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Midha A, Oser L, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Laubschat A, Mugo RM, Musimbi ZD, Höfler P, Kundik A, Hayani R, Adjah J, Groenhagen S, Tieke M, Elizalde-Velázquez LE, Kühl AA, Klopfleisch R, Tedin K, Rausch S, Hartmann S. Concurrent Ascaris infection modulates host immunity resulting in impaired control of Salmonella infection in pigs. mSphere 2024:e0047824. [PMID: 39140728 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00478-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascaris is one of the most widespread helminth infections, leading to chronic morbidity in humans and considerable economic losses in pig farming. In addition, pigs are an important reservoir for the zoonotic salmonellosis, where pigs can serve as asymptomatic carriers. Here, we investigated the impact of an ongoing Ascaris infection on the immune response to Salmonella in pigs. We observed higher bacterial burdens in experimentally coinfected pigs compared to pigs infected with Salmonella alone. The impaired control of Salmonella in the coinfected pigs was associated with repressed interferon gamma responses in the small intestine and with the alternative activation of gut macrophages evident in elevated CD206 expression. Ascaris single and coinfection were associated with a rise of CD4-CD8α+FoxP3+ Treg in the lymph nodes draining the small intestine and liver. In addition, macrophages from coinfected pigs showed enhanced susceptibility to Salmonella infection in vitro and the Salmonella-induced monocytosis and tumor necrosis factor alpha production by myeloid cells was repressed in pigs coinfected with Ascaris. Hence, our data indicate that acute Ascaris infection modulates different immune effector functions with important consequences for the control of tissue-invasive coinfecting pathogens.IMPORTANCEIn experimentally infected pigs, we show that an ongoing infection with the parasitic worm Ascaris suum modulates host immunity, and coinfected pigs have higher Salmonella burdens compared to pigs infected with Salmonella alone. Both infections are widespread in pig production and the prevalence of Salmonella is high in endemic regions of human Ascariasis, indicating that this is a clinically meaningful coinfection. We observed the type 2/regulatory immune response to be induced during an Ascaris infection correlates with increased susceptibility of pigs to the concurrent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Oser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser-Brandenburg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Laubschat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert M Mugo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaneta D Musimbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Höfler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rima Hayani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Adjah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Groenhagen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Tieke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis E Elizalde-Velázquez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, iPATH.Berlin, Core unit of Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huoying Shi,
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De Pascalis R, Rossi AP, Mittereder L, Takeda K, Akue A, Kurtz SL, Elkins KL. Production of IFN-γ by splenic dendritic cells during innate immune responses against Francisella tularensis LVS depends on MyD88, but not TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237034. [PMID: 32745117 PMCID: PMC7398525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ is a key innate immune mechanism that limits replication of intracellular bacteria such as Francisella tularensis (Ft) until adaptive immune responses develop. Previously, we demonstrated that the host cell types responsible for IFN-γ production in response to murine Francisella infection include not only natural killer (NK) and T cells, but also a variety of myeloid cells. However, production of IFN-γ by mouse dendritic cells (DC) is controversial. Here, we directly demonstrated substantial production of IFN-γ by DC, as well as hybrid NK-DC, from LVS-infected wild type C57BL/6 or Rag1 knockout mice. We demonstrated that the numbers of conventional DC producing IFN-γ increased progressively over the course of 8 days of LVS infection. In contrast, the numbers of conventional NK cells producing IFN-γ, which represented about 40% of non-B/T IFN-γ-producing cells, peaked at day 4 after LVS infection and declined thereafter. This pattern was similar to that of hybrid NK-DC. To further confirm IFN-γ production by infected cells, DC and neutrophils were sorted from naïve and LVS-infected mice and analyzed for gene expression. Quantification of LVS by PCR revealed the presence of Ft DNA not only in macrophages, but also in highly purified, IFN-γ producing DC and neutrophils. Finally, production of IFN-γ by infected DC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Notably, IFN-γ production patterns similar to those in wild type mice were observed in cells derived from LVS-infected TLR2, TLR4, and TLR2xTLR9 knockout (KO) mice, but not from MyD88 KO mice. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the pivotal roles of DC and MyD88 in IFN-γ production and in initiating innate immune responses to this intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Pascalis
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDP); (KLE)
| | - Amy P. Rossi
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adovi Akue
- Flow Cytometry Core, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherry L. Kurtz
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Elkins
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RDP); (KLE)
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4
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Proteomic analysis of murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells in response to peste des petits ruminants virus. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:195-204. [PMID: 31260839 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) poses a great threat to livestock husbandry, especially goat farming due to its high mortality and morbidity. Dendritic cells (DCs), as the principal stimulators of naive Th cells were widely used in antigen processing and presenting. In the previous study, we tested the effects of PPRV on murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) including surface markers and cytokines. While the aim of this study is to detect the proteomic profile of BMDCs stimulated with PPRV towards key proteins involved in. Following PPRV stimulation, 110 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified through iTRAQ labelling with LC-MS/MS approach, of which 94 DEPs were up-regulated and 16 DEPs were down-regulated, respectively. Among them 15 out of 110 DGPs were related to innate immune system, three were involved in cell apoptosis, RPS15a and Smox were related to translation of viral mRNA. Additionally, western blot analysis showed identical results to iTRAQ analysis. There will be profound significance for understanding antigen-presenting of BMDCs after stimulation with PPRV.
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5
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Ibáñez L, Pontier-Bres R, Larbret F, Rekima A, Verhasselt V, Blin-Wakkach C, Czerucka D. Saccharomyces boulardii Strain CNCM I-745 Modifies the Mononuclear Phagocytes Response in the Small Intestine of Mice Following Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:643. [PMID: 31001263 PMCID: PMC6455222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) comprise dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mφs) that play different roles in response to Salmonella infection. After phagocytosis, DCs expressing CD103 transport Salmonella from the intestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and induce adaptive immune responses whereas resident Mφs expressing CX3CR1 capture bacteria in the lumen and reside in the lamina propria (LP) where they induce a local immune response. CX3CR1+ Mφs are generated from Ly6Chi monocytes that enter the colonic mucosa and differentiate locally. We previously demonstrated that the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (S.b) prevents infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST), decreases ST translocation to the peripheral organs and modifies the pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles in the gut. In the present study, we investigated the effect of S.b on the migratory CD103+ DCs and the resident CX3CR1+ Mφs. MPs were isolated from the LP of streptomycin-treated mice infected by ST with or without S.b treatment before or during the infection. In S.b-pretreated mice, we observed a decrease of the CD103+ DCs in the LP that was associated with the drop of ST recovery from MLN. Interestingly, S.b induced an infiltration of LP by classical Ly6Chi monocytes, and S.b modified the monocyte-Mφ maturation process in ST-infected mice. Our results showed that S.b treatment induced the expansion of Ly6Chi monocytes in the blood as well as in the bone marrow (BM) of mice, thus contributing to the Mφ replenishment in LP from blood monocytes. In vitro experiments conducted on BM cells confirmed that S.b induced the expansion of CX3CR1+ Mφs and concomitantly ST phagocytosis. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 modulates the innate immune response. Although here, we cannot explicitly delineate direct effects on ST from innate immunity, S. b-amplified innate immunity correlated with partial protection from ST infection. This study shows that S.b can induce the expansion of classical monocytes that are precursors of resident Mφs in the LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ibáñez
- CNRS, UMR 7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Frederic Larbret
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,EA6303, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Akila Rekima
- EA6303, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Valérie Verhasselt
- EA6303, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Hopital de l'Archet, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR 7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Dorota Czerucka
- Ecosystems and Immunity team, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
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6
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Abstract
The interaction betweenSalmonella and its host is complex and dynamic: the host mounts an immune defense against the pathogen, which in turn acts to reduce, evade, or exploit these responses to successfully colonize the host. Although the exact mechanisms mediating protective immunity are poorly understood, it is known that T cells are a critical component of immunity to Salmonella infection, and a robust T-cell response is required for both clearance of primary infection and resistance to subsequent challenge. B-cell functions, including but not limited to antibody production, are also required for generation of protective immunity. Additionally, interactions among host cells are essential. For example, antigen-presenting cells (including B cells) express cytokines that participate in CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation. Differentiated CD4+ T cells secrete cytokines that have both autocrine and paracrine functions, including recruitment and activation of phagocytes, and stimulation of B cell isotype class switching and affinity maturation. Multiple bacterium-directed mechanisms, including altered antigen expression and bioavailability and interference with antigen-presenting cell activation and function, combine to modify Salmonella's "pathogenic signature" in order to minimize its susceptibility to host immune surveillance. Therefore, a more complete understanding of adaptive immune responses may provide insights into pathogenic bacterial functions. Continued identification of adaptive immune targets will guide rational vaccine development, provide insights into host functions required to resist Salmonella infection, and correspondingly provide valuable reagents for defining the critical pathogenic capabilities of Salmonella that contribute to their success in causing acute and chronic infections.
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7
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O'Donnell H, Pham OH, Benoun JM, Ravesloot-Chávez MM, McSorley SJ. Contaminated water delivery as a simple and effective method of experimental Salmonella infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1615-27. [PMID: 26439708 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In most infectious disease models, it is assumed that gavage needle infection is the most reliable means of pathogen delivery to the GI tract. However, this methodology can cause esophageal tearing and induces stress in experimental animals, both of which have the potential to impact early infection and the subsequent immune response. MATERIALS & METHODS C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with virulent Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 either by intragastric gavage preceded by sodium bicarbonate, or by contamination of drinking water. RESULTS We demonstrate that water contamination delivery of Salmonella is equivalent to gavage inoculation in providing a consistent model of infection. Furthermore, exposure of mice to contaminated drinking water for as little as 4 h allowed maximal mucosal and systemic infection, suggesting an abbreviated window exists for natural intestinal entry. CONCLUSION Together, these data question the need for gavage delivery for infection with oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope O'Donnell
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Yersinia Research Unit, Microbiology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Oanh H Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Benoun
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marietta M Ravesloot-Chávez
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Fabrik I, Härtlova A, Rehulka P, Stulik J. Serving the new masters - dendritic cells as hosts for stealth intracellular bacteria. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1473-83. [PMID: 23795643 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as the primers of adaptive immunity, which is indispensable for the control of the majority of infections. Interestingly, some pathogenic intracellular bacteria can subvert DC function and gain the advantage of an ineffective host immune reaction. This scenario appears to be the case particularly with so-called stealth pathogens, which are the causative agents of several under-diagnosed chronic diseases. However, there is no consensus how less explored stealth bacteria like Coxiella, Brucella and Francisella cross-talk with DCs. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the issue and to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interaction of above mentioned pathogens with DCs as crucial hosts from an infection strategy view. Evidence indicates that infected DCs are not sufficiently activated, do not undergo maturation and do not produce expected proinflammatory cytokines. In some cases, the infected DCs even display immunosuppressive behaviour that may be directly linked to the induction of tolerogenicity favouring pathogen survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Fabrik
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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9
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Phenotypic characterisation of the monocyte subpopulations in healthy adult pigs and Salmonella-infected piglets by seven-colour flow cytometry. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:240-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Antibodies in action: role of human opsonins in killing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3188-94. [PMID: 21628517 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05081-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines have been available for over a century, a correlate of protection for typhoid fever has yet to be identified. Antibodies are produced in response to typhoid infection and vaccination and are generally used as the gold standard for determining vaccine immunogenicity, even though their role in clearance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infections is poorly defined. Here, we describe the first functional characterization of S. Typhi-specific antibodies following vaccination with a new vaccine, M01ZH09 (Ty2 ΔaroC ΔssaV). We determined that postvaccination sera increased the uptake of wild-type S. Typhi by human macrophages up to 2.3-fold relative to prevaccination (day 0) or placebo samples. These results were recapitulated using immunoglobulins purified from postvaccination serum, demonstrating that antibodies were largely responsible for increases in uptake. Imaging verified that macrophages internalized 2- to 9.5-fold more S. Typhi when the bacteria were opsonized with postvaccination sera than when the bacteria were opsonized with day 0 or placebo sera. Once inside macrophages, the survival of S. Typhi was reduced as much as 50% when opsonized with postvaccination sera relative to day 0 or placebo serum samples. Lastly, bactericidal assays indicated that antibodies generated postvaccination were recognized by complement factors and assisted in killing S. Typhi: mean postvaccination bactericidal antibody titers were higher at all time points than placebo and day 0 titers. These data clearly demonstrate that there are at least two mechanisms by which antibodies facilitate killing of S. Typhi. Future work could lead to improved immunogenicity tests associated with vaccine efficacy and the identification of correlates of protection against typhoid fever.
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Lee SJ, O'Donnell H, McSorley SJ. B7-H1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) is required for the development of multifunctional Th1 cells and immunity to primary, but not secondary, Salmonella infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2442-9. [PMID: 20639491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Robust Ab and CD4 T cell responses are required for the resolution of Salmonella infection in susceptible mice. In this study, we examined the role of B7-H1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) in resistance to primary Salmonella infection. Infected B7-H1-deficient mice had significantly higher bacterial burdens at day 21 and day 35 postinfection compared with wild-type mice, demonstrating that B7-H1 plays an important role in immunity to Salmonella. B7-H1-deficient and wild-type mice both generated Salmonella-specific IgM and IgG2c Ab responses to infection, and clonal expansion of endogenous and adoptively transferred Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells was similar in both groups. However, although Salmonella-specific IFN-gamma-producing Th1 CD4 T cells were generated in Salmonella-infected B7-H1-deficient mice, these cells did not expand to the level observed in wild-type mice. Furthermore, fewer multifunctional Th1 cells that simultaneously secreted IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 were detected in Salmonella-infected B7-H1-deficient mice. Together, these data demonstrate that B7-H1 is required for the generation of multifunctional Th1 responses and optimal protective immunity to primary Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joo Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, McGuire Translational Research Facility, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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12
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Van Parys A, Boyen F, Volf J, Verbrugghe E, Leyman B, Rychlik I, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F. Salmonella Typhimurium resides largely as an extracellular pathogen in porcine tonsils, independently of biofilm-associated genes csgA, csgD and adrA. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Bueno SM, Wozniak A, Leiva ED, Riquelme SA, Carreño LJ, Hardt WD, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 differentially modulates bacterial entry to dendritic and non-phagocytic cells. Immunology 2010; 130:273-87. [PMID: 20201987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can enter non-phagocytic cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, by virtue of a Type Three Secretion System (TTSS) encoded in the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1), which translocates bacterial effector molecules into the host cell. Salmonella can also be taken up by dendritic cells (DCs). Although the role of SPI-1 in non-phagocytic cell invasion is well established, its contribution to invasion of phagocytic cells has not been evaluated. Here, we have tested the invasive capacity of a S. Typhimurium strain lacking a key component of its TTSS-1 (DeltaInvC) leading to defective translocation of SPI-1-encoded effectors. Whereas this mutant Salmonella strain was impaired for invasion of non-phagocytic cells, it was taken up by DCs at a significantly higher rate than wild-type Salmonella. Similar to wild-type Salmonella, the DeltaInvC mutant strain retained the capacity to avoid antigen presentation to T cells. However, mice infected with the DeltaInvC mutant strain showed higher survival rate and reduced organ colonization. Our data suggest that, besides promoting phagocytosis by non-phagocytic cells, SPI-1 modulates the number of bacteria that enters DCs. The SPI-1 could be considered not only as an inducer of epithelial cell invasion but as a controller of DC entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Valdez Y, Ferreira RBR, Finlay BB. Molecular mechanisms of Salmonella virulence and host resistance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 337:93-127. [PMID: 19812981 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01846-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella species can cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis in humans and pose a global threat to human health. In order to establish a successful infection, Salmonella utilize a large number of genes encoding a variety of virulence factors. Different animal models of infection have been used to better understand the mechanisms underlying each disease including cattle, rodents, and nematodes. To date, a number of different bacterial virulence factors have been identified using such animal models, most of which are secreted by two type three secretion systems (T3SS) encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) 1 and 2. These proteins alter various host cell pathways, facilitating the invasion of epithelial cells during infection, as well as the survival and replication of Salmonella inside phagocytic cells. On the other hand, host genetics and resistance also play a role in the susceptibility to Salmonella infection. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1), for example, is critical for host defense, since mice lacking Nramp1 fail to control bacterial replication and succumb to low doses of S. Typhimurium. In this chapter, we analyze the different pathogen and host factors that play a role in the dynamic interaction between Salmonella and its host and their impact on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Valdez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Conventional bone marrow-derived dendritic cells contribute to toll-like receptor-independent production of alpha/beta interferon in response to inactivated parapoxvirus ovis. J Virol 2009; 83:9411-22. [PMID: 19570869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02362-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) is a member of the Poxviridae family and belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus. It displays only limited homology with orthopoxviruses and has some molecular features such as an unusual high GC content distinct from orthopoxviruses. Inactivated PPVO (iPPVO) displays strong immunostimulatory capacities mediating antiviral activity in vivo. The role of dendritic cells (DC) and the pattern recognition receptors and signaling requirements responsible for immunostimulation by iPPVO are unknown. We demonstrate here that bone marrow-derived plasmacytoid DC (BM-pDC) and bone marrow-derived conventional DC (BM-cDC) secrete alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) in response to iPPVO. Furthermore, iPPVO induces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-12/23p40 (IL-12/23p40) release and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), MHC-I, and CD86 upregulation by bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC). After engulfment, iPPVO is located in endosomal compartments and in the cytosol of BMDC. iPPVO elicits IFN-alpha/beta by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-independent pathways in BM-cDC, since IFN-alpha/beta release does not require myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain containing adaptor protein inducing interferon (TRIF). In contrast, iPPVO-induced TNF-alpha release and enhanced expression of MHC-I and CD86 but not of MHC-II by BMDC chiefly requires MyD88 but not TLR2 or TLR4. Induction of IFN-alpha by iPPVO in BM-cDC occurred in the absence of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) but required the presence of IRF7, whereas iPPVO-triggered IFN-beta production required the presence of either IRF7 or IRF3. These results provide the first evidence that iPPVO mediates its immunostimulatory properties by TLR-independent and TLR-dependent pathways and demonstrate an important role of cDC for IFN-alpha/beta production.
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Kelsall B. Recent progress in understanding the phenotype and function of intestinal dendritic cells and macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:460-9. [PMID: 19079213 PMCID: PMC4780321 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses must be tightly controlled, particularly in the intestine. As members of the mononuclear phagocyte family, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are well represented in intestinal tissues and have developed unique functional niches. This review will focus on recent findings on antigen uptake and processing in the intestine and the role of DCs in the imprinting of homing receptors on T and B cells, the induction of immunoglobulin A B-cell responses, and the differentiation of regulatory T cells. It will also address the unique phenotype of intestinal macrophages and briefly what is known regarding the relationships between these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, 10/11N111, 10 Center Drive, NIAID NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892,
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Abstract
Haemophagocytosis (hemophagocytosis) is the phenomenon of activated macrophage consumption of red and white blood cells, including professional phagocytes and lymphocytes. It can occur in patients with severe cases of intracellular microbial infection, including avian influenza, leishmaniasis, tuberculosis and typhoid fever. While well-known to physicians since at least the mid-1800s, haemophagocytosis has been little studied due to a paucity of tractable animal and cell culture models. Recently, haemophagocytosis has been described in a mouse model of typhoid fever, and it was noted that the infectious agent, Salmonella enterica, resides within haemophagocytic macrophages in mice. In addition, a cell culture model for haemophagocytosis revealed that S. enterica preferentially replicate in haemophagocytic macrophages. This review describes how, at the molecular and cellular levels, S. enterica may promote and take advantage of haemophagocytosis to establish long-term systemic infections in mammals. The role, relevance and possible molecular mechanisms of haemophagocytosis are discussed within the context of other microbial infections and of genetic deficiencies in which haemophagocytosis occurs and is associated with morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Silva-Herzog
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Naik SH. Demystifying the development of dendritic cell subtypes, a little. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:439-52. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalin H Naik
- Immunology Divison, The Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Valdez Y, Diehl GE, Vallance BA, Grassl GA, Guttman JA, Brown NF, Rosenberger CM, Littman DR, Gros P, Finlay BB. Nramp1 expression by dendritic cells modulates inflammatory responses during Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:1646-61. [PMID: 18397382 PMCID: PMC3051341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is mediated by natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1/Slc11a1). Nramp1 is critical to host defence, as mice lacking Nramp1 fail to control bacterial replication and succumb to low doses of S. Typhimurium. Despite this crucial role, the mechanisms underlying Nramp1's protective effects are unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) that sample the intestinal lumen are among the first cells encountered by S. Typhimurium following oral infection and act as a conduit for S. Typhimurium to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier. We report that DCs, including intestinal, splenic and bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), express Nramp1 protein. In the small intestine, Nramp1 expression is greater in a subset of DCs (CD11c(+)CD103(-)) characterized by the elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial products. While Nramp1 expression did not affect S. Typhimurium replication in BMDCs, infected Nramp1+/+ BMDCs and intestinal CD11c(+)CD103(-) DCs secreted more inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha) than Nramp1-/-, suggesting that Nramp1 expression may promote a more rapid inflammatory response following infection. Collectively, these findings reveal a new role for DCs and Nramp1 in modulating the host inflammatory response to S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Valdez
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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