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Bober A, Piotrowska A, Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Maciuszek M, Makuch W, Mika J. A New Application for Cenicriviroc, a Dual CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist, in the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7410. [PMID: 39000516 PMCID: PMC11242565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The ligands of chemokine receptors 2 and 5 (CCR2 and CCR5, respectively) are associated with the pathomechanism of neuropathic pain development, but their role in painful diabetic neuropathy remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the function of these factors in the hypersensitivity accompanying diabetes. Additionally, we analyzed the analgesic effect of cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist, and its influence on the effectiveness of morphine. An increasing number of experimental studies have shown that targeting more than one molecular target is advantageous compared with the coadministration of individual pharmacophores in terms of their analgesic effect. The advantage of using bifunctional compounds is that they gain simultaneous access to two receptors at the same dose, positively affecting their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and consequently leading to improved analgesia. Experiments were performed on male and female Swiss albino mice with a streptozotocin (STZ, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) model of diabetic neuropathy. We found that the blood glucose level increased, and the mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity developed on the 7th day after STZ administration. In male mice, we observed increased mRNA levels of Ccl2, Ccl5, and Ccl7, while in female mice, we observed additional increases in Ccl8 and Ccl12 levels. We have demonstrated for the first time that a single administration of cenicriviroc relieves pain to a similar extent in male and female mice. Moreover, repeated coadministration of cenicriviroc with morphine delays the development of opioid tolerance, while the best and longest-lasting analgesic effect is achieved by repeated administration of cenicriviroc alone, which reduces pain hypersensitivity in STZ-exposed mice, and unlike morphine, no tolerance to the analgesic effects of CVC is observed until Day 15 of treatment. Based on these results, we suggest that targeting CCR2 and CCR5 with CVC is a potent therapeutic option for novel pain treatments in diabetic neuropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.P.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (W.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.P.); (K.C.); (M.M.); (W.M.)
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Akter M, Roknuzzaman ASM, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Ahmed Bhuiyan M, Qusar MMAS, Kabir ER, Islam R. Evaluation of serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels in major depressive disorder: A case-control study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305734. [PMID: 38889138 PMCID: PMC11185482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating mental illness characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in daily activities. The objective of this study was to investigate whether levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2) in the blood were associated with the pathophysiology and development of MDD compared to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS This case-control study was conducted involving 50 MDD patients and 38 HCs. We performed a comprehensive assessment to match age, sex, BMI, and socio-demographic profile between the groups. The study excluded participants with chronic infection, inflammatory diseases, coexisting psychiatric disorder, history of liver and kidney diseases, and individuals who are under antipsychotic medications. A professional psychiatrist diagnosed MDD patients and evaluated HCs based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) criteria. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression (Ham-D) rating scale. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to quantify the serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels. RESULTS The results indicated elevated serum MIP-1β levels (207.73±24.24 pg/ml) in MDD patients compared to HCs (58.77±9.14 pg/ml). This difference in concentration is positively correlated with severity of disease symptoms (r = 0.451; p<0.001). Similarly, the levels of MCP-2 were found to be elevated in patients compared to controls (143.61±19.92 vs. 56.84±4.02 pg/ml; p = 0.003), with a positive correlation with the Ham-D scores (r = 0.373; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION According to this study, elevated levels of MIP-1β and MCP-2 may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of MDD. These increased serum MIP-1β and MCP-2 levels could be used as risk assessment tools for MDD. The present findings urge further research and the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Eva Rahman Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Merul Badda, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rabiul Islam
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Merul Badda, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Li Q, Wang B, Yang J, Wang Y, Duan F, Luo M, Zhao C, Wei W, Wang L, Liu S. Preliminary Analysis of Aging-Related Genes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Integration of Bulk and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Technology. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2719-2740. [PMID: 38883702 PMCID: PMC11180471 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s457480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is recognized as the key risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The detailed mechanisms of aging in ICH warrant exploration. This study aimed to identify potential aging-related genes associated with ICH. Methods ICH-specific aging-related genes were determined by the intersection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between perihematomal tissues and corresponding contralateral parts of four patients with ICH (GSE24265) and 349 aging-related genes obtained from the Aging Atlas database. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analyses were performed to identify the potential biological functions and pathways in which these ICH-specific aging-related genes may be involved. Then, PPI network was established to identify the hub genes of ICH-specific aging-related genes. Meanwhile, miRNA-mRNA and transcription factor (TF)-mRNA regulatory networks were constructed to further explore the ICH-specific aging-related genes regulation. The relationship between these hub genes and immune infiltration was also further explored. Additional single-cell RNA-seq analysis (scRNA-seq, GSE167593) was used to locate the hub genes in different cell types. Besides, expression levels of the hub genes were validated using clinical samples from our institute and another GEO dataset (GSE206971). Results This study identified 24 ICH-specific aging-related genes, including 22 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes. The results of GO and KEGG suggested that the ICH-specific aging-related genes mainly enriched in immunity and inflammation-related pathways, suggesting that aging may affect the ich pathogenesis by regulating inflammatory and immune-related pathways. Conclusion Our study revealed 24 ICH-specific aging-related genes and their functions highly pertinent to ICH pathogenesis, providing new insights into the impact of aging on ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Faliang Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chungang Zhao
- Jilin Jianda Modern Agricultural Research Institute, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Liu
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of General Practice, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Zhang M, Han X, Yan L, Fu Y, Kou H, Shang C, Wang J, Liu H, Jiang C, Wang J, Cheng T. Inflammatory response in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury: The role of XCL1-XCR1 axis and T cells. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14781. [PMID: 38887195 PMCID: PMC11183917 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are acquired injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) caused by external forces that cause temporary or permanent sensory and motor impairments and the potential for long-term disability or even death. These conditions currently lack effective treatments and impose substantial physical, social, and economic burdens on millions of people and families worldwide. TBI and SCI involve intricate pathological mechanisms, and the inflammatory response contributes significantly to secondary injury in TBI and SCI. It plays a crucial role in prolonging the post-CNS trauma period and becomes a focal point for a potential therapeutic intervention. Previous research on the inflammatory response has traditionally concentrated on glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia. However, increasing evidence highlights the crucial involvement of lymphocytes in the inflammatory response to CNS injury, particularly CD8+ T cells and NK cells, along with their downstream XCL1-XCR1 axis. OBJECTIVE This review aims to provide an overview of the role of the XCL1-XCR1 axis and the T-cell response in inflammation caused by TBI and SCI and identify potential targets for therapy. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science using relevant keywords related to the XCL1-XCR1 axis, T-cell response, TBI, and SCI. RESULTS This study examines the upstream and downstream pathways involved in inflammation caused by TBI and SCI, including interleukin-15 (IL-15), interleukin-12 (IL-12), CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, XCL1, XCR1+ dendritic cells, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), helper T0 cells (Th0 cells), helper T1 cells (Th1 cells), and helper T17 cells (Th17 cells). We describe their proinflammatory effect in TBI and SCI. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the XCL1-XCR1 axis and the T-cell response have great potential for preclinical investigations and treatments for TBI and SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liyan Yan
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of NeurologyPeople's Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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Clarke GJB, Follestad T, Skandsen T, Zetterberg H, Vik A, Blennow K, Olsen A, Håberg AK. Chronic immunosuppression across 12 months and high ability of acute and subacute CNS-injury biomarker concentrations to identify individuals with complicated mTBI on acute CT and MRI. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:109. [PMID: 38678300 PMCID: PMC11056044 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying individuals with intracranial injuries following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), i.e. complicated mTBI cases, is important for follow-up and prognostication. The main aims of our study were (1) to assess the temporal evolution of blood biomarkers of CNS injury and inflammation in individuals with complicated mTBI determined on computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (2) to assess the corresponding discriminability of both single- and multi-biomarker panels, from acute to chronic phases after injury. METHODS Patients with mTBI (n = 207), defined as Glasgow Coma Scale score between 13 and 15, loss of consciousness < 30 min and post-traumatic amnesia < 24 h, were included. Complicated mTBI - i.e., presence of any traumatic intracranial injury on neuroimaging - was present in 8% (n = 16) on CT (CT+) and 12% (n = 25) on MRI (MRI+). Blood biomarkers were sampled at four timepoints following injury: admission (within 72 h), 2 weeks (± 3 days), 3 months (± 2 weeks) and 12 months (± 1 month). CNS biomarkers included were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light (NFL) and tau, along with 12 inflammation markers. RESULTS The most discriminative single biomarkers of traumatic intracranial injury were GFAP at admission (CT+: AUC = 0.78; MRI+: AUC = 0.82), and NFL at 2 weeks (CT+: AUC = 0.81; MRI+: AUC = 0.89) and 3 months (MRI+: AUC = 0.86). MIP-1β and IP-10 concentrations were significantly lower across follow-up period in individuals who were CT+ and MRI+. Eotaxin and IL-9 were significantly lower in individuals who were MRI+ only. FGF-basic concentrations increased over time in MRI- individuals and were significantly higher than MRI+ individuals at 3 and 12 months. Multi-biomarker panels improved discriminability over single biomarkers at all timepoints (AUCs > 0.85 for admission and 2-week models classifying CT+ and AUC ≈ 0.90 for admission, 2-week and 3-month models classifying MRI+). CONCLUSIONS The CNS biomarkers GFAP and NFL were useful single diagnostic biomarkers of complicated mTBI, especially in acute and subacute phases after mTBI. Several inflammation markers were suppressed in patients with complicated versus uncomplicated mTBI and remained so even after 12 months. Multi-biomarker panels improved diagnostic accuracy at all timepoints, though at acute and 2-week timepoints, the single biomarkers GFAP and NFL, respectively, displayed similar accuracy compared to multi-biomarker panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Janez Brett Clarke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Turid Follestad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Toril Skandsen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anne Vik
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Clinic of Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- NorHEAD - Norwegian Centre for Headache Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
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Ciechanowska A, Mika J. CC Chemokine Family Members' Modulation as a Novel Approach for Treating Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Injury-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3788. [PMID: 38612597 PMCID: PMC11011591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in modern medicine and pharmacology, damage to the nervous system with various etiologies still poses a challenge to doctors and scientists. Injuries lead to neuroimmunological changes in the central nervous system (CNS), which may result in both secondary damage and the development of tactile and thermal hypersensitivity. In our review, based on the analysis of many experimental and clinical studies, we indicate that the mechanisms occurring both at the level of the brain after direct damage and at the level of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve damage have a common immunological basis. This suggests that there are opportunities for similar pharmacological therapeutic interventions in the damage of various etiologies. Experimental data indicate that after CNS/PNS damage, the levels of 16 among the 28 CC-family chemokines, i.e., CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL11, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL22, increase in the brain and/or spinal cord and have strong proinflammatory and/or pronociceptive effects. According to the available literature data, further investigation is still needed for understanding the role of the remaining chemokines, especially six of them which were found in humans but not in mice/rats, i.e., CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL18, and CCL23. Over the past several years, the results of studies in which available pharmacological tools were used indicated that blocking individual receptors, e.g., CCR1 (J113863 and BX513), CCR2 (RS504393, CCX872, INCB3344, and AZ889), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021 and AZD-2098), and CCR5 (maraviroc, AZD-5672, and TAK-220), has beneficial effects after damage to both the CNS and PNS. Recently, experimental data have proved that blockades exerted by double antagonists CCR1/3 (UCB 35625) and CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc) have very good anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. In addition, both single (J113863, RS504393, SB328437, C021, and maraviroc) and dual (cenicriviroc) chemokine receptor antagonists enhanced the analgesic effect of opioid drugs. This review will display the evidence that a multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions can significantly improve the health of patients after CNS and PNS damage by changing the activity of chemokines belonging to the CC family. Moreover, in the case of pain, the combined administration of such antagonists with opioid drugs could reduce therapeutic doses and minimize the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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Li R, Ye JJ, Gan L, Zhang M, Sun D, Li Y, Wang T, Chang P. Traumatic inflammatory response: pathophysiological role and clinical value of cytokines. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023:10.1007/s00068-023-02388-5. [PMID: 38151578 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-023-02388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe trauma is an intractable problem in healthcare. Patients have a widespread immune system response that is complex and vital to survival. Excessive inflammatory response is the main cause of poor prognosis and poor therapeutic effect of medications in trauma patients. Cytokines are signaling proteins that play critical roles in the body's response to injuries, which could amplify or suppress immune responses. Studies have demonstrated that cytokines are closely related to the severity of injuries and prognosis of trauma patients and help present cytokine-based diagnosis and treatment plans for trauma patients. In this review, we introduce the pathophysiological mechanisms of a traumatic inflammatory response and the role of cytokines in trauma patients. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of cytokine-based diagnosis and therapy for post-traumatic inflammatory response, although further clarification to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of cytokines following trauma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jing Ye
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Lebin Gan
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Sun
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianbing Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Panpan Chang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
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Micheli L, D'Andrea G, Creanza TM, Volpe D, Ancona N, Scardigli R, Tirone F. Transcriptome analysis reveals genes associated with stem cell activation by physical exercise in the dentate gyrus of aged p16Ink4a knockout mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1270892. [PMID: 37928906 PMCID: PMC10621069 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1270892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout adulthood neural stem cells divide in neurogenic niches-the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone-producing progenitor cells and new neurons. Stem cells self-renew, thus preserving their pool. Furthermore, the number of stem/progenitor cells in the neurogenic niches decreases with age. We have previously demonstrated that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16Ink4a maintains, in aged mice, the pool of dentate gyrus stem cells by preventing their activation after a neurogenic stimulus such as exercise (running). We showed that, although p16Ink4a ablation by itself does not activate stem/progenitor cells, exercise strongly induced stem cell proliferation in p16Ink4a knockout dentate gyrus, but not in wild-type. As p16Ink4a regulates stem cell self-renewal during aging, we sought to profile the dentate gyrus transcriptome from p16Ink4a wild-type and knockout aged mice, either sedentary or running for 12 days. By pairwise comparisons of differentially expressed genes and by correlative analyses through the DESeq2 software, we identified genes regulated by p16Ink4a deletion, either without stimulus (running) added, or following running. The p16Ink4a knockout basic gene signature, i.e., in sedentary mice, involves upregulation of apoptotic, neuroinflammation- and synaptic activity-associated genes, suggesting a reactive cellular state. Conversely, another set of 106 genes we identified, whose differential expression specifically reflects the pattern of proliferative response of p16 knockout stem cells to running, are involved in processes that regulate stem cell activation, such as synaptic function, neurotransmitter metabolism, stem cell proliferation control, and reactive oxygen species level regulation. Moreover, we analyzed the regulation of these stem cell-specific genes after a second running stimulus. Surprisingly, the second running neither activated stem cell proliferation in the p16Ink4a knockout dentate gyrus nor changed the expression of these genes, confirming that they are correlated to the stem cell reactivity to stimulus, a process where they may play a role regulating stem cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Creanza
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel Volpe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Ancona
- CNR-Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scardigli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Ciechanowska A, Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Mika J. Pharmacological Modulation of the MIP-1 Family and Their Receptors Reduces Neuropathic Pain Symptoms and Influences Morphine Analgesia: Evidence from a Mouse Model. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040579. [PMID: 37190544 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain pathophysiology is not fully understood, but it was recently shown that MIP-1 family members (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL9) have strong pronociceptive properties. Our goal was to examine how pharmacological modulation of these chemokines and their receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) influence hypersensitivity after nerve injury in Albino Swiss male mice. The spinal changes in the mRNA/protein levels of the abovementioned chemokines and their receptors were measured using RT-qPCR and ELISA/Western blot techniques in a mouse model of chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Behavioral studies were performed using the von Frey and cold plate tests after pharmacological treatment with neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against chemokines or antagonists (CCR1-J113863, CCR5-TAK-220/AZD-5672) alone and in coadministration with morphine on Day 7, when the hypersensitivity was fully developed. Our results showed enhanced protein levels of CCL3 and CCL9 1 and 7 days after nerve injury. The single intrathecal administration of CCL3 or CCL9 nAb, J113863, TAK-220, or AZD-5672 diminished neuropathic pain symptoms and enhanced morphine analgesia. These findings highlight the important roles of CCL3 and CCL9 in neuropathic pain and additionally indicate that these chemokines play essential roles in opioid analgesia. The obtained results suggest CCR1 and CCR5 as new, interesting targets in neuropathy treatment.
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Dyhrfort P, Wettervik TS, Clausen F, Enblad P, Hillered L, Lewén A. A Dedicated 21-Plex Proximity Extension Assay Panel for High-Sensitivity Protein Biomarker Detection Using Microdialysis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: The Next Step in Precision Medicine? Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:25-40. [PMID: 36726870 PMCID: PMC9886191 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral protein profiling in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is needed to better comprehend secondary injury pathways. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD), in combination with the proximity extension assay (PEA) technique, has great potential in this field. By using PEA, we have previously screened >500 proteins from CMD samples collected from TBI patients. In this study, we customized a PEA panel prototype of 21 selected candidate protein biomarkers, involved in inflammation (13), neuroplasticity/-repair (six), and axonal injury (two). The aim was to study their temporal dynamics and relation to age, structural injury, and clinical outcome. Ten patients with severe TBI and CMD monitoring, who were treated in the Neurointensive Care Unit, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, were included. Hourly CMD samples were collected for up to 7 days after trauma and analyzed with the 21-plex PEA panel. Seventeen of the 21 proteins from the CMD sample analyses showed significantly different mean levels between days. Early peaks (within 48 h) were noted with interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor alpha, brevican, junctional adhesion molecule B, and neurocan. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 peaked after 3 days. Late peaks (>5 days) were noted with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-2, MCP-3, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, Dickkopf-related protein 1, and DRAXIN. IL-8, neurofilament heavy chain, and TAU were biphasic. Age (above/below 22 years) interacted with the temporal dynamics of IL-6, IL-1ra, vascular endothelial growth factor, MCP-3, and TAU. There was no association between radiological injury (Marshall grade) or clinical outcome (Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale) with the protein expression pattern. The PEA method is a highly sensitive molecular tool for protein profiling from cerebral tissue in TBI. The novel TBI dedicated 21-plex panel showed marked regulation of proteins belonging to the inflammation, plasticity/repair, and axonal injury families. The method may enable important insights into complex injury processes on a molecular level that may be of value in future efforts to tailor pharmacological TBI trials to better address specific disease processes and optimize timing of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dyhrfort
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Teodor Svedung Wettervik
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Address correspondence to: Teodor Svedung Wettervik, MD, PhD, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Enblad
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lewén
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Wang J, Bian L, Du Y, Wang D, Jiang R, Lu J, Zhao X. The roles of chemokines following intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models and humans. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1091498. [PMID: 36704330 PMCID: PMC9871786 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one common yet devastating stroke subtype, imposing considerable burdens on families and society. Current guidelines are limited to symptomatic treatments after ICH, and the death rate remains significant in the acute stage. Thus, it is crucial to promote research to develop new targets on brain injury after ICH. In response to hematoma formation, amounts of chemokines are released in the brain, triggering the infiltration of resident immune cells in the brain and the chemotaxis of peripheral immune cells via the broken blood-brain barrier. During the past decades, mounting studies have focused on the roles of chemokines and their receptors in ICH injury. This review summarizes the latest advances in the study of chemokine functions in the ICH. First, we provide an overview of ICH epidemiology and underlying injury mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ICH. Second, we introduce the biology of chemokines and their receptors in brief. Third, we outline the roles of chemokines in ICH according to subgroups, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL12, CCL17, CXCL8, CXCL12, and CX3CL1. Finally, we summarize current drug usage targeting chemokines in ICH and other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. This review discusses the expressions of these chemokines and receptors under normal or hemorrhagic conditions and cell-specific sources. Above all, we highlight the related data of these chemokines in the progression and outcomes of the ICH disease in preclinical and clinical studies and point to therapeutic opportunities targeting chemokines productions and interactions in treating ICH, such as accelerating hematoma absorption and alleviating brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liheng Bian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixuan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jingjing Lu, ✉
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China,Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Xingquan Zhao, ✉
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12
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Suzaei FM, Daryanavard SM, Abdel-Rehim A, Bassyouni F, Abdel-Rehim M. Recent molecularly imprinted polymers applications in bioanalysis. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023; 77:619-655. [PMID: 36213319 PMCID: PMC9524737 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) as extraordinary compounds with unique features have presented a wide range of applications and benefits to researchers. In particular when used as a sorbent in sample preparation methods for the analysis of biological samples and complex matrices. Its application in the extraction of medicinal species has attracted much attention and a growing interest. This review focus on articles and research that deals with the application of MIPs in the analysis of components such as biomarkers, drugs, hormones, blockers and inhibitors, especially in biological matrices. The studies based on MIP applications in bioanalysis and the deployment of MIPs in high-throughput settings and optimization of extraction methods are presented. A review of more than 200 articles and research works clearly shows that the superiority of MIP techniques lies in high accuracy, reproducibility, sensitivity, speed and cost effectiveness which make them suitable for clinical usage. Furthermore, this review present MIP-based extraction techniques and MIP-biosensors which are categorized on their classes based on common properties of target components. Extraction methods, studied sample matrices, target analytes, analytical techniques and their results for each study are described. Investigations indicate satisfactory results using MIP-based bioanalysis. According to the increasing number of studies on method development over the last decade, the use of MIPs in bioanalysis is growing and will further expand the scope of MIP applications for less studied samples and analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foad Mashayekhi Suzaei
- Toxicology Laboratories, Monitoring the Human Hygiene Condition & Standard of Qeshm (MHCS Company), Qeshm Island, Iran
| | - Seyed Mosayeb Daryanavard
- grid.444744.30000 0004 0382 4371Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran
| | - Abbi Abdel-Rehim
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fatma Bassyouni
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical industry Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Functional Materials Division, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden and Med. Solutions, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wallen TE, Baucom MR, England LG, Schuster RM, Pritts TA, Goodman MD. MULTIMODAL TREATMENT APPROACHES TO COMBINED TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK ALTER POSTINJURY INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. Shock 2022; 58:565-572. [PMID: 36548646 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The optimal management strategies for patients with polytraumatic injuries that include traumatic brain injury (TBI) are not well defined. Specific interventions including tranexamic acid (TXA), propranolol, and hypertonic saline (HTS) have each demonstrated benefits in patient mortality after TBI, but have not been applied to TBI patients with concomitant hemorrhage. The goals of our study were to determine the inflammatory effects of resuscitation strategy using HTS or shed whole blood (WB) and evaluate the cerebral and systemic inflammatory effects of adjunct treatment with TXA and propranolol after combined TBI + hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Mice underwent TBI via weight drop and were subsequently randomized into six experimental groups: three with HTS resuscitation and three with WB resuscitation. Mice were then subjected to controlled hemorrhagic shock for 1 h to a goal MAP of 25 mmHg. Mice were then treated with an i.p. dose of 4 mg/kg propranolol, 100 mg/kg TXA, or normal saline (NS) as a control. Mice were killed at 1, 6, or 24 h for serum and cerebral biomarker evaluation by multiplex ELISA and serum neuron-specific enolase, a biomarker of cerebral cellular injury. Results: Mice resuscitated with HTS had elevated serum proinflammatory cytokines compared with WB resuscitated groups at 6 and 24 h after injury, with no significant difference in cerebral cytokine levels. Within the TBI/shock + HTS groups, the addition of propranolol or TXA did not significantly alter serum cytokine concentration, but cerebral IL-2, IL-12, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) decreased after propranolol administration. In the TBI/shock + WB cohorts, the addition of both propranolol and TXA increased systemic proinflammatory cytokine levels at 6 and 24 h after injury as demonstrated by serum IL-2, IL-12, MIP-1α, and IL-1β compared with NS control. By contrast, TBI/shock + WB mice demonstrated a significant reduction in cerebral IL-2, IL-12, and MIP-1α in propranolol treated mice 6 h after injury compared with NS group. While serum neuron-specific enolase was significantly increased 1 and 24 h after injury in TBI/shock + HTS + TXA cohorts compared with NS control, it was significantly reduced in the TBI/shock + WB + propranolol mice compared with NS control 24 h after injury. Conclusions: Whole blood resuscitation can reduce the acute postinjury neuroinflammatory response after combined TBI/shock compared with HTS. The addition of either propranolol or TXA may modulate the postinjury systemic and cerebral inflammatory response with more improvements noted after propranolol administration. Multimodal treatment with resuscitation and pharmacologic therapy after TBI and hemorrhagic shock may mitigate the inflammatory response to these injuries to improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Wallen
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Hamza AM, Ali WDK, Hassanein N, Albassam WB, Barry M, AlFaifi AMM, Altayyar KAS, Aboabat NAM, Alshaiddi WKF, AbuSabbah HMH, Alamri AH, Albabtain SAH, Alsayed E. Relation between macrophage inflammatory protein-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and computed tomography findings in critically-ill saudi covid-19 patients. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1497-1502. [PMID: 36423464 PMCID: PMC9617641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several, clinical and biochemical factors were suggested as risk factors for more severe forms of Covid-19. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α, CCL3) is a chemokine mainly involved in cell adhesion and migration. Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is an inducible cell adhesion molecule involved in multiple immune processes. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between baseline serum MIP-1α and ICAM-1 level in critically-ill Covid-19 patients and the severity of computed tomography (CT) findings. METHODS The study included 100 consecutive critically-ill patients with Covid-19 infection. Diagnosis of infection was established on the basis of RT-PCR tests. Serum MIP-1α and ICAM-1 levels were assessed using commercially available ELISA kits. All patients were subjected to a high-resolution computed tomography assessment. RESULTS According to the computed tomography severity score, patients were classified into those with moderate/severe (n=49) and mild (n = 51) pulmonary involvement. Severe involvement was associated with significantly higher MIP-1α and ICAM-1 level. Correlation analysis identified significant positive correlations between MIP-1α and age, D-dimer, IL6, in contrast, there was an inverse correlation with INF-alpha. Additionally, ICAM-1 showed significant positive correlations with age, D-Dimer,- TNF-α, IL6,while an inverse correlation with INF-alpha was observed. CONCLUSIONS MIP-1α and ICAM-1 level are related to CT radiological severity in Covid-19 patients. Moreover, these markers are well-correlated with other inflammatory markers suggesting that they can be used as reliable prognostic markers in Covid-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljohara Mohmoud Hamza
- Department of Anesthesia, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nagwa Hassanein
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waddah Bader Albassam
- Radiology Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Barry
- Radiology Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Mofareh Mousa AlFaifi
- Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nuha Abdulrahman M. Aboabat
- Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Khaled Fahad Alshaiddi
- Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Hameed Alamri
- Department of pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eman Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Minia University, Egypt,Corresponding author
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15
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Palan F, Chatterjee B. Dendrimers in the context of targeting central nervous system disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Secondary Mechanisms of Neurotrauma: A Closer Look at the Evidence. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10020030. [PMID: 35645251 PMCID: PMC9149951 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system injury is a leading cause of neurological injury worldwide. While initial neuroresuscitative efforts are focused on ameliorating the effects of primary injury through patient stabilization, secondary injury in neurotrauma is a potential cause of cell death, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. These secondary injuries lack defined therapy. The major causes of secondary injury in neurotrauma include endoplasmic reticular stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the buildup of reactive oxygen or nitrogenous species. Stress to the endoplasmic reticulum in neurotrauma results in the overactivation of the unfolded protein response with subsequent cell apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to the release of caspases and the buildup of reactive oxygen species; several characteristics make the central nervous system particularly susceptible to oxidative damage. Together, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, and oxidative stress can have detrimental consequences, beginning moments and lasting days to months after the primary injury. Understanding these causative pathways has led to the proposal of various potential treatment options.
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SUN J, CHENG Z, YE Y. Comparison of serum cytokines for bacteremia and fungemia in rat bloodstream infection model. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing SUN
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, China
| | | | - Yafei YE
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, China
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18
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Aramideh JA, Vidal-Itriago A, Morsch M, Graeber MB. Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413186. [PMID: 34947983 PMCID: PMC8708012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cell processes form part of a subset of synaptic contacts that have been dubbed microglial tetra-partite or quad-partite synapses. Since tetrapartite may also refer to the presence of extracellular matrix components, we propose the more precise term microglial penta-partite synapse for synapses that show a microglial cell process in close physical proximity to neuronal and astrocytic synaptic constituents. Microglial cells are now recognised as key players in central nervous system (CNS) synaptic changes. When synaptic plasticity involving microglial penta-partite synapses occurs, microglia may utilise their cytokine arsenal to facilitate the generation of new synapses, eliminate those that are not needed anymore, or modify the molecular and structural properties of the remaining synaptic contacts. In addition, microglia–synapse contacts may develop de novo under pathological conditions. Microglial penta-partite synapses have received comparatively little attention as unique sites in the CNS where microglial cells, cytokines and other factors they release have a direct influence on the connections between neurons and their function. It concerns our understanding of the penta-partite synapse where the confusion created by the term “neuroinflammation” is most counterproductive. The mere presence of activated microglia or the release of their cytokines may occur independent of inflammation, and penta-partite synapses are not usually active in a neuroimmunological sense. Clarification of these details is the main purpose of this review, specifically highlighting the relationship between microglia, synapses, and the cytokines that can be released by microglial cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Abbas Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Andres Vidal-Itriago
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Morsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; (A.V.-I.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Shi W, Dong P, Kuss MA, Gu L, Kievit F, Kim HJ, Duan B. Design and Evaluation of an In Vitro Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Modeling System Using 3D Printed Mini Impact Device on the 3D Cultured Human iPSC Derived Neural Progenitor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100180. [PMID: 33890428 PMCID: PMC8222191 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in understanding the disease mechanism of traumatic brain injury (TBI), promising preclinical therapeutics have seldom been translated into successful clinical outcomes, partially because the model animals have physiological and functional differences in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to humans. Human relevant models are thus urgently required. Here, an in vitro mild TBI (mTBI) modeling system is reported based on 3D cultured human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) to evaluate consequences of single and repetitive mTBI using a 3D printed mini weight-drop impact device. Computational simulation is performed to understand the single/cumulative effects of weight-drop impact on the NPC differentiated neurospheres. Experimental results reveal that neurospheres show reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation after repetitive (10 hits) mild impacts, while no astrocyte activation is found after one or two mild impacts. A 3D co-culture model of human microglia cells with neurospheres is further developed. It is found that astrocyte response is promoted even after two mild impacts, possibly caused by the chronic neuroinflammation after microglia activation. The in vitro mTBI modeling system recapitulates several hallmarks of the brain impact injury and might serve as a good platform for future drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Forrest Kievit
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Initiators of Classical and Lectin Complement Pathways Are Differently Engaged after Traumatic Brain Injury-Time-Dependent Changes in the Cortex, Striatum, Thalamus and Hippocampus in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010045. [PMID: 33375205 PMCID: PMC7793095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is involved in promoting secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the roles of the classical and lectin pathways leading to complement activation need to be clarified. To this end, we aimed to determine the ability of the brain to activate the synthesis of classical and lectin pathway initiators in response to TBI and to examine their expression in primary microglial cell cultures. We have modeled TBI in mice by controlled cortical impact (CCI), a clinically relevant experimental model. Using Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) we analyzed the expression of initiators of classical the complement component 1q, 1r and 1s (C1q, C1r, and C1s) and lectin (mannose binding lectin A, mannose binding lectin C, collectin 11, ficolin A, and ficolin B) complement pathways and other cellular markers in four brain areas (cortex, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus) of mice exposed to CCI from 24 h and up to 5 weeks. In all murine ipsilateral brain structures assessed, we detected long-lasting, time- and area-dependent significant increases in the mRNA levels of all classical (C1q, C1s, C1r) and some lectin (collectin 11, ficolin A, ficolin B) initiator molecules after TBI. In parallel, we observed significantly enhanced expression of cellular markers for neutrophils (Cd177), T cells (Cd8), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein—GFAP), microglia/macrophages (allograft inflammatory factor 1—IBA-1), and microglia (transmembrane protein 119—TMEM119); moreover, we detected astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia/macrophages (IBA-1) protein level strong upregulation in all analyzed brain areas. Further, the results obtained in primary microglial cell cultures suggested that these cells may be largely responsible for the biosynthesis of classical pathway initiators. However, microglia are unlikely to be responsible for the production of the lectin pathway initiators. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that at the site of brain injury, the C1q is localized in microglia/macrophages and neurons but not in astroglial cells. In sum, the brain strongly reacts to TBI by activating the local synthesis of classical and lectin complement pathway activators. Thus, the brain responds to TBI with a strong, widespread and persistent upregulation of complement components, the targeting of which may provide protection in TBI.
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Pelisch N, Rosas Almanza J, Stehlik KE, Aperi BV, Kroner A. CCL3 contributes to secondary damage after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:362. [PMID: 33246483 PMCID: PMC7694914 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by a cascade of events including hemorrhage, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation which increase the lesion size which can influence the functional impairment. Thus, identifying specific mechanisms attributed to secondary injury is critical in minimizing tissue damage and improving neurological outcome. In this work, we are investigating the role of CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α, MIP-1α), a chemokine involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, which plays an important role in inflammatory conditions of the central and peripheral nervous system. Methods A mouse model of lower thoracic (T11) spinal cord contusion injury was used. We assessed expression levels of CCL3 and its receptors on the mRNA and protein level and analyzed changes in locomotor recovery and the inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord of wild-type and CCL3−/− mice. Results The expression of CCL3 and its receptors was increased after thoracic contusion SCI in mice. We then examined the role of CCL3 after SCI and its direct influence on the inflammatory response, locomotor recovery and lesion size using CCL3−/− mice. CCL3−/− mice showed mild but significant improvement of locomotor recovery, a smaller lesion size and reduced neuronal damage compared to wild-type controls. In addition, neutrophil numbers as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, known to play a deleterious role after SCI, were markedly reduced in the absence of CCL3. Conclusion We have identified CCL3 as a potential target to modulate the inflammatory response and secondary damage after SCI. Collectively, this study shows that CCL3 contributes to progressive tissue damage and functional impairment during secondary injury after SCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02037-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pelisch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Jose Rosas Almanza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Kyle E Stehlik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Brandy V Aperi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Ciechanowska A, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, de Simoni MG, Mika J. Traumatic brain injury in mice induces changes in the expression of the XCL1/XCR1 and XCL1/ITGA9 axes. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1579-1592. [PMID: 33185818 PMCID: PMC7704520 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Every year, millions of people suffer from various forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and new approaches with therapeutic potential are required. Although chemokines are known to be involved in brain injury, the importance of X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (XCL1) and its receptors, X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (XCR1) and alpha-9 integrin (ITGA9), in the progression of TBI remain unknown. Methods Using RT-qPCR/Western blot/ELISA techniques, changes in the mRNA/protein levels of XCL1 and its two receptors, in brain areas at different time points were measured in a mouse model of TBI. Moreover, their cellular origin and possible changes in expression were evaluated in primary glial cell cultures. Results Studies revealed the spatiotemporal upregulation of the mRNA expression of XCL1, XCR1 and ITGA9 in all the examined brain areas (cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus) and at most of the evaluated stages after brain injury (24 h; 4, 7 days; 2, 5 weeks), except for ITGA9 in the thalamus. Moreover, changes in XCL1 protein levels occurred in all the studied brain structures; the strongest upregulation was observed 24 h after trauma. Our in vitro experiments proved that primary murine microglial and astroglial cells expressed XCR1 and ITGA9, however they seemed not to be a main source of XCL1. Conclusions These findings indicate that the XCL1/XCR1 and XCL1/ITGA9 axes may participate in the development of TBI. The XCL1 can be considered as one of the triggers of secondary injury, therefore XCR1 and ITGA9 may be important targets for pharmacological intervention after traumatic brain injury. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia de Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Popiolek-Barczyk K, Ciechanowska A, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, De Simoni MG, Mika J. The CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway is substantially and persistently upregulated in mice after traumatic brain injury, and CCL2 modulates the complement system in microglia. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 54:101671. [PMID: 33160071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in the global population. Disturbed inflammatory processes after TBI exacerbate secondary brain injury and contribute to unfavorable outcomes. Multiple inflammatory events that accompany brain trauma, such as glial activation, chemokine release, or the initiation of the complement system cascade, have been identified as potential targets for TBI treatment. However, the participation of chemokines in the complement activation remains unknown. Our studies sought to determine the changes in the expression of the molecules involved in the CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway in the injured brain and the effect of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 (10, 100, and 500 ng/mL) on the classic and lectin complement pathways and inflammatory factors in microglial cell cultures. Brain injury in mice was modeled by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Our findings indicate a time-dependent upregulation of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 at the mRNA and protein levels within the cortex, striatum, and/or thalamus beginning 24 h after the trauma. The analysis of the expression of the receptor of the tested chemokines, CCR2, revealed its substantial upregulation within the injured brain areas mainly on the mRNA level. Using primary cortical microglial cell cultures, we observed a substantial increase in the expression of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 after 24 h of LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment. CCL2 stimulation of microglia increased the level of IL-1β mRNA but did not influence the expression of IL-18, IL-6, and IL-10. Moreover, CCL2 significantly increased the expression of Iba1, a marker of microglia activation. CCL2 and CCL12 upregulated the expression of C1qa but did not influence the expression of C1ra and C1s1 (classical pathway); moreover, CCL2 increased ficolin A expression and reduced collectin 11 expression (lectin pathway). Additionally, we observed the downregulation of pentraxin 3, a modulator of the complement cascade, after CCL2 and CCL12 treatment. We did not detect the expression of ficolin B, Mbl1, and Mbl2 in microglial cells. Our data identify CCL2 as a modulator of the classical and lectin complement pathways suggesting that CCL2 may be a promising target for pharmacological intervention after brain injury. Moreover, our study provides evidence that CCL2 and two other CCR2 ligands may play a role in the development of changes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
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Validation of reference genes for expression analysis in a murine trauma model combining traumatic brain injury and femoral fracture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15057. [PMID: 32929099 PMCID: PMC7490670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic and local posttraumatic responses are often monitored on mRNA expression level using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), which requires normalisation to adjust for confounding sources of variability. Normalisation requests reference (housekeeping) genes stable throughout time and divergent experimental conditions in the tissue of interest, which are crucial for a reliable and reproducible gene expression analysis. Although previous animal studies analysed reference genes following isolated trauma, this multiple-trauma gene expression analysis provides a notable study analysing reference genes in primarily affected (i.e. bone/fracture callus and hypothalamus) and secondarily affected organs (i.e. white adipose tissue, liver, muscle and spleen), following experimental long bone fracture and traumatic brain injury. We considered tissue-specific and commonly used top-ranked reference candidates from different functional groups that were evaluated applying the established expression stability analysis tools NormFinder, GeNorm, BestKeeper and RefFinder. In conclusion, reference gene expression in primary organs is highly time point as well as tissue-specific, and therefore requires careful evaluation for qRT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, the general application of Ppia, particularly in combination with a second reference gene, is strongly recommended for the analysis of systemic effects in the case of indirect trauma affecting secondary organs through local and systemic pathophysiological responses.
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Gao J, Su G, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Liu X, Tian Y, Zhang Z. Mechanisms of Inhibition of Excessive Microglial Activation by Melatonin. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1229-1236. [PMID: 32222896 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the innate immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia play an increasingly important role in maintaining brain function. Normally, microglia act as resting phenotype, which can be activated by various types of stimuli and release a variety of inflammatory mediators. Melatonin is an endogenous rhythmic hormone secreted principally by the pineal gland. Increasing evidence suggests that melatonin can detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent microglia from over-activation. This review summarizes the mechanisms of melatonin in inhibiting excessive activation of microglia and demonstrates the feasibility of melatonin in the treatment of diseases related to microglial over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jifei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Juanping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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