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Del Bello A, Treiner E. Immune Checkpoints in Solid Organ Transplantation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1358. [PMID: 37887068 PMCID: PMC10604300 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Allogenic graft acceptance is only achieved by life-long immunosuppression, which comes at the cost of significant toxicity. Clinicians face the challenge of adapting the patients' treatments over long periods to lower the risks associated with these toxicities, permanently leveraging the risk of excessive versus insufficient immunosuppression. A major goal and challenge in the field of solid organ transplantation (SOT) is to attain a state of stable immune tolerance specifically towards the grafted organ. The immune system is equipped with a set of inhibitory co-receptors known as immune checkpoints (ICs), which physiologically regulate numerous effector functions. Insufficient regulation through these ICs can lead to autoimmunity and/or immune-mediated toxicity, while excessive expression of ICs induces stable hypo-responsiveness, especially in T cells, a state sometimes referred to as exhaustion. IC blockade has emerged in the last decade as a powerful therapeutic tool against cancer. The opposite action, i.e., subverting IC for the benefit of establishing a state of specific hypo-responsiveness against auto- or allo-antigens, is still in its infancy. In this review, we will summarize the available literature on the role of ICs in SOT and the relevance of ICs with graft acceptance. We will also discuss the possible influence of current immunosuppressive medications on IC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Del Bello
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Research Institute (I2MC), Inserm UMR1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- Faculty of Medicine, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratory of Immunology, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Inserm UMR1291, 31024 Toulouse, France
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2
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Machine-Learning Analysis of Serum Proteomics in Neuropathic Pain after Nerve Injury in Breast Cancer Surgery Points at Chemokine Signaling via SIRT2 Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073488. [PMID: 35408848 PMCID: PMC8998280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent postsurgical neuropathic pain (PPSNP) can occur after intraoperative damage to somatosensory nerves, with a prevalence of 29–57% in breast cancer surgery. Proteomics is an active research field in neuropathic pain and the first results support its utility for establishing diagnoses or finding therapy strategies. Methods: 57 women (30 non-PPSNP/27 PPSNP) who had experienced a surgeon-verified intercostobrachial nerve injury during breast cancer surgery, were examined for patterns in 74 serum proteomic markers that allowed discrimination between subgroups with or without PPSNP. Serum samples were obtained both before and after surgery. Results: Unsupervised data analyses, including principal component analysis and self-organizing maps of artificial neurons, revealed patterns that supported a data structure consistent with pain-related subgroup (non-PPSPN vs. PPSNP) separation. Subsequent supervised machine learning-based analyses revealed 19 proteins (CD244, SIRT2, CCL28, CXCL9, CCL20, CCL3, IL.10RA, MCP.1, TRAIL, CCL25, IL10, uPA, CCL4, DNER, STAMPB, CCL23, CST5, CCL11, FGF.23) that were informative for subgroup separation. In cross-validated training and testing of six different machine-learned algorithms, subgroup assignment was significantly better than chance, whereas this was not possible when training the algorithms with randomly permuted data or with the protein markers not selected. In particular, sirtuin 2 emerged as a key protein, presenting both before and after breast cancer treatments in the PPSNP compared with the non-PPSNP subgroup. Conclusions: The identified proteins play important roles in immune processes such as cell migration, chemotaxis, and cytokine-signaling. They also have considerable overlap with currently known targets of approved or investigational drugs. Taken together, several lines of unsupervised and supervised analyses pointed to structures in serum proteomics data, obtained before and after breast cancer surgery, that relate to neuroinflammatory processes associated with the development of neuropathic pain after an intraoperative nerve lesion.
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3
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Buller CW, Mathew PA, Mathew SO. Roles of NK Cell Receptors 2B4 (CD244), CS1 (CD319), and LLT1 (CLEC2D) in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071755. [PMID: 32630303 PMCID: PMC7409338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the immune system, especially in the recognition and clearance of cancer cells and infected cells. Their effector function is controlled by a delicate balance between the activating and inhibitory signals. We have identified 2B4 (CD244, SLAMF4) and CS1 (CD319, SLAMF7) as NK cell receptors regulating NK cell cytotoxicity. Lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1), a member of the C-type lectin-like domain family 2 (CLEC2D), induced IFN-γ production but did not directly regulate cytolytic activity. Interestingly, LLT1 expressed on other cells acts as a ligand for an NK cell inhibitory receptor NKRP1A (CD161) and inhibits NK cytolytic function. Extensive research has been done on novel therapies that target these receptors to increase the effector function of NK cells. The 2B4 receptor is involved in the rejection of melanoma cells in mice. Empliciti, an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody, explicitly targets the CS1 receptor and enhances the NK cell cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma cells. Our studies revealed that LLT1 is expressed on prostate cancer and triple-negative breast cancer cells and allows them to evade NK-cell-mediated killing. In this review, we describe NK cell receptors 2B4, CS1, and LLT1 and their potential in targeting cancer cells for NK-cell-mediated immunotherapy. New cancer immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) and NK (CAR-NK) cells are showing great promise in the treatment of cancer, and CAR cells specific to these receptors would be an attractive therapeutic option.
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4
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O’Connell P, Amalfitano A, Aldhamen YA. SLAM Family Receptor Signaling in Viral Infections: HIV and Beyond. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E184. [PMID: 31744090 PMCID: PMC6963180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors are expressed on the majority of immune cells. These receptors often serve as self-ligands, and play important roles in cellular communication and adhesion, thus modulating immune responses. SLAM family receptor signaling is differentially regulated in various immune cell types, with responses generally being determined by the presence or absence of two SLAM family adaptor proteins-Ewing's sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) and SLAM-associated adaptor protein (SAP). In addition to serving as direct regulators of the immune system, certain SLAM family members have also been identified as direct targets for specific microbes and viruses. Here, we will discuss the known roles for these receptors in the setting of viral infection, with special emphasis placed on HIV infection. Because HIV causes such complex dysregulation of the immune system, studies of the roles for SLAM family receptors in this context are particularly exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O’Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (A.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yasser A. Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA, (A.A.)
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5
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Nowlan B, Williams ED, Doran MR, Levesque JP. CD27, CD201, FLT3, CD48, and CD150 cell surface staining identifies long-term mouse hematopoietic stem cells in immunodeficient non-obese diabetic severe combined immune deficient-derived strains. Haematologica 2019; 105:71-82. [PMID: 31073070 PMCID: PMC6939540 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.212910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staining for CD27 and CD201 (endothelial protein C receptor) has been recently suggested as an alternative to stem cell antigen-1 (Sca1) to identify hematopoietic stem cells in inbred mouse strains with low or nil expression of SCA1. However, whether staining for CD27 and CD201 is compatible with low fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) expression and the "SLAM" code defined by CD48 and CD150 to identify mouse long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells has not been established. We compared the C57BL/6 strain, which expresses a high level of SCA1 on hematopoietic stem cells to non-obese diabetic severe combined immune deficient NOD.CB17-prkdc scid/Sz (NOD-scid) mice and NOD.CB17-prkdc scid il2rg tm1Wj1/Sz (NSG) mice which both express low to negative levels of SCA1 on hematopoietic stem cells. We demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cells are enriched within the linage-negative C-KIT+ CD27+ CD201+ FLT3- CD48-CD150+ population in serial dilution long-term competitive transplantation assays. We also make the novel observation that CD48 expression is up-regulated in Lin- KIT+ progenitors from NOD-scid and NSG strains, which otherwise have very few cells expressing the CD48 ligand CD244. Finally, we report that unlike hematopoietic stem cells, SCA1 expression is similar on bone marrow endothelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells in C57BL/6, NOD-scid and NSG mice. In conclusion, we propose that the combination of Lineage, KIT, CD27, CD201, FLT3, CD48, and CD150 antigens can be used to identify long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells from mouse strains expressing low levels of SCA1 on hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Nowlan
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane.,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland
| | - Michael R Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane .,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland.,Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba .,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland
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6
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Malaer JD, Marrufo AM, Mathew PA. 2B4 (CD244, SLAMF4) and CS1 (CD319, SLAMF7) in systemic lupus erythematosus and cancer. Clin Immunol 2018; 204:50-56. [PMID: 30347240 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM) family receptors are expressed on different types of hematopoietic cells and play important role in immune regulation in health and disease. 2B4 (CD244, SLAMF4) and CS1 (CD319, CRACC, SLAMF7) were originally identified as NK cell receptors regulating NK cell cytolytic activity. 2B4 is expressed on all NK cells, a subpopulation of T cells, monocytes and basophils. Unlike other activating and inhibitory receptors, 2B4 (CD244) interaction with its ligand CD48 has been shown to mediate both activating and inhibitory functions. Defective signaling via 2B4 due to mutations in signaling adaptor SAP contributes to X-linked lymphoproliferative Disease (XLP). Expression of 2B4 and CS1 are altered in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CS1 is overexpressed in multiple myeloma (MM) and anti-CS1 mab (Elotuzumab/Empliciti) has been approved by FDA as a breakthrough drug for treatment for MM patients. CAR -T cells or CAR- NK cells containing full length CS1 or the signaling domain of 2B4 with TCR-ζ have shown promising results to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Malaer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Armando M Marrufo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Porunelloor A Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Franzese O, Torino F, Fuggetta MP, Aquino A, Roselli M, Bonmassar E, Giuliani A, D’Atri S. Tumor immunotherapy: drug-induced neoantigens (xenogenization) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:41641-41669. [PMID: 28404974 PMCID: PMC5522228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years ago, we discovered that novel transplantation antigens can be induced in vivo or in vitro by treating murine leukemia with dacarbazine. Years later, this phenomenon that we called "Chemical Xenogenization" (CX) and more recently, "Drug-Induced Xenogenization" (DIX), was reproduced by Thierry Boon with a mutagenic/carcinogenic compound (i.e. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine). In both cases, the molecular bases of DIX rely on mutagenesis induced by methyl adducts to oxygen-6 of DNA guanine. In the present review we illustrate the main DIX-related immune-pharmacodynamic properties of triazene compounds of clinical use (i.e. dacarbazine and temozolomide).In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has come back to the stage with the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICpI) that show an extraordinary immune-enhancing activity. Here we illustrate the salient biochemical features of some of the most interesting ICpI and the up-to-day status of their clinical use. Moreover, we illustrate the literature showing the direct relationship between somatic mutation burden and susceptibility of cancer cells to host's immune responses.When DIX was discovered, we were not able to satisfactorily exploit the possible presence of triazene-induced neoantigens in malignant cells since no device was available to adequately enhance host's immune responses in clinical settings. Today, ICpI show unprecedented efficacy in terms of survival times, especially when elevated mutation load is associated with cancer cells. Therefore, in the future, mutation-dependent neoantigens obtained by appropriate pharmacological intervention appear to disclose a novel approach for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ICpI in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Fuggetta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Aquino
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonmassar
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giuliani
- Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania D’Atri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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8
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Jutz S, Hennig A, Paster W, Asrak Ö, Dijanovic D, Kellner F, Pickl WF, Huppa JB, Leitner J, Steinberger P. A cellular platform for the evaluation of immune checkpoint molecules. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64892-64906. [PMID: 29029399 PMCID: PMC5630299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the T cell coinhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1 has clinical utility to strengthen T cell responses. In addition to these immune checkpoints an ever-growing number of molecules has been implicated in generating coinhibitory signals in T cells. However, investigating coinhibitory molecules in primary human cells is complicated by the restricted expression and promiscuity of both coinhibitory receptors and their ligands. Here we have evaluated the potential of fluorescence-based transcriptional reporters based on the human Jurkat T cell line in conjunction with engineered T cell stimulator cell lines for investigating coinhibitory pathways. CTLA-4, PD-1, TIGIT, BTLA and 2B4 expressing reporter cells were generated and activated with T cell stimulator cells expressing cognate ligands of these molecules. All accessory molecules tested were functional in our reporter system. Engagement of CTLA-4, PD-1, BTLA and TIGIT by their ligands significantly inhibited T cell activation, whereas binding of 2B4 by CD48 resulted in enhanced responses. Mutational analysis revealed intracellular motifs that are responsible for BTLA mediated T cell inhibition and demonstrates potent reporter inhibition by CTLA-4 independent of cytoplasmic signaling motifs. Moreover, considerably higher IC50 values were measured for the CTLA-4 blocker Ipilimumab compared to the PD-1 antibody Nivolumab. Our findings show that coinhibitory pathways can be evaluated in Jurkat-based transcriptional reporters and yield novel insights on their function. Results obtained from this robust reductionist system can complement more time consuming and complex studies of such pathways in primary T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jutz
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Hennig
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ömer Asrak
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dejana Dijanovic
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kellner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Immune Recognition Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Immune Recognition Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Velu V, Shetty RD, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options. Retrovirology 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25756928 PMCID: PMC4340294 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells undergo functional exhaustion, lose effector functions and fail to control viral infection. HIV-specific CD8 T cells expressing high levels of co-inhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) during the chronic infection and are characterized by lower proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic abilities. Although, antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic decline in HIV replication, there is no effective treatment currently available to eradicate viral reservoirs or restore virus-specific T or B-cell functions that may complement ART in order to eliminate the virus. In recent years, studies in mice and non-human primate models of HIV infection demonstrated the functional exhaustion of virus-specific T and B cells could be reversed by blockade of interaction between PD-1 and its cognate ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PD-1 pathway in HIV/SIV infection and discuss the beneficial effects of PD-1 blockade during chronic HIV/SIV infection and its potential role as immunotherapy for HIV/AIDS.
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10
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CD244 is expressed on dendritic cells and regulates their functions. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:581-90. [PMID: 25643613 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptors have an important role in the development of immune responses because of their roles, for exampe, in NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production by NK, T cells and myeloid cells. The SLAM receptor CD244 (2B4, SLAMf4) is expressed on a variety of immune cell types but most of its functions have been examined on NK and T cells. In the present study, we investigated expression and function of CD244 in murine subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). We report that all subsets of murine DCs examined expressed CD244, although the expression levels of CD244 varied between subsets. Splenic and resident mesenteric lymph node (MLN) DCs from CD244(-/-) mice expressed lower levels of CD86 and MHC class II compared with wild-type mice. Upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, no differences in surface expression of these molecules were observed between DCs from CD244(-/-) and wild-type mice. However, splenic DCs from CD244(-/-) mice upon stimulation with TLR binding ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG produced significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, DCs from CD244(-/-) mice elicited increased NK cell activation in vitro. These data add CD244 to a growing list of immuno-modulatory receptors found on DCs.
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11
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Complex 2B4 Regulation of Mast Cells and Eosinophils in Murine Allergic Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2928-2937. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Bharaj P, Chahar HS, Alozie OK, Rodarte L, Bansal A, Goepfert PA, Dwivedi A, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Characterization of programmed death-1 homologue-1 (PD-1H) expression and function in normal and HIV infected individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109103. [PMID: 25279955 PMCID: PMC4184823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation that persists despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is the strongest predictor of disease progression in HIV infection. Monocyte/macrophages in HIV-infected individuals are known to spontaneously secrete cytokines, although neither the mechanism nor the molecules involved are known. Here we show that overexpression of the newly described co-stimulatory molecule, PD1 homologue (PD-1H) in human monocyte/macrophages is sufficient to induce spontaneous secretion of multiple cytokines. The process requires signaling via PD-1H as cytokine secretion could be abrogated by deletion of the cytoplasmic domain. Such overexpression of PD-1H, associated with spontaneous cytokine expression is seen in monocytes from chronically HIV-infected individuals and this correlates with immune activation and CD4 depletion, but not viral load. Moreover, antigen presentation by PD-1H-overexpressing monocytes results in enhanced cytokine secretion by HIV-specific T cells. These results suggest that PD-1H might play a crucial role in modulating immune activation and immune response in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bharaj
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Harendra Singh Chahar
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Ogechika K. Alozie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Lizette Rodarte
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alok Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (PS)
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (PS)
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13
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Lee JE, Lim SA, Kim TJ, Kim K, Ng J, Kim YH, Jang IJ, Oh SB, Lee JC, Yee C, Kumar V, Lee KM. NKG2D ligation relieves 2B4-mediated NK-cell self-tolerance in mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1802-13. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Lee
- Global Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Global Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Global Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology; University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- Global Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joanne Ng
- Global Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center; Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - In Jung Jang
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center; Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center; Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - June-Chul Lee
- Department of Medicine; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology; U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology; University of Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Global Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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14
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Kis-Toth K, Tsokos GC. Engagement of SLAMF2/CD48 prolongs the time frame of effective T cell activation by supporting mature dendritic cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4436-42. [PMID: 24670806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family (SLAMF)2/CD48 is a coactivator and adhesion molecule on cells with hematopoietic origin. It ligates mainly SLAMF4 on effector/memory CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, suggesting a potential role during viral infection, with SLAMF2 acting as a ligand to activate SLAMF4-bearing cells. The ability of SLAMF2 to signal on its own after it is engaged and the functional consequences are largely unknown. We found that cytosolic DNA-activated dendritic cells (DCs) upregulate the expression of SLAMF2 molecules. Using anti-SLAMF2 Ab and SLAMF4 recombinant protein, we found that SLAMF2 engagement activates immature DCs and, more interestingly, prolongs the survival of DNA-activated DCs by inhibiting IFN-β production and IFN-β-induced apoptosis and promotes the production of the granzyme B inhibitor protease inhibitor-9. Thus, SLAMF2 can serve as a survival molecule for DNA-activated DCs during their interaction with SLAMF4-expressing cytotoxic T cells. Based on our results, we propose that SLAMF2 engagement regulates adaptive immune responses by providing longer access of putative APCs to virus-specific effector T cells by prolonging the time frame of effective stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kis-Toth
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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15
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Papenfuss AT, Baker ML, Feng ZP, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Ng J, Janardhana V, Field HE, Wang LF. The immune gene repertoire of an important viral reservoir, the Australian black flying fox. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:261. [PMID: 22716473 PMCID: PMC3436859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are the natural reservoir host for a range of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including SARS-like coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, henipaviruses and Rabies viruses. However, the mechanisms responsible for the control of viral replication in bats are not understood and there is little information available on any aspect of antiviral immunity in bats. Massively parallel sequencing of the bat transcriptome provides the opportunity for rapid gene discovery. Although the genomes of one megabat and one microbat have now been sequenced to low coverage, no transcriptomic datasets have been reported from any bat species. In this study, we describe the immune transcriptome of the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto, providing an important resource for identification of genes involved in a range of activities including antiviral immunity. Results Towards understanding the adaptations that have allowed bats to coexist with viruses, we have de novo assembled transcriptome sequence from immune tissues and stimulated cells from P. alecto. We identified about 18,600 genes involved in a broad range of activities with the most highly expressed genes involved in cell growth and maintenance, enzyme activity, cellular components and metabolism and energy pathways. 3.5% of the bat transcribed genes corresponded to immune genes and a total of about 500 immune genes were identified, providing an overview of both innate and adaptive immunity. A small proportion of transcripts found no match with annotated sequences in any of the public databases and may represent bat-specific transcripts. Conclusions This study represents the first reported bat transcriptome dataset and provides a survey of expressed bat genes that complement existing bat genomic data. In addition, these data provide insight into genes relevant to the antiviral responses of bats, and form a basis for examining the roles of these molecules in immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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16
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Tjwa ETTL, van Oord GW, Biesta PJ, Boonstra A, Janssen HLA, Woltman AM. Restoration of TLR3-activated myeloid dendritic cell activity leads to improved natural killer cell function in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Virol 2012; 86:4102-9. [PMID: 22318141 PMCID: PMC3318629 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07000-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the function of NK cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is impaired. The underlying mechanism for the impaired NK cell function is still unknown. Since myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) are potent inducers of NK cells, we investigated the functional interaction of mDC and NK cells in CHB and the influence of antiviral therapy. Blood BDCA1(+) mDC and NK cells were isolated from 16 healthy controls or 39 CHB patients at baseline and during 6 months of antiviral therapy. After activation of mDC with poly(I · C) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), mDC were cocultured with NK cells. Phenotype and function were analyzed in detail by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings demonstrate that on poly(I · C)/IFN-γ-stimulated mDC from CHB patients, the expression of costimulatory molecules was enhanced, while cytokine production was reduced. In cocultures of poly(I · C)/IFN-γ-stimulated mDC and NK cells obtained from CHB patients, reduced mDC-induced NK cell activation (i.e., CD69 expression) and IFN-γ production compared to those in healthy individuals was observed. Antiviral therapy normalized mDC activity, since decreased expression of CD80 and CD86 on DC and of HLA-E on NK cells was observed, while poly(I · C)/IFN-γ-induced cytokine production by mDC was enhanced. In parallel, successful antiviral therapy resulted in improved mDC-induced NK cell activation and IFN-γ production. These data demonstrate that CHB patients display a diminished functional interaction between poly(I · C)/IFN-γ activated mDC and NK cells due to impaired mDC function, which can be partially restored by antiviral therapy. Enhancing this reciprocal interaction could reinforce the innate and thus the adaptive T cell response, and this may be an important step in achieving effective antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T T L Tjwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
Analogous to T cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells may facilitate engraftment, combat infection, and control cancer in bone marrow or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); however, NK cells do not cause graft-versus-host disease. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) regulate NK cell function, and recent data suggest that KIR is as important as its ligand (human leucocyte antigen; HLA) in HSCT for both malignant and non-malignant conditions. Because there is substantial variability in KIR gene content, allelic polymorphism, and cell-surface expression among people, careful selection of donors based on HLA and KIR is essential to optimize HSCT outcomes. Furthermore, NK cells may be used for adoptive immunotherapy after HSCT in place of conventional donor lymphocyte infusion, as part of pre-transplant cytoreductive therapy, or as an independent therapeutic agent in high-risk leukaemia in place of sibling donor HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Leung
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 26 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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18
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Sanchez-Correa B, Morgado S, Gayoso I, Bergua JM, Casado JG, Arcos MJ, Bengochea ML, Duran E, Solana R, Tarazona R. Human NK cells in acute myeloid leukaemia patients: analysis of NK cell-activating receptors and their ligands. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1195-205. [PMID: 21644031 PMCID: PMC11028638 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activation is strictly regulated to ensure that healthy cells are preserved, but tumour-transformed or virus-infected cells are recognized and eliminated. To carry out this selective killing, NK cells have an ample repertoire of receptors on their surface. Signalling by inhibitory and activating receptors by interaction with their ligands will determine whether the NK cell becomes activated and kills the target cell. Here, we show reduced expression of NKp46, NKp30, DNAM-1, CD244 and CD94/NKG2C activating receptors on NK cells from acute myeloid leukaemia patients. This reduction may be induced by chronic exposure to their ligands on leukaemic blasts. The analysis of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors showed that leukaemic blasts from the majority of patients express ligands for NK cell-activating receptors. DNAM-1 ligands are frequently expressed on blasts, whereas the expression of the NKG2D ligand MICA/B is found in half of the patients and CD48, a ligand for CD244, in only one-fourth of the patients. The decreased expression of NK cell-activating receptors and/or the heterogeneous expression of ligands for major receptors on leukaemic blasts can lead to an inadequate tumour immunosurveillance by NK cells. A better knowledge of the activating receptor repertoire on NK cells and their putative ligands on blasts together with the possibility to modulate their expression will open new possibilities for the use of NK cells in immunotherapy against leukaemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunomodulation
- Immunotherapy
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Ligands
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Escape
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sanchez-Correa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Sara Morgado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gayoso
- Immunology Unit, Instituto Maimonides para la Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC)-University of Cordoba-Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan M. Bergua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Caceres, Spain
| | - Javier G. Casado
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Arcos
- Department of Hematology, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - Esther Duran
- Histology and Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Immunology Unit, Instituto Maimonides para la Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC)-University of Cordoba-Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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19
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Yamamoto T, Price DA, Casazza JP, Ferrari G, Nason M, Chattopadhyay PK, Roederer M, Gostick E, Katsikis PD, Douek DC, Haubrich R, Petrovas C, Koup RA. Surface expression patterns of negative regulatory molecules identify determinants of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection. Blood 2011; 117:4805-15. [PMID: 21398582 PMCID: PMC3100691 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-11-317297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly complex network of coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors regulates the outcome of virus-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. Here, we report on the expression patterns of multiple inhibitory receptors on HIV-specific, cytomegalovirus-specific, and bulk CD8(+) T-cell memory populations. In contrast to cytomegalovirus-specific CD8(+) T cells, the majority of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells exhibited an immature phenotype and expressed Programmed Death-1, CD160 and 2B4 but not lymphocyte activation gene-3. Notably, before antiretroviral therapy, simultaneous expression of these negative regulators correlated strongly with both HIV load and impaired cytokine production. Suppression of HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy was associated with reduced surface expression of inhibitory molecules on HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, in vitro manipulation of Programmed Death-1 and 2B4 inhibitory pathways increased the proliferative capacity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, multiple coinhibitory receptors can affect the development of HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and, by extension, represent potential targets for new immune-based interventions in HIV-infected persons.
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20
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Aldy KN, Horton NC, Mathew PA, Mathew SO. 2B4+ CD8+ T cells play an inhibitory role against constrained HIV epitopes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:503-7. [PMID: 21256826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells play a critical role in the control of HIV and the progression of infected individuals to AIDS. 2B4 (CD244) is a member of the SLAM family of receptors that regulate lymphocyte development and function. The expression of 2B4 on CD8+ T cells was shown to increase during AIDS disease progression. However, the functional role of 2B4+ CD8+ T cells against HIV infection is not known. Here, we have examined the functional role of 2B4+ CD8+ T cells during and after stimulation with HLA B14 or B27 restricted HIV epitopes. Interestingly, IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxic activity of 2B4+ CD8+ T cells stimulated with HIV peptides were significantly decreased when compared to influenza peptide stimulated 2B4+ CD8+ T cells. The expression of the signaling adaptor molecule SAP was downregulated in 2B4+ CD8+ T cells upon HIV peptide stimulation. These results suggest that 2B4+ CD8+ T cells play an inhibitory role against constrained HIV epitopes underlying the inability to control the virus during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim N Aldy
- Department of Surgery-Burn/Trauma/Critical care, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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21
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Elishmereni M, Levi-Schaffer F. CD48: A co-stimulatory receptor of immunity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Kim EO, Kim TJ, Kim N, Kim ST, Kumar V, Lee KM. Homotypic cell to cell cross-talk among human natural killer cells reveals differential and overlapping roles of 2B4 and CD2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41755-64. [PMID: 20813844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells express an abundant level of 2B4 and CD2 on their surface. Their counter-receptors, CD48 and CD58, are also expressed on the NK cell surface, raising a question about the functional consequences of potential 2B4/CD48 and CD2/CD58 interactions. Using blocking antibodies specific to each receptor, we demonstrated that both 2B4/CD48 and CD2/CD58 interactions were essential for the development of NK effector functions: cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. However, only 2B4/CD48, but not CD2/CD58, interactions were shown to be critical for the optimal NK cell proliferation in response to interleukin (IL)-2. IL-2-activated NK cells cultured in the absence of 2B4/CD48 or CD2/CD58 interactions were severely impaired for their ability to induce intracellular calcium mobilization and subsequent ERK activation upon tumor target exposure, suggesting that the early signaling pathway of NK receptors leading to impaired cytolysis and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion was inhibited. Nevertheless, these defects did not fully account for the reduced proliferation of NK cells in the absence of 2B4/CD48 interactions, because anti-CD2 or anti-CD58 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-treated NK cells, showing defective signaling and effector functions, displayed normal proliferation upon IL-2 stimulation. These results propose the signaling divergence between pathways leading to cell proliferation and cytotoxicity/cytokine release, which can be differentially regulated by 2B4 and CD2 during IL-2-driven NK cell activation. Collectively, these results reveal the importance of homotypic NK-to-NK cell cross-talk through 2B4/CD48 and CD2/CD58 pairs and further present their differential and overlapping roles in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Global Research Lab, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Abstract
Initially described as effectors of natural cytotoxicity and critical players for the control of viral infections and tumor growth, recent investigations unraveled more widespread functions for the natural killer (NK) cells. Through the establishment of a crosstalk with dendritic cells, NK cells promote T helper-1- and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, whereas through the establishment of a crosstalk with macrophages, NK cells contribute to the activation of their microbicidal functions. Recent evidence has shown that NK cells also display memory, a characteristic thought to be privative of T and B cells, and that NK cells acquire their mature phenotype during a complex ontogeny program which tunes their activation threshold. Cytokines play critical roles in regulating all aspects of immune responses, including lymphoid development, homeostasis, differentiation, tolerance, and memory. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, and type I interferons constitute pivotal factors involved in the maturation, activation, and survival of NK cells. In addition, the discovery of novel cytokines is increasing the spectrum of soluble mediators that regulate NK cell immunobiology. In this review, we summarize and integrate novel concepts about the role of different cytokines in the regulation of NK cell function. We believe that a full understanding of how NK cells become activated and develop their effector functions in response to cytokines and other stimuli may lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of different types of cancer, viral infections, and chronic autoimmune diseases.
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24
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Bambard ND, Mathew SO, Mathew PA. LLT1-mediated activation of IFN-gamma production in human natural killer cells involves ERK signalling pathway. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:210-9. [PMID: 20415786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell functions are regulated by a delicate balance of signals received through activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on the cell surface. Lectin-like transcript-1 (LLT1), expressed on a subpopulation of NK cells and other immune cells is a ligand for the NK cell inhibitory receptor, NKR-P1A (CD161). Previous studies showed that cross-linking surface LLT1 with a monoclonal antibody stimulated NK cell IFN-gamma secretion but had no effect on cytotoxicity. Here, we have examined the signalling pathways associated with LLT1-stimulated IFN-gamma secretion. We ligated LLT1 on NK92 cells with CD161 on target cells and analysed IFN-gamma production in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors specific for various signalling mechanisms. These results indicate that LLT1 employs Src-PTK, p38 and ERK signalling pathways, but not PKC, PI3K or calcineurin. Phosphorylation studies of the signalling adaptor molecules confirmed that the ERK signalling pathway is associated with LLT1-mediated IFN-gamma production. LLT1 ligation is not associated with any change in detectable IFN-gamma mRNA levels suggesting that LLT1-stimulated IFN-gamma production in NK cells may involve post-transcriptional or translational events.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Bambard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology and Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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25
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Essential function for SAP family adaptors in the surveillance of hematopoietic cells by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:973-80. [PMID: 19648922 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The adaptors SAP, EAT-2 and ERT are specific to cells of the immune system and belong to the SAP family. All three are expressed in natural killer (NK) cells. Here we examined the global function of the SAP family using mice lacking SAP, EAT-2 and ERT. These adaptors acted together in a mechanism that was essential for the elimination of hematopoietic but not nonhematopoietic cells by NK cells. This function was mediated by many receptors of the SLAM family on NK cells that were engaged by ligands found solely on hematopoietic cells. In the absence of SAP-related adaptors, SLAM receptors lost their activating function and became inhibitory receptors that repressed other activating receptors, such as NKG2D. Hence, the SAP family is essential for the elimination of unwanted hematopoietic cells by NK cells.
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26
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Mathew SO, Rao KK, Kim JR, Bambard ND, Mathew PA. Functional role of human NK cell receptor 2B4 (CD244) isoforms. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1632-41. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Calpe S, Wang N, Romero X, Berger SB, Lanyi A, Engel P, Terhorst C. The SLAM and SAP gene families control innate and adaptive immune responses. Adv Immunol 2008; 97:177-250. [PMID: 18501771 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nine SLAM-family genes, SLAMF1-9, a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily, encode differentially expressed cell-surface receptors of hematopoietic cells. Engagement with their ligands, which are predominantly homotypic, leads to distinct signal transduction events, for instance those that occur in the T or NK cell immune synapse. Upon phosphorylation of one or more copies of a unique tyrosine-based signaling motif in their cytoplasmic tails, six of the SLAM receptors recruit the highly specific single SH2-domain adapters SLAM-associated protein (SAP), EAT-2A, and/or EAT-2B. These adapters in turn bind to the tyrosine kinase Fyn and/or other protein tyrosine kinases connecting the receptors to signal transduction networks. Individuals deficient in the SAP gene, SH2D1A, develop an immunodeficiency syndrome: X-linked lympho-proliferative disease. In addition to operating in the immune synapse, SLAM receptors initiate or partake in multiple effector functions of hematopoietic cells, for example, neutrophil and macrophage killing and platelet aggregation. Here we discuss the current understanding of the structure and function of these recently discovered receptors and adapter molecules in the regulation of adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calpe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Abstract
The enunciation of the T helper 1/T helper 2 (Th1/Th2) paradigm in pregnancy has represented a major step forward in our understanding of physiological and pathologic materno-foetal relationship. However, recent developments in studies of the implantation process and in the emergence of the uterine vascular bed and its control by natural killer cells and cytokines suggest that one must go beyond this hitherto useful scheme. In this review, we replace the emergence of the paradigm in its historical context and then emphasises what it does explain and what it no longer account for. A final reappraisal of the paradigm is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Chaouat
- Unité 782 Inserm, 32 rue des Carnets 92141 Clamart, France.
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29
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Ostrakhovitch EA, Li SSC. The role of SLAM family receptors in immune cell signaling. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 84:832-43. [PMID: 17215871 DOI: 10.1139/o06-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule (SLAM) family immunoreceptors are expressed in a wide array of immune cells, including both T and B lymphocytes. By virtue of their ability to transduce tyrosine phosphorylation signals through the so-called ITSM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif) sequences, they play an important part in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. The critical role of the SLAM immunoreceptors in mediating normal immune reactions was highlighted in recent findings that SAP, a SLAM-associated protein, modulates the activities of various immune cells through interactions with different members of the SLAM family expressed in these cells. Importantly, mutations or deletions of the sap gene in humans result in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and survey the latest developments in signal transduction events triggered by the activation of SLAM family receptors in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ostrakhovitch
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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30
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Lebbink RJ, Meyaard L. Non-MHC ligands for inhibitory immune receptors: novel insights and implications for immune regulation. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2153-64. [PMID: 17188357 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular responses by inhibitory receptors is crucial for proper function of the immune system. The prototype inhibitory immune receptors are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding killer-Ig like receptors (KIRs) present on effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and effector T cells. However, the recent identification of non-MHC class I ligands for inhibitory immune receptors, such as KLRG1, KLRB1 and LAIR-1, indicates that also MHC class I-independent inhibitory immune receptors play crucial roles in inducing peripheral tolerance. The presence of these receptors on many other immune cell types besides effector cells suggests that tight regulation of cell activation is necessary in all facets of the immune response in both normal and diseased tissue. Here, we review novel insights and implications of non-MHC class I ligand binding to inhibitory immune receptors. We give an overview of the known ligand-receptor pairs by grouping the ligands according to their properties and discuss implications of these interactions for the maintenance of immune balance and for the defense against tumors and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rm KC02.085.2, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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