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Abbasi S, Ko J. Cycling safely: Examining the factors associated with bicycle accidents in Seoul, South Korea. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 206:107691. [PMID: 38964137 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the factors contributing to bicycle accidents, focusing on four types of bicycle lanes and other exposure and built environment characteristics of census blocks. Using Seoul as a case study, three years of bicycle accident spot data from 2018 to 2020 was collected, resulting in 1,330 bicycle accident spots and a total of 2,072 accidents. The geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) model was used as a methodological approach to investigate the spatially varying relationships between the accident frequency and explanatory variables across the space, as opposed to the Poisson regression model. The results indicated that the GWPR model outperforms the global Poisson regression model in capturing unobserved spatial heterogeneity. For example, the value of deviance that determines the goodness of fit for a model was 0.244 for the Poisson regression model and 0.500 for the far better-fitting GWPR model. Further findings revealed that the factors affecting bicycle accidents have varying impacts depending on the location and distribution of accidents. For example, despite the presence of bicycle lanes, some census blocks, particularly in the northeast part of the city, still pose a risk for bicycle accidents. These findings can provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers in developing bicycle safety measures and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorath Abbasi
- Department of Economics Faculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University Lipova 41a, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joonho Ko
- Graduate School of Urban Studies, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
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Ilgaz A, Saltan M. The impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on the sustainable mobility of university members in Turkey. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 141:104449. [PMID: 38620104 PMCID: PMC10291291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The global Covid-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on our lives. The pandemic led to sudden and momentous changes in mobility styles and travel habits. Many users started preferring to travel via private vehicles, which is contrary to sustainability policies. Strict measures were implemented against the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey during this process, as was the case all over the world. Taking into consideration these realities, the aim of the present study was to examine the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the travel modes (public transportation, walking, and bicycle), anxiety and stress perceptions, and working conditions of individuals. A survey was conducted to measure the impacts of the pandemic and the measures taken. The sample of this study consists of people who regularly attended Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta and Akdeniz University in Antalya, Turkey, before the pandemic. An online survey was conducted for the case study during the May-June 2021 semester, and the survey was representative of the study population with a total of 556 participants. The travel time for both different university students decreased during the pandemic period. The percentage of those traveling to the university with their own cars increased to 77 % in AU and 66.8 % in SDU. The use of public transportation dropped to 6.1 % in AU and 11.8 % in SDU. 56.97 % of AU participants and 51.15 % of SDU participants reported that their walking habits decreased. It was reported that 52.73 % of the respondents in AU and 55.75 % of the respondents in SDU did not change their bicycle usage frequency. 64.24 % of AU and 74.42 % of SDU reported that their anxiety levels increased during the pandemic period. And for each of these analyses, there was no statistical difference between the two different university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ilgaz
- Akdeniz University, Building Works and Technical Head of Department, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Saltan
- Suleyman Demirel University, Civil engineering faculty, Isparta, Turkey
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Mussone L, Changizi F. A study on the factors that influenced the choice of transport mode before, during, and after the first lockdown in Milan, Italy. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 136:104251. [PMID: 36911882 PMCID: PMC9987251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 measures implied many changes to travel behaviour and transport mode choice during the pandemic. This study seeks to understand what individual characteristics and travel attributes are related to transport mode choice before, during, and after the first lockdown in Italy. Based on an online survey (carried out in May 2020 in Milan), three multinomial regression models are presented. The results show that and in which measure parameters regarding distance and duration of daily travel are markedly related to transport mode before the lockdown. However, these factors are less significantly associated with the transport mode during and after the lockdown. Meanwhile, factors such as Preferences and Worry about using public transport have more significant relationship with the modal choice during the pandemic. Regarding individual characteristics, women are more likely to use active mode during and after the lockdown. Additionally, two personality traits of Agreeableness, and Openness to experiences are related to transport mode during and after the lockdown, respectively. Overall, this study reveals that in addition to socio-demographic factors, other variables such as worry about using public transport, preference, and personality are associated with the choice of transport mode during the lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mussone
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Building Environment and Civil Constructions, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
| | - Farzaneh Changizi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Architecture, Building Environment and Civil Constructions, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy
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Lee KS, Eom JK. Systematic literature review on impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and corresponding measures on mobility. TRANSPORTATION 2023; 51:1-55. [PMID: 37363373 PMCID: PMC10126540 DOI: 10.1007/s11116-023-10392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak has significantly influenced our daily life, and COVID-19's spread is inevitably associated with human mobility. Given the pandemic's severity and extent of spread, a timely and comprehensive synthesis of the current state of research is needed to understand the pandemic's impact on human mobility and corresponding government measures. This study examined the relevant literature published to the present (March 2023), identified research trends, and conducted a systematic review of evidence regarding transport's response to COVID-19. We identified key research agendas and synthesized the results, examining: (1) mobility changes by transport modes analyzed regardless of government policy implementation, using empirical data and survey data; (2) the effect of diverse government interventions to reduce mobility and limit COVID-19 spread, and controversial issues on travel restriction policy effects; and (3) future research issues. The findings showed a strong relationship between the pandemic and mobility, with significant impacts on decreased overall mobility, a remarkable drop in transit ridership, changes in travel behavior, and improved traffic safety. Government implemented various non-pharmaceutical countermeasures, such as city lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing. Many studies showed such interventions were effective. However, some researchers reported inconsistent outcomes. This review provides urban and transport planners with valuable insights to facilitate better preparation for future health emergencies that affect transportation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11116-023-10392-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Sub Lee
- Railroad Policy Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Railroad Museum Road, Uiwang-Si, 16105 Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Jin Ki Eom
- Railroad Policy Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Railroad Museum Road, Uiwang-Si, 16105 Gyeonggi-Do Korea
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Mazanec J, Harantová V, Štefancová V, Brůhová Foltýnová H. Estimating Mode of Transport in Daily Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using a Multinomial Logistic Regression Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4600. [PMID: 36901610 PMCID: PMC10002273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020 there was a spinning point in the travel behavior of people around the world because of the pandemic and its consequences. This paper analyzes the specific behavior of travelers commuting to work or school during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a sample of 2000 respondents from two countries. We obtained data from an online survey, applying multinomial regression analysis. The results demonstrate the multinomial model with an accuracy of almost 70% that estimates the most used modes of transport (walking, public transport, car) based on independent variables. The respondents preferred the car as the most frequently used means of transport. However, commuters without car prefer public transport to walking. This prediction model could be a tool for planning and creating transport policy, especially in exceptional cases such as the limitation of public transport activities. Therefore, predicting travel behavior is essential for policymaking based on people's travel needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Mazanec
- Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Harantová
- Department of Road and Urban Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Štefancová
- Department of Railway Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Hana Brůhová Foltýnová
- Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyňe University in Ústí nad Labem, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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Drummond J, Hasnine MS. Did the COVID-19 vaccine rollout impact transportation demand? A case study in New York City. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2023; 28:101539. [PMID: 36466107 PMCID: PMC9701644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2022.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates the influence of vaccination along with other pandemic-related factors on driving, transit, and walking in New York City (NYC). The results of this study help inform policymakers of the weight of their decisions in a pandemic setting as well as factors to consider when modeling transportation during a pandemic. METHODS In this study, ARIMAX time series analysis was performed on driving, transit, and walking data from Apple Mobility Trends Reports. The data was segmented into two categories "pre-vaccine" and post-vaccine" for both Manhattan and Brooklyn. The independent variables were primarily COVID-19 statistics (vaccination, case counts, deaths, etc.) along with additional predictors aggregated from Google Community Mobility Reports, Google Trends, Citi Bike, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT). RESULTS Vaccination led to increases in driving, transit, and walking in Brooklyn but was not as statistically significant in Manhattan (the only effect being on walking trips). Despite this, vaccination was not the strongest influencer on transportation. The COVID-19 policy score variable had the highest standardized β in nearly every model, indicating that stricter lockdown policies were the main factor discouraging travel. Furthermore, the lifting of these policies contributed to increases in travel numbers more than vaccination. CONCLUSIONS In the event of future pandemics or health crises, NYC policymakers should be aware that they play a significant role in mitigating infectious diseases. The public is seemingly more responsive to policy than anything else. Similar studies should be conducted in other cities as the public response may vary based on other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Drummond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Howard University, 2300 Sixth Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Md Sami Hasnine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Howard University, 2300 Sixth Street, NW #1026, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
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Paul T, Chakraborty R, Afia Ratri S, Debnath M. Impact of COVID-19 on mode choice behavior: A case study for Dhaka, Bangladesh. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 15:100665. [PMID: 35910685 PMCID: PMC9326223 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To ensure safety against the COVID-19, along with all other countries, Bangladesh as a least-developed country needs to deal with the changes in travel behavior, particularly changes in mode choice behavior. As Dhaka has been marked as a hotspot for the virus contagion, this paper has focused on the changes in mode choice behavior of Dhaka people due to the COVID-19 pandemic while they are on the road. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted to capture the information on mode preferences and perspectives on travel characteristics for commute and discretionary trips before and during COVID-19. Multinomial Logit (MNL) model based on a utility function has been used to investigate the significance of the socio-demographic attributes and travel characteristics of the trips on the mode choice behavior and to calculate the maximum utility of the mode choice. This study highlighted some noticeable changes in perspective towards mode choice. People prefer walking, private cars, and rickshaw more during the pandemic as they feel these modes are more reliable, available, and cost-effective in this crucial time. Usage of public transportation dropped drastically for discretionary purposes. Additionally, usage of the on-demand vehicle increased during the pandemic as a large portion of commuters shifted to on-demand vehicles from public transportation. Furthermore, this paper suggested some viable policy-making implications to cope with the current pandemic and relatable future national and global crises. Finally, the paper concludes by suggesting some future research insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonmoy Paul
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Afia Ratri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Mithun Debnath
- Christopher B. and Susan S. Burke Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University
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The Impact of Mobility on Shopping Preferences during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Evidence from the Slovak Republic. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic has affected normal human behaviour in day-to-day activities. As a result of various restrictions, people have significantly changed their shopping and mobility to limit the spread of the pandemic. This article aims to determine the association between consumers’ shopping preferences and the frequency of selected daily activities during and before the COVID-19 pandemic using correspondence analysis. The total sample consists of 407 respondents from Slovakia. The data are obtained from an online questionnaire divided into several sections such as socio-demographic factors, shopping preferences, and frequency of selected activities per week. The results show that there is an association between consumers’ preference for shopping in supermarkets and the frequency of family visits per week during the pandemic, among other factors. These findings follow up on previous studies on the consequences of changing mobility as a result of the global crisis.
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German JD, Redi AANP, Prasetyo YT, Persada SF, Ong AKS, Young MN, Nadlifatin R. Choosing a package carrier during COVID-19 pandemic: An integration of pro-environmental planned behavior (PEPB) theory and service quality (SERVQUAL). JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 346:131123. [PMID: 35281884 PMCID: PMC8898924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability and safety have become the two most important considerations of consumers of the current century. The limited movement of consumers and significant shift to online business as effects of the current health pandemic led to an increased demand for package delivery services worldwide. This study investigated the factors that influence the intention of consumers in the Philippines to choose a package delivery or carrying service during the COVID-19 pandemic using the integrated pro-environmental planned behavior (PEPB) theory and service quality (SERVQUAL). An online questionnaire was distributed as the instrument data collection, and 400 respondents who have utilized the package delivery service during the pandemic participated in the study. The theoretical model was examined using the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with higher-order constructs. Testing the different parameters of structural model, measurement model, and the model fit presented values within the threshold. Moreover, the HTMT and Fornell & Larcker discriminant validity analysis was performed to determine the overall fit of the constructs of the model. These tests demonstrated the acceptability of the model. The findings revealed that perceived environmental concern, perceived authority support, subjective norm, attitude, service quality, customer perceived value, and customer satisfaction significantly influence the consumer's intention to choose a package delivery service during the pandemic. The consumers' perception of pro-environmental activities was also an essential contributor since perceived environmental concern and perceived authority support indirectly affect behavior intention. The findings contribute to developing and validating an integrated model on sustainability and service quality in package delivery services. The study also provides suggestions to service providers to ensure quality and safety on package delivery during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine D German
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Anak Agung Ngurah Perwira Redi
- Industrial Engineering Department, BINUS Graduate Program - Master of Industrial Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | - Yogi Tri Prasetyo
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Satria Fadil Persada
- Entrepreneurship Department, Binus Business School Undergraduate Program, Bina Nusantra University, Malang, 65154, Indonesia
| | - Ardvin Kester S Ong
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Michael N Young
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Reny Nadlifatin
- Department of Information System, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
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Dias C, Abd Rahman N, Abdullah M, Sukor NSA. Influence of COVID-19 Mobility-Restricting Policies on Individual Travel Behavior in Malaysia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 13:13960. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in new postpandemic travel patterns as a result of the stay-at-home policies and restricted movement orders imposed by the Malaysian government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in individual travel behavior after the government imposed a series of lockdowns, also known as movement control orders (MCO). From March to April 2021, a questionnaire survey was distributed throughout Malaysia, and 435 complete responses were collected. Results indicated that the respondents predominantly chose private cars for various traveling purposes during the pandemic. When choosing a travel mode during the pandemic, married respondents and essential workers placed a significantly higher priority on pandemic-related - items such as cleanliness, infection concern, social distance, and wearing face masks, compared to single respondents and nonessential workers. Binary logistic regression models were developed to estimate individuals’ propensity to make trips for different purposes, i.e., work/study, social activities, recreational activities, and religious activities. Results indicated that essential workers were nearly three times more likely than the general population to make a work trip during the pandemic. Regarding social and recreational trips, males were more likely to make such types of trips as compared to females. Furthermore, those who perceived a higher risk of infection were less likely to make social and recreational trips. Regarding religious trips, males were significantly more likely to make such trips during the pandemic as compared to females. In addition, Muslims had significantly higher odds of making a trip for religious purposes during the pandemic. The findings of this study could be useful in transportation planning when considering travel restrictions during pandemics based on peoples’ travel purposes and mode choices.
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Ahmed DS, Abbas Abid DM, Niaz Ali MN, Ahmed MJ, Siddiqui DI. Is COVID-19 impacting cancer screening in Pakistan? An observational study of cancer screening test requests during the pandemic. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 71:102934. [PMID: 34659748 PMCID: PMC8511888 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to assess how the COVID-19 pandemic affected cancer screening at a large tertiary care setting in the city of Karachi, the third largest city in the world, and to identify if there has been any decrease in cancer screening during the ongoing pandemic. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted at the clinical chemistry laboratory at the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi Pakistan. Data for test volumes was extracted from the Integrated Laboratory Management System (ILMS) for the following tumor markers: CA19 Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), Calcitonin, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), from 2017 to 2020. Data from January 1st, 2017 till December 31st, 2019 was recorded and compared with the test volume data from January 1st, 2020 till December 31st, 2020. Number of tests performed in the prior 3 years were compared with tests performed in 2020, specifically looking at changes during the lockdown period in 2020 (1st March – 9 th April) and compared with the same period in preceding years. Results During the four-year period, a total of 6,530 tests were performed for CA19-9, 893 for Calcitonin, and 54,769 for PSA. Year 2019 recorded the highest volume for all 3 tests with test volumes increasing continuously from 2017 to 2019. Number of tests performed decreased throughout the year 2020 for Calcitonin and PSA, whereas volume of tests for CA19-9 only reduced during the lockdown period while increased in the non-lockdown period as compared to previous years. Highest percent decline during the 2020 lockdown period was seen for Calcitonin (-62.5%), followed by PSA (-51.8%) and CA19-9 (-19%). Conclusion In conclusion, the amount of CA19-9, Calcitonin, and PSA tests performed in Karachi, Pakistan has drastically reduced due to the lockdown that was mandated due to the COVID-19 outbreak. It is crucial that despite an imposed lockdown, regular cancer screening must continue. Lockdowns and general fear of visiting hospitals during COVID-19 impacted cancer screening in Pakistan. A comparison of lab test requisitions from January 2017–December 2019 and January–December 2020 was undertaken. CA19-9, Calcitonin, and PSA screening tests reported a major decline. Highest percent decline during the 2020 lockdown period was seen for Calcitonin (−62.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Sibtain Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University. Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Dr Muhammad Abbas Abid
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Ms Noureen Niaz Ali
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | | | - Dr Imran Siddiqui
- Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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