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Mattes A, Porth E, Niessen E, Kummer K, Mück M, Stahl J. Larger error negativity peak amplitudes for accuracy versus speed instructions may reflect more neuro-cognitive alignment, not more intense error processing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2259. [PMID: 36755038 PMCID: PMC9908975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding human error processing is a highly relevant interdisciplinary goal. More than 30 years of research in this field have established the error negativity (Ne) as a fundamental electrophysiological marker of various types of erroneous decisions (e.g. perceptual, economic) and related clinically relevant variations. A common finding is that the Ne is more pronounced when participants are instructed to focus on response accuracy rather than response speed, an observation that has been interpreted as reflecting more thorough error processing. We challenge this wide-spread interpretation by demonstrating that when controlling for the level of non-event-related noise in the participant-average waveform and for single-trial peak latency variability, the significant speed-accuracy difference in the participant-average waveform vanishes. This suggests that the previously reported Ne differences may be mostly attributable to a more precise alignment of neuro-cognitive processes and not (only) to more intense error processing under accuracy instructions, opening up novel perspectives on previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mattes
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany.
| | - Elisa Porth
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Eva Niessen
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Kilian Kummer
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Mück
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
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Sun R, Gao Q, Xiang Y. Perceived Parental Monitoring of Smartphones and Problematic Smartphone Use in Adolescents: Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Self-Control. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2022; 25:784-792. [PMID: 36409521 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are vulnerable for problematic smartphone use (PSU), which is associated with adverse psychological and physical health outcomes. Prior studies have debated whether the association between parental monitoring of smartphones and PSU is positive, negative, or nonsignificant. The present study investigated the relationship between parental monitoring of smartphones and PSU and the potential mediation mechanism involving self-efficacy and self-control. Eight hundred ninety-nine middle- and high-school students from a metropolitan city in China completed a questionnaire containing measurements of demographic information, perceived parental monitoring of smartphones, self-control, self-efficacy, and PSU. The results showed that (a) perceived parental monitoring of smartphones was negatively related to adolescent PSU; (b) self-control partially mediated the link between perceived parental monitoring of smartphones and adolescent PSU; and (c) self-efficacy and self-control sequentially mediated the link between parental monitoring of smartphones and PSU. The current study highlights the mediating mechanisms linking perceived parental monitoring of smartphones and adolescent PSU, and this may contribute to the development of family-based prevention and intervention strategies for adolescent PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Sun
- Department of Sociology, School of Government, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiufeng Gao
- Department of Sociology, School of Government, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhui Xiang
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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3
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Chow TS, Hui CM, Siu TSU. "It Is My Choice to Control Myself!": Testing the Mediating Roles of Expectancy and Value in the Association Between Perceived Choice and Self-Control Success. Front Psychol 2022; 13:851964. [PMID: 35450340 PMCID: PMC9018001 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.851964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research suggested that when individuals feel that it is their free choice to perform a task, they are more likely to succeed. However, little has been known about the effect of perceived choice of self-control and the psychological processes underlying the benefits of this perception in everyday contexts. To fill this gap, a 7-day experience sampling study (115 college students and 1,725 reported episodes of self-control) was conducted to test whether confidence in sustaining the current self-control activity (expectancy) and perceived value of current self-control (value) could mediate the link between perceived choice and success in the current self-control activity. The results of multilevel analysis suggested that the perceived choice can boost self-control success by increasing expectancy and value of self-control. These findings add mechanistic understanding of the effect of perceived choice on self-control success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Sang Chow
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Wan Chow Yuk Fan Centre for Interdisciplinary Evidence-Based Practice and Research, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chin Ming Hui
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiffany Sok U Siu
- Wan Chow Yuk Fan Centre for Interdisciplinary Evidence-Based Practice and Research, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Comparing the effects of different methodological decisions on the error-related negativity and its association with behaviour and gender. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 156:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Makaruk H, Porter JM, Bodasińska A, Palmer S. Optimizing the penalty kick under external focus of attention and autonomy support instructions. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1378-1386. [PMID: 31983301 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Penalty kicks often play a decisive role in the most prestigious international football tournaments. The present study investigated whether shooting performance of the penalty kick in football would be improved by providing specific attentional and motivational instructions. Twenty-four experienced male volunteers were asked to kick a ball at one of four targets located in a regulation-sized goal. Using a goalkeeper-independent strategy, subjects performed the penalty kicks under external focus (EF; targets in the goal), autonomy support (AS; choice of target order), combining external focus and autonomy support (EF/AS), and control conditions (C). A goalkeeper tried to save the ball during each attempt. The mean number of scored goals and kicking accuracy of goal scored were used to determine penalty kick performance. The EF/AS combination enhanced the number of goals scored compared to the C condition. No other significant differences were observed between the conditions in the number of goals scored. The EF/AS group displayed greater kicking accuracy of goals scored relative to the AS and C conditions. Also, the kicking accuracy of the EF condition was significantly better than the C condition. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the EF/AS condition resulted in fewer missed shots compared to the C condition. There were no significant differences in blocked shots between the conditions. The findings suggest that promoting an external focus of attention and autonomy support collectively may enhance penalty kick performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Makaruk
- Department of Athletics and Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Jared M Porter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Anna Bodasińska
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Stephanie Palmer
- Department of Kinesiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
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Jiang W, Yuan Y, Zhang L. Self-Efficacy and Research Capacity of Clinical Nurses in China. J Contin Educ Nurs 2019; 50:509-516. [PMID: 31644812 DOI: 10.3928/00220124-20191015-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research capacity is essential to nursing profession development. Literature about the research capacity of Chinese nurses is scarce, especially regarding self-efficacy. METHOD A cross-sectional design with a cluster random sample of 780 clinical nurses was recruited from five tertiary hospitals in China. Self-reported data were collected with a Demographic Data Form, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Self-Rating Scale of Nurses' Research Capacity. RESULTS The majority (60.9%) of the nurses' research capacity was at a low level. A positive correlation was found between self-efficacy and research capacity among clinical nurses (r = .287, p < .01). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that educational level, self-efficacy, support level, and position were predictors that explained 31.9% of the variance of research capacity. CONCLUSION Chinese nurses' research capacity is insufficient. Educational level, self-efficacy, support level, and position contributed to nurses' research capacity. Nurse administrators should engage in improving Chinese nurses' self-efficacy to facilitate research capacity. It is necessary to develop continuing education to enhance Chinese nurses' research capacity. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2019;50(11):509-516.].
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Yokota Y, Soshi T, Naruse Y. Error-related negativity predicts failure in competitive dual-player video games. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212483. [PMID: 30818382 PMCID: PMC6394958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with improvement in electroencephalogram (EEG)-measurement technology, limitations on the situations in which data can be recorded are gradually being overcome. EEG measurement in real environments has become increasingly important as a means to monitor brain activity in our daily lives, such as while playing consumer games in the living room. The present study measured brain EEG activity while two players engaged in a competitive consumer baseball game in conditions that closely resembled daily life. The recorded brain activity was thus likely related to natural mental reactions and cognitive function that occur in similar daily life activities. To measure the EEG from participants who freely moved while playing the game, we developed EEG devices that incorporated a wireless time synchronization system using Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) signals. These devices stamped the time obtained from the GPS signals onto each data sample, which was then used to synchronize the data that were recorded by different devices. When the batter in the game swung and missed, the error-related negativity component of the event-related EEG potential was strongly evoked in frontal electrodes of the participant controlling the batter. Furthermore, the error-related negativity was modulated according to who was winning and by how much. Thus, here we have demonstrated "real-world" brain activity using a competitive consumer game, which increases intrinsic participant motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yokota
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Soshi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Naruse
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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8
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Light AE, Rios K, DeMarree KG. Self-Uncertainty and the Influence of Alternative Goals on Self-Regulation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 44:24-36. [PMID: 28934896 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217730368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current research examines factors that facilitate or undermine goal pursuit. Past research indicates that attempts to reduce self-uncertainty can result in increased goal motivation. We explore a critical boundary condition of this effect-the presence of alternative goals. Though self-regulatory processes usually keep interest in alternative goals in check, uncertainty reduction may undermine these self-regulatory efforts by (a) reducing conflict monitoring and (b) increasing valuation of alternative goals. As such, reminders of alternative goals will draw effort away from focal goals for self-uncertain (but not self-certain) participants. Across four studies and eight supplemental studies, using different focal goals (e.g., academic achievement, healthy eating) and alternative goals (e.g., social/emotional goals, attractiveness, indulgence), we found that alternative goal salience does not negatively influence goal-directed behavior among participants primed with self-certainty, but that reminders of alternative goals undermine goal pursuit among participants primed with self-uncertainty.
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John KK, Jensen JD, King AJ, Ratcliff CL, Grossman D. Do Pattern-Focused Visuals Improve Skin Self-Examination Performance? Explicating the Visual Skill Acquisition Model. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:732-742. [PMID: 28759333 PMCID: PMC5657481 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1344750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin self-examination (SSE) consists of routinely checking the body for atypical moles that might be cancerous. Identifying atypical moles is a visual task; thus, SSE training materials utilize pattern-focused visuals to cultivate this skill. Despite widespread use, researchers have yet to explicate how pattern-focused visuals cultivate visual skill. Using eye tracking to capture the visual scanpaths of a sample of laypersons (N = 92), the current study employed a 2 (pattern: ABCDE vs. ugly duckling sign [UDS]) × 2 (presentation: photorealistic images vs. illustrations) factorial design to assess whether and how pattern-focused visuals can increase layperson accuracy in identifying atypical moles. Overall, illustrations resulted in greater sensitivity, while photos resulted in greater specificity. The UDS × photorealistic condition showed greatest specificity. For those in the photo condition with high self-efficacy, UDS increased specificity directly. For those in the photo condition with self-efficacy levels at the mean or lower, there was a conditional indirect effect such that these individuals spent a larger amount of their viewing time observing the atypical moles, and time on target was positively related to specificity. Illustrations provided significant gains in specificity for those with low-to-moderate self-efficacy by increasing total fixation time on the atypical moles. Findings suggest that maximizing visual processing efficiency could enhance existing SSE training techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K John
- a School of Communication , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , USA
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- b Department of Communication , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
- c Cancer Control & Population Science Program , Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Andy J King
- d Department of Public Relations , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , USA
| | - Chelsea L Ratcliff
- b Department of Communication , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Douglas Grossman
- e Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
- f Melanoma Disease-Oriented Research Team, Huntsman Cancer Institute , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
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10
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Lewthwaite R, Wulf G. Optimizing motivation and attention for motor performance and learning. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 16:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Costs and benefits of self-efficacy: Differences of the stress response and clinical implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:40-52. [PMID: 28143761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Encounters with stressors induce diverse idiosyncratic neuroendocrine, behavioral and psychological reactions across people. Perceived self-efficacy can alter autonomic responses and their effects on mental health. The beneficial effects of self-efficacy in buffering physiological arousal, enhancing performance, and diminishing psychopathological symptoms have been observed in diverse contexts. We show that the role of self-efficacy is not uniformly beneficial, and that higher levels of self-efficacy can sometimes lead to increases in neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses and decreases in performance, a phenomenon that has been widely neglected. We discuss specific conditions under which self-efficacy effects do not uniformly ameliorate or prevent the consequences of stress. These conditions suggest that therapeutic interventions need not always promote self-efficacy in principal. Simultaneously, they to do suggest that keeping self-efficacy high might be disadvantageous or detrimental.
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12
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Regional gray matter volume in the posterior precuneus is associated with general self-efficacy. Neuroreport 2016; 27:1350-1353. [PMID: 27824732 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Motivation in doing a task is influenced not only by the expected outcome of the task but also by the belief that one has in successfully executing the task. Over time, individuals accumulate experiences that contribute toward a general belief in one's overall ability to successfully perform tasks, which is called general self-efficacy (GSE). We investigated the relationship between regional gray matter volume and individual differences in GSE. Brain anatomy was analyzed using magnetic resonance images obtained from 64 healthy right-handed participants who had completed Sherer's GSE scale. After controlling for other factors related to motivation, age, sex, and total gray matter volume of each participant, results showed that regional gray matter volume in the posterior part of the precuneus significantly and positively correlated with the GSE score. These results suggest that one's accumulated experiences of success and failure, which contribute toward GSE, also influence the anatomical characteristics of the precuneus.
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13
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Gender Influences on Brain Responses to Errors and Post-Error Adjustments. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24435. [PMID: 27075509 PMCID: PMC4831004 DOI: 10.1038/srep24435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms have been observed in many species, including humans, and extend to the prevalence and presentation of important mental disorders associated with performance monitoring malfunctions. However, precisely which underlying differences between genders contribute to the alterations observed in psychiatric diseases is unknown. Here, we compare behavioural and neural correlates of cognitive control functions in 438 female and 436 male participants performing a flanker task while EEG was recorded. We found that males showed stronger performance-monitoring-related EEG amplitude modulations which were employed to predict subjects’ genders with ~72% accuracy. Females showed more post-error slowing, but both samples did not differ in regard to response-conflict processing and coupling between the error-related negativity (ERN) and consecutive behavioural slowing. Furthermore, we found that the ERN predicted consecutive behavioural slowing within subjects, whereas its overall amplitude did not correlate with post-error slowing across participants. These findings elucidate specific gender differences in essential neurocognitive functions with implications for clinical studies. They highlight that within- and between-subject associations for brain potentials cannot be interpreted in the same way. Specifically, despite higher general amplitudes in males, it appears that the dynamics of coupling between ERN and post-error slowing between men and women is comparable.
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Burwell SJ, Malone SM, Iacono WG. One-year developmental stability and covariance among oddball, novelty, go/no-go, and flanker event-related potentials in adolescence: A monozygotic twin study. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:991-1007. [PMID: 26997525 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ERP measures may index genetic risk for psychopathology before disorder onset in adolescence, but little is known about their developmental rank-order stability during this period of significant brain maturation. We studied ERP stability in 48 pairs of identical twins (age 14-16 years) tested 1 year apart. Trial-averaged voltage waveforms were extracted from electroencephalographic recordings from oddball/novelty, go/no-go, and flanker tasks, and 16 amplitude measures were examined. Members of twin pairs were highly similar, whether based on ERP amplitude measures (intraclass correlation [ICC] median = .64, range = .44-.86) or three factor scores (all ICCs ≥ .69) derived from them. Stability was high overall, with 69% of the 16 individual measures generating stability coefficients exceeding .70 and all factor scores showing stability above .75. Measures from 10 difference waveforms calculated from paired conditions within tasks were also examined, and were associated with lower twin similarity (ICC median = .52, .38-.64) and developmental stability (only 30% exceeding .70). In a supplemental analysis, we found significant developmental stability for error-related negativity (range = .45-.55) and positivity (.56-.70) measures when average waveforms were based on one or more trials, and that these values were equivalent to those derived from averages using the current field recommendation, which requires six or more trials. Overall, we conclude that the studied brain measures are largely stable over 1 year of mid- to late adolescence, likely reflecting familial etiologic influences on brain functions pertaining to cognitive control and salience recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Burwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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15
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Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychon Bull Rev 2016; 23:1382-1414. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Themanson JR, Ball AB, Khatcherian SM, Rosen PJ. The effects of social exclusion on the ERN and the cognitive control of action monitoring. Psychophysiology 2015; 51:215–25. [PMID: 25003166 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the influence of social exclusion, created through the Cyberball paradigm, on cognitive control using neural and behavioral measures of action monitoring. Healthy young adults performed a modified flanker task while their post-error behavior (accuracy, RT) and error-related negativity (ERN) were assessed. Results indicated that excluded participants showed decreased ERN and post-error response accuracy compared to included participants following their social interactions. These findings suggest that a common neural framework may exist for cognitive control processes and that cognitive control allocated toward exclusion-related processing following exclusionary social interactions may disrupt the capability to support self-regulatory action monitoring.
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Leipold B, Bermeitinger C, Greve W, Meyer B, Arnold M, Pielniok M. Short-term induction of assimilation and accommodation. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 67:2392-408. [PMID: 25010653 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.931443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The dual-process model of developmental regulation distinguishes two processes of self-regulation (assimilation = tenacious goal pursuit, and accommodation = flexible goal adjustment) that depend on differing conditions, but both contribute to successful development. Four experiments were conducted to investigate whether assimilation and accommodation can be induced or at least shifted by sensorimotor and cognitive manipulations. Experiment 1 investigated the relation between body manipulation and self-regulation. It was shown that assimilation could be triggered when participants were asked to hold on to golf balls as compared to being asked to drop them. Experiment 2 showed that a semantic priming of “let go” or “hold on” via instructions influenced the processes of self-regulation. Experiment 3 and Experiment 4 investigated the role of cognitive sets (divergent thinking) and motivational processes (thinking about one's action resources) in enhancing accommodation or assimilation. As expected, accommodation was triggered by an intervention activating divergent thought, and participants were more assimilative when they thought about their action resources. In sum, the results indicate that assimilation and accommodation can be induced experimentally; they were systematically dependent on physical, cognitive, and motivational states. The implications of the findings were discussed in the light of the dual-process model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Leipold
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | | | - Werner Greve
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Manuel Arnold
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Marianna Pielniok
- Department of Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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Themanson JR, Rosen PJ. Examining the relationships between self-efficacy, task-relevant attentional control , and task performance: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Br J Psychol 2014; 106:253-71. [PMID: 25220736 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-efficacy (SE) is a modifiable psychosocial factor related to individuals' beliefs in their capabilities to successfully complete courses of action and has been shown to be positively associated with task performance. The authors hypothesized that one means through which SE is related with improved performance is through enhanced task-relevant attentional control during task execution. To assess this hypothesis, we examined the relationships between SE and behavioural and neural indices of task performance and task-relevant attentional control for 76 young adults during the completion of a flanker task. Results showed that greater SE was associated with greater response accuracy and P3b amplitude across task conditions, and faster RT under more difficult task conditions. Additionally, P3b amplitude was found to mediate the relationship between SE and task performance in the difficult condition. These findings suggest that greater attentional allocation to task-relevant processes, including monitoring stimulus-response relationships and focusing attention on working memory operations, may help explain the association between SE and improved task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Themanson
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA
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Stress regulation and cognitive control: evidence relating cortisol reactivity and neural responses to errors. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 13:152-63. [PMID: 23055094 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the relationship between error-related signals of cognitive control and cortisol reactivity, investigating the hypothesis of common systems for cognitive and emotional self-regulation. Eighty-three participants completed a Stroop task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Three error-related indices were derived from the EEG: the error-related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe), and error-related alpha suppression (ERAS). Pre- and posttask salivary samples were assayed for cortisol, and cortisol change scores were correlated with the EEG variables. Better error-correct differentiation in the ERN predicted less cortisol increase during the task, whereas greater ERAS predicted greater cortisol increase during the task; the Pe was not correlated with cortisol changes. We concluded that an enhanced ERN, part of an adaptive cognitive control system, predicts successful stress regulation. In contrast, an enhanced ERAS response may reflect error-related arousal that is not adaptive. The results support the concept of overlapping systems for cognitive and emotional self-regulation.
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Alterations in error-related brain activity and post-error behavior over time. Brain Cogn 2012; 80:257-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
How well people bounce back from mistakes depends on their beliefs about learning and intelligence. For individuals with a growth mind-set, who believe intelligence develops through effort, mistakes are seen as opportunities to learn and improve. For individuals with a fixed mind-set, who believe intelligence is a stable characteristic, mistakes indicate lack of ability. We examined performance-monitoring event-related potentials (ERPs) to probe the neural mechanisms underlying these different reactions to mistakes. Findings revealed that a growth mind-set was associated with enhancement of the error positivity component (Pe), which reflects awareness of and allocation of attention to mistakes. More growth-minded individuals also showed superior accuracy after mistakes compared with individuals endorsing a more fixed mind-set. It is critical to note that Pe amplitude mediated the relationship between mind-set and posterror accuracy. These results suggest that neural mechanisms indexing on-line awareness of and attention to mistakes are intimately involved in growth-minded individuals’ ability to rebound from mistakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carrie Heeter
- Department of Telecommunications, Information Studies, and Media, Michigan State University
| | - Tim P. Moran
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
| | - Yu-Hao Lee
- Department of Telecommunications, Information Studies, and Media, Michigan State University
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