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Brumbaugh J, Aguado BA, Lysaght T, Goldstein LSB. Human fetal tissue is critical for biomedical research. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2300-2312. [PMID: 37977142 PMCID: PMC10724055 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human fetal tissue and cells derived from fetal tissue are crucial for biomedical research. Fetal tissues and cells are used to study both normal development and developmental disorders. They are broadly applied in vaccine development and production. Further, research using cells from fetal tissue is instrumental for studying many infectious diseases, including a broad range of viruses. These widespread applications underscore the value of fetal tissue research and reflect an important point: cells derived from fetal tissues have capabilities that cells from other sources do not. In many cases, increased functionality of cells derived from fetal tissues arises from increased proliferative capacity, ability to survive in culture, and developmental potential that is attenuated in adult tissues. This review highlights important, representative applications of fetal tissue for science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brumbaugh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Brian A Aguado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Tibbitts CV, Connor SO, Marx P, Akkina R. Characterizing the phenotypic and genetic changes of pre-epidemic HIV-2 group F virus following serial passage in humanized mice. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:290-293. [PMID: 37658590 PMCID: PMC10635500 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV-2 Group F virus with an origin in NHPs was isolated from only two individuals. Two serial passages in hu-mice showed increased viral loads, CD4+ T cell decline and nonsynonymous genetic changes showing its capacity for further evolution, and spread in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- ADEAR Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Corina Valencia Tibbitts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shelby O’ Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States and
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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3
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Colas C, Volodina O, Béland K, Pham TNQ, Li Y, Dallaire F, Soulard C, Lemieux W, Colamartino ABL, Tremblay-Laganière C, Dicaire R, Guimond J, Vobecky S, Poirier N, Patey N, Cohen ÉA, Haddad E. Generation of functional human T cell development in NOD/SCID/IL2rγ null humanized mice without using fetal tissue: Application as a model of HIV infection and persistence. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:597-612. [PMID: 36736326 PMCID: PMC9969074 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanization of mice with functional T cells currently relies on co-implantation of hematopoietic stem cells from fetal liver and autologous fetal thymic tissue (so-called BLT mouse model). Here, we show that NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull mice humanized with cord blood- derived CD34+ cells and implanted with allogeneic pediatric thymic tissues excised during cardiac surgeries (CCST) represent an alternative to BLT mice. CCST mice displayed a strong immune reconstitution, with functional T cells originating from CD34+ progenitor cells. They were equally susceptible to mucosal or intraperitoneal HIV infection and had significantly higher HIV-specific T cell responses. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) robustly suppressed viremia and reduced the frequencies of cells carrying integrated HIV DNA. As in BLT mice, we observed a complete viral rebound following ART interruption, suggesting the presence of HIV reservoirs. In conclusion, CCST mice represent a practical alternative to BLT mice, broadening the use of humanized mice for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Colas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Olga Volodina
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Kathie Béland
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Tram N Q Pham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Yuanyi Li
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Dallaire
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Clara Soulard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - William Lemieux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Aurélien B L Colamartino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Camille Tremblay-Laganière
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Renée Dicaire
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Suzanne Vobecky
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nancy Poirier
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Natasha Patey
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Schmitt K, Curlin JZ, Remling-Mulder L, Aboellail T, Akkina R. Zika virus induced microcephaly and aberrant hematopoietic cell differentiation modeled in novel neonatal humanized mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1060959. [PMID: 36825016 PMCID: PMC9941325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunocompetent and immunocompromised murine models have been instrumental in answering important questions regarding ZIKV pathogenesis and vertical transmission. However, mimicking human congenital zika syndrome (CZS) characteristics in these murine models has been less than optimal and does not address the potential viral effects on the human immune system. Methods Here, we utilized neonatal humanized Rag2-/-γc-/- mice to model CZS and evaluate the potential viral effects on the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Newborn Rag2-/-γc-/- mice were engrafted with ZIKV-infected hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and monitored for symptoms and lesions. Results Within 13 days, mice displayed outward clinical symptoms that encompassed stunted growth, hunched posture, ruffled fur, and ocular defects. Striking gross pathologies in the brain and visceral organs were noted. Our results also confirmed that ZIKV actively infected human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells and restricted the development of terminally differentiated B cells. Histologically, there was multifocal mineralization in several different regions of the brain together with ZIKV antigen co-localization. Diffuse necrosis of pyramidal neurons was seen with collapse of the hippocampal formation. Discussion Overall, this model recapitulated ZIKV microcephaly and CZS together with viral adverse effects on the human immune cell ontogeny thus providing a unique in vivo model to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutics and immune interventions.
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Remling‐Mulder L, Morrison J, Moriarty R, Goff K, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. Long-term evolutionary adaptation of SIVcpz toward HIV-1 using a humanized mouse model. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:288-291. [PMID: 36030391 PMCID: PMC9536748 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Critical genetic adaptations needed for SIV chimpanzee to evolve into HIV-1 are not well understood. Using humanized mice, we mimicked the evolution of SIVcpzLB715 into HIV-1 Group M over the course of four generations. Higher initial viral load, increased CD4+ T-cell decline, and nonsynonymous substitutions arose suggesting viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- ADEAR Training Program, Department of MedicineUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Leila Remling‐Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Jared Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research CenterCovingtonLouisianaUSA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research CenterCovingtonLouisianaUSA
- Department of Tropical MedicineSchool Public Health and Tropical MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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6
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Curlin JZ, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Baczenas JJ, Goff K, O’Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx PA, Akkina R. In vivo infection dynamics and human adaptive changes of SIVsm-derived viral siblings SIVmac239, SIV B670 and SIVhu in humanized mice as a paralog of HIV-2 genesis. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 1:813606. [PMID: 37168442 PMCID: PMC10168645 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2021.813606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus native to sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) is believed to have given rise to HIV-2 through cross-species transmission and evolution in the human. SIVmac239 and SIVB670, pathogenic to macaques, and SIVhu, isolated from an accidental human infection, also have origins in SIVsm. With their common ancestral lineage as that of HIV-2 from the progenitor SIVsm, but with different passage history in different hosts, they provide a unique opportunity to evaluate cross-species transmission to a new host and their adaptation/evolution both in terms of potential genetic and phenotypic changes. Using humanized mice with a transplanted human system, we evaluated in vivo replication kinetics, CD4+ T cell dynamics and genetic adaptive changes during serial passage with a goal to understand their evolution under human selective immune pressure. All the three viruses readily infected hu-mice causing chronic viremia. While SIVmac and SIVB670 caused CD4+ T cell depletion during sequential passaging, SIVhu with a deletion in nef gene was found to be less pathogenic. Deep sequencing of the genomes of these viruses isolated at different times revealed numerous adaptive mutations of significance that increased in frequency during sequential passages. The ability of these viruses to infect and replicate in humanized mice provides a new small animal model to study SIVs in vivo in addition to more expensive macaques. Since SIVmac and related viruses have been indispensable in many areas of HIV pathogenesis, therapeutics and cure research, availability of this small animal hu-mouse model that is susceptible to both SIV and HIV viruses is likely to open novel avenues of investigation for comparative studies using the same host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z. Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Antiviral Discovery, Evaluation and Application Research (ADEAR) Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John J. Baczenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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7
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Goff K, O’Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx P, Akkina R. Mimicking SIV chimpanzee viral evolution toward HIV-1 during cross-species transmission. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:284-287. [PMID: 33460210 PMCID: PMC8177655 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 evolved from SIV during cross-species transmission events, though viral genetic changes are not well understood. Here, we studied the evolution of SIVcpzLB715 into HIV-1 Group M using humanized mice. High viral loads, rapid CD4+ T-cell decline, and non-synonymous substitutions were identified throughout the viral genome suggesting viral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical, Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical, Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane National Primate, Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Goff K, O'Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx P, Akkina R. Cross-Species Transmission and Evolution of SIV Chimpanzee Progenitor Viruses Toward HIV-1 in Humanized Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1889. [PMID: 32849468 PMCID: PMC7432304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic evolution of HIV-1 from its progenitor virus SIV following cross-species transmission is not well understood. Here we simulated the SIVcpz initial transmission to humans using humanized mice and followed the viral evolution during serial passages lasting more than a year. All three SIVcpz progenitor viruses used, namely LB715 and MB897 (group M) as well as EK505 (group N) readily infected hu-mice resulting in chronic viremia. Viral loads increased progressively to higher set-points and the CD4+ T cell decline became more pronounced by the end of the second serial passage indicating viral adaptation and increased pathogenicity. Viral genomes sequenced at different time points revealed many non-synonymous variants not previously reported that occurred throughout the viral genome, including the gag, pol, env, and nef genes. These results shed light on the potential changes that the SIVcpz genome had undergone during the initial stages of human infection and subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Curlin J, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Goff K, O'Connor S, Stenglein M, Marx P, Akkina R. Evolution of SIVsm in humanized mice towards HIV-2. J Med Primatol 2020; 49:280-283. [PMID: 32777101 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Through the accumulation of adaptive mutations, HIV-2 originated from SIVsm. To identify these evolutionary changes, a humanized mouse model recapitulated the process that likely enabled this cross-species transmission event. Various adaptive mutations arose, as well as increased virulence and CD4+ T-cell decline as the virus was passaged in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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10
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Alzheimer's Disease, and Breast and Prostate Cancer Research: Translational Failures and the Importance to Monitor Outputs and Impact of Funded Research. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071194. [PMID: 32674379 PMCID: PMC7401638 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia and cancer are becoming increasingly prevalent in Western countries. In the last two decades, research focused on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer, in particular, breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC), has been substantially funded both in Europe and worldwide. While scientific research outcomes have contributed to increase our understanding of the disease etiopathology, still the prevalence of these chronic degenerative conditions remains very high across the globe. By definition, no model is perfect. In particular, animal models of AD, BC, and PC have been and still are traditionally used in basic/fundamental, translational, and preclinical research to study human disease mechanisms, identify new therapeutic targets, and develop new drugs. However, animals do not adequately model some essential features of human disease; therefore, they are often unable to pave the way to the development of drugs effective in human patients. The rise of new technological tools and models in life science, and the increasing need for multidisciplinary approaches have encouraged many interdisciplinary research initiatives. With considerable funds being invested in biomedical research, it is becoming pivotal to define and apply indicators to monitor the contribution to innovation and impact of funded research. Here, we discuss some of the issues underlying translational failure in AD, BC, and PC research, and describe how indicators could be applied to retrospectively measure outputs and impact of funded biomedical research.
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11
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Walter J, Armet AM, Finlay BB, Shanahan F. Establishing or Exaggerating Causality for the Gut Microbiome: Lessons from Human Microbiota-Associated Rodents. Cell 2020; 180:221-232. [PMID: 31978342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human diseases are increasingly linked with an altered or "dysbiotic" gut microbiota, but whether such changes are causal, consequential, or bystanders to disease is, for the most part, unresolved. Human microbiota-associated (HMA) rodents have become a cornerstone of microbiome science for addressing causal relationships between altered microbiomes and host pathology. In a systematic review, we found that 95% of published studies (36/38) on HMA rodents reported a transfer of pathological phenotypes to recipient animals, and many extrapolated the findings to make causal inferences to human diseases. We posit that this exceedingly high rate of inter-species transferable pathologies is implausible and overstates the role of the gut microbiome in human disease. We advocate for a more rigorous and critical approach for inferring causality to avoid false concepts and prevent unrealistic expectations that may undermine the credibility of microbiome science and delay its translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Medicine and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
| | - Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
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12
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Schmitt K, Curlin J, Kumar DM, Remling-Mulder L, Feely S, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. SIV progenitor evolution toward HIV: A humanized mouse surrogate model for SIVsm adaptation toward HIV-2. J Med Primatol 2019; 47:298-301. [PMID: 30255956 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How SIV progenitors evolved into deadly HIV-1 and HIV-2 following initial cross-species transmission still remains a mystery. Here, we used humanized mice as a human surrogate system to evaluate SIVsm evolution into HIV-2. Increased viral virulence to human CD4+ T cells and adaptive genetic changes were observed during serial passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Dipu Mohan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Stephanie Feely
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana.,Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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13
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Curlin J, Schmitt K, Remling-Mulder L, Moriarty R, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. SIVcpz cross-species transmission and viral evolution toward HIV-1 in a humanized mouse model. J Med Primatol 2019; 49:40-43. [PMID: 31576587 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 evolved from its progenitor SIV strains, but details are lacking on its adaptation to the human host. We followed the evolution of SIVcpz in humanized mice to mimic cross-species transmission. Increasing viral loads, CD4+ T-cell decline, and non-synonymous mutations were seen in the entire genome reflecting viral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Moriarty
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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14
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Current and Future Horizons of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Colorectal Cancer Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091321. [PMID: 31500168 PMCID: PMC6770280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our poor understanding of the intricate biology of cancer and the limited availability of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the complexity of tumors are primary contributors to the high failure rate of novel therapeutics in oncology clinical studies. To address this need, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) platforms have been widely deployed and have reached a point of development where we can critically review their utility to model and interrogate relevant clinical scenarios, including tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, contributions of the tumor microenvironment, identification of novel drugs and biomarkers, and mechanisms of drug resistance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a unique case to illustrate clinical perspectives revealed by PDX studies, as they overcome limitations intrinsic to conventional ex vivo models. Furthermore, the success of molecularly annotated "Avatar" models for co-clinical trials in other diseases suggests that this approach may provide an additional opportunity to improve clinical decisions, including opportunities for precision targeted therapeutics, for patients with CRC in real time. Although critical weaknesses have been identified with regard to the ability of PDX models to predict clinical outcomes, for now, they are certainly the model of choice for preclinical studies in CRC. Ongoing multi-institutional efforts to develop and share large-scale, well-annotated PDX resources aim to maximize their translational potential. This review comprehensively surveys the current status of PDX models in translational CRC research and discusses the opportunities and considerations for future PDX development.
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15
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Kono M, Matsuhiroya S, Nakazawa F, Kaido M, Wada A, Tomiyama Y. Morphological and optical properties of human immature platelet-enriched population produced in immunodeficient mice. Platelets 2018; 30:652-657. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1501013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kono
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Fumie Nakazawa
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masako Kaido
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wada
- Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tomiyama
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Round JL, Palm NW. Causal effects of the microbiota on immune-mediated diseases. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:3/20/eaao1603. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Schmitt K, Mohan Kumar D, Curlin J, Remling-Mulder L, Stenglein M, O'Connor S, Marx P, Akkina R. Modeling the evolution of SIV sooty mangabey progenitor virus towards HIV-2 using humanized mice. Virology 2017; 510:175-184. [PMID: 28750321 PMCID: PMC5906053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HIV-2 is thought to have originated from an SIV progenitor native to sooty mangabeys. To model the initial human transmission and understand the sequential viral evolution, humanized mice were infected with SIVsm and serially passaged for five generations. Productive infection was seen by week 3 during the initial challenge followed by chronic viremia and gradual CD4+ T cell decline. Viral loads increased by the 5th generation resulting in more rapid CD4+ T cell decline. Genetic analysis revealed several amino acid substitutions that were nonsynonymous and fixed in multiple hu-mice across each of the 5 generations in the nef, env and rev regions. The highest rate of substitution occurred in the nef and env regions and most were observed within the first two generations. These data demonstrated the utility of hu-mice in modeling the SIVsm transmission to the human and to evaluate its potential sequential evolution into a human pathogen of HIV-2 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Dipu Mohan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James Curlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Leila Remling-Mulder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shelby O'Connor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Preston Marx
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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18
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Spengler JR, Prescott J, Feldmann H, Spiropoulou CF. Human immune system mouse models of Ebola virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:90-96. [PMID: 28810165 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice, immunodeficient mice engrafted with human cells (with or without donor-matched tissue), offer a unique opportunity to study pathogens that cause disease predominantly or exclusively in humans. Several HIS mouse models have recently been used to study Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and disease. The results of these studies are encouraging and support further development and use of these models in Ebola research. HIS mice provide a small animal model to study EBOV isolates, investigate early viral interactions with human immune cells, screen vaccines and therapeutics that modulate the immune system, and investigate sequelae in survivors. Here we review existing models, discuss their use in pathogenesis studies and therapeutic screening, and highlight considerations for study design and analysis. Finally, we point out caveats to current models, and recommend future efforts for modeling EBOV infection in HIS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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19
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Dobrolecki LE, Airhart SD, Alferez DG, Aparicio S, Behbod F, Bentires-Alj M, Brisken C, Bult CJ, Cai S, Clarke RB, Dowst H, Ellis MJ, Gonzalez-Suarez E, Iggo RD, Kabos P, Li S, Lindeman GJ, Marangoni E, McCoy A, Meric-Bernstam F, Piwnica-Worms H, Poupon MF, Reis-Filho J, Sartorius CA, Scabia V, Sflomos G, Tu Y, Vaillant F, Visvader JE, Welm A, Wicha MS, Lewis MT. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in basic and translational breast cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:547-573. [PMID: 28025748 PMCID: PMC5396460 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of a growing spectrum of cancers are rapidly supplanting long-established traditional cell lines as preferred models for conducting basic and translational preclinical research. In breast cancer, to complement the now curated collection of approximately 45 long-established human breast cancer cell lines, a newly formed consortium of academic laboratories, currently from Europe, Australia, and North America, herein summarizes data on over 500 stably transplantable PDX models representing all three clinical subtypes of breast cancer (ER+, HER2+, and "Triple-negative" (TNBC)). Many of these models are well-characterized with respect to genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic features, metastatic behavior, and treatment response to a variety of standard-of-care and experimental therapeutics. These stably transplantable PDX lines are generally available for dissemination to laboratories conducting translational research, and contact information for each collection is provided. This review summarizes current experiences related to PDX generation across participating groups, efforts to develop data standards for annotation and dissemination of patient clinical information that does not compromise patient privacy, efforts to develop complementary data standards for annotation of PDX characteristics and biology, and progress toward "credentialing" of PDX models as surrogates to represent individual patients for use in preclinical and co-clinical translational research. In addition, this review highlights important unresolved questions, as well as current limitations, that have hampered more efficient generation of PDX lines and more rapid adoption of PDX use in translational breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey E. Dobrolecki
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030,
| | | | - Denis G. Alferez
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M21 4QL, UK,
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Dept. Path & Lab Medicine, BC Cancer Agency, 675 W10th Avenue, Vancouver V6R 3A6, Canada,
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, WHE 1005B, Kansas City, KS 66160,
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Lab 306, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Phone +41 (0)21 693 07 81, Sec: +41 (0)21 693 07 62, Fax +41 (0)21 693 07 40,
| | | | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Robert B. Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Studies, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M21 4QL, UK,
| | - Heidi Dowst
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030,
| | - Matthew J. Ellis
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030,
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, PEBC, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, IDIBELL, Av.Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199 – 203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, , Phone: +34 932607347, Fax: +34 932607139
| | - Richard D. Iggo
- INSERM U1218, Bergonié Cancer Institute, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux, France,
| | - Peter Kabos
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, Tel. 314-747-9311,
| | - Geoffrey J. Lindeman
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Familial Cancer Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. Grattan St, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia,
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, 26, rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris - FRANCE,
| | - Aaron McCoy
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics and Breast Surgical Oncology, UT M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030,
| | - Helen Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - Marie-France Poupon
- Founder and Scientific Advisor, Xentech SA, Genepole, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France,
| | - Jorge Reis-Filho
- Director of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Affiliate Member, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, and Center for Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | - Carol A. Sartorius
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,
| | - Valentina Scabia
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,
| | - George Sflomos
- ISREC - Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SV2.832 Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yizheng Tu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
| | - François Vaillant
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia,
| | - Alana Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112,
| | - Max S. Wicha
- Madeline and Sidney Forbes Professor of Oncology, Director, Forbes Institute for Cancer Discovery, NCRC 26-335S, SPC 2800, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, Phone: (734)763-1744, Fax: (734)764-1228, http://www.med.umich.edu/wicha-lab/index.html,
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, , TEL: 713-798-3296, FAX: 713-798-1659
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20
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Beyer AI, Muench MO. Comparison of Human Hematopoietic Reconstitution in Different Strains of Immunodeficient Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:102-112. [PMID: 27758159 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice play a critical role in hematology research as in vivo models of hematopoiesis and immunology. Multiple strains have been developed, but hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and immune reconstitution have not been methodically compared among them. Four mouse strains were transplanted with human fetal bone marrow or adult peripheral blood CD34+ cells: NSG, NSG-3GS, hSCF-Tg-NSG, and hSIRPα-DKO. Hematopoietic engraftment in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and liver was evaluated by flow cytometry 12 weeks after transplant. The highest levels of human engraftment were observed in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, whereas peripheral blood cell chimerism was notably less. The highest levels of tissue engraftment were in hSCF-Tg-NSG mice, but NSG mice exhibited the highest blood leukocyte engraftment. hSCF-Tg-NSG mice also exhibited the highest levels of CD133+CD34++ stem cells. hSIRPα-DKO engrafted poorly and exhibited poor breeding. Myelopoiesis was greatest in NSG-3GS mice, followed by hSCF-Tg-NSG and NSG mice, whereas B cell engraftment exhibited the opposite pattern. Engraftment of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD161+ T cells, and CD3-CD56+ NK cells was greatest in NSG-3GS mice. Mast cell engraftment was highest in hSCF-Tg-NSG mice, but was also elevated in spleen and livers of NSG-3GS mice. Basophils were most abundant in NSG-3GS mice. Overall, hSCF-Tg-NSG mice are the best recipient mice for studies requiring high levels of human hematopoiesis, stem cell engraftment, and an intermediate level of myelopoiesis, whereas NSG and NSG-3GS mice offer select advantages in the engraftment of certain blood cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley I Beyer
- 1 Blood Systems Research Institute , San Francisco, California
| | - Marcus O Muench
- 1 Blood Systems Research Institute , San Francisco, California.,2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, California
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21
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Le Douce V, Ait-Amar A, Forouzan Far F, Fahmi F, Quiel J, El Mekdad H, Daouad F, Marban C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Improving combination antiretroviral therapy by targeting HIV-1 gene transcription. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1311-1324. [PMID: 27266557 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1198777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) has not allowed the cure of HIV. The main obstacle to HIV eradication is the existence of quiescent reservoirs. Several other limitations of cART have been described, such as strict life-long treatment and high costs, restricting it to Western countries, as well as the development of multidrug resistance. Given these limitations and the impetus to find a cure, the development of new treatments is necessary. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the current status of several efficient molecules able to suppress HIV gene transcription, including NF-kB and Tat inhibitors. We also assess the potential of new proteins belonging to the intriguing DING family, which have been reported to have potential anti-HIV-1 activity by inhibiting HIV gene transcription. Expert opinion: Targeting HIV-1 gene transcription is an alternative approach, which could overcome cART-related issues, such as the emergence of multidrug resistance. Improving cART will rely on the identification and characterization of new actors inhibiting HIV-1 transcription. Combining such efforts with the use of new technologies, the development of new models for preclinical studies, and improvement in drug delivery will considerably reduce drug toxicity and thus increase patient adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Le Douce
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,b IUT de Schiltigheim , Schiltigheim , France.,c UCD Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) School of Medicine and Medical Science , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Amina Ait-Amar
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Faezeh Forouzan Far
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Faiza Fahmi
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jose Quiel
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Hala El Mekdad
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Céline Marban
- d Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire , Inserm UMR 1121 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,b IUT de Schiltigheim , Schiltigheim , France.,e Institut Universitaire de France , Paris , France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- a Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,b IUT de Schiltigheim , Schiltigheim , France
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22
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Abstract
The new-generation humanized (Hu) mouse models permit multilineage human hematopoiesis and generate T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells required for a coordinated human immune response. Therefore, any desired antigen or human-specific pathogens that can infect humanized mice can be used to generate human antibody responses. Two leading humanized mouse models are currently being used. The Hu-HSC model uses the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), whereas the BLT mouse model is created by transplantation of human fetal liver, thymus, and HSC. A number of human pathogens such as HIV-1, dengue, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus have been studied in these systems. Responder antigen-specific B cells from these animals can be collected and used to generate human monoclonals by B-cell immortalization or by single-cell PCR methods to "rescue" antibody-producing genes for ectopic expression. Both models generate cellular and humoral immune responses. However, the antibodies generated are primarily of the IgM type because of the inefficient immunoglobulin class switch resulting in the suboptimal production of antigen-specific affinity-matured IgG. The current Hu mouse models thus far have permitted the analysis of human "antibodyome," and recent reports demonstrated their utility in generating human monoclonal antibodies. Ongoing efforts at further refinements are expected to make these systems more efficient in the near future.
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23
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Veselinovic M, Charlins P, Akkina R. Modeling HIV-1 Mucosal Transmission and Prevention in Humanized Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1354:203-20. [PMID: 26714714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3046-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new generation humanized mice (hu-mice) that permit continuous de novo generation of human hematopoietic cells have led to novel strategies in studying HIV-1 pathogenesis, prevention and therapies. HIV-1 infection of hu-mice results in chronic viremia and CD4+ T cell loss, thus mimicking key aspects of the disease progression. In addition, the new generation hu-mice are permissive for HIV-1 sexual transmission by vaginal and rectal routes thus allowing in vivo efficacy testing of new anti-HIV-1 drugs for prevention. Two leading models are currently being used, namely the hu-HSC mice and the BLT mice. Here we describe the methodology for generating both hu-HSC and BLT mice and their use in the study of HIV-1 transmission and prevention of infection by topical and oral administration of anti-retroviral drugs. Practical aspects of the methodologies are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Veselinovic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Paige Charlins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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24
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Waide EH, Dekkers JCM, Ross JW, Rowland RRR, Wyatt CR, Ewen CL, Evans AB, Thekkoot DM, Boddicker NJ, Serão NVL, Ellinwood NM, Tuggle CK. Not All SCID Pigs Are Created Equally: Two Independent Mutations in the Artemis Gene Cause SCID in Pigs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3171-9. [PMID: 26320255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in >30 genes are known to result in impairment of the adaptive immune system, causing a group of disorders collectively known as SCID. SCID disorders are split into groups based on their presence and/or functionality of B, T, and NK cells. Piglets from a line of Yorkshire pigs at Iowa State University were shown to be affected by T(-)B(-)NK(+) SCID, representing, to our knowledge, the first example of naturally occurring SCID in pigs. In this study, we present evidence for two spontaneous mutations as the molecular basis for this SCID phenotype. Flow cytometry analysis of thymocytes showed an increased frequency of immature T cells in SCID pigs. Fibroblasts from these pigs were more sensitive to ionizing radiation than non-SCID piglets, eliminating the RAG1 and RAG2 genes. Genetic and molecular analyses showed that two mutations were present in the Artemis gene, which in the homozygous or compound heterozygous state cause the immunodeficient phenotype. Rescue of SCID fibroblast radiosensitivity by human Artemis protein demonstrated that the identified Artemis mutations are the direct cause of this cellular phenotype. The work presented in the present study reveals two mutations in the Artemis gene that cause T(-)B(-)NK(+) SCID in pigs. The SCID pig can be an important biomedical model, but these mutations would be undesirable in commercial pig populations. The identified mutations and associated genetic tests can be used to address both of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Waide
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502; and
| | - Carol R Wyatt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502; and
| | - Catherine L Ewen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502; and
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Dinesh M Thekkoot
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | - Nick V L Serão
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Abstract
During the past decade, the development of humanized mouse models and their general applications in biomedical research greatly accelerated the translation of outcomes obtained from basic research into potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in clinic. In this chapter, we firstly present an overview on the history and current progress of diverse humanized mouse models and then focus on those equipped with reconstituted human immune system. The update advancement in the establishment of humanized immune system mice and their applications in the studies of the development of human immune system and the pathogenesis of multiple human immune-related diseases are intensively reviewed here, while the shortcoming and perspective of these potent tools are discussed as well. As a valuable bridge across the gap between bench work and clinical trial, progressive humanized mouse models will undoubtedly continue to play an indispensable role in the wide area of biomedical research.
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Watkins PB, Merz M, Avigan MI, Kaplowitz N, Regev A, Senior JR. The clinical liver safety assessment best practices workshop: rationale, goals, accomplishments and the future. Drug Saf 2015; 37 Suppl 1:S1-7. [PMID: 25352323 PMCID: PMC4212148 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-014-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Watkins
- The Hamner-University of North Carolina Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, PO Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA,
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Sanmamed MF, Rodriguez I, Schalper KA, Oñate C, Azpilikueta A, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Morales-Kastresana A, Labiano S, Pérez-Gracia JL, Martín-Algarra S, Alfaro C, Mazzolini G, Sarno F, Hidalgo M, Korman AJ, Jure-Kunkel M, Melero I. Nivolumab and Urelumab Enhance Antitumor Activity of Human T Lymphocytes Engrafted in Rag2-/-IL2Rγnull Immunodeficient Mice. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3466-78. [PMID: 26113085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A current pressing need in cancer immunology is the development of preclinical model systems that are immunocompetent for the study of human tumors. Here, we report the development of a humanized murine model that can be used to analyze the pharmacodynamics and antitumor properties of immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in settings where the receptors targeted by the mAbs are expressed. Human lymphocytes transferred into immunodeficient mice underwent activation and redistribution to murine organs, where they exhibited cell-surface expression of hCD137 and hPD-1. Systemic lymphocyte infiltrations resulted in a lethal CD4(+) T cell-mediated disease (xenograft-versus-host disease), which was aggravated when murine subjects were administered clinical-grade anti-hCD137 (urelumab) and anti-hPD-1 (nivolumab). In mice engrafted with human colorectal HT-29 carcinoma cells and allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), or with a patient-derived gastric carcinoma and PBMCs from the same patient, we found that coadministration of urelumab and nivolumab was sufficient to significantly slow tumor growth. Correlated with this result were increased numbers of activated human T lymphocytes producing IFNγ and decreased numbers of human regulatory T lymphocytes in the tumor xenografts, possibly explaining the efficacy of the therapeutic regimen. Our results offer a proof of concept for the use of humanized mouse models for surrogate efficacy and histology investigations of immune checkpoint drugs and their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Sanmamed
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carmen Oñate
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Sara Labiano
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Alfaro
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Francesca Sarno
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Madrid, Spain. Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan J Korman
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Whittle JR, Lewis MT, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Patient-derived xenograft models of breast cancer and their predictive power. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:17. [PMID: 25849559 PMCID: PMC4323263 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of patients with early and metastatic breast cancer, mortality remains high due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to therapy. Increased understanding of the genomic landscape through massively parallel sequencing has revealed somatic mutations common to specific subtypes of breast cancer, provided new prognostic and predictive markers, and highlighted potential therapeutic targets. Evaluating new targets using established cell lines is limited by the inexact correlation between responsiveness observed in cell lines versus that elicited in the patient. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) generated from fresh tumor specimens recapitulate the diversity of breast cancer and reflect histopathology, tumor behavior, and the metastatic properties of the original tumor. The high degree of genomic preservation evident across primary tumors and their matching PDXs over serial passaging validate them as important preclinical tools. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence that PDXs can recapitulate treatment responses of the parental tumor. The finding that tumor engraftment is an independent and poor prognostic indicator of patient outcome represents the first step towards personalized medicine. Here we review the utility of breast cancer PDX models to study the clonal evolution of tumors and to evaluate novel therapies and drug resistance.
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29
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Abstract
Recent developments and improvements of multimodal imaging methods for use in animal research have substantially strengthened the options of in vivo visualization of cancer-related processes over time. Moreover, technological developments in probe synthesis and labelling have resulted in imaging probes with the potential for basic research, as well as for translational and clinical applications. In addition, more sophisticated cancer models are available to address cancer-related research questions. This Review gives an overview of developments in these three fields, with a focus on imaging approaches in animal cancer models and how these can help the translation of new therapies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion de Jong
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Na-610, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Departments of Genetics (Cancer Genomics Centre), Radiation Oncology and Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Serra-Hassoun M, Bourgine M, Boniotto M, Berges J, Langa F, Michel ML, Freitas AA, Garcia S. Human hematopoietic reconstitution and HLA-restricted responses in nonpermissive alymphoid mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1504-11. [PMID: 24973440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We generated a new humanized mouse model to study HLA-restricted immune responses. For this purpose, we created unique murine hosts by enforcing the expression of human SIRPα by murine phagocytes in murine MHC-deficient HLA-transgenic alymphoid hosts, an approach that allowed the immune reconstitution of nonpermissive mice following injection of human hematopoietic stem cells. We showed that these mouse/human chimeras were able to generate HLA-restricted responses to immunization. These new humanized mice may offer attractive models to study immune responses to human diseases, such as HIV and EBV infections, as well as to assay new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Serra-Hassoun
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Laboratoire de Pathogenèse des Virus de l'Hépatite B, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U845, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Michele Boniotto
- Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genome and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; and
| | - Julien Berges
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Francina Langa
- Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Louise Michel
- Laboratoire de Pathogenèse des Virus de l'Hépatite B, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U845, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Antonio A Freitas
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1961, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Garcia
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1961, 75724 Paris, France;
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31
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Xiao F, Ma L, Zhao M, Huang G, Mirenda V, Dorling A, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Ex vivo expanded human regulatory T cells delay islet allograft rejection via inhibiting islet-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in CD34+ stem cells-reconstituted NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90387. [PMID: 24594640 PMCID: PMC3940883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-secreting β cells of the pancreas. Near complete dependence on exogenous insulin makes T1DM very difficult to control, with the result that patients are exposed to high blood glucose and risk of diabetic complications and/or intermittent low blood glucose that can cause unconsciousness, fits and even death. Allograft transplantation of pancreatic islets restores normoglycemia with a low risk of surgical complications. However, although successful immediately after transplantation, islets are progressively lost, with most of the patients requiring exogenous insulin within 2 years post-transplant. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the development of new strategies to prevent islet rejection. In this study, we explored the importance of human regulatory T cells in the control of islets allograft rejection. We developed a pre-clinical model of human islet transplantation by reconstituting NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice with cord blood-derived human CD34+ stem cells and demonstrated that although the engrafted human immune system mediated the rejection of human islets, their survival was significantly prolonged following adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded human Tregs. Mechanistically, Tregs inhibited the infiltration of innate immune cells and CD4+ T cells into the graft by down-regulating the islet graft-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Our findings might contribute to the development of clinical strategies for Treg therapy to control human islet rejection. We also show for the first time that CD34+ cells-reconstituted NOD-scid IL2rγnull mouse model could be beneficial for investigating human innate immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xiao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Ma
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guocai Huang
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Mirenda
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lechler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) for Transplantation, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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Akkina R. Human immune responses and potential for vaccine assessment in humanized mice. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:403-9. [PMID: 23628166 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new humanized mouse models with a transplanted human immune system have a capacity for de novo multilineage human hematopoiesis and generate T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. Of the two current leading humanized mouse models, the hu-HSC model is created by human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment whereas the BLT mouse model is prepared by co-transplantation of human fetal liver, thymus and HSC. Humoral and cellular immune responses are seen in both models after immunization with antigens or infection with hematotropic pathogens such as EBV, HIV-1 and dengue viruses. While consistent antigen specific IgM production is seen, IgG responses were found to be generally feeble which is attributed to inefficient immunoglobulin class switching. BLT mice permit human HLA restricted T cell responses due to the autologous human thymus contributing to T cell maturation. Use of HLA Class I and II transgenic hu-HSC mice recently demonstrated that the HLA restriction deficiency could be overcome in this model. However, the overall vigor of the immune responses needs further improvement in both the models to approach that of the human. Towards this goal, supplementation with human cytokines and growth factors by transgenesis to improve human cell reconstitution and their homeostatic maintenance are beginning to yield improved mouse strains to create more robust human immune competent mice for immunoprophylaxis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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33
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Abstract
The AIDS pandemic continues to present us with unique scientific and public health challenges. Although the development of effective antiretroviral therapy has been a major triumph, the emergence of drug resistance requires active management of treatment regimens and the continued development of new antiretroviral drugs. Moreover, despite nearly 30 years of intensive investigation, we still lack the basic scientific knowledge necessary to produce a safe and effective vaccine against HIV-1. Animal models offer obvious advantages in the study of HIV/AIDS, allowing for a more invasive investigation of the disease and for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines. Advances in humanized mouse models, non-human primate immunogenetics and recombinant challenge viruses have greatly increased the number and sophistication of available mouse and simian models. Understanding the advantages and limitations of each of these models is essential for the design of animal studies to guide the development of vaccines and antiretroviral therapies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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34
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Akkina R. New generation humanized mice for virus research: comparative aspects and future prospects. Virology 2013; 435:14-28. [PMID: 23217612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Work with human specific viruses will greatly benefit from the use of an in vivo system that provides human target cells and tissues in a physiological setting. In this regard humanized mice (hu-Mice) have played an important role in our understanding of viral pathogenesis and testing of therapeutic strategies. Limitations with earlier versions of hu-Mice that lacked a functioning human immune system are currently being overcome. The new generation hu-Mouse models are capable of multilineage human hematopoiesis and generate T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells required for an adaptive human immune response. Now any human specific pathogen that can infect humanized mice can be studied in the context of ongoing infection and immune responses. Two leading humanized mouse models are currently employed: the hu-HSC model is created by transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), whereas the BLT mouse model is prepared by transplantation of human fetal liver, thymus and HSC. A number of human specific viruses such as HIV-1, dengue, EBV and HCV are being studied intensively in these systems. Both models permit infection by mucosal routes with viruses such as HIV-1 thus allowing transmission prevention studies. Cellular and humoral immune responses are seen in both the models. While there is efficient antigen specific IgM production, IgG responses are suboptimal due to inefficient immunoglobulin class switching. With the maturation of T cells occurring in the autologous human thymus, BLT mice permit human HLA restricted T cell responses in contrast to hu-HSC mice. However, the strength of the immune responses needs further improvement in both models to reach the levels seen in humans. The scope of hu-Mice use is further broadened by transplantation of additional tissues like human liver thus permitting immunopathogenesis studies on hepatotropic viruses such as HCV. Numerous studies that encompass antivirals, gene therapy, viral evolution, and the generation of human monoclonal antibodies have been conducted with promising results in these mice. For further improvement of the new hu-Mouse models, ongoing work is focused on generating new strains of immunodeficient mice transgenic for human HLA molecules to strengthen immune responses and human cytokines and growth factors to improve human cell reconstitution and their homeostatic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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35
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Landis MD, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Chang JC. Patient-derived breast tumor xenografts facilitating personalized cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:201. [PMID: 23339383 PMCID: PMC3672825 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improved detection and reduction of breast cancer-related deaths over the recent decade, breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death for women in the US, with 39,510 women expected to succumb to metastatic disease in 2012 alone (American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts &Figures 2012. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2012). Continued efforts in classification of breast cancers based on gene expression profiling and genomic sequencing have revealed an underlying complexity and molecular heterogeneity within the disease that continues to challenge therapeutic interventions. To successfully identify and translate new treatment regimens to the clinic, it is imperative that our preclinical models recapitulate this complexity and heterogeneity. In this review article, we discuss the recent advances in development and classification of patient-derived human breast tumor xenograft models that have the potential to facilitate the next phase of drug discovery for personalized cancer therapy based on the unique driver signaling pathways in breast tumor subtypes.
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36
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Lang J, Kelly M, Freed BM, McCarter MD, Kedl RM, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Studies of lymphocyte reconstitution in a humanized mouse model reveal a requirement of T cells for human B cell maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2090-101. [PMID: 23335750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic humanized mouse (hu-mouse) model is a powerful resource to study and manipulate the human immune system. However, a major and recurrent issue with this model has been the poor maturation of B cells that fail to progress beyond the transitional B cell stage. Of interest, a similar problem has been reported in transplant patients who receive cord blood stem cells. In this study, we characterize the development of human B and T cells in the lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen of BALB/c-Rag2(null)Il2rγ(null) hu-mice. We find a dominant population of immature B cells in the blood and spleen early, followed by a population of human T cells, coincident with the detection of LNs. Notably, in older mice we observe a major population of mature B cells in LNs and in the spleens of mice with higher T cell frequencies. Moreover, we demonstrate that T cells are necessary for B cell maturation, as introduction of autologous human T cells expedites the appearance of mature B cells, whereas in vivo depletion of T cells retards B cell maturation. The presence of the mature B cell population correlates with enhanced IgG and Ag-specific responses to both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent challenges, indicating their functionality. These findings enhance our understanding of human B cell development, provide increased details of the reconstitution dynamics of hu-mice, and validate the use of this animal model to study mechanisms and treatments for the similar delay of functional B cells associated with cord blood transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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37
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The future of protein particle characterization and understanding its potential to diminish the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals: A shared perspective. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3580-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Sato Y, Nagata S, Takiguchi M. Effective elicitation of human effector CD8+ T Cells in HLA-B*51:01 transgenic humanized mice after infection with HIV-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42776. [PMID: 22880104 PMCID: PMC3412802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are expected to be useful as small animal models for in vivo studies on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, it is well known that human CD8+ T cells cannot differentiate into effector cells in immunodeficient mice transplanted with only human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), because human T cells are not educated by HLA in the mouse thymus. We here established HLA-B*51:01 transgenic humanized mice by transplanting human CD34+ HSCs into HLA-B*51:01 transgenic NOD/SCID/Jak3−/− mice (hNOK/B51Tg mice) and investigated whether human effector CD8+ T cells would be elicited in the mice or in those infected with HIV-1 NL4-3. There were no differences in the frequency of late effector memory and effector subsets (CD27lowCD28−CD45RA+/−CCR7− and CD27−CD28−CD45RA+/−CCR7−, respectively) among human CD8+ T cells and in that of human CD8+ T cells expressing CX3CR1 and/or CXCR1 between hNOK/B51Tg and hNOK mice. In contrast, the frequency of late effector memory and effector CD8+ T cell subsets and of those expressing CX3CR1 and/or CXCR1 was significantly higher in HIV-1-infected hNOK/B51Tg mice than in uninfected ones, whereas there was no difference in that of these subsets between HIV-1-infected and uninfected hNOK mice. These results suggest that hNOK/B51Tg mice had CD8+ T cells that were capable of differentiating into effector T cells after viral antigen stimulation and had a greater ability to elicit effector CD8+ T cells than hNOK ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sato
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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