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Lu X, Xu Y, Li X, Wang J, Wang L, Hu X, Fan H, Pang F, Li X, Pan X, He W, Li J, Dai Z. Selective STAT3 inhibitor STX-0119 alleviates osteoarthritis progression by modulating the STAT3/PPARγ signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116420. [PMID: 38996934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by chronic pain, significantly affects the quality of life of affected individuals. Key factors in OA pathogenesis include cartilage degradation and inflammation. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT protein family, plays a pivotal role in mediating inflammation. STX-0119 has been verified as a small molecular compound that can specifically inhibit STAT3. However, the efficacy of STX-0119 in the treatment of OA remains to be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of STX-0119 in the treatment of OA. We found that the expression of phosphorylated STAT3 is upregulated in human OA cartilage as well as in the cartilage of a mouse model of OA. In vivo, joint injection of STX-0119 into OA mice alleviated cartilage degeneration without affecting the subchondral bone. Additionally, STX-0119 could inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT3 in the cartilage. In vitro, STX-0119 suppressed inflammatory responses in chondrocytes and promoted anabolic metabolism in an interleukin-1β-induced chondrocyte inflammation model. Additionally, the results of transcriptome sequencing and lentiviral infection assays demonstrated that in chondrocytes, STX-0119 induces the upregulation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation. Finally, in ex vivo cultures of human cartilage samples, STX-0119 was reaffirmed to inhibit cartilage degeneration via the STAT3/PPARγ signaling pathway. Together, our findings support the potential of STX-0119 for development as a therapeutic agent targeting STAT3 for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyuan Lu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China; Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangjun Xu
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhuo Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatric, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xujun Hu
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghui Fan
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Pang
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianlei Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhangsheng Dai
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China.
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2
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Chen T, Ma W, Wang X, Ye Q, Hou X, Wang Y, Jiang C, Meng X, Sun Y, Cai J. Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00315-1. [PMID: 39097088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the gradual understanding of glioma development and the immune microenvironment, many immune cells have been discovered. Despite the growing comprehension of immune cell functions and the clinical application of immunotherapy, the precise roles and characteristics of immune cell subtypes, how glioma induces subtype transformation of immune cells and its impact on glioma progression have yet to be understood. AIM OF THE REVIEW In this review, we comprehensively center on the four major immune cells within the glioma microenvironment, particularly neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and other significant immune cells. We discuss (1) immune cell subtype markers, (2) glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, (3) the mechanisms of each subtype influencing chemotherapy resistance, (4) therapies targeting immune cells, and (5) immune cell-associated single-cell sequencing. Eventually, we identified the characteristics of immune cell subtypes in glioma, comprehensively summarized the exact mechanism of glioma-induced immune cell subtype transformation, and concluded the progress of single-cell sequencing in exploring immune cell subtypes in glioma. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In conclusion, we have analyzed the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance detailly, and have discovered prospective immunotherapy targets, excavating the potential of novel immunotherapies approach that synergistically combines radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, thereby paving the way for improved immunotherapeutic strategies against glioma and enhanced patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qile Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xintong Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; The Six Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangqi Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jinquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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3
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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4
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Saravanan R, Balasubramanian V, Swaroop Balamurugan SS, Ezhil I, Afnaan Z, John J, Sundaram S, Gouthaman S, Pakala SB, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. Zinc transporter LIV1: A promising cell surface target for triple negative breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4132-4156. [PMID: 36181695 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes contributing to the global cancer burden. The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) molecular subtype accounts for the most aggressive type. Despite progression in therapeutic options and prognosis in breast cancer treatment options, there remains a high rate of distant relapse. With advancements in understanding the role of zinc and zinc carriers in the prognosis and treatment of the disease, the scope of precision treatment/targeted therapy has been expanded. Zinc levels and zinc transporters play a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, tumor surveillance, apoptosis, and immune function. This review focuses on the zinc transporter, LIV1, as an essential target for breast cancer prognosis and emerging treatment options. Previous studies give an insight into the role of LIV1 in fulfilling the most important hallmarks of cancer such as apoptosis, metastasis, invasion, and evading the immune system. Normal tissue expression of LIV1 is limited. Higher expression of LIV1 has been linked to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, histological grade of cancer, and early node metastasis. LIV1 was found to be one of the attractive targets in the therapeutic hunt for TNBCs. TNBCs are an immunogenic breast cancer subtype. As zinc transporters are known to serve as the metabolic gatekeepers of immune cells, this review bridges tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, TNBC and LIV1. In addition, the suitability of LIV1 as an antibody-drug conjugate (Seattle genetics [SGN]-LIV1A) target in TNBC, represents a promising strategy for patients. Early clinical trial results reveal that this novel agent reduces tumor burden by inducing mitotic arrest, immunomodulation, and immunogenic cell death, warranting further investigation of SGN-LIV1A in combination with immuno-oncology agents. Priming the patient's immune response in combination with SGN-LIV1A could eventually change the landscape for the TNBC patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Saravanan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaishnavi Balasubramanian
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth Swamy Swaroop Balamurugan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Inemai Ezhil
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Zeba Afnaan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jisha John
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandhya Sundaram
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugasundaram Gouthaman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Kang X. Small-Molecule PROTACs for Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecules 2022; 27:5439. [PMID: 36080223 PMCID: PMC9458232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsatisfactory physicochemical properties of macromolecular drugs seriously hinder their application in tumor immunotherapy. However, these problems can be effectively solved by small-molecule compounds. In the promising field of small-molecule drug development, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) offers a novel mode of action in the interactions between small molecules and therapeutic targets (mainly proteins). This revolutionary technology has shown considerable impact on several proteins related to tumor survival but is rarely exploited in proteins associated with immuno-oncology up until now. This review attempts to comprehensively summarize the well-studied and less-developed immunological targets available for PROTAC technology, as well as some targets to be explored, aiming to provide more options and opportunities for the development of small-molecule-based tumor immunotherapy. In addition, some novel directions that can magnify and broaden the protein degradation efficiency are mentioned to improve PROTAC design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Kang
- West China (Airport) Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610047, China
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6
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Hashimoto S, Hashimoto A, Muromoto R, Kitai Y, Oritani K, Matsuda T. Central Roles of STAT3-Mediated Signals in Onset and Development of Cancers: Tumorigenesis and Immunosurveillance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162618. [PMID: 36010693 PMCID: PMC9406645 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the time of Rudolf Virchow in the 19th century, it has been well-known that cancer-associated inflammation contributes to tumor initiation and progression. However, it remains unclear whether a collapse of the balance between the antitumor immune response via the immunological surveillance system and protumor immunity due to cancer-related inflammation is responsible for cancer malignancy. The majority of inflammatory signals affect tumorigenesis by activating signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor-κB. Persistent STAT3 activation in malignant cancer cells mediates extremely widespread functions, including cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, and invasion and contributes to an increase in inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. In addition, intracellular STAT3 activation in immune cells causes suppressive effects on antitumor immunity and leads to the differentiation and mobilization of immature myeloid-derived cells and tumor-associated macrophages. In many cancer types, STAT3 does not directly rely on its activation by oncogenic mutations but has important oncogenic and malignant transformation-associated functions in both cancer and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We have reported a series of studies aiming towards understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the proliferation of various types of tumors involving signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 as an adaptor molecule that modulates STAT3 activity, and we recently found that AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5a functions as an mRNA stabilizer that orchestrates an immunosuppressive TME in malignant mesenchymal tumors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the functional role of STAT3 in tumor progression and introduce novel molecular mechanisms of cancer development and malignant transformation involving STAT3 activation that we have identified to date. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for cancer that target the signaling pathway to augment STAT3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Hashimoto
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ari Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ryuta Muromoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kitai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kenji Oritani
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (T.M.)
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7
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Aldaz P, Martín-Martín N, Saenz-Antoñanzas A, Carrasco-Garcia E, Álvarez-Satta M, Elúa-Pinin A, Pollard SM, Lawrie CH, Moreno-Valladares M, Samprón N, Hench J, Lovell-Badge R, Carracedo A, Matheu A. High SOX9 Maintains Glioma Stem Cell Activity through a Regulatory Loop Involving STAT3 and PML. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094511. [PMID: 35562901 PMCID: PMC9104987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are critical targets for glioma therapy. SOX9 is a transcription factor with critical roles during neurodevelopment, particularly within neural stem cells. Previous studies showed that high levels of SOX9 are associated with poor glioma patient survival. SOX9 knockdown impairs GSCs proliferation, confirming its potential as a target for glioma therapy. In this study, we characterized the function of SOX9 directly in patient-derived glioma stem cells. Notably, transcriptome analysis of GSCs with SOX9 knockdown revealed STAT3 and PML as downstream targets. Functional studies demonstrated that SOX9, STAT3, and PML form a regulatory loop that is key for GSC activity and self-renewal. Analysis of glioma clinical biopsies confirmed a positive correlation between SOX9/STAT3/PML and poor patient survival among the cases with the highest SOX9 expression levels. Importantly, direct STAT3 or PML inhibitors reduced the expression of SOX9, STAT3, and PML proteins, which significantly reduced GSCs tumorigenicity. In summary, our study reveals a novel role for SOX9 upstream of STAT3, as a GSC pathway regulator, and presents pharmacological inhibitors of the signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aldaz
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalia Martín-Martín
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.M.-M.); (A.C.)
| | - Ander Saenz-Antoñanzas
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | - Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
| | | | - Steven M. Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine & Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Charles H. Lawrie
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Manuel Moreno-Valladares
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Nicolás Samprón
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Jürgen Hench
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 48009 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.M.-M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 48009 Basel, Switzerland;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- CIBER of Cancer (CIBERONC), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Group of Cellular Oncology, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (P.A.); (A.S.-A.); (E.C.-G.); (M.Á.-S.); (M.M.-V.); (N.S.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943006073
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8
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Tong N, He Z, Ma Y, Wang Z, Huang Z, Cao H, Xu L, Zou Y, Wang W, Yi C, Yin Z, Wang Q. Tumor Associated Macrophages, as the Dominant Immune Cells, Are an Indispensable Target for Immunologically Cold Tumor-Glioma Therapy? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706286. [PMID: 34368156 PMCID: PMC8337013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the cornerstone of the occurrence, development, invasion and diffusion of the malignant central nerve system (CNS) tumor, glioma. As the largest number of inflammatory cells in glioma TME, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and their secreted factors are indispensable to the progression of glioma, which is a well-known immunologically “cold” tumor, including the growth of tumor cells, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, cancer immunosuppression and metabolism. TAMs intimately interface with the treatment failure and poor prognosis of glioma patients, and their density increases with increasing glioma grade. Recently, great progress has been made in TAM-targeting for anti-tumor therapy. According to TAMs’ function in tumorigenesis and progression, the major anti-tumor treatment strategies targeting TAMs are to hinder macrophage recruitment in TME, reduce TAMs viability or remodel TAMs phenotype from M2 to M1. Different approaches offer unique and effective anti-tumor effect by regulating the phagocytosis, polarization and pro-tumor behaviors of macrophages in the therapy of glioma. The present review summarizes the significant characteristics and related mechanisms of TAMs and addresses the related research progress on targeting TAMs in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Breast Surgery Department, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Ziming Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanyang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenpeng Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixin Yin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Dong J, Cheng XD, Zhang WD, Qin JJ. Recent Update on Development of Small-Molecule STAT3 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: From Phosphorylation Inhibition to Protein Degradation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8884-8915. [PMID: 34170703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that regulates various biological processes, including proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, and chemoresistance. In normal cells, STAT3 is tightly regulated to maintain a transiently active state, while persistent STAT3 activation occurs frequently in cancers, associating with a poor prognosis and tumor progression. Targeting the STAT3 protein is a potentially promising therapeutic strategy for tumors. Although none of the STAT3 inhibitors has been marketed yet, a few of them have succeeded in entering clinical trials. This Review aims to systematically summarize the progress of the last 5 years in the discovery of directive STAT3 small-molecule inhibitors and degraders, focusing primarily on their structural features, design strategies, and bioactivities. We hope this Review will shed light on future drug design and inhibitor optimization to accelerate the discovery process of STAT3 inhibitors or degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Dong
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Cheng
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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10
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Witt K, Evans-Axelsson S, Lundqvist A, Johansson M, Bjartell A, Hellsten R. Inhibition of STAT3 augments antitumor efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 treatment against prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3155-3166. [PMID: 33786638 PMCID: PMC8505385 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new treatment options in metastatic drug-resistant prostate cancer. Combining immunotherapy with other targeted therapies may be an effective strategy for advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, we sought to investigate to enhance the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy against prostate cancer by the combination with STAT3 inhibition. Male C57BL6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with the murine prostate cancer cell line RM-1. Tumor progression was monitored following treatment with vehicle, the small molecule STAT3 inhibitor GPB730, anti-CTLA-4 or GPB730 + anti-CTLA-4. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-CTLA-4 + GPB730 significantly inhibited tumor growth and enhanced survival compared to vehicle. Combining anti-CTLA-4 treatment with GPB730 resulted in a significantly prolonged survival compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. GPB730 significantly increased infiltration of CD45 + cells in tumors of anti-CTLA-4-treated mice compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. The levels of tumor-infiltrating Tregs were significantly decreased and the CD8:Treg ratio significantly increased by GPB730 treatment in combination with anti-CTLA-4 compared to anti-CTLA-4 alone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in CD45-positive cells in anti-CTLA-4 and anti-CTLA-4 + GPB730-treated tumors compared to vehicle or GPB730 monotherapy. Plasma levels of IL10 were significantly increased by anti-CTLA-4 compared to vehicle but no increase was observed when combining anti-CTLA-4 with GPB730. In conclusion, STAT3 inhibition by GPB730 enhances the antitumoral activity of anti-CTLA-4 and decreases the intratumoral Treg frequency in a prostate cancer mouse model. These results support the combination of STAT3 inhibition with anti-CTLA-4 therapy to increase clinical responses in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Witt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan Evans-Axelsson
- Division of Urological Cancers, Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bjartell
- Division of Urological Cancers, Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Hellsten
- Division of Urological Cancers, Institution of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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11
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Li Z, Liu Y, Fang X, Shu Z. Nanomaterials Enhance the Immunomodulatory Effect of Molecular Targeted Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1631-1661. [PMID: 33688183 PMCID: PMC7935456 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s290346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy, a tumor therapy strategy that inhibits specific oncogenic targets, has been shown to modulate the immune response. In addition to directly inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells, molecular targeted drugs can activate the immune system through a variety of mechanisms, including by promoting tumor antigen processing and presentation, increasing intratumoral T cell infiltration, enhancing T cell activation and function, and attenuating the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment. However, poor water solubility, insufficient accumulation at the tumor site, and nonspecific targeting of immune cells limit their application. To this end, a variety of nanomaterials have been developed to overcome these obstacles and amplify the immunomodulatory effects of molecular targeted drugs. In this review, we summarize the impact of molecular targeted drugs on the antitumor immune response according to their mechanisms, highlight the advantages of nanomaterials in enhancing the immunomodulatory effect of molecular targeted therapy, and discuss the current challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbo Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ou A, Ott M, Fang D, Heimberger AB. The Role and Therapeutic Targeting of JAK/STAT Signaling in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:437. [PMID: 33498872 PMCID: PMC7865703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains one of the deadliest and treatment-refractory human malignancies in large part due to its diffusely infiltrative nature, molecular heterogeneity, and capacity for immune escape. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway contributes substantively to a wide variety of protumorigenic functions, including proliferation, anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, stem cell maintenance, and immune suppression. We review the current state of knowledge regarding the biological role of JAK/STAT signaling in glioblastoma, therapeutic strategies, and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ou
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Martina Ott
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
| | - Dexing Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.O.); (D.F.)
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13
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Akter F, Simon B, de Boer NL, Redjal N, Wakimoto H, Shah K. Pre-clinical tumor models of primary brain tumors: Challenges and opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188458. [PMID: 33148506 PMCID: PMC7856042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that originate in cells of the central nervous system. A variety of models tractable for preclinical studies have been developed to recapitulate human brain tumors, allowing us to understand the underlying pathobiology and explore potential treatments. However, many promising therapeutic strategies identified using preclinical models have shown limited efficacy or failed at the clinical trial stage. The inability to develop therapeutic strategies that significantly improve survival rates in patients highlight the compelling need to revisit the design of currently available animal models and explore the use of new models that allow us to bridge the gap between promising preclinical findings and clinical translation. In this review, we discuss current strategies used to model glioblastoma, the most malignant brain tumor in adults and highlight the shortcomings of specific models that must be circumvented for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Akter
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Brennan Simon
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Nadine Leonie de Boer
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Navid Redjal
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America.
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14
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Ou A, Yung WKA, Majd N. Molecular Mechanisms of Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E351. [PMID: 33396284 PMCID: PMC7794986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults and is almost invariably fatal. Despite our growing understanding of the various mechanisms underlying treatment failure, the standard-of-care therapy has not changed over the last two decades, signifying a great unmet need. The challenges of treating glioblastoma are many and include inadequate drug or agent delivery across the blood-brain barrier, abundant intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity, redundant signaling pathways, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here, we review the innate and adaptive molecular mechanisms underlying glioblastoma's treatment resistance, emphasizing the intrinsic challenges therapeutic interventions must overcome-namely, the blood-brain barrier, tumoral heterogeneity, and microenvironment-and the mechanisms of resistance to conventional treatments, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. K. Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 431, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Nazanin Majd
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 431, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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15
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Millot P, San C, Bennana E, Porte B, Vignal N, Hugon J, Paquet C, Hosten B, Mouton-Liger F. STAT3 inhibition protects against neuroinflammation and BACE1 upregulation induced by systemic inflammation. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:129-134. [PMID: 33096140 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the transcriptional factor STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) was recently associated with Alzheimer Disease (AD). STAT3 phosphorylation is critical for cytokine secretion linked to neuroinflammation. Moreover, STAT3 may act as a transcriptional regulator of BACE1 (β-APP cleaving enzyme-1), the key enzyme in amyloid β (Aβ) production. We have previously shown that neuroinflammation and increased brain BACE1 levels triggered by LPS-induced systemic inflammation in wild-type mice are associated with an enhanced STAT3 activation. Using this LPS model, the goal of this study was to investigate if a STAT3 inhibitor administration could be protective against neuroinflammation and abnormal BACE1 regulation. Our results show that intraperitoneal injection of Stattic, a molecule that selectively inhibits the activation of STAT3, decreases LPS-induced microglial activation in the hippocampus. In addition, STAT3 inhibition reduced brain levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α triggered by LPS systemic administration. A significant reduction of BACE1 levels was observed in the hippocampus of mice treated with LPS and Stattic compared to those exposed to LPS alone. Taking together, our results show that Stattic can protect hippocampus against two pathological hallmarks of AD, and pave the way for further explorations of the therapeutic potential of STAT3 inhibition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Périne Millot
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/CMRR Paris Nord Ile de France, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Carine San
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, APHP. Nord Université de Paris, SaintLouis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Evangeline Bennana
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/CMRR Paris Nord Ile de France, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Porte
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/CMRR Paris Nord Ile de France, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Vignal
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, APHP. Nord Université de Paris, SaintLouis Hospital, Paris, France; Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, APHP. Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/CMRR Paris Nord Ile de France, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/CMRR Paris Nord Ile de France, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Hosten
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Unité Claude Kellershohn, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, APHP. Nord Université de Paris, SaintLouis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - François Mouton-Liger
- INSERM U1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Centre de Neurologie Cognitive/CMRR Paris Nord Ile de France, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.
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16
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Makitani K, Ogo N, Asai A. STX-0119, a novel STAT3 dimerization inhibitor, prevents fibrotic gene expression in a mouse model of kidney fibrosis by regulating Cxcr4 and Ccr1 expression. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14627. [PMID: 33112058 PMCID: PMC7592413 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a histological hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is believed to be involved in the progression of CKD. Therefore, inhibition of kidney fibrosis is a potential strategy for slowing CKD progression. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is activated by interleukin-6 and is reported to be involved in fibrosis. Previously, S3I-201, an inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation, was shown to inhibit renal fibrosis in a mouse model, but its mechanism was not clarified completely. In this study, we investigated whether STX-0119, a new inhibitor of STAT3 dimerization, suppressed kidney fibrotic gene expression using a mouse model of kidney fibrosis and examined the underlying mechanisms. Kidney fibrosis was induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), which was accompanied by upregulation of STAT3 target genes. STX-0119 administration suppressed the expression of fibrotic genes in UUO kidneys without affecting STAT3 phosphorylation. STX-0119 decreased Cxcr4 mRNA in cultured rat kidney fibroblasts and Ccr1 mRNA in blood cells from UUO mice, both of which are reported to be involved in the progression of kidney fibrosis. These results suggest that STX-0119 inhibits fibrotic gene expression in kidney by suppressing Cxcr4 and Ccr1 expression. This is the first report to indicate a part of the mechanism of the antifibrotic effects of a STAT3 inhibitor and suggests that STX-0119 may be a lead compound for the treatment of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Makitani
- Center for Drug DiscoveryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Naohisa Ogo
- Center for Drug DiscoveryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
| | - Akira Asai
- Center for Drug DiscoveryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ShizuokaShizuokaJapan
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17
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Zou S, Tong Q, Liu B, Huang W, Tian Y, Fu X. Targeting STAT3 in Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:145. [PMID: 32972405 PMCID: PMC7513516 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a point of convergence for numerous oncogenic signaling pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is central in regulating the anti-tumor immune response. STAT3 is broadly hyperactivated both in cancer and non-cancerous cells within the tumor ecosystem and plays important roles in inhibiting the expression of crucial immune activation regulators and promoting the production of immunosuppressive factors. Therefore, targeting the STAT3 signaling pathway has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for numerous cancers. In this review, we outline the importance of STAT3 signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and its immune regulation, and highlight the current status for the development of STAT3-targeting therapeutic approaches. We also summarize and discuss recent advances in STAT3-based combination immunotherapy in detail. These endeavors provide new insights into the translational application of STAT3 in cancer and may contribute to the promotion of more effective treatments toward malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailan Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiyu Tong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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18
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STAT3 transcription factor as target for anti-cancer therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1101-1124. [PMID: 32880101 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STATs constitute a large family of transcription activators and transducers of signals that have an important role in many cell functions as regulation of proliferation and differentiation of the cell also regulation of apoptosis and angiogenesis. STAT3 as a member of that family, recently was discovered to have a vital role in progression of different types of cancers. The activation of STAT3 was observed to regulate multiple gene functions during cancer-like cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metastasis, inflammation, immunity, cell survival, and angiogenesis. The inhibition of STAT3 activation has been an important target for cancer therapy. Inhibitors of STAT3 have been used for a long time for treatment of many types of cancers like leukemia, melanoma, colon, and renal cancer. In this review article, we summarize and discuss different drugs inhibiting the action of STAT3 and used in treatment of different types of cancer.
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19
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Ashizawa T, Iizuka A, Tanaka E, Kondou R, Miyata H, Maeda C, Sugino T, Yamaguchi K, Ando T, Ishikawa Y, Ito M, Akiyama Y. Antitumor activity of the PD-1/PD-L1 binding inhibitor BMS-202 in the humanized MHC-double knockout NOG mouse. Biomed Res 2020; 40:243-250. [PMID: 31839668 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.40.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the first series of small molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 were reported by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), which were developed using a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF)-based screening investigation of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Additional crystallographic and biophysical studies showed that these compounds inhibited the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1 by inducing the dimerization of PD-L1, in which each dimer binds one molecule of the stabilizer at its interface. However, the immunological mechanism of the antitumor effect of these compounds remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we focused on BMS-202 (a representative of the BMS compounds) and investigated its antitumor activity using in vitro and in vivo experiments. BMS-202 inhibited the proliferation of strongly PD-L1-positive SCC-3 cells (IC50 15 μM) and anti-CD3 antibody-activated Jurkat cells (IC50 10 μM) in vitro. Additionally, BMS-202 had no regulatory effect on the PD-1 or PD-L1 expression level on the cell surface of these cells. In an in vivo study using humanized MHC-double knockout (dKO) NOG mice, BMS-202 showed a clear antitumor effect compared with the controls; however, a direct cytotoxic effect was revealed to be involved in the antitumor mechanism, as there was no lymphocyte accumulation in the tumor site. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of BMS-202 might be partly mediated by a direct off-target cytotoxic effect in addition to the immune response-based mechanism. Also, the humanized dKO NOG mouse model used in this study was shown to be a useful tool for the screening of small molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 binding that can inhibit tumor growth via an immune-response-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ashizawa
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Emiko Tanaka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Ryota Kondou
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Haruo Miyata
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Chie Maeda
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
| | | | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Office of the president, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital
| | | | | | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals
| | - Yasuto Akiyama
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute
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20
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Nishisaka F, Taniguchi K, Tsugane M, Hirata G, Takagi A, Asakawa N, Kurita A, Takahashi H, Ogo N, Shishido Y, Asai A. Antitumor activity of a novel oral signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitor YHO-1701. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1774-1784. [PMID: 32112605 PMCID: PMC7226286 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is a key mediator of cancer cell proliferation, survival and invasion. Aberrant STAT3 has been demonstrated in various malignant cancers. YHO-1701 is a novel quinolinecarboxamide derivative generated from STX-0119. Here, we examined the effect of YHO-1701 on STAT3 and evaluated antitumor activity of YHO-1701 as a single agent and in combination. YHO-1701 inhibited STAT3-SH2 binding to phospho-Tyr peptide selectively and more potently than STX-0119 in biochemical assays. Molecular docking studies with STAT3 suggested more stable interaction of YHO-1701 with the SH2 domain. YHO-1701 exhibited approximately 10-fold stronger activity than STX-0119 in abrogating the STAT3 signaling pathway of human oral cancer cell line SAS. YHO-1701 also blocked multi-step events by inhibiting STAT3 dimerization and suppressed STAT3 promoter activity. As expected, YHO-1701 exerted strong antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines addicted to STAT3 signaling. Orally administered YHO-1701 showed statistically significant antitumor effects with long exposure to high levels of YHO-1701 at tumor sites in SAS xenograft models. Moreover, combination regimen with sorafenib led to significantly stronger antitumor activity. In addition, the suppression level of survivin (a downstream target) was superior for the combination as compared with monotherapy groups within tumor tissues. Thus, YHO-1701 had a favorable specificity for STAT3 and pharmacokinetics after oral treatment; it also contributed to the enhanced antitumor activity of sorafenib. The evidence presented here provides justification using for this approach in future clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukiko Nishisaka
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.,Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Taniguchi
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momomi Tsugane
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genya Hirata
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Takagi
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Asakawa
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Kurita
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naohisa Ogo
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shishido
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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21
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Kang JH, Jang YS, Lee HJ, Lee CY, Shin DY, Oh SH. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling induces apoptosis and suppresses growth of lung cancer: good and bad. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:30. [PMID: 32257917 PMCID: PMC7081529 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) modulates a variety of genes involved in the regulation of critical functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immunity. For many cancers, elevated levels of STAT3 signaling have been associated with a poor prognosis and the development of chemotherapy resistance. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of a novel small-molecule inhibitor of STAT3, STX-0119, on the cell viability and survival of human lung cancer cells. STX-0119 inhibited activated STAT3 and the expression of STAT3-regulated oncoproteins such as c-Myc, cyclin D1, and survivin in lung cancer cells. STX-0119 also decreased the amount of STAT3 in the nuclear fraction as well as induced apoptosis of these lung cancer cell lines as evidenced by increases in apoptotic cells (Annexin V positive) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The efficacy of STX-0119 in a mouse xenograft model was confirmed. However, a hematological side effect, which had not been previously reported, was observed. The level of white blood cells was significantly lowered when treated at the dose at which STX-0119 alone showed a significant tumor-suppressive effect. In conclusion, we suggest that STX-0119 may be a potent therapeutic agent against lung cancer. Consideration of the side effect suggests, it is necessary to study whether low-dose STX-0119 is effective for lung treatment with a combination of classic lung cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Gelain A, Mori M, Meneghetti F, Villa S. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Protein 3 (STAT3): An Update on its Direct Inhibitors as Promising Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5165-5206. [PMID: 30027840 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180719122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which plays an important role in multiple aspects of cancer, including progression and migration, and it is constitutively activated in various human tumors, STAT3 inhibition has emerged as a validated strategy for the treatment of several malignancies. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the identification of new promising direct inhibitors targeting STAT3 domains, as potential anticancer agents. METHODS A thorough literature search focused on recently reported STAT3 direct inhibitors was undertaken. We considered the relevant developments regarding the STAT3 domains, which have been identified as potential drug targets. RESULTS In detail, 135 peer-reviewed papers and 7 patents were cited; the inhibitors we took into account targeted the DNA binding domain (compounds were grouped into natural derivatives, small molecules, peptides, aptamers and oligonucleotides), the SH2 binding domain (natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds) and specific residues, like cysteines (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic compounds and dual inhibitors) and tyrosine 705. CONCLUSION The huge number of direct STAT3 inhibitors recently identified demonstrates a strong interest in the investigation of this target, although it represents a challenging task considering that no drug targeting this enzyme is currently available for anticancer therapy. Notably, many studies on the available inhibitors evidenced that some of them possess a dual mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Gelain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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Ashizawa T, Iizuka A, Maeda C, Tanaka E, Kondou R, Miyata H, Sugino T, Kawata T, Deguchi S, Mitsuya K, Hayashi N, Asai A, Ito M, Yamaguchi K, Akiyama Y. Impact of combination therapy with anti-PD-1 blockade and a STAT3 inhibitor on the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte status. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:43-50. [PMID: 31586551 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, clinical studies using anti-immune checkpoint molecule antibodies have been successful in solid tumors, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancers. However, pancreatic cancers are still intractable and difficult to treat once recurrence or metastasis occurs; thus, novel combined use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with molecular targeted drugs is considered a therapeutic option. Previously, we developed a novel humanized MHC-double knockout (dKO) NOG mouse model and demonstrated that an anti-PD-1 antibody or a STAT3 inhibitor showed anti-tumor effects through an immunological mechanism. In the current study, using a humanized mouse model, we aimed to develop a combination therapy with an anti-PD-1 antibody and a STAT3 inhibitor (STX-0119) for use in vivo against pancreatic cancer. In an in vitro investigation, STX-0119 showed weak to moderate cytotoxic activity against several pancreatic cancer cell lines, which exhibited activated pSTAT3 and weak PD-L1 expression. However, unexpectedly, an in vivo study indicated that the combination of the anti-PD-1 antibody with STX-0119 remarkably reduced the anti-tumor effect and TIL numbers despite the effective anti-tumor activity against pancreatic cancer was produced individually by STX-0119 and the anti-PD-1 antibody. These results suggested that the combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody with specific signal inhibiting drugs should be carefully evaluated to avoid unexpected side effects, and such studies might contribute to the development of an effective combination regimen of ICB with cancer-targeting drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ashizawa
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Akira Iizuka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Chie Maeda
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Emiko Tanaka
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Ryota Kondou
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Haruo Miyata
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Pathology, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawata
- Division of Pathology, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Shoichi Deguchi
- Division of Neurosurgery, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Koichi Mitsuya
- Division of Neurosurgery, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Nakamasa Hayashi
- Division of Neurosurgery, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Research Division, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Office of the president, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Yasuto Akiyama
- Immunotherapy Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
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24
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Preclinical Evidence of STAT3 Inhibitor Pacritinib Overcoming Temozolomide Resistance via Downregulating miR-21-Enriched Exosomes from M2 Glioblastoma-Associated Macrophages. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070959. [PMID: 31269723 PMCID: PMC6678764 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in virtually every aspect of tumorigenesis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). A dysfunctional TME promotes drug resistance, disease recurrence, and distant metastasis. Recent evidence indicates that exosomes released by stromal cells within the TME may promote oncogenic phenotypes via transferring signaling molecules such as cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs. Results: In this study, clinical GBM samples were collected and analyzed. We found that GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs) secreted exosomes which were enriched with oncomiR-21. Coculture of GAMs (and GAM-derived exosomes) and GBM cell lines increased GBM cells’ resistance against temozolomide (TMZ) by upregulating the prosurvival gene programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and stemness markers SRY (sex determining region y)-box 2 (Sox2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Nestin, and miR-21-5p and increasing the M2 cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) secreted by GBM cells, promoting the M2 polarization of GAMs. Subsequently, pacritinib treatment suppressed GBM tumorigenesis and stemness; more importantly, pacritinib-treated GBM cells showed a markedly reduced ability to secret M2 cytokines and reduced miR-21-enriched exosomes secreted by GAMs. Pacritinib-mediated effects were accompanied by a reduction of oncomiR miR-21-5p, by which the tumor suppressor PDCD4 was targeted. We subsequently established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models where mice bore patient GBM and GAMs. Treatment with pacritinib and the combination of pacritinib and TMZ appeared to significantly reduce the tumorigenesis of GBM/GAM PDX mice as well as overcome TMZ resistance and M2 polarization of GAMs. Conclusion: In summation, we showed the potential of pacritinib alone or in combination with TMZ to suppress GBM tumorigenesis via modulating STAT3/miR-21/PDCD4 signaling. Further investigations are warranted for adopting pacritinib for the treatment of TMZ-resistant GBM in clinical settings.
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25
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Two decades of research in discovery of anticancer drugs targeting STAT3, how close are we? Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:74-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Studying cancer immunotherapy using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) in humanized mice. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-9. [PMID: 30089794 PMCID: PMC6082857 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising way to eliminate tumor cells by using the patient’s own immune system. Selecting the appropriate animal models to develop or validate preclinical immunotherapeutic trials is now an important aspect of many cancer research programs. Here we discuss the advantages and limitations of using genetically engineered immunodeficient mouse models, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and humanized mouse models for developing and testing immunotherapeutic strategies. Improvements to mouse models for cancer immunotherapy could enhance the precision of new drugs. Immunotherapy trials require genetically modified animal models, including ‘humanized’ mice with a functioning human immune system, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice, in which cells from patients’ tumors are implanted into immunodeficient mice. Charles Lee at the Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine in Farmington, USA, Yeun-Jun Chung at the Catholic University of Korea in Seoul, and co-workers reviewed developments in both PDX and humanized-PDX mouse models for immunotherapy trials. PDX models improve the chances of finding novel biomarkers for drug development. However, humanized PDX mouse models will allow researchers to study diverse cancers in tumour and immune environments as close as possible to those of humans.
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27
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Carta D, Dal Prà M, Grazia Ferlin M. Amidic Coupling in the Synthesis of Pyrroloquinoline 4‐ and 9‐Carboxamides as Potential STAT3 Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Carta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Matteo Dal Prà
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ferlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Padova 35131 Padova Italy
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28
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Woroniecka KI, Rhodin KE, Chongsathidkiet P, Keith KA, Fecci PE. T-cell Dysfunction in Glioblastoma: Applying a New Framework. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3792-3802. [PMID: 29593027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A functional, replete T-cell repertoire is an integral component to adequate immune surveillance and to the initiation and maintenance of productive antitumor immune responses. Glioblastoma (GBM), however, is particularly adept at sabotaging antitumor immunity, eliciting severe T-cell dysfunction that is both qualitative and quantitative. Understanding and countering such dysfunction are among the keys to harnessing the otherwise stark potential of anticancer immune-based therapies. Although T-cell dysfunction in GBM has been long described, newer immunologic frameworks now exist for reclassifying T-cell deficits in a manner that better permits their study and reversal. Herein, we divide and discuss the various T-cell deficits elicited by GBM within the context of the five relevant categories: senescence, tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and ignorance. Categorization is appropriately made according to the molecular bases of dysfunction. Likewise, we review the mechanisms by which GBM elicits each mode of T-cell dysfunction and discuss the emerging immunotherapeutic strategies designed to overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3792-802. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina I Woroniecka
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen E Rhodin
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pakawat Chongsathidkiet
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristin A Keith
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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