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Cioce A, Cavani A, Cattani C, Scopelliti F. Role of the Skin Immune System in Wound Healing. Cells 2024; 13:624. [PMID: 38607063 PMCID: PMC11011555 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a dynamic and complex process, characterized by the coordinated activities of multiple cell types, each with distinct roles in the stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The cells of the immune system not only act as sentinels to monitor the skin and promote homeostasis, but they also play an important role in the process of skin wound repair. Skin-resident and recruited immune cells release cytokines and growth factors that promote the amplification of the inflammatory process. They also work with non-immune cells to remove invading pathogens and debris, as well as guide the regeneration of damaged host tissues. Dysregulation of the immune system at any stage of the process may lead to a prolongation of the inflammatory phase and the development of a pathological condition, such as a chronic wound. The present review aims to summarize the roles of different immune cells, with special emphasis on the different stages of the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Scopelliti
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty INMP/NIHMP, Via di S.Gallicano, 25, 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (C.C.)
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Lombardo GP, Miller A, Aragona M, Messina E, Fumia A, Kuciel M, Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Langerhans Cells in the Skin of Three Amphibian Species. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:210. [PMID: 38666822 PMCID: PMC11048468 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The amphibian taxon includes three orders that present different morphological characteristics: Anura, Caudata, and Apoda. Their skin has a crucial role: it acts as an immune organ constituting a physical, chemical, immunological, and microbiological barrier to pathogen insult and conducts essential physiological processes. Amphibians have developed specialized features to protect the vulnerable skin barrier, including a glandular network beneath the skin surface that can produce antimicrobial and toxic substances, thus contributing to the defense against pathogens and predators. This study aims to characterize Langerhans cells in the skin of Lithobates catesbeianus (order: Anura; Shaw, 1802), Amphiuma means (order: Caudata; Garden, 1821), and Typhlonectes natans (order: Apoda; Fischer, 1880) with the following antibodies: Langerin/CD207 (c-type lectin), Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)II, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 (expressed by different types of DCs). Our results showed Langerhans cells positive for Langerin CD/207 in the epidermis of the three species; moreover, some antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the connective tissue expressed TLR2 and MHCII. The distribution of the Langerhans cells is very similar in the three amphibians examined, despite their different habitats. A greater knowledge of the amphibian immune system could be useful to better understand the phylogeny of vertebrates and to safeguard amphibians from population declines. Furthermore, the similarities between amphibians' and human skin concerning immunological features may be useful in both biology and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pia Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Anthea Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Michał Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501 Krakòw, Poland;
| | - Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.P.L.); (E.M.); (A.A.); (E.R.L.)
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Mahapatra S, Ganguly B, Pani S, Saha A, Samanta M. A comprehensive review on the dynamic role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in frontier aquaculture research and as a promising avenue for fish disease management. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126541. [PMID: 37648127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a conserved group of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play a crucial role in inducing the broadly acting innate immune response against pathogens. In recent years, the detection of 21 different TLR types in various fish species has sparked interest in exploring the potential of TLRs as targets for boosting immunity and disease resistance in fish. This comprehensive review offers the latest insights into the diverse facets of fish TLRs, highlighting their history, classification, architectural insights through 3D modelling, ligands recognition, signalling pathways, crosstalk, and expression patterns at various developmental stages. It provides an exhaustive account of the distinct TLRs induced during the invasion of specific pathogens in various fish species and delves into the disparities between fish TLRs and their mammalian counterparts, highlighting the specific contribution of TLRs to the immune response in fish. Although various facets of TLRs in some fish, shellfish, and molluscs have been described, the role of TLRs in several other aquatic organisms still remained as potential gaps. Overall, this article outlines frontier aquaculture research in advancing the knowledge of fish immune systems for the proper management of piscine maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smruti Mahapatra
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Saswati Pani
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Ashis Saha
- Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology Laboratory, Fish Nutrition and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Immunology Laboratory, Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India.
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Chatuphonprasert W, Tatiya-aphiradee N, Sutthanut K, Thammawat S, Puthongking P, Nopwinyoowong N, Jarukamjorn K. Combinatory effects of Dipterocarpus alatus twig emulgel: Wound-restoring, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected mouse superficial wounds. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17483. [PMID: 37416687 PMCID: PMC10320117 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipterocarpus alatus has been used for the treatment of infectious skin diseases and ulcerative wounds in Thai traditional medicine. A major pathogen in human superficial skin infections is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study determined the wound healing, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of D. alatus twig emulgel against MRSA-infected mouse superficial skin wounds. Ethyl acetate-methanol crude extract of D. alatus twig was incorporated into emulgel at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg/g (D20 and D40) and its activity was compared to tetracycline emulgel (160 μg/g, Tetra). MRSA-infected superficial wounds demonstrated decreased skin barrier strength, increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and mast cell accumulation. Expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), NF-κβ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 genes were induced after MRSA infection. Daily application of 100 μL of D20 or D40 for 9 days restored skin barrier strength and TEWL while reducing mast cell and MRSA numbers compared to the non-treated group (MRSA-NT). The wounds treated with D20 and D40 were entirely healed on day 9. Expression of TLR-2 and cytokine-related genes NF-κβ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were normalized by treatment with either D20 or D40. Therefore, emulgel containing 20 to 40 mg/g ethyl acetate-methanol crude D. alatus twig extract is a good candidate for development as a topical formulation for MRSA-infected ulcerated wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Chatuphonprasert
- Division of Pre-clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nitima Tatiya-aphiradee
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Khaetthareeya Sutthanut
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Sutthiwan Thammawat
- Division of Pre-clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Ploenthip Puthongking
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Naroeporn Nopwinyoowong
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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Expression of Antimicrobic Peptide Piscidin1 in Gills Mast Cells of Giant Mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213707. [PMID: 36430187 PMCID: PMC9692400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The amphibious teleost Giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Pallas 1770) inhabit muddy plains and Asian mangrove forests. It spends more than 90% of its life outside of the water, using its skin, gills, and buccal-pharyngeal cavity mucosa to breathe in oxygen from the surrounding air. All vertebrates have been found to have mast cells (MCs), which are part of the innate immune system. These cells are mostly found in the mucous membranes of the organs that come in contact with the outside environment. According to their morphology, MCs have distinctive cytoplasmic granules that are released during the degranulation process. Additionally, these cells have antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that fight a variety of infections. Piscidins, hepcidins, defensins, cathelicidins, and histonic peptides are examples of fish AMPs. Confocal microscopy was used in this study to assess Piscidin1 expression in Giant Mudskipper branchial MCs. Our results demonstrated the presence of MCs in the gills is highly positive for Piscidin1. Additionally, colocalized MCs labeled with TLR2/5-HT and Piscidin1/5-HT supported our data. The expression of Piscidin1 in giant mudskipper MCs highlights the involvement of this peptide in the orchestration of teleost immunity, advancing the knowledge of the defense system of this fish.
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Oliver BG, Wang HG, Liu ZP, Chen ZH, Wood L, Hsu ACY, Xie M, McDonald V, Wan HJ, Luo FM, Liu D, Li WM, Wang G. Sputum Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Metabolic Pathways and Signatures Associated With Inflammatory Phenotypes in Patients With Asthma. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 14:393-411. [PMID: 35837823 PMCID: PMC9293602 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2022.14.4.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The molecular links between metabolism and inflammation that drive different inflammatory phenotypes in asthma are poorly understood. We aimed to identify the metabolic signatures and underlying molecular pathways of different inflammatory asthma phenotypes. Methods In the discovery set (n = 119), untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was applied to characterize the induced sputum metabolic profiles of asthmatic patients with different inflammatory phenotypes using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and pathway topology enrichment analysis. In the validation set (n = 114), differential metabolites were selected to perform targeted quantification. Correlations between targeted metabolites and clinical indices in asthmatic patients were analyzed. Logistic and negative binomial regression models were established to assess the association between metabolites and severe asthma exacerbations. Results Seventy-seven differential metabolites were identified in the discovery set. Pathway topology analysis uncovered that histidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism as well as phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis were involved in the pathogenesis of different asthma phenotypes. In the validation set, 24 targeted quantification metabolites were significantly expressed between asthma inflammatory phenotypes. Finally, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (adjusted relative risk [adj RR] = 1.000; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.000–1.000; P = 0.050), allantoin (adj RR = 1.000; 95% CI = 1.000–1.000; P = 0.043) and nicotinamide (adj RR = 1.001; 95% CI = 1.000–1.002; P = 0.021) were demonstrated to predict severe asthma exacerbation rates. Conclusions Different inflammatory asthma phenotypes have specific metabolic profiles in induced sputum. The potential metabolic signatures may identify therapeutic targets in different inflammatory asthma phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Pneumology Group, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Zhi Hong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Respiratory Disease, Respiratory Division of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lisa Wood
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Vanessa McDonald
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, The University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Hua Jing Wan
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Feng Ming Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wei Min Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Kurashina Y, Asano R, Matsui M, Nomoto T, Ando K, Nakamura K, Nishiyama N, Kitamoto Y. Quantitative Analysis of Acoustic Pressure for Sonophoresis and Its Effect on Transdermal Penetration. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:933-944. [PMID: 35272891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound facilitates the penetration of macromolecular compounds through the skin and offers a promising non-invasive technique for transdermal delivery. However, technical difficulties in quantifying ultrasound-related parameters have restricted further analysis of the sonophoresis mechanism. In this study, we devise a bolt-clamped Langevin transducer-based sonophoresis device that enables us to measure with a thin lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensor. One-dimensional acoustic theory accounting for wave interaction at the skin interface indicates that the acoustic pressure and cavitation onset on the skin during sonophoresis are sensitive to the subcutaneous support, meaning that there is a strong need to perform the pressure measurement in an experimental environment replacing the human body. From a series of the experiments with our new device, the transdermal penetration of polystyrene, silica and gold nanoparticles is found to depend on the size and material of the particles, as well as the hardness of the subcutaneous support material. We speculate from the acoustic pressure measurement that the particles' penetration results from the mechanical action of cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kurashina
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Risa Asano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keita Ando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kitamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Mast Cells and Acupuncture Analgesia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050860. [PMID: 35269483 PMCID: PMC8909752 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are widely distributed in various parts of the human body and play a vital role in the progression of many diseases. Recently, the close relationship between mast cells and acupoints was elucidated, and the role of mast cells in acupuncture analgesia has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Using mast cells, acupuncture analgesia and acupoint as key words to search CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science and other databases, combining the representative articles in these databases with the published research papers of our group, we summarized: The enrichment of mast cells and the dense arrangement of collagen fibers, microvessels, and nerves form the basis for acupoints as the reaction sites of acupuncture; acupuncture can cause the deformation of collagen fibers and activate TRPV channels on mast cells membrane, so as to stimulate mast cells to release bioactive substances and activate nerve receptors to generate analgesic effect; system biology models are set up to explain the quantitative process of information initiation and transmission at acupuncture points, and indicate that the acupuncture effect depends on the local mast cells density. In a conclusion, this review will give a scientific explanation of acupuncture analgesia from the material basis of acupoints, the local initiation, and afferent biological mechanism.
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Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Fumia A, Calabrò C, Lo Cascio P, Lauriano ER. Mast cells in goldfish (
Carassius auratus
) gut: Immunohistochemical characterization. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Concetta Calabrò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
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Mast Cell Proteases Tryptase and Chymase Induce Migratory and Morphological Alterations in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105250. [PMID: 34065716 PMCID: PMC8156481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are often characterized by impaired epithelial function and remodeling. Mast cells (MCs) are known to home into the epithelium in respiratory diseases, but the MC-epithelial interactions remain less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of MC proteases on bronchial epithelial morphology and function. Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with MC tryptase and/or chymase. Morphology and epithelial function were performed using cell tracking analysis and holographic live-cell imaging. Samples were also analyzed for motility-associated gene expression. Immunocytochemistry was performed to compare cytoskeletal arrangement. Stimulated cells showed strong alterations on gene, protein and functional levels in several parameters important for maintaining epithelial function. The most significant increases were found in cell motility, cellular speed and cell elongation compared to non-stimulated cells. Also, cell morphology was significantly altered in chymase treated compared to non-stimulated cells. In the current study, we show that MC proteases can induce cell migration and morphological and proliferative alterations in epithelial cells. Thus, our data imply that MC release of proteases may play a critical role in airway epithelial remodeling and disruption of epithelial function.
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Microarray patches enable the development of skin-targeted vaccines against COVID-19. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:164-186. [PMID: 33539853 PMCID: PMC8060128 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to global health and the global economy. The ongoing race to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent for COVID-19, highlights the importance of vaccination to combat infectious pathogens. The highly accessible cutaneous microenvironment is an ideal target for vaccination since the skin harbors a high density of antigen-presenting cells and immune accessory cells with broad innate immune functions. Microarray patches (MAPs) are an attractive intracutaneous biocargo delivery system that enables safe, reproducible, and controlled administration of vaccine components (antigens, with or without adjuvants) to defined skin microenvironments. This review describes the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and relevant antigenic targets for vaccination, summarizes key concepts of skin immunobiology in the context of prophylactic immunization, and presents an overview of MAP-mediated cutaneous vaccine delivery. Concluding remarks on MAP-based skin immunization are provided to contribute to the rational development of safe and effective MAP-delivered vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, including COVID-19.
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Kwon B, Hong SY, Kim EY, Kim JH, Kim M, Park JH, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Effect of Cone of Pinus densiflora on DNCB-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesion in Balb/c Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030839. [PMID: 33806628 PMCID: PMC7998145 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone of Pinus densiflora (CP), or Korean red pinecone, is a cluster of Pinus densiflora fruit. CP has also been verified in several studies to have anti-oxidation, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-melanogenic effects. However, anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been confirmed in the inflammatory responses of pinecones to allergic contact dermatitis. The purpose of this study is to prove the anti-inflammatory effect of CP on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in vitro and in vivo. CP inhibited the expression of TSLP, TARC, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells and MCP-1, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in PMACI (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate plus A23187)-stimulated HMC-1 cells. CP inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), as well as the translocation of NF-κB on TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulated in HaCaT cells. In vivo, CP decreased major symptoms of ACD, levels of IL-6 in skin lesion, thickening of the epidermis and dermis, infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells, and the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. This result suggests that CP represents a potential alternative medicine to ACD for diseases such as chronic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguen Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Soo Yeon Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minsun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Jae Ho Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Jungwon University, 85, Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea;
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (H.-S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0327 (H.-S.J.); Fax: +82-2-961-9449 (H.-S.J.)
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (B.K.); (S.Y.H.); (E.-Y.K.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (H.-S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0327 (H.-S.J.); Fax: +82-2-961-9449 (H.-S.J.)
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13
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Mast Cell Regulation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effects of Food Components with Potential Nutraceutical Use. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184314. [PMID: 32962285 PMCID: PMC7570512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are key actors in inflammatory reactions. Upon activation, they release histamine, heparin and nerve growth factor, among many other mediators that modulate immune response and neuron sensitization. One important feature of mast cells is that their population is usually increased in animal models and biopsies from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, mast cells and mast cell mediators are regarded as key components in IBS pathophysiology. IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting the quality of life of up to 20% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from constipation to diarrhea, with a mixed subtype and even an unclassified form. Nutrient intake is one of the triggering factors of IBS. In this respect, certain components of the daily food, such as fatty acids, amino acids or plant-derived substances like flavonoids, have been described to modulate mast cells' activity. In this review, we will focus on the effect of these molecules, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on mast cell degranulation, looking for a nutraceutical capable of decreasing IBS symptoms.
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14
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Eliasse Y, Redoules D, Espinosa E. Impact of Avène Thermal Spring Water on immune cells. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34 Suppl 5:21-26. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Eliasse
- Inserm U1037 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT) Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - D. Redoules
- Pierre Fabre Dermo‐Cosmétique Toulouse France
| | - E. Espinosa
- Inserm U1037 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT) Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
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15
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The Return of the Mast Cell: New Roles in Neuroimmune Itch Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:945-951. [PMID: 32248995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mast cell-nerve unit classically has represented a fundamental neuroimmune axis in the development of itch because of the traditional prominence of histamine as a pruritogen. However, it is appreciated increasingly that most chronic itch disorders are likely nonhistaminergic in nature, provoking the hypothesis that other novel effector itch mechanisms derived from mast cells are important. In this review, we present an overview of classical mast cell biology and put these concepts into the context of recent advances in our understanding of the regulation and function of the mast cell-nerve unit in itch biology.
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16
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Bertoldo BB, Etchebehere RM, Furtado TCDS, Faria JBD, Silva CB, Araújo MFD, Rodrigues DBR, Pereira SADL. Lingual salivary gland hypertrophy and decreased acinar density in chagasic patients without megaesophagus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e67. [PMID: 31859844 PMCID: PMC6907416 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the salivary glands present several functions, there are few studies evaluating these glands in Chagas disease (CD). This study aimed to compare the percentage of collagen, the presence of inflammation, the density of chimase and tryptase mast cells, the area and density of lingual salivary gland acini in autopsied individuals with and without (CD). We analyzed 400 autopsy reports performed in a tertiary public hospital from 1999 to 2015 and selected all the cases in which tongue fragments were collected (27 cases), 12 with chronic CD without megaesophagus (CH) and 15 without CD (non-chagasic - NC). The histological sections of the tongue were stained by Picrosirius red for collagen evaluation and Hematoxylin-eosin for morphometric evaluation of salivary gland acini and inflammation. Anti-chimase and anti-tryptase antibodies were used for the immunohistochemical evaluation of mast cells. The chagasic patients presented higher volume and lower density of salivary glands acini. There was no difference in the collagen percentage, inflammation and density of mast cell chymase and tryptase between the groups. Although we did not observe a significant difference between the groups regarding the collagen percentage, inflammatory process and mast cell density, our results suggest that even without megaesophagus, chagasic patients present hypertrophy of the lingual salivary glands and lower acinar density probably due to mechanisms independent of the esophagus-glandular stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Bellocchio Bertoldo
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Margarida Etchebehere
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Barbosa de Faria
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilla Beatriz Silva
- Universidade de Uberaba, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia Fernandes de Araújo
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade de Uberaba, Programa de Mestrado em Odontologia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade de Uberaba, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Centro de Educação Profissional (Cefores), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sanivia Aparecida de Lima Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade de Uberaba, Programa de Mestrado em Odontologia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade de Uberaba, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Centro de Educação Profissional (Cefores), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Mast Cell Degranulation Decreases Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Aortic Gene Expression and Systemic Levels of Interleukin-6 In Vivo. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3856360. [PMID: 31780858 PMCID: PMC6855011 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3856360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in immunomodulation and in the maintenance of vascular integrity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the key biomarkers and therapeutic target in systemic vasculitis. The objective of the current study is to describe the role of mast cells in arterial IL-6 homeostasis. Eight- to ten-week-old male C57BL/6 (wild-type) mice were injected with either (a) saline, (b) compound 48/80 (a systemic mast cell degranulating agent), (c) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or (d) a combination of C48/80 and LPS. Twenty-four hours after the injections, mice were sacrificed and serum samples and aortic tissues were analyzed for determining inflammatory response and cytokine expression profile. The results revealed that induction of mast cell degranulation significantly lowers serum IL-6 levels and aortic expression of IL-6 in LPS-treated mice. Significantly higher aortic expression of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and TNF-α was seen in the LPS and LPS+C48/80 groups of mice compared to controls. Aortic expression of TLR-4 was significantly decreased in LPS+C48/80 compared to C48/80 alone. LPS+C48/80-treated mice presented with a 3-fold higher aortic expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1) compared to saline-injected groups. The inhibition of LPS-induced increase in serum IL-6 levels by mast cell degranulation was not seen in H1R knockout mice which suggests that mast cell-derived histamine acting through H1R may participate in the regulatory process. To examine whether the mast cell-mediated downregulation of LPS-induced IL-6 production is transient or cumulative in nature, wild-type mice were injected serially over a period of 10 days (5 injections) and serum cytokine levels were quantified. We found no significant differences in serum IL-6 levels between any of the groups. While mice injected with C48/80 or LPS had higher IL-10 compared to vehicle-injected mice, there was no difference between C48/80- and LPS+C48/80-injected mice. In conclusion, in an in vivo setting, mast cells appear to partially and transiently regulate systemic IL-6 homeostasis. This effect may be regulated through increased systemic IL-10 and/or aortic overexpression of SOCS-1.
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18
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Mast cells are critical for controlling the bacterial burden and the healing of infected wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20500-20504. [PMID: 31548430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908816116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound infections are a significant health problem, and antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Mast cells (MCs) have been shown to contribute to host-defense responses in certain bacterial infections, but their role in skin wound superinfection is unknown. We subjected 2 MC-deficient mouse strains to Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin wound infection and found significantly delayed wound closure in infected skin wounds. This delay was associated with impaired bacterial clearance in the absence of MCs. Engraftment of MCs restored both bacterial clearance and wound closure. Bacterial killing was dependent on IL-6 released from MCs, and engraftment with IL-6-deficient MCs failed to control wound infection. Treatment with recombinant IL-6 enhanced bacterial killing and resulted in the control of wound infection and normal wound healing in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrate a defense mechanism for boosting host innate immune responses, namely effects of MC-derived IL-6 on antimicrobial functions of keratinocytes.
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19
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Imiquimod enhances DNFB mediated contact hypersensitivity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:284-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Cell type-specific gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in World Trade Center responders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:1. [PMID: 30664621 PMCID: PMC6341096 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a chronic disorder resulting from severe trauma, has been linked to immunologic dysregulation. Gene expression profiling has emerged as a promising tool for understanding the pathophysiology of PTSD. However, to date, all but one gene expression study was based on whole blood or unsorted peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), a complex tissue consisting of several populations of cells. The objective of this study was to utilize RNA sequencing to simultaneously profile the gene expression of four immune cell subpopulations (CD4T, CD8T, B cells, and monocytes) in 39 World Trade Center responders (20 with and 19 without PTSD) to determine which immune subsets play a role in the transcriptomic changes found in whole blood. Transcriptome-wide analyses identified cell-specific and shared differentially expressed genes across the four cell types. FKBP5 and PI4KAP1 genes were consistently upregulated across all cell types. Notably, REST and SEPT4, genes linked to neurodegeneration, were among the top differentially expressed genes in monocytes. Pathway analyses identified differentially expressed gene sets involved in mast cell activation and regulation in CD4T, interferon-beta production in CD8T, and neutrophil-related gene sets in monocytes. These findings suggest that gene expression indicative of immune dysregulation is common across several immune cell populations in PTSD. Furthermore, given notable differences between cell subpopulations in gene expression associated with PTSD, the results also indicate that it may be valuable to analyze different cell populations separately. Monocytes may constitute a key cell type to target in research on gene expression profile of PTSD.
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21
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Ngo Nyekel F, Pacreau E, Benadda S, Msallam R, Åbrink M, Pejler G, Davoust J, Benhamou M, Charles N, Launay P, Blank U, Gautier G. Mast Cell Degranulation Exacerbates Skin Rejection by Enhancing Neutrophil Recruitment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2690. [PMID: 30515167 PMCID: PMC6255985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate an important role of tissue inflammatory responses by innate immune cells in allograft acceptance and survival. Here we investigated the role of mast cells (MC) in an acute male to female skin allograft rejection model using red MC and basophil (RMB) mice enabling conditional MC depletion. Kinetic analysis showed that MCs markedly accelerate skin rejection. They induced an early inflammatory response through degranulation and boosted local synthesis of KC, MIP-2, and TNF. This enhanced early neutrophil infiltration compared to a female-female graft-associated repair response. The uncontrolled neutrophil influx accelerated rejection as antibody-mediated depletion of neutrophils delayed skin rejection. Administration of cromolyn, a MC stabilizer and to a lesser extent ketotifen, a histamine type I receptor antagonist, and absence of MCPT4 chymase also delayed graft rejection. Together our data indicate that mediators contained in secretory granules of MC promote an inflammatory response with enhanced neutrophil infiltration that accelerate graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Ngo Nyekel
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Samira Benadda
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Rasha Msallam
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean Davoust
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Gregory Gautier
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire D'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
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22
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Wan SW, Wu-Hsieh BA, Lin YS, Chen WY, Huang Y, Anderson R. The monocyte-macrophage-mast cell axis in dengue pathogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:77. [PMID: 30409217 PMCID: PMC6225659 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus, the causative agent of dengue disease which may have hemorrhagic complications, poses a global health threat. Among the numerous target cells for dengue virus in humans are monocytes, macrophages and mast cells which are important regulators of vascular integrity and which undergo dramatic cellular responses after infection by dengue virus. The strategic locations of these three cell types, inside blood vessels (monocytes) or outside blood vessels (macrophages and mast cells) allow them to respond to dengue virus infection with the production of both intracellular and secretory factors which affect virus replication, vascular permeability and/or leukocyte extravasation. Moreover, the expression of Fc receptors on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and mast cells makes them important target cells for antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection which is a major risk factor for severe dengue disease, involving hemorrhage. Collectively, these features of monocytes, macrophages and mast cells contribute to both beneficial and harmful responses of importance to understanding and controlling dengue infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Wan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robert Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
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23
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Thangam EB, Jemima EA, Singh H, Baig MS, Khan M, Mathias CB, Church MK, Saluja R. The Role of Histamine and Histamine Receptors in Mast Cell-Mediated Allergy and Inflammation: The Hunt for New Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1873. [PMID: 30150993 PMCID: PMC6099187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine and its receptors (H1R–H4R) play a crucial and significant role in the development of various allergic diseases. Mast cells are multifunctional bone marrow-derived tissue-dwelling cells that are the major producer of histamine in the body. H1R are expressed in many cells, including mast cells, and are involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. H2R are involved in Th1 lymphocyte cytokine production. H3R are mainly involved in blood–brain barrier function. H4R are highly expressed on mast cells where their stimulation exacerbates histamine and cytokine generation. Both H1R and H4R have important roles in the progression and modulation of histamine-mediated allergic diseases. Antihistamines that target H1R alone are not entirely effective in the treatment of acute pruritus, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and other allergic diseases. However, antagonists that target H4R have shown promising effects in preclinical and clinical studies in the treatment of several allergic diseases. In the present review, we examine the accumulating evidence suggesting novel therapeutic approaches that explore both H1R and H4R as therapeutic targets for histamine-mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elden Berla Thangam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ebenezer Angel Jemima
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Himadri Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mirza Saqib Baig
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahejibin Khan
- Central Food Technological Research Institute-Resource Centre, Lucknow, India
| | - Clinton B Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States
| | - Martin K Church
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rohit Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
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24
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Stigmasterol Alleviates Cutaneous Allergic Responses in Rodents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3984068. [PMID: 30140696 PMCID: PMC6081592 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3984068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of stigmasterol, a natural steroid alcohol with established immune-modulatory properties, was assessed on allergic cutaneous responses. We examined its suppressive effect on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA), compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced pruritus, and irritant dermatitis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Stigmasterol at 10–100 mg/kg significantly inhibited ACA with reduction in reaction area and concentration of the extravasated Evans blue dye. Given at 50 and 100 mg/kg, stigmasterol significantly inhibited C48/80-induced scratching behaviour when compared to saline-treated C48/80-injected control. Skin histopathology of injected sites confirmed that stigmasterol reduced mast cell trafficking and degranulation associated with C48/80-induced pruritus. Stigmasterol controlled inflammatory features such as ear skin oedema and neutrophilia and also reduced serum levels of TNFα induced by topical application of TPA. Epidermal layer thickening and inflammatory cell infiltration of ear skin tissue were significantly reduced by stigmasterol. Taken together, stigmasterol demonstrates significant potential as a molecule of interest in allergic skin disease therapy.
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Wang X, Hao GL, Gao CC, Wang YX, Liu YH, Qiu ZQ, Li LS, Xu JD. Intestinal mast cells and their function. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:601-608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i10.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells develop from the CD34+ precursor cells in bone marrow, are activated in the gut, and can release a variety of bioactive mediators, including histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and tryptase. They play a crucial role in intestinal innate and adaptive immunity because of their diverse secretory granules and unique mature characteristics. Many studies have shown that a variety of intestinal diseases have close relationship with mast cells, especially inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and intestinal allergic diseases, which has attracted extensive attention. In this paper, we review the function and mechanism of intestinal mast cells and their role in the treatment of related clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Gui-Liang Hao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | | | | | - Yue-Hong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Costa MB, Mimura KKO, Freitas AA, Hungria EM, Sousa ALOM, Oliani SM, Stefani MMA. Mast cell heterogeneity and anti-inflammatory annexin A1 expression in leprosy skin lesions. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:277-284. [PMID: 29605649 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have important immunoregulatory roles in skin inflammation. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is an endogenous anti-inflammatory protein that can be expressed by mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, epithelial and T cells. This study investigated MCs heterogeneity and ANXA1 expression in human dermatoses with special emphasis in leprosy. Sixty one skin biopsies from 2 groups were investigated: 40 newly diagnosed untreated leprosy patients (18 reaction-free, 11 type 1 reaction/T1R, 11 type 2 reaction/T2R); 21 patients with other dermatoses. Tryptase/try+ and chymase/chy + phenotypic markers and toluidine blue stained intact/degranulated MC counts/mm2 were evaluated. Try+/chy+ MCs and ANXA1 were identified by streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase immunostaining and density was reported. In leprosy, degranulated MCs outnumbered intact ones regardless of the leprosy form (from tuberculoid/TT to lepromatous/LL), leprosy reactions (reactional/reaction-free) and type of reaction (T1R/T2R). Compared to other dermatoses, leprosy skin lesions showed lower numbers of degranulated and intact MCs. Try+ MCs outnumbered chy+ in leprosy lesions (reaction-free/reactional, particularly in T2R), but not in other dermatoses. Compared to other dermatoses, ANXA1 expression, which is also expressed in mast cells, was higher in the epidermis of leprosy skin lesions, independently of reactional episode. In leprosy, higher MC degranulation and differential expression of try+/chy+ subsets independent of leprosy type and reaction suggest that the Mycobacterium leprae infection itself dictates the inflammatory MCs activation in skin lesions. Higher expression of ANXA1 in leprosy suggests its potential anti-inflammatory role to maintain homeostasis preventing tissue and nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício B Costa
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Kallyne K O Mimura
- Department of Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline A Freitas
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Emerith M Hungria
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia O M Sousa
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Oliani
- Department of Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane M A Stefani
- Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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Neuropeptides, Inflammation, and Diabetic Wound Healing: Lessons from Experimental Models and Human Subjects. CONTEMPORARY DIABETES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89869-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Igawa S, Di Nardo A. Skin microbiome and mast cells. Transl Res 2017; 184:68-76. [PMID: 28390799 PMCID: PMC5538027 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbiotas in the skin have high levels of diversity at the species level, but low phylum-level diversity. The human skin microbiota is composed predominantly of Gram-positive bacteria especially Actinobacteria, which are the dominant bacterial phylum on the skin. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and is therefore abundant in the skin microbiome. Recent studies have shown that LTA, and other bacterial products, permeates the whole skin and comes into contact with epidermal and dermal cells, including mast cells (MCs), with the potential of stimulating MC toll-like receptors (TLRs). MCs express a variety of pattern recognition receptors, including TLRs, on their cell surface in order to detect bacteria. Recent publications suggest that the skin microbiome has influence on MC migration, localization and maturation in the skin. Germ free (no microbiome) animals possess an underdeveloped immune system and immature MCs. Despite much research done on skin microbiota and many papers describing skin interaction with "the good microbiota", there is still controversy regarding how mast cells, communicate with surface bacteria. The present review intends to quell the controversy by illuminating the communication mechanism between bacteria and MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Igawa
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
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Maurer M, Rietzler M, Burghardt R, Siebenhaar F. The male beard hair and facial skin - challenges for shaving. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 38 Suppl 1:3-9. [PMID: 27212465 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of shaving is to cut the beard hair as closely as possible to the skin without unwanted effects on the skin. To achieve this requires the understanding of beard hair and male facial skin biology as both, the beard hair and the male facial skin, contribute to the difficulties in obtaining an effective shave without shaving-induced skin irritation. Little information is available on the biology of beard hairs and beard hair follicles. We know that, in beard hairs, the density, thickness, stiffness, as well as the rates of elliptical shape and low emerging angle, are high and highly heterogeneous. All of this makes it challenging to cut it, and shaving techniques commonly employed to overcome these challenges include shaving with increased pressure and multiple stroke shaving, which increase the probability and extent of shaving-induced skin irritation. Several features of male facial skin pose problems to a perfect shave. The male facial skin is heterogeneous in morphology and roughness, and male skin has a tendency to heal slower and to develop hyperinflammatory pigmentation. In addition, many males exhibit sensitive skin, with the face most often affected. Finally, the hair follicle is a sensory organ, and the perifollicular skin is highly responsive to external signals including mechanical and thermal stimulation. Perifollicular skin is rich in vasculature, innervation and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. This makes perifollicular skin a highly responsive and inflammatory system, especially in individuals with sensitive skin. Activation of this system, by shaving, can result in shaving-induced skin irritation. Techniques commonly employed to avoid shaving-induced skin irritation include shaving with less pressure, pre- and post-shave skin treatment and to stop shaving altogether. Recent advances in shaving technology have addressed some but not all of these issues. A better understanding of beard hairs, beard hair follicles and male facial skin is needed to develop novel and better approaches to overcome the challenge of shaving. This article covers what is known about the physical properties of beard hairs and skin and why those present a challenge for blade and electric shaving, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Rietzler
- Procter & Gamble Braun German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Strasse 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany
| | - R Burghardt
- Procter & Gamble Braun German Innovation Center, Frankfurter Strasse 145, 61476 Kronberg, Germany
| | - F Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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The bacterial quorum-sensing molecule, N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, inhibits mediator release and chemotaxis of murine mast cells. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:259-268. [PMID: 27896412 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial colonization relies on communication between bacteria via so-called "quorum-sensing molecules", which include the acyl-homoserine lactone group. Certain acyl-homoserine lactones can modulate mammalian cell function and are thought to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity. Given the role of mast cells in host defense, we investigated the ability of acyl-homoserine lactones to modulate mast cell function. METHODS We utilized murine primary mast cell cultures to assess the effect of acyl-homoserine lactones on degranulation and cytokine release in response to different stimuli. We also assessed cell migration in response to chemoattractants. The effect of acyl-homoserine lactones in vivo was tested using a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model. RESULTS Two of the tested quorum-sensing molecules, N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone and N-Dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, inhibited IgE dependent and independent degranulation and mediator release from primary mast cells. Further testing of N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, the most potent inhibitor and a product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, revealed that it also attenuated chemotaxis and LPS induced cytokine production. In vivo, N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis response in mice. CONCLUSION The ability of N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone to stabilize mast cells may contribute to the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa but could potentially be exploited therapeutically in allergic disease.
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Vijayavenkataraman S, Lu WF, Fuh JYH. 3D bioprinting of skin: a state-of-the-art review on modelling, materials, and processes. Biofabrication 2016; 8:032001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/032001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen L, Zhao JM, Li YW, Shang HX, Wu LY, Shi Y, Dou CZ, Wu HG. Comparative study of electroacupuncture and moxibustion in influencing Tianshu (ST 25) regions mast cells in visceral hyperalgesia rats. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-016-0932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Orf virus IL-10 reduces monocyte, dendritic cell and mast cell recruitment to inflamed skin. Virus Res 2016; 213:230-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Krystel-Whittemore M, Dileepan KN, Wood JG. Mast Cell: A Multi-Functional Master Cell. Front Immunol 2016; 6:620. [PMID: 26779180 PMCID: PMC4701915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells of the myeloid lineage and are present in connective tissues throughout the body. The activation and degranulation of mast cells significantly modulates many aspects of physiological and pathological conditions in various settings. With respect to normal physiological functions, mast cells are known to regulate vasodilation, vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, angiogenesis, and venom detoxification. On the other hand, mast cells have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis, gastrointestinal disorders, many types of malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of mast cells in many pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Krystel-Whittemore
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Kottarappat N Dileepan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - John G Wood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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35
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Mastzellen und Basophile. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Chai OH, Song CH. Role of mast cell in the late phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by trimellitic anhydride. Anat Cell Biol 2015; 48:225-34. [PMID: 26770872 PMCID: PMC4701695 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2015.48.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are known as effector cells of IgE-mediated allergic responses, but role of mast cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered controversial. In this study, we investigated role of mast cell in trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced CHS. The mice were sensitized to TMA on the back and repeatedly challenged with TMA on the left ear at 1-week intervals. The ear after challenge showed biphasic responses. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of early and late phase reactions in proportion to the frequency of TMA challenges in C57BL/6 mice. In late phase reaction, peak of ear response by single challenge showed at 24 hours after challenge, but the peak by repeat challenges at 8 hours after the last challenge. Number of mast cells and eosinophils per unit area increased in proportion to frequency of TMA challenges. However, mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-KitW/KitW-v mice developed the late phase reaction without the early phase reaction. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of ear response and the infiltration of eosinophils. The magnitude of these responses observed according to the frequency of the TMA challenge in mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-KitW/KitW-v mice was significantly lower than that in C57BL/6 mice. Also TMA elicited mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusively, TMA induces the early and late phase reactions in CHS, and mast cells may be required for TMA-induced CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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37
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Zolotarevski L, Jovic M, Popov Aleksandrov A, Milosavljevic P, Brajuskovic G, Demenesku J, Mirkov I, Ninkov M, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Skin response to epicutaneous application of anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin is characterized by differential time- and dose-dependent changes in cell activity. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:41-8. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1008701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Siebenhaar F, Falcone FH, Tiligada E, Hammel I, Maurer M, Sagi-Eisenberg R, Levi-Schaffer F. The search for mast cell and basophil models--are we getting closer to pathophysiological relevance? Allergy 2015; 70:1-5. [PMID: 25155287 DOI: 10.1111/all.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - F. H. Falcone
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Science; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - E. Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical School University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - I. Hammel
- Department of Pathology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - M. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - F. Levi-Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; School of Pharmacy; Institute for Drug Research; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-based immune cells that participate to both innate and adaptive immunities as well as to tissue-remodelling processes. Their evolutionary history appears as a fascinating process, whose outline we can only partly reconstruct according to current remnant evidence. MCs have been identified in all vertebrate classes, and a cell population with the overall characteristics of higher vertebrate MCs is identifiable even in the most evolutionarily advanced fish species. In invertebrates, cells related to vertebrate MCs have been recognized in ascidians, a class of urochordates which appeared approximately 500 million years ago. These comprise the granular hemocyte with intermediate characteristics of basophils and MCs and the "test cell" (see below). Both types of cells contain histamine and heparin, and provide defensive functions. The test cell releases tryptase after stimulation with compound 48/80. A leukocyte ancestor operating in the context of a primitive local innate immunity probably represents the MC phylogenetic progenitor. This cell was likely involved in phagocytic and killing activity against pathogens and operated as a general inducer of inflammation. This early type of defensive cell possibly expressed concomitant tissue-reparative functions. With the advent of recombinase activating gene (RAG)-mediated adaptive immunity in the Cambrian era, some 550 million years ago, and the emergence of early vertebrates, MC progenitors differentiated towards a more complex cellular entity. Early MCs probably appeared in the last common ancestor we shared with hagfish, lamprey, and sharks about 450-500 million years ago.
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Tóth BI, Szallasi A, Bíró T. Transient receptor potential channels and itch: how deep should we scratch? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 226:89-133. [PMID: 25861776 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44605-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have evolved from a somewhat obscure observation on how fruit flies detect light to become the center of drug discovery efforts, triggering a heated debate about their potential as targets for therapeutic applications in humans. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the diverse mechanism of action of TRP channels in the itch pathway from the skin to the brain with focus on the peripheral detection of stimuli that elicit the desire to scratch and spinal itch processing and sensitization. We predict that the compelling basic research findings on TRP channels and pruritus will be translated into the development of novel, clinically useful itch medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs I Tóth
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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41
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Investigation of the lower resistance meridian: speculation on the pathophysiological functions of acupuncture meridians. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:107571. [PMID: 25525443 PMCID: PMC4267216 DOI: 10.1155/2014/107571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It was pointed out in the two earlier papers of the present author that the meridians are in fact zones in the loose connective tissue containing richer interstitial fluid and thus are lower-resistance passages for diffusion of meridian-signal carriers or mediators. Moreover, a hypothesis, which incorporates the wide variety of functions of the loose connective tissue, the circulatory system, and the nervous system into the meridian function, has been proposed and in the hypothesis the mast cell plays some key roles. In the present paper, considering also the latest knowledge on cell migration along with some existing experimental results, it is further pointed out that meridians ought to be lower-resistance passages for chemotactic migration of cells and mast cells can indeed migrate longitudinally along meridians. Finally, the present paper points out that if we add the last two points to the hypothesis and keep in mind that mast cells have been known very recently to be versatile regulators of inflammation, tissue remodeling, host defense, and homeostasis, the rich pathophysiological functions of the meridian pointed out by the traditional Chinese medicine can be understood quite naturally.
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42
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Siebenhaar F, Metz M, Maurer M. Mast cells protect from skin tumor development and limit tumor growth during cutaneous de novo carcinogenesis in a Kit-dependent mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:159-64. [PMID: 24444017 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal tumors belong to the most frequent type of neoplasms, and tumor-associated accumulation of mast cells (MCs) has first been observed more than a century ago. Therefore, MCs have been implicated in tumor development and growth; however, the results regarding the role of MC in cutaneous de novo carcinogenesis are still controversially discussed. Here, we subjected MC-deficient Kit(W) /Kit(W-v) mice to chemical skin carcinogenesis. Tumors were induced using the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene and subsequent treatment with the tumor promoter 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetat. The treatment resulted in pronounced inflammatory cell infiltrates that were diminished in MC-deficient animals. Unexpectedly, tumor development and growth was significantly increased in MC-deficient Kit(W) /Kit(W-v) mice. The repair of their MC deficiency by local adoptive transfer of MCs normalized tumor incidence and growth. The recruitment of skin-infiltrating immune cells, particularly of F4/80+ monocytes, Gr-1+ granulocytes, B220+ B cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, to sites of tumor development was, in part, also controlled by MCs. Recent evidence indicated the importance of local antitumor tissue immunity which prevents tumor development. These findings suggest a critical role for MCs in mediating these host antitumor immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Förster A, Preussner LM, Seeger JM, Rabenhorst A, Kashkar H, Mrowietz U, Hartmann K. Dimethylfumarate induces apoptosis in human mast cells. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:719-24. [PMID: 24112621 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells modulate autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are widely used for the treatment of psoriasis, and dimethylfumarate (DMF) has recently been approved for multiple sclerosis. In this study, we analysed the cytotoxic effect of FAEs on human mast cells. Specifically, cell death was analysed in the human mast cell line HMC-1 and in primary cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMCs) after incubation with fumaric acid (FA), monomethylfumarate (MMF), DMF and calcium bis(monomethylfumarate) (Ca-MF). Our data show that only DMF potently induces apoptotic cell death in HMC-1 cells and CBMCs. DMF-mediated apoptosis was associated with increased expression of Bax and Bak and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-6. Interestingly, DMF also enhanced the sensitivity of CBMCs towards TRAIL- and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate for the first time that DMF induces apoptosis of human mast cells, primarily via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Our study contributes to the understanding of the beneficial effects of FAEs in autoimmune diseases and provides a rationale for exploiting FAEs for other diseases associated with mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Förster
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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da Silva EZM, Jamur MC, Oliver C. Mast cell function: a new vision of an old cell. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:698-738. [PMID: 25062998 PMCID: PMC4230976 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414545334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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45
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Wilkes MM, Wilson JD, Baird B, Holowka D. Activation of Cdc42 is necessary for sustained oscillations of Ca2+ and PIP2 stimulated by antigen in RBL mast cells. Biol Open 2014; 3:700-10. [PMID: 24996924 PMCID: PMC4133723 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen stimulation of mast cells via FcεRI, the high-affinity receptor for IgE, triggers a signaling cascade that requires Ca2+ mobilization for exocytosis of secretory granules during the allergic response. To characterize the role of Rho GTPases in FcεRI signaling, we utilized a mutant RBL cell line, B6A4C1, that is deficient in antigen-stimulated Cdc42 activation important for these processes. Recently the importance of stimulated intracellular oscillations has emerged, and we find that B6A4C1 cells exhibit severely attenuated Ca2+ oscillations in response to antigen, which are restored to wild-type RBL-2H3 levels by expression of constitutively active Cdc42 G12V or by a GEF for Cdc42, DOCK7, but not when the C-terminal di-arginine motif of active Cdc42 is mutated to di-glutamine. We found that antigen-stimulated FcεRI endocytosis, which occurs independently of Ca2+ mobilization, is also defective in B6A4C1 cells, and Cdc42 G12V reconstitutes this response as well. Thus, activation of Cdc42 occurs prior to and is critical for antigen-stimulated pathways leading separately to both Ca2+ mobilization and receptor endocytosis. Accounting for these downstream functional consequences, we show that Cdc42 G12V reconstitutes antigen-stimulated oscillations of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) at the plasma membrane in mutant B6A4C1 cells, pointing to Cdc42 participation in the regulation of stimulated PIP2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Wilkes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
| | - Joshua D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
| | - Barbara Baird
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
| | - David Holowka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Khan DA, Craig T, Dreyfus D, Hsieh F, Sheikh J, Weldon D, Zuraw B, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph CR, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles SA, Wallace D. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1270-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Siebenhaar F, Akin C, Bindslev-Jensen C, Maurer M, Broesby-Olsen S. Treatment strategies in mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 34:433-47. [PMID: 24745685 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Treatment recommendations for mastocytosis are based mostly on expert opinion rather than evidence obtained from controlled clinical trials. In this article, treatment options for mastocytosis are presented, with a focus on the control of mediator-related symptoms in patients with indolent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Siebenhaar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Interdisciplinary Mastocytosis Center Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
| | - Cem Akin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, Immunology, Mastocytosis Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Room 626B, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carsten Bindslev-Jensen
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy Centre, Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, MastOUH, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 142, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Interdisciplinary Mastocytosis Center Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Sigurd Broesby-Olsen
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy Centre, Mastocytosis Centre Odense University Hospital, MastOUH, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 142, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Makris M, Maurer M, Zuberbier T. Pharmacotherapy of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:2511-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.850490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Trivedi NH, Guentzel MN, Rodriguez AR, Yu JJ, Forsthuber TG, Arulanandam BP. Mast cells: multitalented facilitators of protection against bacterial pathogens. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:129-38. [PMID: 23390944 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are crucial effector cells evoking immune responses against bacterial pathogens. The positioning of mast cells at the host-environment interface, and the multitude of pathogen-recognition receptors and preformed mediator granules make these cells potentially the earliest to respond to an invading pathogen. In this review, the authors summarize the receptors used by mast cells to recognize invading bacteria and discuss the function of immune mediators released by mast cells in control of bacterial infection. The interaction of mast cells with other immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells, to induce protective immunity is highlighted. The authors also discuss mast cell-based vaccine strategies and the potential application in control of bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita H Trivedi
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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50
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Hasan UA, Zannetti C, Parroche P, Goutagny N, Malfroy M, Roblot G, Carreira C, Hussain I, Müller M, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Picard D, Sylla BS, Trinchieri G, Medzhitov R, Tommasino M. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein induces a transcriptional repressor complex on the Toll-like receptor 9 promoter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1369-87. [PMID: 23752229 PMCID: PMC3698525 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HPV16-positive cervical cancer lesions contain NFκB–ERα nuclear complexes to repress the TLR9 promoter. Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and other oncogenic viruses have been reported to deregulate immunity by suppressing the function of the double-stranded DNA innate sensor TLR9. However, the mechanisms leading to these events remain to be elucidated. We show that infection of human epithelial cells with HPV16 promotes the formation of an inhibitory transcriptional complex containing NF-κBp50–p65 and ERα induced by the E7 oncoprotein. The E7-mediated transcriptional complex also recruited the histone demethylase JARID1B and histone deacetylase HDAC1. The entire complex bound to a specific region on the TLR9 promoter, which resulted in decreased methylation and acetylation of histones upstream of the TLR9 transcriptional start site. The involvement of NF-κB and ERα in the TLR9 down-regulation by HPV16 E7 was fully confirmed in cervical tissues from human patients. Importantly, we present evidence that the HPV16-induced TLR9 down-regulation affects the interferon response which negatively regulates viral infection. Our studies highlight a novel HPV16-mediated mechanism that combines epigenetic and transcriptional events to suppress a key innate immune sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma A Hasan
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 69008, France.
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