1
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Pickering MC, Botto M. Canonical and noncanonical functions of complement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350918. [PMID: 38629181 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
For many years complement activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was viewed as a major cause of tissue injury. However, human and murine studies showed that complement plays a protective as well as a proinflammatory role in tissue damage. A hierarchy is apparent with early classical pathway components, particularly C1q, exerting the greatest influence. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the protective function(s) of complement remains an important challenge for the future and has implications for the use of complement therapy in SLE. We review recent advances in the field and give a new perspective on the complement conundrum in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Pickering
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Marina Botto
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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2
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Wu Q, Jiang G, Sun Y, Li B. Reanalysis of single-cell data reveals macrophage subsets associated with the immunotherapy response and prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer. Exp Cell Res 2023; 430:113736. [PMID: 37541419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is an aggressive gynecological malignancy with an increased incidence rate. The immune landscape crucially affects immunotherapy efficacy and prognosis in EC patients. Here, we characterized the distinct tumor microenvironment signatures of EC tumors by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data from Gene Expression Omnibus and bulk RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, which were compared with normal endometrium. Three macrophage subsets were identified, and two of them showed tissue-specific distribution. One of the macrophage subsets was dominant in macrophages derived from EC and exhibited characteristic behaviors such as promoting tumor growth and metastasis. One of the other macrophage subsets was mainly found in normal endometrium and served functions related to antigen presentation. We also identified a macrophage subset that was found in both EC and normal endometrial tissue. However, the pathway and cellular cross-talk of this subset were completely different based on the respective origin, suggesting a tumor-related differentiation mechanism of macrophages. Additionally, the tumor-enriched macrophage subset was found to predict immunotherapy responses in EC. Notably, we selected six genes from macrophage subset markers that could predict the survival of EC patients, SCL8A1, TXN, ANXA5, CST3, CD74 and NANS, and constructed a prognostic signature. To verify the signature, we identified immunohistochemistry for the tumor samples of 83 EC patients based on the selected genes and further followed up with the survival of the patients. Our results provide strong evidence that the signature can effectively predict the prognosis of EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Wu
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Genyi Jiang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yihan Sun
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bilan Li
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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3
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Gaboriaud C, Lorvellec M, Rossi V, Dumestre-Pérard C, Thielens NM. Complement System and Alarmin HMGB1 Crosstalk: For Better or Worse. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869720. [PMID: 35572583 PMCID: PMC9095977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune system responds to infectious (PAMPs) and tissue damage (DAMPs) signals. The complement system and alarmin High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) are two powerful soluble actors of human host defense and immune surveillance. These systems involve molecular cascades and amplification loops for their signaling or activation. Initially activated as alarm raising systems, their function can be finally switched towards inflammation resolution, where they sustain immune maturation and orchestrate repair mechanisms, opening the way back to homeostasis. However, when getting out of control, these defense systems can become deleterious and trigger serious cellular and tissue damage. Therefore, they can be considered as double-edged swords. The close interaction between the complement and HMGB1 pathways is described here, as well as their traditional and non-canonical roles, their functioning at different locations and their independent and collective impact in different systems both in health and disease. Starting from these systems and interplay at the molecular level (when elucidated), we then provide disease examples to better illustrate the signs and consequences of their roles and interaction, highlighting their importance and possible vicious circles in alarm raising and inflammation, both individually or in combination. Although this integrated view may open new therapeutic strategies, future challenges have to be faced because of the remaining unknowns regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the fragile molecular balance which can drift towards disease or return to homeostasis, as briefly discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chantal Dumestre-Pérard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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4
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Jenkner S, O'Hare Doig R. Complementing Neuroregeneration: Deciphering the Role of Neuro-Immune Interactions in CNS Repair. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2850-2852. [PMID: 35387879 PMCID: PMC8985858 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2196-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jenkner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Ryan O'Hare Doig
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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5
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Feng P, Yang G, Zhang W, Zhang L, Wu J, Yang L. Early pregnancy regulates expression of complement components in ovine liver. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13660. [PMID: 34786795 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement pathways participate in the regulation of innate immune system, and complement activation is inhibited in normal pregnancy. The liver plays key roles in the modulation of immunity and tolerance, but it is unclear that early pregnancy induces the changes in expression of complement components in the ovine maternal liver. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression of complement components in the liver using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Maternal livers were collected on Day 16 of the estrous cycle and Days 13, 16, and 25 of gestation. The results indicated that early pregnancy suppressed the expression of C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C4a, C5b, and C9 in the maternal liver, but C3 expression was increased. In addition, C3 protein was located in the endothelial cells of the proper hepatic arteries and portal veins and hepatocytes. In summary, the downregulaltion of C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C4a, C5b, and C9 may be involved in the suppression of complement activation, and upregulation of C3 is related to the modulation of maternal immune tolerance in ovine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Gengxin Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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6
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Byrne RAJ, Torvell M, Daskoulidou N, Fathalla D, Kokkali E, Carpanini SM, Morgan BP. Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Against Mouse C1q: Characterisation and Development of a Quantitative ELISA for Mouse C1q. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4323-4336. [PMID: 34002346 PMCID: PMC8487419 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified roles for complement in synaptic pruning, both physiological during development and pathological in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These reports suggest that C1q initiates complement activation on synapses and C3 fragments then tag them for removal by microglia. There is an urgent need to characterise these processes in rodent AD models; this requires the development of reagents and methods for detection and quantification of rodent C1q in fluids and pathological tissues. These will enable better evaluation of the role of C1q in disease and its value as disease biomarker. We describe the generation in C1q-deficient mice of novel monoclonal antibodies against mouse and rat C1q that enabled development of a sensitive, specific, and quantitative ELISA for mouse and rat C1q capable of measuring C1q in biological fluids and tissue extracts. Serum C1q levels were measured in wild-type (WT), C1q knockout (KO), C3 KO, C7 KO, Crry KO, and 3xTg and APPNL-G-F AD model mice through ageing. C1q levels significantly decreased in WT, APPNL-G-F, and C7 KO mice with ageing. C1q levels were reduced in APPNL-G-F compared to WT at all ages and in 3xTg at 12 months; C3 KO and C7 KO, but not Crry KO mice, also demonstrated significantly lower C1q levels compared to matched WT. In brain homogenates, C1q levels increased with age in both WT and APPNL-G-F mice. This robust and adaptable assay for quantification of mouse and rat C1q provides a vital tool for investigating the expression of C1q in rodent models of AD and other complement-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A J Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Dina Fathalla
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - Eirini Kokkali
- School of Optometry and Visual Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK
| | - Sarah M Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF244HQ, UK. .,Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF144XN, UK.
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7
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Capecchi R, Puxeddu I, Pratesi F, Migliorini P. New biomarkers in SLE: from bench to bedside. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:v12-v18. [PMID: 32911542 PMCID: PMC7719038 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers may have a diagnostic or monitoring value, or may predict response to therapy or disease course. The aim of this review is to discuss new serum and urinary biomarkers recently proposed for the diagnosis and management of SLE patients. Novel sensitive and specific assays have been proposed to evaluate complement proteins, ‘old’ biomarkers that are still a cornerstone in the management of this disease. Chemokines and lectins have been evaluated as surrogate biomarkers of IFN signature. Other cytokines like the B cell activating factor (BAFF) family cytokines are directly related to perturbations of the B cell compartment as key pathogenetic mechanism of the disease. A large number of urine biomarkers have been proposed, either related to the migration and homing of leukocytes to the kidney or to the local regulation of inflammatory circuits and the survival of renal intrinsic cells. The combination of traditional disease-specific biomarkers and novel serum or urine biomarkers may represent the best choice to correctly classify, stage and treat patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Capecchi
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Puxeddu
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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8
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Yang J, Lin P, Yang M, Liu W, Fu X, Liu D, Tao L, Huo Y, Zhang J, Hua R, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang L, Xue J, Li H, Sun Y. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals unique characteristics of hepatic metastases and pro-metastatic role of complement C1q in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genome Biol 2021; 22:4. [PMID: 33397441 PMCID: PMC7780398 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02222-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers due to its high metastasis rate in the liver. However, little is known about the molecular features of hepatic metastases due to difficulty in obtaining fresh tissues and low tumor cellularity. RESULTS We conduct exome sequencing and RNA sequencing for synchronous surgically resected primary tumors and the paired hepatic metastases from 17 hepatic oligometastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and validate our findings in specimens from 35 of such cases. The comprehensive analysis of somatic mutations, copy number alterations, and gene expressions show high similarity between primary tumors and hepatic metastases. However, hepatic metastases also show unique characteristics, such as a higher degree of 3p21.1 loss, stronger abilities of proliferation, downregulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition activity, and metabolic rewiring. More interesting, altered tumor microenvironments are observed in hepatic metastases, especially a higher proportion of tumor infiltrating M2 macrophage and upregulation of complement cascade. Further experiments demonstrate that expression of C1q increases in primary tumors and hepatic metastases, C1q is mainly produced by M2 macrophage, and C1q promotes migration and invasion of PDAC cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, we find potential factors that contribute to different stages of PDAC metastasis. Our study broadens the understanding of molecular mechanisms driving PDAC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ping Lin
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Minwei Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xueliang Fu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Dejun Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lingye Tao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanmiao Huo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yixue Li
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Liwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Hong Li
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yongwei Sun
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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9
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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10
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Bone marrow transplantation from a human leukocyte antigen-mismatched unrelated donor in a case with C1q deficiency associated with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Hematol 2020; 113:302-307. [PMID: 33000368 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-03004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human C1q deficiency is frequently associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which requires long-term systemic corticosteroid administration. We report the case of a 12-year-old female patient with C1q deficiency presenting with intractable SLE who successfully underwent bone marrow transplantation from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched unrelated donor with an immunosuppressive conditioning regimen based on fludarabine, melphalan, and anti-thymocyte globulin. She developed Grade I graft-versus-host disease, but did not have any transplantation-related morbidity. Complete donor chimerism has been maintained for 2 years after transplantation, leading to the restoration of C1q levels and the resolution of SLE symptoms. Normal C1q mRNA expression was observed in CD14 + cells. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-mismatched donor is a feasible treatment for patients with C1q deficiency with refractory SLE that is dependent on systemic corticosteroid treatment who do not have an HLA-matched donor.
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11
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Laursen NS, Pedersen DV, Gytz H, Zarantonello A, Bernth Jensen JM, Hansen AG, Thiel S, Andersen GR. Functional and Structural Characterization of a Potent C1q Inhibitor Targeting the Classical Pathway of the Complement System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1504. [PMID: 32849513 PMCID: PMC7396675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical pathway of complement is important for protection against pathogens and in maintaining tissue homeostasis, but excessive or aberrant activation is directly linked to numerous pathologies. We describe the development and in vitro characterization of C1qNb75, a single domain antibody (nanobody) specific for C1q, the pattern recognition molecule of the classical pathway. C1qNb75 binds to the globular head modules of human C1q with sub-nanomolar affinity and impedes classical pathway mediated hemolysis by IgG and IgM. Crystal structure analysis revealed that C1qNb75 recognizes an epitope primarily located in the C1q B-chain that overlaps with the binding sites of IgG and IgM. Thus, C1qNb75 competitively prevents C1q from binding to IgG and IgM causing blockade of complement activation by the classical pathway. Overall, C1qNb75 represents a high-affinity nanobody-based inhibitor of IgG- and IgM-mediated activation of the classical pathway and may serve as a valuable reagent in mechanistic and functional studies of complement, and as an efficient inhibitor of complement under conditions of excessive CP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dennis V Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidi Gytz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Zarantonello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Structural Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Liu T, Son M, Diamond B. HMGB1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1057. [PMID: 32536928 PMCID: PMC7267015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been shown to exert proinflammatory effects on many cells of the innate immune system. Originally identified as a nuclear protein, HMGB1 has been found to play an important role in mediating inflammation when released from apoptotic or necrotic cells as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of non-resolving inflammation, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and systemic inflammation involving multiple organ systems. SLE patients have impaired clearance of apoptotic debris, which releases HMGB1 and other DAMPs extracellularly. HMGB1 activity is implicated in multiple disease phenotypes in SLE, including lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric lupus. Elucidating the various properties of HMGB1 in SLE provides a better understanding of the disease and opens up new opportunities for designing potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Liu
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Myoungsun Son
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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13
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Kulkarni HS, Scozzi D, Gelman AE. Recent advances into the role of pattern recognition receptors in transplantation. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104088. [PMID: 32183988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germline-encoded sensors best characterized for their critical role in host defense. However, there is accumulating evidence that organ transplantation induces the release or display of molecular patterns of cellular injury and death that trigger PRR-mediated inflammatory responses. There are also new insights that indicate PRRs are able to distinguish between self and non-self, suggesting the existence of non-clonal mechanisms of allorecognition. Collectively, these reports have spurred considerable interest into whether PRRs or their ligands can be targeted to promote transplant survival. This review examines the mounting evidence that PRRs play in transplant-mediated inflammation. Given the large number of PRRs, we will focus on members from four families: the complement system, toll-like receptors, the formylated peptide receptor, and scavenger receptors through examining reports of their activity in experimental models of cellular and solid organ transplantation as well as in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh S Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Davide Scozzi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The recognition of microbial or danger-associated molecular patterns by complement proteins initiates a cascade of events that culminates in the activation of surface complement receptors on immune cells. Such signalling pathways converge with those activated downstream of pattern recognition receptors to determine the type and magnitude of the immune response. Intensive investigation in the field has uncovered novel pathways that link complement-mediated signalling with homeostatic and pathological T cell responses. More recently, the observation that complement proteins also act in the intracellular space to shape T cell fates has added a new layer of complexity. Here, we consider fundamental mechanisms and novel concepts at the interface of complement biology and immunity and discuss how these affect the maintenance of homeostasis and the development of human pathology.
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15
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Espericueta V, Manughian-Peter AO, Bally I, Thielens NM, Fraser DA. Recombinant C1q variants modulate macrophage responses but do not activate the classical complement pathway. Mol Immunol 2019; 117:65-72. [PMID: 31739194 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Complement protein C1q plays a dual role in a number of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. While in later stages classical complement pathway activation by C1q exacerbates disease progression, C1q also plays a beneficial role in early disease. Independent of its role in complement activation, we and others have identified a number of potentially beneficial interactions of C1q with phagocytes in vitro, including triggering phagocytosis of cellular and molecular debris and polarizing macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. These interactions may also be important in preventing autoimmunity. Here, we characterize variants of recombinant human C1q (rC1q) which no longer initiate complement activation, through mutation of the C1r2C1s2 interaction site. For insight into the structural location of the site of C1q that is important for interaction with phagocytes, we investigated the effect of these mutations on phagocytosis and macrophage inflammatory polarization, as compared to wild-type C1q. Phagocytosis of antibody coated sheep erythrocytes and oxidized LDL was measured in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) respectively that had interacted with rC1q wild-type or variants. Secreted levels of cytokines were also measured in C1q stimulated HMDM. All variants of C1q increased phagocytosis in HMDM compared to controls, similar to native or wild-type rC1q. In addition, levels of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted by HMDM were modulated in cells that interacted with C1q variants, similar to wild-type rC1q and native C1q. This includes downregulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, MIP-1α, and IL-12p40 by native and rC1q in both resting and M1-polarized HMDM. This suggests that the site responsible for C1q interaction with phagocytes is independent of the C1r2C1s2 interaction site. Further studies with these classical pathway-null variants of C1q should provide greater understanding of the complement-independent role of C1q, and allow for potential therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Espericueta
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Isabelle Bally
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Deborah A Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA.
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16
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Insights into IgM-mediated complement activation based on in situ structures of IgM-C1-C4b. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11900-11905. [PMID: 31147461 PMCID: PMC6575175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901841116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM antibodies protect mammals against humoral microbial infection and mediate clearance of cellular debris. IgM activates the immune complement system only after binding to cell-surface antigens. Here we report the in situ 3D structures of surface-antigen–bound IgM antibodies in complex with both C1 and C4b complement components. The data indicate the structural arrangement of pentameric and hexameric IgM upon antigen binding, exposing the C1q-binding sites with both adopting hexagonal symmetry. The structures reveal the entire C1qr2s2 complex and elucidate several protein–protein interactions with C4b and IgM. Based on the structural data, we hypothesize a C1q-transmitted surface trigger that activates C1, leading to C4 cleavage and C4b deposition on membranes. Antigen binding by serum Ig-M (IgM) protects against microbial infections and helps to prevent autoimmunity, but causes life-threatening diseases when mistargeted. How antigen-bound IgM activates complement-immune responses remains unclear. We present cryoelectron tomography structures of IgM, C1, and C4b complexes formed on antigen-bearing lipid membranes by normal human serum at 4 °C. The IgM-C1-C4b complexes revealed C4b product release as the temperature-limiting step in complement activation. Both IgM hexamers and pentamers adopted hexagonal, dome-shaped structures with Fab pairs, dimerized by hinge domains, bound to surface antigens that support a platform of Fc regions. C1 binds IgM through widely spread C1q-collagen helices, with C1r proteases pointing outward and C1s bending downward and interacting with surface-attached C4b, which further interacts with the adjacent IgM-Fab2 and globular C1q-recognition unit. Based on these data, we present mechanistic models for antibody-mediated, C1q-transmitted activation of C1 and for C4b deposition, while further conformational rearrangements are required to form C3 convertases.
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17
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Yuan X, Chang CY, You R, Shan M, Gu BH, Madison MC, Diehl G, Perusich S, Song LZ, Cornwell L, Rossen RD, Wetsel R, Kimal R, Coarfa C, Eltzschig HK, Corry DB, Kheradmand F. Cigarette smoke-induced reduction of C1q promotes emphysema. JCI Insight 2019; 5:124317. [PMID: 31112138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of innate immune cells in the lungs can promote loss of peripheral tolerance that leads to autoimmune responses in cigarette smokers. Development of autoimmunity in smokers with emphysema is also strongly linked to the expansion of autoreactive T helper (Th) cells expressing interferon gamma (Th1), and interleukin 17A (Th17). However, the mechanisms responsible for enhanced self-recognition and reduced immune tolerance in smoker with emphysema remain less clear. Here we show that C1q, a component of the complement protein 1 complex (C1), is downregulated in lung CD1a+ antigen presenting cells (APCs) isolated from emphysematous human, and mouse lung APCs after chronic cigarette smoke exposure. C1q potentiated the function of APCs to differentiate CD4+ T cells to Tregs, while it inhibited Th17 cell development and proliferation. Mice deficient in C1q that were exposed to chronic smoke exhibited exaggerated lung inflammation marked by increased Th17 cells, while reconstitution of C1q in the lungs enhanced Tregs abundance, dampened smoke-induced lung inflammation, and reversed established emphysema. Our findings demonstrate that cigarette smoke-mediated loss of C1q could play a key role in reduced peripheral tolerance, which could be explored to treat emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ran You
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bon Hee Gu
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew C Madison
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gretchen Diehl
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Perusich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li-Zhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lorraine Cornwell
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roger D Rossen
- Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rick Wetsel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, UT Health Science Center of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rajapakshe Kimal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, UT Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Sfera A, Gradini R, Cummings M, Diaz E, Price AI, Osorio C. Rusty Microglia: Trainers of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1062. [PMID: 30564191 PMCID: PMC6288235 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive and functional impairment believed to reflect synaptic and neuronal loss. Recent preclinical data suggests that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia may contribute to the elimination of viable neurons and synapses by promoting a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, defined as A1. The innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, can either facilitate or inhibit neuroinflammation in response to peripherally applied inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS. Depending on previous antigen encounters, these cells can assume activated (trained) or silenced (tolerized) phenotypes, augmenting or lowering inflammation. Iron, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LPS, the cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria, are microglial activators, but only the latter can trigger immune tolerization. In Alzheimer's disease, tolerization may be impaired as elevated LPS levels, reported in this condition, fail to lower neuroinflammation. Iron is closely linked to immunity as it plays a key role in immune cells proliferation and maturation, but it is also indispensable to pathogens and malignancies which compete for its capture. Danger signals, including LPS, induce intracellular iron sequestration in innate immune cells to withhold it from pathogens. However, excess cytosolic iron increases the risk of inflammasomes' activation, microglial training and neuroinflammation. Moreover, it was suggested that free iron can awaken the dormant central nervous system (CNS) LPS-shedding microbes, engendering prolonged neuroinflammation that may override immune tolerization, triggering autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on iron-related innate immune pathology in Alzheimer's disease and discuss potential immunotherapeutic agents for microglial de-escalation along with possible delivery vehicles for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Roberto Gradini
- Department of Pathology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eddie Diaz
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Amy I Price
- Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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19
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Tacnet-Delorme P, Gabillet J, Chatfield S, Thieblemont N, Frachet P, Witko-Sarsat V. Proteinase 3 Interferes With C1q-Mediated Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 29755460 PMCID: PMC5932363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, an autoimmune necrotizing vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). Moreover, PR3 is a serine protease whose membrane expression can potentiate inflammatory diseases such as ANCA-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis. During apoptosis, PR3 is co-externalized with phosphatidylserine (PS) and is known to modulate the clearance of apoptotic cells through a calreticulin (CRT)-dependent mechanism. The complement protein C1q is one mediator of efferocytosis, the clearance of altered self-cells, particularly apoptotic cells. Since PR3 and C1q are both involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and immune response modulation and share certain common ligands (i.e., CRT and PS), we examined their possible interaction. We demonstrated that C1q binding was increased on apoptotic rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells that expressed PR3, and we demonstrated the direct interaction between purified C1q and PR3 molecules as shown by surface plasmon resonance. To better understand the functional consequence of this partnership, we tested C1q-dependent phagocytosis of the RBL cell line expressing PR3 and showed that PR3 impaired C1q enhancement of apoptotic cell uptake. These findings shed new light on the respective roles of C1q and PR3 in the elimination of apoptotic cells and suggest a novel potential axis to explore in autoimmune diseases characterized by a defect in apoptotic cell clearance and in the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Gabillet
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Simon Chatfield
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, Paris, France
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease. There are three drugs licensed for the treatment of lupus: corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine and belimumab. Immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, methotrexate and mycophenolate are also used. Despite these treatments there is still considerable morbidity. New treatments are needed for the management of active lupus. Epratuzumab a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets CD22 resulting in selective B cell modulation that has been considered a potential treatment for SLE. Areas covered: Summary of the relevant pathogenesis and disease activity measurements used in SLE patients, current treatments and unmet needs in SLE, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epratuzumab therapy, and a summary of the 7 clinical trials that have investigated the efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in SLE. Expert commentary: It is not clear why trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy but high placebo response rates from optimisation of standard of care and a sub-optimal dosing regimen may have played a role. Post-hoc analysis suggested that there may be subgroups that did respond, such as anti-SSA positive patients with features of Sjogren's syndrome. Further research is needed to explore this and other potential sub-groups that might respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geh
- a Rheumatology Department , City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Birmingham , UK.,b University of Birmingham Research Labs , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- a Rheumatology Department , City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Birmingham , UK.,b University of Birmingham Research Labs , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK.,c Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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21
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Killick J, Morisse G, Sieger D, Astier AL. Complement as a regulator of adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:37-48. [PMID: 28842749 PMCID: PMC5794818 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved effector system comprising in mammals over 50 circulating and membrane bound proteins. Complement has long been described as belonging to the innate immune system; however, a number of recent studies have demonstrated its key role in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. This review does not set out to be an exhaustive list of the numerous interactions of the many complement components with adaptive immunity; rather, we will focus more precisely on the role of some complement molecules in the regulation of antigen presenting cells, as well as on their direct effect on the activation of the core adaptive immune cells, B and T lymphocytes. Recent reports on the local production and activation of complement proteins also suggest a major role in the control of effector responses. The crucial role of complement in adaptive immunity is further highlighted by several examples of dysregulation of these pathways in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Killick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gregoire Morisse
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for NeuroRegeneration, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for NeuroRegeneration, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Anne L Astier
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Université de Toulouse, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), F-31300, Toulouse, France.
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22
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Abstract
The increasing number of clinical conditions that involve a pathological contribution from the complement system - many of which affect the kidneys - has spurred a regained interest in therapeutic options to modulate this host defence pathway. Molecular insight, technological advances, and the first decade of clinical experience with the complement-specific drug eculizumab, have contributed to a growing confidence in therapeutic complement inhibition. More than 20 candidate drugs that target various stages of the complement cascade are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, and additional agents are in preclinical development. Such diversity is clearly needed in view of the complex and distinct involvement of complement in a wide range of clinical conditions, including rare kidney disorders, transplant rejection and haemodialysis-induced inflammation. The existing drugs cannot be applied to all complement-driven diseases, and each indication has to be assessed individually. Alongside considerations concerning optimal points of intervention and economic factors, patient stratification will become essential to identify the best complement-specific therapy for each individual patient. This Review provides an overview of the therapeutic concepts, targets and candidate drugs, summarizes insights from clinical trials, and reflects on existing challenges for the development of complement therapeutics for kidney diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios C Mastellos
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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23
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Dahan S, Segal Y, Watad A, Azrielant S, Shemer A, Maymon D, Stroev YI, Sobolevskaya PA, Korneva EA, Blank M, Gilburd B, Shovman O, Amital H, Ehrenfeld M, Tanay A, Kivity S, Pras E, Chapman J, Damoiseaux J, Cervera R, Putterman C, Shapiro I, Mouthon L, Perricone R, Bizzaro N, Koren O, Riemekasten G, Chereshnev VA, Mazurov VI, Goloviznin M, Gurevich V, Churilov LP, Shoenfeld Y. Novelties in the field of autoimmunity – 1st Saint Petersburg congress of autoimmunity, the bridge between east and west. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1175-1184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Harder JM, Braine CE, Williams PA, Zhu X, MacNicoll KH, Sousa GL, Buchanan RA, Smith RS, Libby RT, Howell GR, John SWM. Early immune responses are independent of RGC dysfunction in glaucoma with complement component C3 being protective. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3839-E3848. [PMID: 28446616 PMCID: PMC5441748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608769114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various immune response pathways are altered during early, predegenerative stages of glaucoma; however, whether the early immune responses occur secondarily to or independently of neuronal dysfunction is unclear. To investigate this relationship, we used the Wlds allele, which protects from axon dysfunction. We demonstrate that DBA/2J.Wlds mice develop high intraocular pressure (IOP) but are protected from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and neuroglial changes that otherwise occur early in DBA/2J glaucoma. Despite this, immune pathways are still altered in DBA/2J.Wlds mice. This suggests that immune changes are not secondary to RGC dysfunction or altered neuroglial interactions, but may be directly induced by the increased strain imposed by high IOP. One early immune response following IOP elevation is up-regulation of complement C3 in astrocytes of DBA/2J and DBA/2J.Wlds mice. Unexpectedly, because the disruption of other complement components, such as C1Q, is protective in glaucoma, C3 deficiency significantly increased the number of DBA/2J eyes with nerve damage and RGC loss at an early time point after IOP elevation. Transcriptional profiling of C3-deficient cultured astrocytes implicated EGFR signaling as a hub in C3-dependent responses. Treatment with AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor, also significantly increased the number of DBA/2J eyes with glaucoma at the same early time point. These findings suggest that C3 protects from early glaucomatous damage, a process that may involve EGFR signaling and other immune responses in the optic nerve head. Therefore, therapies that target specific components of the complement cascade, rather than global inhibition, may be more applicable for treating human glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xianjun Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard T Libby
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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25
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Halder LD, Abdelfatah MA, Jo EAH, Jacobsen ID, Westermann M, Beyersdorf N, Lorkowski S, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Factor H Binds to Extracellular DNA Traps Released from Human Blood Monocytes in Response to Candida albicans. Front Immunol 2017; 7:671. [PMID: 28133459 PMCID: PMC5233719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon systemic infection with human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans), human monocytes and polymorph nuclear neutrophilic granulocytes are the first immune cells to respond and come into contact with C. albicans. Monocytes exert immediate candidacidal activity and inhibit germination, mediate phagocytosis, and kill fungal cells. Here, we show that human monocytes spontaneously respond to C. albicans cells via phagocytosis, decondensation of nuclear DNA, and release of this decondensed DNA in the form of extracellular traps (called monocytic extracellular traps: MoETs). Both subtypes of monocytes (CD14++CD16−/CD14+CD16+) formed MoETs within the first hours upon contact with C. albicans. MoETs were characterized by the presence of citrullinated histone, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, and elastase. MoETs were also formed in response to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating a general reaction of monocytes to infectious microbes. MoET induction differs from extracellular trap formation in macrophages as MoETs are not triggered by simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and inducer of extracellular traps in macrophages. Extracellular traps from both monocytes and neutrophils activate complement and C3b is deposited. However, factor H (FH) binds via C3b to the extracellular DNA, mediates cofactor activity, and inhibits the induction of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta in monocytes. Altogether, the results show that human monocytes release extracellular DNA traps in response to C. albicans and that these traps finally bind FH via C3b to presumably support clearance without further inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Halder
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelfatah
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Emeraldo A H Jo
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy of the University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
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Giacomassi C, Buang N, Ling GS, Crawford G, Cook HT, Scott D, Dazzi F, Strid J, Botto M. Complement C3 Exacerbates Imiquimod-Induced Skin Inflammation and Psoriasiform Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:760-763. [PMID: 27876407 PMCID: PMC5319416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomassi
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Norzawani Buang
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guang Sheng Ling
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Greg Crawford
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diane Scott
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jessica Strid
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Numerous risk alleles for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have now been identified. Analysis of the expression of genes with risk alleles in cells of hematopoietic origin demonstrates them to be most abundantly expressed in B cells and dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that these cell types may be the drivers of the inflammatory changes seen in SLE. DCs are of particular interest as they act to connect the innate and the adaptive immune response. Thus, DCs can transform inflammation into autoimmunity, and autoantibodies are the hallmark of SLE. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of tolerance that maintain DCs in a non‐activated, non‐immunogenic state. We demonstrate, using examples from our own studies, how alterations in DC function stemming from either DC‐intrinsic abnormalities or DC‐extrinsic regulators of function can predispose to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsun Son
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Abstract
C1q, historically viewed as the initiating component of the classical complement pathway, also exhibits a variety of complement-independent activities in both innate and acquired immunity. Recent studies focusing on C1q's suppressive role in the immune system have provided new insight into how abnormal C1q expression and bioactivity may contribute to autoimmunity. In particular, molecular networks involving C1q interactions with cell surface receptors and other ligands are emerging as mechanisms involved in C1q's modulation of immunity. Here, we discuss the role of C1q in controlling immune cell function, including recently elucidated mechanisms of action, and suggest how these processes are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis under steady-state conditions and in preventing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsun Son
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Frances Santiago-Schwarz
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
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29
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Mechanisms of antibody-mediated acute and chronic rejection of kidney allografts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21:7-14. [PMID: 26575854 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-mediated rejection is responsible for up to half of acute rejection episodes in kidney transplant patients and more than half of late graft failures. Antibodies cause acute graft abnormalities that are distinct from T cell-mediated rejection and at later times posttransplant, a distinct pathologic lesion is associated with capillary basement membrane multilayering and glomerulopathy. Despite the importance of donor-reactive antibodies as the leading cause of kidney graft failure, mechanisms underlying antibody-mediated acute and chronic kidney graft injury are poorly understood. Here, we review recent insights provided from clinical studies as well as from animal models that may help to identify new targets for therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of biopsies from kidney grafts in patients with donor-specific antibody versus those without have utilized analysis of pathologic lesions and gene expression to identify the distinct characteristics of antibody-mediated rejection. These analyses have indicated the presence of natural killer cells and their activation during antibody-mediated rejection. The impact of studies of antibody-mediated allograft injury in animal models have lagged behind these clinical studies, but have been useful in testing the activation of innate immune components within allografts in the presence of donor-specific antibodies. SUMMARY Most insights into processes of antibody-mediated rejection of kidney grafts have come from carefully designed clinical studies. However, several new mouse models of antibody-mediated kidney allograft rejection may replicate the abnormalities observed in clinical kidney grafts and may be useful in directly testing mechanisms that underlie acute and chronic antibody-mediated graft injury.
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30
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Ricklin D, Lambris JD. New milestones ahead in complement-targeted therapy. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:208-22. [PMID: 27321574 PMCID: PMC5404743 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a powerful effector arm of innate immunity that typically confers protection from microbial intruders and accumulating debris. In many clinical situations, however, the defensive functions of complement can turn against host cells and induce or exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative conditions. Although the value of inhibiting complement in a therapeutic context has long been recognized, bringing complement-targeted drugs into clinical use has proved challenging. This important milestone was finally reached a decade ago, yet the clinical availability of complement inhibitors has remained limited. Still, the positive long-term experience with complement drugs and their proven effectiveness in various diseases has reinvigorated interest and confidence in this approach. Indeed, a broad variety of clinical candidates that act at almost any level of the complement activation cascade are currently in clinical development, with several of them being evaluated in phase 2 and phase 3 trials. With antibody-related drugs dominating the panel of clinical candidates, the emergence of novel small-molecule, peptide, protein, and oligonucleotide-based inhibitors offers new options for drug targeting and administration. Whereas all the currently approved and many of the proposed indications for complement-targeted inhibitors belong to the rare disease spectrum, these drugs are increasingly being evaluated for more prevalent conditions. Fortunately, the growing experience from preclinical and clinical use of therapeutic complement inhibitors has enabled a more evidence-based assessment of suitable targets and rewarding indications as well as related technical and safety considerations. This review highlights recent concepts and developments in complement-targeted drug discovery, provides an overview of current and emerging treatment options, and discusses the new milestones ahead on the way to the next generation of clinically available complement therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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31
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Ricklin D, Lambris JD. Therapeutic control of complement activation at the level of the central component C3. Immunobiology 2016; 221:740-6. [PMID: 26101137 PMCID: PMC4675703 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing recognition of the complement system's association with diseases of the inflammatory spectrum and with biomaterial and transplant-related complications has generated growing interest in the therapeutic modulation of this innate immune cascade. As a central functional hub that largely drives the activation, amplification, and effector generation of the complement response, the plasma protein C3 has long been recognized as an attractive target. While pharmacological modulation of C3 activation may offer a powerful opportunity to interfere with or even prevent complement-driven pathologies, the development of C3 inhibitors has often been accompanied by concerns regarding the safety and feasibility of this approach. Although no C3-targeted inhibitors have thus far been approved for clinical use, several promising concepts and candidates have emerged in recent years. At the same time, experiences from preclinical development and clinical trials are slowly providing a more detailed picture of therapeutic complement inhibition at the level of C3. This review highlights the current therapeutic strategies to control C3 activation and discusses the possibilities and challenges on the road to bringing C3-targeted therapeutics to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Ricklin D, Reis ES, Lambris JD. Complement in disease: a defence system turning offensive. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:383-401. [PMID: 27211870 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the complement system is primarily perceived as a host defence system, a more versatile, yet potentially more harmful side of this innate immune pathway as an inflammatory mediator also exists. The activities that define the ability of the complement system to control microbial threats and eliminate cellular debris - such as sensing molecular danger patterns, generating immediate effectors, and extensively coordinating with other defence pathways - can quickly turn complement from a defence system to an aggressor that drives immune and inflammatory diseases. These host-offensive actions become more pronounced with age and are exacerbated by a variety of genetic factors and autoimmune responses. Complement can also be activated inappropriately, for example in response to biomaterials or transplants. A wealth of research over the past two decades has led to an increasingly finely tuned understanding of complement activation, identified tipping points between physiological and pathological behaviour, and revealed avenues for therapeutic intervention. This Review summarizes our current view of the key activating, regulatory, and effector mechanisms of the complement system, highlighting important crosstalk connections, and, with an emphasis on kidney disease and transplantation, discusses the involvement of complement in clinical conditions and promising therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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33
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Mastellos DC, Ricklin D, Hajishengallis E, Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. Complement therapeutics in inflammatory diseases: promising drug candidates for C3-targeted intervention. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:3-17. [PMID: 26332138 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation that complement dysregulation lies at the heart of numerous immune-mediated and inflammatory disorders. Complement inhibitors are therefore being evaluated as new therapeutic options in various clinical translation programs and the first clinically approved complement-targeted drugs have profoundly impacted the management of certain complement-mediated diseases. Among the many members of the intricate protein network of complement, the central component C3 represents a 'hot-spot' for complement-targeted therapeutic intervention. C3 modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses and is linked to diverse immunomodulatory systems and biological processes that affect human pathophysiology. Compelling evidence from preclinical disease models has shown that C3 interception may offer multiple benefits over existing therapies or even reveal novel therapeutic avenues in disorders that are not commonly regarded as complement-driven, such as periodontal disease. Using the clinically developed compstatin family of C3 inhibitors and periodontitis as illustrative examples, this review highlights emerging therapeutic concepts and developments in the design of C3-targeted drug candidates as novel immunotherapeutics for oral and systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Mastellos
- Division of Biodiagnostic Sciences and Technologies, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - D Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Hajishengallis
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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