking. Energy and solvent consumption, waste generation, and disposal are the main associated factors that present major concerns. For the first time, we are proposing a quantitative tool, the index of Greenness Assessment of Printed Pharmaceuticals (iGAPP), that evaluates the greenness of the different 3DP technologies used in the pharmaceutical industry. The tool provides a colour-coded pictogram and a numerical score indicating the overall greenness of the employed printing method. Validation was performed by constructing the greenness profile of selected formulations produced using the different 3DP techniques. This tool is simple to use and indicates the greenness level of the procedures involved, thereby creating an opportunity to modify the processes for more sustainable practices.
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Malebari AM, Kara A, Khayyat AN, Mohammad KA, Serrano DR. Development of Advanced 3D-Printed Solid Dosage Pediatric Formulations for HIV Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040435. [PMID: 35455431 PMCID: PMC9025733 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of lopinavir/ritonavir remains one of the first-line therapies for the initial antiretroviral regimen in pediatric HIV-infected children. However, the implementation of this recommendation has faced many challenges due to cold-chain requirements, high alcohol content, and unpalatability for ritonavir-boosted lopinavir syrup. In addition, the administration of crushed tablets has shown a detriment for the oral bioavailability of both drugs. Therefore, there is a clinical need to develop safer and better formulations adapted to children’s needs. This work has demonstrated, for the first time, the feasibility of using direct powder extrusion 3D printing to manufacture personalized pediatric HIV dosage forms based on 6 mm spherical tablets. H-bonding between drugs and excipients (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene glycol) resulted in the formation of amorphous solid dispersions with a zero-order sustained release profile, opposite to the commercially available formulation Kaletra, which exhibited marked drug precipitation at the intestinal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah M. Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.N.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Aytug Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ahdab N. Khayyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.N.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Khadijah A. Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.N.K.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Dolores R. Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Science, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial y Galénica, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-16-20
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Windolf H, Chamberlain R, Quodbach J. Dose-independent drug release from 3D printed oral medicines for patient-specific dosing to improve therapy safety. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121555. [PMID: 35131358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing provides the ability to address individual patients' therapeutic needs without having to change the formulation every time. This is particularly interesting for dosing and release modelling. In this study, a geometry model was developed that can represent variable dosages while keeping the surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio alike, so the drug release profiles remain similar. The model was tested on three different formulations. Two BCS I active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), pramipexole and levodopa, and one BCS II API, praziquantel, were used. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, water soluble) and a combination of vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer (PVP-VA, water soluble) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA, water insoluble) were used as the polymer matrix. The curves were compared using the similarity factor (f2 value) and mean dissolution time (MDT). Using a hollow cylinder-based (HCb) geometry model, a dose-independent drug release could be realized. For the PVA formulations, an 8-fold dose change could be obtained and for the EVA-PVP-VA formulation a factor of 5.5 could be achieved, with f2 > 50. Due to the layer structure of the printed objects, very fine dose variation of 0.13 mg per layer is possible within these models. This allows variable dosing in small steps with only one basis formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Windolf
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Chamberlain
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Zuccari G, Alfei S, Marimpietri D, Iurilli V, Barabino P, Marchitto L. Mini-Tablets: A Valid Strategy to Combine Efficacy and Safety in Pediatrics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:108. [PMID: 35056165 PMCID: PMC8779937 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the treatment of pediatric diseases, mass-produced dosage forms are often not suitable for children. Commercially available medicines are commonly manipulated and mixed with food by caregivers at home, or extemporaneous medications are routinely compounded in the hospital pharmacies to treat hospitalized children. Despite considerable efforts by regulatory agencies, the pediatric population is still exposed to questionable and potentially harmful practices. When designing medicines for children, the ability to fine-tune the dosage while ensuring the safety of the ingredients is of paramount importance. For these purposes solid formulations may represent a valid alternative to liquid formulations for their simpler formula and more stability, and, to overcome the problem of swelling ability, mini-tablets could be a practicable option. This review deals with the different approaches that may be applied to develop mini-tablets intended for pediatrics with a focus on the safety of excipients. Alongside the conventional method of compression, 3D printing appeared particularly appealing, as it allows to reduce the number of ingredients and to avoid both the mixing of powders and intermediate steps such as granulation. Therefore, this technique could be well adaptable to the daily galenic preparations of a hospital pharmacy, thus leading to a reduction of the common practice of off-label preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Danilo Marimpietri
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Valentina Iurilli
- Pharmacy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (V.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Barabino
- Pharmacy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (V.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Leonardo Marchitto
- Department of Sciences for the Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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Mohapatra S, Kar RK, Biswal PK, Bindhani S. Approaches of 3D printing in current drug delivery. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Gabriela Crisan A, Iurian S, Porfire A, Maria Rus L, Bogdan C, Casian T, Ciceo Lucacel R, Turza A, Porav S, Tomuta I. QbD guided development of immediate release FDM-3D printed tablets with customizable API doses. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121411. [PMID: 34954001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printed immediate release (IR) tablet with flexibility in adjusting the dose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by scaling the size of the dosage form and appropriate drug release profile steadiness to the variation of dimensions or thickness of the deposited layers throughout the printing process. Polyvinyl alcohol-based filaments with elevated API content (50% w/w) were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME), through systematic screening of polymeric formulations with different drug loadings, and their printability was evaluated by means of mechanical characterization. For the tablet fabrication step by 3D printing (3DP), the Quality by Design (QbD) approach was implemented by employing risk management strategies and Design of Experiments (DoE). The effects of the tablet design, tablet size and the layer height settings on the drug release and the API content were investigated. Between the two proposed original tablet architectures, the honeycomb configuration was found to be a suitable candidate for the preparation of IR dosage forms with readily customizable API doses. Also, a predictive model was obtained, which assists the optimization of variables involved in the printing phase and thereby facilitates the tailoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabriela Crisan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Lucia Maria Rus
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Catalina Bogdan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creangă Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Tibor Casian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Raluca Ciceo Lucacel
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Science, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Turza
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Sebastian Porav
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Engineering 3D Printed Microfluidic Chips for the Fabrication of Nanomedicines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122134. [PMID: 34959415 PMCID: PMC8706109 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is an unmet need to manufacture nanomedicines in a continuous and controlled manner. Three-dimensional (3D) printed microfluidic chips are an alternative to conventional PDMS chips as they can be easily designed and manufactured to allow for customized designs that are able to reproducibly manufacture nanomedicines at an affordable cost. The manufacturing of microfluidic chips using existing 3D printing technologies remains very challenging because of the intricate geometry of the channels. Here, we demonstrate the manufacture and characterization of nifedipine (NFD) polymeric nanoparticles based on Eudragit L-100 using 3D printed microfluidic chips with 1 mm diameter channels produced with two 3D printing techniques that are widely available, stereolithography (SLA) and fuse deposition modeling (FDM). Fabricated polymeric nanoparticles showed good encapsulation efficiencies and particle sizes in the range of 50-100 nm. SLA chips possessed better channel resolution and smoother channel surfaces, leading to smaller particle sizes similar to those obtained by conventional manufacturing methods based on solvent evaporation, while SLA manufactured nanoparticles showed a minimal burst effect in acid media compared to nanoparticles fabricated with FDM chips. Three-dimensional printed microfluidic chips are a novel and easily amenable cost-effective strategy to allow for customization of the design process for continuous manufacture of nanomedicines under controlled conditions, enabling easy scale-up and reducing nanomedicine development times, while maintaining high-quality standards.
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Barber BW, Dumont C, Caisse P, Simon GP, Boyd BJ. A 3D-Printed Polymer-Lipid-Hybrid Tablet towards the Development of Bespoke SMEDDS Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122107. [PMID: 34959390 PMCID: PMC8707116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a rapidly growing area of interest within pharmaceutical science thanks to its versatility in creating different dose form geometries and drug doses to enable the personalisation of medicines. Research in this area has been dominated by polymer-based materials; however, for poorly water-soluble lipophilic drugs, lipid formulations present advantages in improving bioavailability. This study progresses the area of 3D-printed solid lipid formulations by providing a 3D-printed dissolvable polymer scaffold to compartmentalise solid lipid formulations within a single dosage form. This allows the versatility of different drugs in different lipid formulations, loaded into different compartments to generate wide versatility in drug release, and specific control over release geometry to tune release rates. Application to a range of drug molecules was demonstrated by incorporating the model lipophilic drugs; halofantrine, lumefantrine and clofazimine into the multicompartmental scaffolded tablets. Fenofibrate was used as the model drug in the single compartment scaffolded tablets for comparison with previous studies. The formulation-laden scaffolds were characterised using X-ray CT and dispersion of the formulation was studied using nephelometry, while release of a range of poorly water-soluble drugs into different gastrointestinal media was studied using HPLC. The studies show that dispersion and drug release are predictably dependent on the exposed surface area-to-volume ratio (SA:V) and independent of the drug. At the extremes of SA:V studied here, within 20 min of dissolution time, formulations with an SA:V of 0.8 had dispersed to between 90 and 110%, and completely released the drug, where as an SA:V of 0 yielded 0% dispersion and drug release. Therefore, this study presents opportunities to develop new dose forms with advantages in a polypharmacy context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce W. Barber
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia;
| | - Camille Dumont
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 Chemin de Genas, CEDEX, 69804 Saint-Priest, France; (C.D.); (P.C.)
| | - Philippe Caisse
- Gattefossé SAS, 36 Chemin de Genas, CEDEX, 69804 Saint-Priest, France; (C.D.); (P.C.)
| | - George P. Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia;
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Quodbach J, Bogdahn M, Breitkreutz J, Chamberlain R, Eggenreich K, Elia AG, Gottschalk N, Gunkel-Grabole G, Hoffmann L, Kapote D, Kipping T, Klinken S, Loose F, Marquetant T, Windolf H, Geißler S, Spitz T. Quality of FDM 3D Printed Medicines for Pediatrics: Considerations for Formulation Development, Filament Extrusion, Printing Process and Printer Design. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2021; 56:910-928. [PMID: 34826120 PMCID: PMC9492703 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-021-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
3d printing is capable of providing dose individualization for pediatric medicines and translating the precision medicine approach into practical application. In pediatrics, dose individualization and preparation of small dosage forms is a requirement for successful therapy, which is frequently not possible due to the lack of suitable dosage forms. For precision medicine, individual characteristics of patients are considered for the selection of the best possible API in the most suitable dose with the most effective release profile to improve therapeutic outcome. 3d printing is inherently suitable for manufacturing of individualized medicines with varying dosages, sizes, release profiles and drug combinations in small batch sizes, which cannot be manufactured with traditional technologies. However, understanding of critical quality attributes and process parameters still needs to be significantly improved for this new technology. To ensure health and safety of patients, cleaning and process validation needs to be established. Additionally, adequate analytical methods for the in-process control of intermediates, regarding their printability as well as control of the final 3d printed tablets considering any risk of this new technology will be required. The PolyPrint consortium is actively working on developing novel polymers for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3d printing, filament formulation and manufacturing development as well as optimization of the printing process, and the design of a GMP-capable FDM 3d printer. In this manuscript, the consortium shares its views on quality aspects and measures for 3d printing from drug-loaded filaments, including formulation development, the printing process, and the printed dosage forms. Additionally, engineering approaches for quality assurance during the printing process and for the final dosage form will be presented together with considerations for a GMP-capable printer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Malte Bogdahn
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Chamberlain
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Lena Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kipping
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Klinken
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Loose
- Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Betzdorfer Str. 2, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hellen Windolf
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Geißler
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tilmann Spitz
- Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Betzdorfer Str. 2, 50679, Cologne, Germany
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Understanding Direct Powder Extrusion for Fabrication of 3D Printed Personalised Medicines: A Case Study for Nifedipine Minitablets. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101583. [PMID: 34683875 PMCID: PMC8537449 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuse deposition modelling (FDM) has emerged as a novel technology for manufacturing 3D printed medicines. However, it is a two-step process requiring the fabrication of filaments using a hot melt extruder with suitable properties prior to printing taking place, which can be a rate-limiting step in its application into clinical practice. Direct powder extrusion can overcome the difficulties encountered with fabrication of pharmaceutical-quality filaments for FDM, allowing the manufacturing, in a single step, of 3D printed solid dosage forms. In this study, we demonstrate the manufacturing of small-weight (<100 mg) solid dosage forms with high drug loading (25%) that can be easily undertaken by healthcare professionals to treat hypertension. 3D printed nifedipine minitablets containing 20 mg were manufactured by direct powder extrusion combining 15% polyethylene glycol 4000 Da, 40% hydroxypropyl cellulose, 19% hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, and 1% magnesium stearate. The fabricated 3D printed minitablets of small overall weight did not disintegrate during dissolution and allowed for controlled drug release over 24 h, based on erosion. This release profile of the printed minitablets is more suitable for hypertensive patients than immediate-release tablets that can lead to a marked burst effect, triggering hypotension. The small size of the minitablet allows it to fit inside of a 0-size capsule and be combined with other minitablets, of other API, for the treatment of complex diseases requiring polypharmacy within a single dosage form.
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3D-Printed Oral Dosage Forms: Mechanical Properties, Computational Approaches and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091401. [PMID: 34575475 PMCID: PMC8467731 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the factors influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed oral dosage forms. It also explores how it is possible to use specific excipients and printing parameters to maintain the structural integrity of printed drug products while meeting the needs of patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that is gaining acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome traditional mass production and move toward personalized pharmacotherapy. After continuous research over the last thirty years, 3D printing now offers numerous opportunities to personalize oral dosage forms in terms of size, shape, release profile, or dose modification. However, there is still a long way to go before 3D printing is integrated into clinical practice. 3D printing techniques follow a different process than traditional oral dosage from manufacturing methods. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the hardness and friability of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, new regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed oral dosage forms should be established to ensure that they meet all appropriate quality standards. The evaluation of mechanical properties of solid dosage forms is an integral part of quality control, as tablets must withstand mechanical stresses during manufacturing processes, transportation, and drug distribution as well as rough handling by the end user. Until now, this has been achieved through extensive pre- and post-processing testing, which is often time-consuming. However, computational methods combined with 3D printing technology can open up a new avenue for the design and construction of 3D tablets, enabling the fabrication of structures with complex microstructures and desired mechanical properties. In this context, the emerging role of computational methods and artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted.
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Silva IA, Lima AL, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Sa-Barreto LL, Cunha-Filho M. Compatibility and stability studies involving polymers used in fused deposition modeling 3D printing of medicines. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:424-435. [PMID: 35811629 PMCID: PMC9257448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges in developing three-dimensional printed medicines is related to their stability due to the manufacturing conditions involving high temperatures. This work proposed a new protocol for preformulation studies simulating thermal processing and aging of the printed medicines, tested regarding their morphology and thermal, crystallographic, and spectroscopic profiles. Generally, despite the strong drug-polymer interactions observed, the chemical stability of the model drugs was preserved under such conditions. In fact, in the metoprolol and Soluplus® composition, the drug's solubilization in the polymer produced a delay in the drug decomposition, suggesting a protective effect of the matrix. Paracetamol and polyvinyl alcohol mixture, in turn, showed unmistakable signs of thermal instability and chemical decomposition, in addition to physical changes. In the presented context, establishing protocols that simulate processing and storage conditions may be decisive for obtaining stable pharmaceutical dosage forms using three-dimensional printing technology. Preformulation protocol was proposed to guide the development of 3D-printed medicines. Drug models were able to support thermal processing equivalent to FDM/3D printing. Soluplus showed a protective effect for metoprolol after double heating and aging. Paracetamol and PVA mixture demonstrated incompatibility under heating processing.
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Statistical design of experiment-based formulation development and optimization of 3D printed oral controlled release drug delivery with multi target product profile. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A review of three-dimensional printing for pharmaceutical applications: Quality control, risk assessment and future perspectives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Direct Powder Extrusion of Paracetamol Loaded Mixtures for 3D Printed Pharmaceutics for Personalized Medicine via Low Temperature Thermal Processing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060907. [PMID: 34205280 PMCID: PMC8234073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printed drug development is nowadays an active area in the pharmaceutical industry, where the search for an appropriate edible carrier that permits the thermal processing of the mixture at temperature levels that are safe for the drug is an important field of study. Here, potato starch and hydroxypropyl cellulose based mixtures loaded with paracetamol up to 50% in weight were processed by hot melt extrusion at 85 °C to test their suitability to be thermally processed. The extruded mixtures were tested by liquid chromatography to analyze their release curves and were thermally characterized. The drug recovery was observed to be highly dependent on the initial moisture level of the mixture, the samples being prepared with an addition of water at a ratio of 3% in weight proportional to the starch amount, highly soluble and easy to extrude. The release curves showed a slow and steady drug liberation compared to a commercially available paracetamol tablet, reaching the 100% of recovery at 60 min. The samples aged for 6 weeks showed slower drug release curves compared to fresh samples, this effect being attributable to the loss of moisture. The paracetamol loaded mixture in powder form was used to print pills with different sizes and geometries in a fused deposition modelling three-dimensional printer modified with a commercially available powder extrusion head, showing the potential of this formulation for use in personalized medicine.
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Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based 3D Printed Tablets: Novel Insight into the Influence of Polymer Particle Size on Filament Preparation and Drug Release Performance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050418. [PMID: 34062744 PMCID: PMC8147252 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) by fused deposition modeling (FDM) has gained momentum as a promising pharmaceutical manufacturing method due to encouraging forward-looking perspectives in personalized medicine preparation. The current challenges the technology has for applicability in the fabrication of solid dosage forms include the limited range of suitable pharmaceutical grade thermoplastic materials. Hence, it is important to investigate the implications of variable properties of the polymeric carrier on the preparation steps and the final output, as versatile products could be obtained by using the same material. In this study, we highlighted the influence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particle size on the residence time of the mixtures in the extruder during the drug-loaded filament preparation step and the consequent impact on drug release from the 3D printed dosage form. We enhanced filament printability by exploiting the plasticizing potential of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and we explored a channeled tablet model as a design strategy for dissolution facilitating purposes. Our findings disclosed a new perspective regarding material considerations for the preparation of PVA-based solid dosage forms by coupling hot melt extrusion (HME) and FDM-3DP.
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Curti C, Kirby DJ, Russell CA. Stereolithography Apparatus Evolution: Enhancing Throughput and Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Formulation Development. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050616. [PMID: 33922928 PMCID: PMC8145482 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing technologies are growing rapidly. Among these, vat photopolymerisation (VP) techniques, including Stereolithography (SLA) hold much promise for their potential to deliver personalised medicines on-demand. SLA 3D printing offers advantageous features for pharmaceutical production, such as operating at room temperature and offering an unrivaled printing resolution. However, since conventional SLA apparatus are designed to operate with large volumes of a single photopolymer resin, significant throughput limitations remain. This, coupled with the limited choice of biocompatible polymers and photoinitiators available, hold back the pharmaceutical development using such technologies. Hence, the aim of this work was to develop a novel SLA apparatus specifically designed to allow rapid and efficient screening of pharmaceutical photopolymer formulations. A commercially available SLA apparatus was modified by designing and fabricating a novel resin tank and build platform able to 3D print up to 12 different formulations at a single time, reducing the amount of sample resin required by 20-fold. The novel SLA apparatus was subsequently used to conduct a high throughput screening of 156 placebo photopolymer formulations. The efficiency of the equipment and formulation printability outcomes were evaluated. Improved time and cost efficiency by 91.66% and 94.99%, respectively, has been confirmed using the modified SLA apparatus to deliver high quality, highly printable outputs, thus evidencing that such modifications offer a robust and reliable tool to optimize the throughput and efficiency of vat photopolymerisation techniques in formulation development processes, which can, in turn, support future clinical applications.
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Schmid J, Wahl MA, Daniels R. Supercritical Fluid Technology for the Development of 3D Printed Controlled Drug Release Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040543. [PMID: 33924592 PMCID: PMC8069480 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 loading of preformed 3D printed drug carriers with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) shows great potential in the development of oral dosage forms for future personalized medicine. We designed 3D printed scaffold like drug carriers with varying pore sizes made from polylactic acid (PLA) using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The 3D printed drug carriers were then loaded with Ibuprofen as a model drug, employing the controlled particle deposition (CPD) process from supercritical CO2. Carriers with varying pore sizes (0.027-0.125 mm) were constructed and loaded with Ibuprofen to yield drug-loaded carriers with a total amount of 0.83-2.67 mg API (0.32-1.41% w/w). Dissolution studies of the carriers show a significantly decreasing dissolution rate with decreasing pore sizes with a mean dissolution time (MDT) of 8.7 min for the largest pore size and 128.2 min for the smallest pore size. The API dissolution mechanism from the carriers was determined to be Fickian diffusion from the non-soluble, non-swelling carriers. Using 3D printing in combination with the CPD process, we were able to develop dosage forms with individually tailored controlled drug release. The dissolution rate of our dosage forms can be easily adjusted to the individual needs by modifying the pore sizes of the 3D printed carriers.
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Seoane-Viaño I, Januskaite P, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Basit AW, Goyanes A. Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing in drug delivery and biomedicine: Personalised solutions for healthcare challenges. J Control Release 2021; 332:367-389. [PMID: 33652114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an innovative additive manufacturing technology, capable of fabricating unique structures in a layer-by-layer manner. Semi-solid extrusion (SSE) is a subset of material extrusion 3D printing, and through the sequential deposition of layers of gel or paste creates objects of any desired size and shape. In comparison to other extrusion-based technologies, SSE 3D printing employs low printing temperatures which makes it suitable for drug delivery and biomedical applications, and the use of disposable syringes provides benefits in meeting critical quality requirements for pharmaceutical use. Besides pharmaceutical manufacturing, SSE 3D printing has attracted increasing attention in the field of bioelectronics, particularly in the manufacture of biosensors capable of measuring physiological parameters or as a means to trigger drug release from medical devices. This review begins by highlighting the major printing process parameters and material properties that influence the feasibility of transforming a 3D design into a 3D object, and follows with a discussion on the current SSE 3D printing developments and their applications in the fields of pharmaceutics, bioprinting and bioelectronics. Finally, the advantages and limitations of this technology are explored, before focusing on its potential clinical applications and suitability for preparing personalised medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Seoane-Viaño
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Paraquasil Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Patricija Januskaite
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
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