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Reis R, Müller GS, Santos MM, Santos AS, Santos H, Santos LS, Lopes BA, Trindade SC, Meyer RJ, Freire SM. Description of lymphocyte and cytokine profiles in individuals with acute myeloid leukemia associated with FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutation status. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024:00008469-990000000-00158. [PMID: 38904445 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves mutations in genes such as FLT3 and NPM1, which are also associated with the prognosis of the disease. The immune system influences disease progression, but the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the immune system and AML are not clear. In this study, the profiles of lymphocytes and cytokines were described in individuals with AML stratified by molecular changes associated with prognosis. The participants included in this study were newly diagnosed AML patients (n = 43) who were about to undergo chemotherapy. Subtypes of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, and serum concentrations of cytokines, including Th1, Th2, and Th17, were studied by flow cytometry assays (BD FACSCanto II). The correlations between lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and genetic/prognostic risk stratification (based on the FLT3 and NPM1 genes) were analyzed. The differences in B lymphocytes (%), T lymphocytes (%), plasmablasts (%), leukocytes (cells/µl), and tumor necrosis factor (pg/ml) were determined between groups with FLT3-ITD+ and FLT3-ITD- mutations. The presence of mutations in NPM1 and FLT3-ITD and age suggested changes in the lymphocyte and cytokine profile in individuals with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Reis
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Gabriel S Müller
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Mariane M Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Allan S Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
| | - Herbert Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Salvador, BA
| | - Lorene S Santos
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
| | | | - Soraya C Trindade
- Departament of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana
| | - Roberto J Meyer
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
- Departament of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana
| | - Songelí M Freire
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Immunology, Federal University of Bahia
- Department of Biointeraction, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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2
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Gabr H, Abdel Aal AA, Bastawy S, Fateen M, Abd El Dayem OY, Youssef EA, Afifi R, Kamal M. Comparison of T Lymphocyte Subsets and Natural Killer Lymphocytes in Moderate Versus Severe COVID-19 Patients. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:250-258. [PMID: 36847755 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory involvement that follows a process of immune dysregulation and intense cytokine production remains to be the most dreaded complication of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection. The aim of this study was to analyze T lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes in moderate and severe cases of COVID-19 infection and assess their significance in disease severity and prognosis. Twenty moderate cases and 20 severe cases of COVID-19 were studied and compared regarding blood picture, biochemical markers, T lymphocyte population subsets, and NK lymphocytes, which were determined by flow cytometric analysis. On analyzing the flow cytometric data of T lymphocyte cells and their subsets and NK cells in two groups of COVID-19 infection (one group moderate and the other severe cases), some immature NK lymphocyte relative and absolute counts were higher in the severe patients with worse outcome and death, while some mature NK lymphocyte relative and absolute counts were depressed in both groups. Also, interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly higher in severe cases when compared to moderate cases, and there was a positive significant correlation between immature NK lymphocyte relative and absolute counts and IL-6. There was no statistically significant difference between T lymphocyte subsets (T helper and T cytotoxic) with disease severity or outcome. Some immature NK lymphocyte subsets contribute to the widespread inflammatory response that complicates severe cases of COVID-19; therapeutic approaches directed to enhancing NK maturation or drugs that block NK cell inhibitory receptors have a potential role in controlling COVID-19 induced cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Gabr
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdel Aal
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah Bastawy
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fateen
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia Y Abd El Dayem
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Youssef
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Afifi
- Internal Medicine-Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Kamal
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Xu K, Miao L, Chen W, Wu H, Gong Y, Tu X, Guo W, Pan B, Qu C, Wu X, Wang B. Establishment of the reference intervals of lymphocyte subsets for healthy Chinese Han adults and its influencing factors. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1495. [PMID: 34805357 PMCID: PMC8573445 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Cellular immune monitoring is becoming more critical in the clinic, but its application has not yet become sufficiently widespread. One reason may be the different reference intervals among clinical laboratories due to several factors. Percentage and number of lymphocyte subsets are standard indicators of cellular immune detection. The present study aimed to establish standardized reference intervals of lymphocyte subsets in the healthy Chinese Han adult population and examine such influencing factors as age, gender, region, and measurement instruments. Methods A total of 496 healthy Chinese Han people aged 18–59 years from 3 China Mainland regions (north, east, and south) were enrolled. The sample of each center was simultaneously examined by three flow cytometers (FACSCantoTMII, FACSLyricTM, and FACSCaliburTM). A single-platform flow cytometry-based absolute count technique was used to quantify the percentage and number of each lymphocyte subset. The flow cytometry results were analyzed by variance analysis and Z test to determine the influence of age, gender, and instruments on lymphocyte subsets. Results Multi-center, age-specific, and gender-specific reference intervals of healthy Chinese Han adults’ lymphocyte subsets were established. There was no statistical difference in the results from the three flow cytometers. Gender affected the results of CD4+ (%) and the absolute count of CD3−CD16+CD56+, where CD4+ (%) was higher in women, and the absolute count of CD3−CD16+CD56+ was higher in men. Age mainly affected the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, which was statistically higher in groups aged over 40 years; the percentage and number of CD3−CD19+ were more elevated in age groups below 30 years; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions This study established the reference intervals of lymphocyte subsets for healthy Chinese Han adult populations under the standardized methods. This study was the first nationwide study in China to use a flow cytometry-based single-platform method to establish the reference intervals of lymphocyte subsets of the healthy Chinese Han adult population. Gender and age were shown to influence the results of lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linzi Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiye Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxue Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Wu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Sun H, Kang X, Chen X, Cai L, Li Y, Yu J, Wu C, Deng X. Immunosenescence evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in 957 healthy adults from 20 to 95 years old. Exp Gerontol 2021; 157:111615. [PMID: 34728337 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is characterized by an age-related decline in immune system function. Major efforts have been made to identify changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets accompanying immunosenescence in elderly adults. However, the change trends of some lymphocyte subsets with age are still controversial, and populations of advanced ages, such as people in their 80s or 90s, have not yet been thoroughly investigated. To provide further insight, we recruited 957 healthy donors without certain diseases with ages ranging from 20 to 95 years. Peripheral lymphocyte subsets, including T cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells and NK cells, and the CD4/CD8 ratio were measured by flow cytometry. Additionally, regulatory CD4 T cells with inhibitory functions marked by CD3+CD4+CD25hi and the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD28 on CD8 T cells were evaluated. Sex was considered at the same time. The data indicated that in elderly people, peripheral T (p < 0.001), CD4 T (p < 0.001) and B (p < 0.001) lymphocyte subsets decreased, but the NK cell population (p < 0.001) increased. More regulatory CD4 T cells may imply stronger inhibition in the elderly population. The decreased CD28 expression with age in females verified CD28 to be an immunosenescence marker and the sharply decreased CD28 expression after 75 years in males indicated a rapid immunosenescence at the late life span of the male populations. In addition, our study established reference values for peripheral lymphocyte subsets at different age stages in males and females, which are urgently needed for the clinical management and treatment of geriatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqiang Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xia Kang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Lili Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yuru Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jihong Yu
- Clinical Biobank Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
| | - Xinli Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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5
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Bonifacius A, Tischer-Zimmermann S, Dragon AC, Gussarow D, Vogel A, Krettek U, Gödecke N, Yilmaz M, Kraft ARM, Hoeper MM, Pink I, Schmidt JJ, Li Y, Welte T, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Martens J, Berger MM, Lobenwein C, Stankov MV, Cornberg M, David S, Behrens GMN, Witzke O, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. COVID-19 immune signatures reveal stable antiviral T cell function despite declining humoral responses. Immunity 2021; 54:340-354.e6. [PMID: 33567252 PMCID: PMC7871825 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to control primary infection and correlates with severity of disease. The role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity, its relationship to antibodies, and pre-existing immunity against endemic coronaviruses (huCoV), which has been hypothesized to be protective, were investigated in 82 healthy donors (HDs), 204 recovered (RCs), and 92 active COVID-19 patients (ACs). ACs had high amounts of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike IgG but lymphopenia and overall reduced antiviral T cell responses due to the inflammatory milieu, expression of inhibitory molecules (PD-1, Tim-3) as well as effector caspase-3, -7, and -8 activity in T cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity conferred by polyfunctional, mainly interferon-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells remained stable throughout convalescence, whereas humoral responses declined. Immune responses toward huCoV in RCs with mild disease and strong cellular SARS-CoV-2 T cell reactivity imply a protective role of pre-existing immunity against huCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna C Dragon
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Gussarow
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Krettek
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Gödecke
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anke R M Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius M Hoeper
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Pink
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Julius J Schmidt
- Department of Kidney and Hypertension Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Martens
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Moritz Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Corinna Lobenwein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Department of Kidney and Hypertension Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Webendörfer M, Reinhard L, Stahl RAK, Wiech T, Mittrücker HW, Harendza S, Hoxha E. Rituximab Induces Complete Remission of Proteinuria in a Patient With Minimal Change Disease and No Detectable B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:586012. [PMID: 33628202 PMCID: PMC7897659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal change disease (MCD) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome. Treatment with steroids is usually effective, but frequent relapses are therapeutic challenges. The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has shown promising results for treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Since predictive biomarkers for treatment efficacy and the accurate rituximab dosage for effective induction of remission are unknown, measurement of CD19+ B cells in blood is often used as marker of successful B cell depletion and treatment efficacy. A male patient with relapsing MCD was successfully treated with rituximab, but developed relapse of proteinuria 1 year later, although no B cells were detectable in his blood. B and T cell populations in the patient’s blood were analyzed before and after treatment with rituximab using FACS analysis. Rituximab binding to B and T cells were measured using Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated rituximab. We identified a population of CD20+ CD19− cells in the patient’s blood, which consisted mostly of CD20+ CD3+ T cells. Despite the absence of B cells in the blood, the patient was again treated with rituximab. He developed complete remission of proteinuria and depletion of CD20+ T cells. In a control patient with relapsing MCD initial treatment with rituximab led to depletion of both CD20+ B and T cells. Rituximab induces remission of proteinuria in patients with MCD even if circulating B cells are absent. CD20+ T cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of MCD and might be a promising treatment target in patients with MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Webendörfer
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Reinhard
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf A K Stahl
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Harendza
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elion Hoxha
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Stokes JV, Walker DH, Varela-Stokes AS. The guinea pig model for tick-borne spotted fever rickettsioses: A second look. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101538. [PMID: 32993947 PMCID: PMC7530330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) has an established track record as an animal model, with its utility in rickettsial research documented as early as the turn of the 20th century. From identifying Rickettsia rickettsii as the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ticks as the natural transmission route to evaluating protective immunity and treatment for tick-borne rickettsiae, guinea pigs have been essential for advances in our understanding of spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR). Tick feeding on guinea pigs is feasible and results in transmission of tick-borne rickettsiae. The resulting infection leads to the recapitulation of SFR as defined by clinical signs that include fever, unthrift, and in the case of transmission by a Rickettsia parkeri-infected Amblyomma maculatum tick, a characteristic eschar at the site of the bite. No other small animal model recapitulates SFR, is large enough to collect multiple blood and skin samples for longitudinal studies, and has an immune system as similar to the human immune system. In the 1980s, the use of the guinea pig was significantly reduced due to advances made to the more reproductively prolific and inexpensive murine model. These advances included the development of genetically modified murine strains, which resulted in the expansion of murine-specific reagents and assays. Still, the advantages of the guinea pig as a model for SFR persist, novel assays are being developed to better monitor guinea pig immune responses, and tools, like CRISPR/Cas9, are now available. These technical advances allow guinea pigs to again contribute to our understanding of SFR. Importantly, returning to the guinea pig model with enhanced tools will enable rickettsial researchers to corroborate and potentially refine results acquired using mice. This minireview summarizes Cavia porcellus as an animal model for human tick-borne rickettsial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Andrea S Varela-Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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8
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Notz Q, Schmalzing M, Wedekink F, Schlesinger T, Gernert M, Herrmann J, Sorger L, Weismann D, Schmid B, Sitter M, Schlegel N, Kranke P, Wischhusen J, Meybohm P, Lotz C. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Responses in Severe COVID-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-An Observational Pilot Study. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581338. [PMID: 33123167 PMCID: PMC7573122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is largely determined by the immune response. First studies indicate altered lymphocyte counts and function. However, interactions of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain elusive. In the current study we characterized the immune responses in patients suffering from severe COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods This was a single-center retrospective study in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with confirmed COVID-19 between March 14th and May 28th 2020 (n = 39). Longitudinal data were collected within routine clinical care, including flow-cytometry of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine analysis and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Antibody responses against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein were analyzed. Results All patients suffered from severe ARDS, 30.8% died. Interleukin (IL)-6 was massively elevated at every time-point. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was concomitantly upregulated with IL-6. The cellular response was characterized by lymphocytopenia with low counts of CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) and naïve T helper cells. CD8+ T and NK cells recovered after 8 to 14 days. The B cell system was largely unimpeded. This coincided with a slight increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD immunoglobulin (Ig) G and a decrease in anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-RBD IgM. GDF-15 levels were elevated throughout ICU treatment. Conclusions Massively elevated levels of IL-6 and a delayed cytotoxic immune defense characterized severe COVID-19-induced ARDS. The B cell response and antibody production were largely unimpeded. No obvious imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms was observed, with elevated GDF-15 levels suggesting increased tissue resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Notz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmalzing
- Department of Medicine II, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wedekink
- Department of Gynecology, Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schlesinger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gernert
- Department of Medicine II, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herrmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Sorger
- Department of Gynecology, Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Weismann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schmid
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Sitter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery (Surgery I), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kranke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Department of Gynecology, Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Lotz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Yi JS, Rosa-Bray M, Staats J, Zakroysky P, Chan C, Russo MA, Dumbauld C, White S, Gierman T, Weinhold KJ, Guptill JT. Establishment of normative ranges of the healthy human immune system with comprehensive polychromatic flow cytometry profiling. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225512. [PMID: 31825961 PMCID: PMC6905525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing normative flow cytometry data have several limitations including small sample sizes, incompletely described study populations, variable flow cytometry methodology, and limited depth for defining lymphocyte subpopulations. To overcome these issues, we defined high-dimensional flow cytometry reference ranges for the healthy human immune system using Human Immunology Project Consortium methodologies after carefully screening 127 subjects deemed healthy through clinical and laboratory testing. We enrolled subjects in the following age cohorts: 18–29 years, 30–39, 40–49, and 50–66 and enrolled cohorts to ensure an even gender distribution and at least 30% non-Caucasians. From peripheral blood mononuclear cells, flow cytometry reference ranges were defined for >50 immune subsets including T-cell (activation, maturation, T follicular helper and regulatory T cell), B-cell, and innate cells. We also developed a web tool for visualization of the dataset and download of raw data. This dataset provides the immunology community with a resource to compare and extract data from rigorously characterized healthy subjects across age groups, gender and race.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Yi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Janet Staats
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Pearl Zakroysky
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Melissa A Russo
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Chelsae Dumbauld
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Scott White
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Todd Gierman
- Biomat USA-Grifols Plasma Operations, United States of America
| | - Kent J Weinhold
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T Guptill
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Kaczmarek M, Wasicka K, Tin-Tsen Chou J, Popowicz P, Rzetelska Z, Łagiedo-Żelazowska M, Piwowarczyk K, Leszczyńska M. NK cells in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis show decreased maturity and limited expression of functional receptors. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151890. [PMID: 31883750 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, presenting with two phenotypes that differ in symptoms and inflammatory profiles: either with or without polyps. Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in both the innate and acquired immune response, and their function may be limited under pathological conditions, leading to polyp formation. We determined NK cell involvement and maturity in chronic rhinosinusitis, by determining the percentage of NK cells in polyps, nasal mucosa, and in the peripheral blood. Material was obtained from 49 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (36 with polyps, 13 without polyps), and 15 control patients. Flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype NK cells, and the expression of selected functional receptors was evaluated. NK cells were found to be increased in polyp tissue versus peripheral blood and nasal mucosa. NK cell maturation differed significantly with predominance of a cytotoxic phenotype (CD11b+/27-) in peripheral blood, compared with a regulatory/tolerogenic phenotype (CD11+/-/ 27+) in tissue material. These findings demonstrate the involvement of NK cells in the inflammatory process of chronic rhinosinusitis. Decreased expression of activating receptors in the analyzed groups may also indicate the presence of modifying agents. Disorders of the maturation process of NK cells may be an important element in the etiopathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Dept. of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5d St. Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Wasicka
- Dept. of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5d St. Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadzia Tin-Tsen Chou
- Dept. of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5d St. Poznan, Poland; Dept. of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St. Poznan, Poland
| | - Patrycja Popowicz
- Dept. of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5d St. Poznan, Poland; Dept. of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St. Poznan, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Rzetelska
- Dept. of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5d St. Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Piwowarczyk
- Dept. of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St. Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Leszczyńska
- Dept. of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49 St. Poznan, Poland
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11
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Stokes JV, Crawford AE, Cross CE, Ross AML, Walker JD, Willeford BV, Varela-Stokes AS. An optimized five-color/seven-parameter flow cytometry panel for immunophenotyping guinea pig peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2019; 476:112682. [PMID: 31682796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs are an ideal animal model for the study of several infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, legionellosis, brucellosis, and spotted fever rickettsiosis. In comparison to the murine model, clinical signs in guinea pigs are more representative of disease in humans, the guinea pig immune system is more similar to that of the human, and their large size offers logistic advantages for sample collection while following disease progression. Unfortunately, the advantage of using guinea pigs in biomedical research, particularly in understanding the immune response to infectious agents, is limited in large part by the paucity of available reagents and lack of genetically manipulated strains. Here, we expand the utility of guinea pigs in biomedical research by establishing an optimized five-color/seven-parameter polychromatic flow cytometric assay for immunophenotyping lymphocytes. This assay fills a need for immunophenotyping peripheral blood lymphocytes and is an improvement over current published flow cytometry assays for guinea pigs. We anticipate that our approach will be an important starting point for developing new assays to evaluate the cellular immune response to infectious diseases in the guinea pig model. Importantly, we are currently using this assay for evaluating immunity to spotted fever rickettsiosis in a guinea pig-tick-Rickettsia system, where CD8+ T cells are a critical contributor to the immune response. Developing resources to utilize the guinea pig more effectively will enhance our ability to understand infectious diseases where the guinea pig would otherwise be the ideal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Stokes
- Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Anna E Crawford
- Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Claire E Cross
- Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Anne-Marie L Ross
- Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Jamie D Walker
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Bridget V Willeford
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Andrea S Varela-Stokes
- Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America.
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12
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Cardoso CC, Santos-Silva MC. Eight-color panel for immune phenotype monitoring by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2019; 468:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Defects in memory B-cell and plasma cell subsets expressing different immunoglobulin-subclasses in patients with CVID and immunoglobulin subclass deficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:809-824. [PMID: 30826363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most prevalent primary immunodeficiencies, but their B-cell defects and underlying genetic alterations remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated patients with PADs for the distribution of 41 blood B-cell and plasma cell (PC) subsets, including subsets defined by expression of distinct immunoglobulin heavy chain subclasses. METHODS Blood samples from 139 patients with PADs, 61 patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 68 patients with selective IgA deficiency (IgAdef), 10 patients with IgG subclass deficiency with IgA deficiency, and 223 age-matched control subjects were studied by using flow cytometry with EuroFlow immunoglobulin isotype staining. Patients were classified according to their B-cell and PC immune profile, and the obtained patient clusters were correlated with clinical manifestations of PADs. RESULTS Decreased counts of blood PCs, memory B cells (MBCs), or both expressing distinct IgA and IgG subclasses were identified in all patients with PADs. In patients with IgAdef, B-cell defects were mainly restricted to surface membrane (sm)IgA+ PCs and MBCs, with 2 clear subgroups showing strongly decreased numbers of smIgA+ PCs with mild versus severe smIgA+ MBC defects and higher frequencies of nonrespiratory tract infections, autoimmunity, and affected family members. Patients with IgG subclass deficiency with IgA deficiency and those with CVID showed defects in both smIgA+ and smIgG+ MBCs and PCs. Reduced numbers of switched PCs were systematically found in patients with CVID (absent in 98%), with 6 different defective MBC (and clinical) profiles: (1) profound decrease in MBC numbers; (2) defective CD27+ MBCs with almost normal IgG3+ MBCs; (3) absence of switched MBCs; and (4) presence of both unswitched and switched MBCs without and; (5) with IgG2+ MBCs; and (6) with IgA1+ MBCs. CONCLUSION Distinct PAD defective B-cell patterns were identified that are associated with unique clinical profiles.
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14
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Blanco E, Pérez-Andrés M, Arriba-Méndez S, Contreras-Sanfeliciano T, Criado I, Pelak O, Serra-Caetano A, Romero A, Puig N, Remesal A, Torres Canizales J, López-Granados E, Kalina T, Sousa AE, van Zelm M, van der Burg M, van Dongen JJ, Orfao A. Age-associated distribution of normal B-cell and plasma cell subsets in peripheral blood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2208-2219.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Brotchie J, Chapple P, Came N, Liew D, Juneja S. Reference ranges of peripheral blood lymphoid subsets by 10-colour flow cytometry based on 69 healthy adults from Australia. Pathology 2016; 48:631-4. [PMID: 27596237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Brotchie
- Department of Diagnostic Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
| | - P Chapple
- Department of Diagnostic Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - N Came
- Department of Diagnostic Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - D Liew
- Department of Clinical Outcomes Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - S Juneja
- Department of Diagnostic Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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