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Anmol K, Akanksha H, Zhengguo X. Are CD45RO+ and CD45RA- genuine markers for bovine memory T cells? ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEffective vaccination induces memory T cells, which protect the host against pathogen re-infections. Therefore, detection of memory T cells is essential for evaluating vaccine efficacy, which was originally dependent on cytokine induction assays. Currently, two isoforms of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase, CD45RO expression and CD45RA exclusion (CD45RO+/ CD45RA-) are used extensively for detecting memory T cells in cattle. The CD45RO+/CD45RA- markers were first established in humans around three decades ago, and were adopted in cattle soon after. However, in the last two decades, some published data in humans have challenged the initial paradigm, and required multiple markers for identifying memory T cells. On the contrary, memory T cell detection in cattle still mostly relies on CD45RO+/CD45RA- despite some controversial evidence. In this review, we summarized the current literature to examine if CD45RO+/CD45RA- are valid markers for detecting memory T cells in cattle. It seems CD45RA and CD45RO (CD45RA/RO) as markers for identifying bovine memory T cells are questionable.
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2
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Szodoray P, Andersen TK, Heinzelbecker J, Imbery JF, Huszthy PC, Stanford SM, Bogen B, Landsverk OB, Bottini N, Tveita A, Munthe LA, Nakken B. Integration of T helper and BCR signals governs enhanced plasma cell differentiation of memory B cells by regulation of CD45 phosphatase activity. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109525. [PMID: 34380042 PMCID: PMC8435664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity relies on the efficient differentiation of memory B cells (MBCs) into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). T helper (Th) signals upregulate B cell receptor (BCR) signaling by potentiating Src family kinases through increasing CD45 phosphatase activity (CD45 PA). In this study, we show that high CD45 PA in MBCs enhances BCR signaling and is essential for their effective ASC differentiation. Mechanistically, Th signals upregulate CD45 PA through intensifying the surface binding of a CD45 ligand, Galectin-1. CD45 PA works as a sensor of T cell help and defines high-affinity germinal center (GC) plasma cell (PC) precursors characterized by IRF4 expression in vivo. Increasing T cell help in vitro results in an incremental CD45 PA increase and enhances ASC differentiation by facilitating effective induction of the transcription factors IRF4 and BLIMP1. This study connects Th signals with BCR signaling through Galectin-1-dependent regulation of CD45 PA and provides a mechanism for efficient ASC differentiation of MBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szodoray
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tor Kristian Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John F Imbery
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole B Landsverk
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anders Tveita
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Nakken
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Noviski M, Mueller JL, Satterthwaite A, Garrett-Sinha LA, Brombacher F, Zikherman J. IgM and IgD B cell receptors differentially respond to endogenous antigens and control B cell fate. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29521626 PMCID: PMC5897097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive B cells co-express two BCR isotypes, IgM and IgD, with identical antigen-binding domains but distinct constant regions. IgM but not IgD is downregulated on autoreactive B cells. Because these isotypes are presumed to be redundant, it is unknown how this could impose tolerance. We introduced the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling into mice that express each BCR isotype alone. Despite signaling strongly in vitro, IgD is less sensitive than IgM to endogenous antigen in vivo and developmental fate decisions are skewed accordingly. IgD-only Lyn-/- B cells cannot generate autoantibodies and short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) in vivo, a fate thought to be driven by intense BCR signaling induced by endogenous antigens. Similarly, IgD-only B cells generate normal germinal center, but impaired IgG1+ SLPC responses to T-dependent immunization. We propose a role for IgD in maintaining the quiescence of autoreactive B cells and restricting their differentiation into autoantibody secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James L Mueller
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anne Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town & Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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5
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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6
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Taher TE, Bystrom J, Ong VH, Isenberg DA, Renaudineau Y, Abraham DJ, Mageed RA. Intracellular B Lymphocyte Signalling and the Regulation of Humoral Immunity and Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:237-264. [PMID: 28456914 PMCID: PMC5597704 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are critical for effective immunity; they produce antibodies and cytokines, present antigens to T lymphocytes and regulate immune responses. However, because of the inherent randomness in the process of generating their vast repertoire of antigen-specific receptors, B cells can also cause diseases through recognizing and reacting to self. Therefore, B lymphocyte selection and responses require tight regulation at multiple levels and at all stages of their development and activation to avoid diseases. Indeed, newly generated B lymphocytes undergo rigorous tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow and, subsequently, in the periphery after their migration. Furthermore, activation of mature B cells is regulated through controlled expression of co-stimulatory receptors and intracellular signalling thresholds. All these regulatory events determine whether and how B lymphocytes respond to antigens, by undergoing apoptosis or proliferation. However, defects that alter regulated co-stimulatory receptor expression or intracellular signalling thresholds can lead to diseases. For example, autoimmune diseases can result from altered regulation of B cell responses leading to the emergence of high-affinity autoreactive B cells, autoantibody production and tissue damage. The exact cause(s) of defective B cell responses in autoimmune diseases remains unknown. However, there is evidence that defects or mutations in genes that encode individual intracellular signalling proteins lead to autoimmune diseases, thus confirming that defects in intracellular pathways mediate autoimmune diseases. This review provides a synopsis of current knowledge of signalling proteins and pathways that regulate B lymphocyte responses and how defects in these could promote autoimmune diseases. Most of the evidence comes from studies of mouse models of disease and from genetically engineered mice. Some, however, also come from studying B lymphocytes from patients and from genome-wide association studies. Defining proteins and signalling pathways that underpin atypical B cell response in diseases will help in understanding disease mechanisms and provide new therapeutic avenues for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Voon H Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yves Renaudineau
- Immunology Laboratory, University of Brest Medical School, Brest, France
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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7
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Au-Yeung BB, Smith GA, Mueller JL, Heyn CS, Jaszczak RG, Weiss A, Zikherman J. IL-2 Modulates the TCR Signaling Threshold for CD8 but Not CD4 T Cell Proliferation on a Single-Cell Level. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2445-2456. [PMID: 28159902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes integrate Ag and cytokine receptor signals to make cell fate decisions. Using a specific reporter of TCR signaling that is insensitive to cytokine signaling, Nur77-eGFP, we identify a sharp, minimal threshold of cumulative TCR signaling required for proliferation in CD4 and CD8 T cells that is independent of both Ag concentration and affinity. Unexpectedly, IL-2 reduces this threshold in CD8 but not CD4 T cells, suggesting that integration of multiple mitogenic inputs may alter the minimal requirement for TCR signaling in CD8 T cells. Neither naive CD4 nor naive CD8 T cells are responsive to low doses of IL-2. We show that activated CD8 T cells become responsive to low doses of IL-2 more quickly than CD4 T cells, and propose that this relative delay in turn accounts for the differential effects of IL-2 on the minimal TCR signaling threshold for proliferation in these populations. In contrast to Nur77-eGFP, c-Myc protein expression integrates mitogenic signals downstream of both IL-2 and the TCR, yet marks an invariant minimal threshold of cumulative mitogenic stimulation required for cell division. Our work provides a conceptual framework for understanding the regulation of clonal expansion of CD8 T cells by subthreshold TCR signaling in the context of mitogenic IL-2 signals, thereby rendering CD8 T cells exquisitely dependent upon environmental cues. Conversely, CD4 T cell proliferation requires an invariant minimal intensity of TCR signaling that is not modulated by IL-2, thereby restricting responses to low-affinity or low-abundance self-antigens even in the context of an inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron B Au-Yeung
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143;
| | - Geoffrey Alexander Smith
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James L Mueller
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Cheryl S Heyn
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rebecca Garrett Jaszczak
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Arthur Weiss
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Zikherman
- The Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143;
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8
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Gasparrini F, Feest C, Bruckbauer A, Mattila PK, Müller J, Nitschke L, Bray D, Batista FD. Nanoscale organization and dynamics of the siglec CD22 cooperate with the cytoskeleton in restraining BCR signalling. EMBO J 2016; 35:258-80. [PMID: 26671981 PMCID: PMC4741297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor organization and dynamics at the cell membrane are important factors of signal transduction regulation. Using super-resolution microscopy and single-particle tracking, we show how the negative coreceptor CD22 works with the cortical cytoskeleton in restraining BCR signalling. In naïve B cells, we found endogenous CD22 to be highly mobile and organized into nanodomains. The landscape of CD22 and its lateral diffusion were perturbed either in the absence of CD45 or when the CD22 lectin domain was mutated. To understand how a relatively low number of CD22 molecules can keep BCR signalling in check, we generated Brownian dynamic simulations and supported them with ex vivo experiments. This combined approach suggests that the inhibitory function of CD22 is influenced by its nanoscale organization and is ensured by its fast diffusion enabling a "global BCR surveillance" at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Feest
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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9
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Abstract
The receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45 regulates antigen receptor signaling by dephosphorylating the C-terminal inhibitory tyrosine of the src family kinases. However, despite its abundance, the function of the large, alternatively spliced extracellular domain of CD45 has remained elusive. We used normally spliced CD45 transgenes either incorporating a phosphatase-inactivating point mutation or lacking the cytoplasmic domain to uncouple the enzymatic and noncatalytic functions of CD45 in lymphocytes. Although these transgenes did not alter T-cell signaling or development irrespective of endogenous CD45 expression, both partially rescued the phenotype of CD45-deficient B cells. We identify a noncatalytic role for CD45 in regulating tonic, but not antigen-mediated, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling through modulation of the function of the inhibitory coreceptor CD22. This finding has important implications for understanding how naïve B cells maintain tonic BCR signaling while restraining inappropriate antigen-dependent activation to preserve clonal "ignorance."
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10
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Shahal-Zimra Y, Rotem Z, Chezar J, Oniashvili N, Leader A, Raanani P, Rabizadeh E. Adult pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with unusually large proportion of bone marrow CD45 bright/high SSc blasts. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 92:161-164. [PMID: 26415521 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a pre B-ALL patient with the rare clinical manifestation of extramedullary disease, and a normal hemogram. This patient's blasts expressed bright CD45 and high side scatter (SSc) placing the cells in the monocyte gate. METHODS Samples from peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) aspirate from a 50-year-old female patient were immunophenotyped by multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS Flow cytometry studies of the BM aspirate showed a large monocyte gate with 90-95% of the cells expressing an abnormal B cell phenotype. Peripheral white blood cells count was normal and cytogenetic analysis of the BM revealed a normal karyotype. CONCLUSION It was not possible, based on CD45/SSc to identify a lymphoblast population in this pre B-ALL patient. Although bright expression of CD45 B-ALL blasts has been associated with poor prognosis to the best of our knowledge, the combination of bright CD45 blasts with high SSc has not been reported. As CD45 expression vs. SSc is routinely measured in the diagnostics of acute leukemias, a possible association between CD45 bright positivity and extramedullary disease or prognosis warrants further exploration. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shahal-Zimra
- Hematology Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Division, Hematology Institute; Tel Aviv University. Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University. Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Zohar Rotem
- Hematology Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Division, Hematology Institute; Tel Aviv University. Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Judith Chezar
- Hematology Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Division, Hematology Institute; Tel Aviv University. Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Nino Oniashvili
- Cytogenetic Institute; Tel Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Avi Leader
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pia Raanani
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Rabizadeh
- Hematology Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Division, Hematology Institute; Tel Aviv University. Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Cytogenetic Institute; Tel Aviv University, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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11
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Mills RE, Lam VC, Tan A, Cresalia N, Oksenberg N, Zikherman J, Anderson M, Weiss A, Hermiston ML. Unbiased modifier screen reveals that signal strength determines the regulatory role murine TLR9 plays in autoantibody production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3675-86. [PMID: 25769918 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus has a complex environmental and multifactorial genetic basis. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified numerous disease-associated polymorphisms, but it remains unclear in which cells and during which step of pathogenesis specific polymorphisms interact to cause disease. Using a mouse model in which the same activating mutation (CD45E613R) causes distinct genetic background-dependent disease phenotypes, we performed a screen for genetic modifiers of autoreactivity between anti-nuclear Ab (ANA)-resistant CD45E613R.B6 and ANA-permissive CD45E613R.BALB/c mice. Within a novel autoreactivity-associated locus on chromosome 9, we identify a putative modifier, TLR9. Validating a role for TLR9 in modifying autoreactivity in the context of the CD45E613R mutation, manipulation of TLR9 gene dosage eliminates ANA in CD45E613R.BALB/c mice, but confoundingly permits ANA in CD45E613R.B6 mice. We demonstrate that sensitivity to ANA is modulated by strength of TLR9 signal, because stronger TLR9(B6) signals, but not weaker TLR9(BALB/c) signals, negatively regulate CD45E613R B cell development during competitive reconstitution at the central tolerance checkpoint. Our results identify a novel autoreactivity-associated locus and validate Tlr9 as a candidate gene within the locus. We further demonstrate a novel role for TLR9 signal strength in central tolerance, providing insight into the interplay of disease-associated polymorphisms at a discrete step of systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Viola C Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Allison Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nicole Cresalia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nir Oksenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Mark Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Michelle L Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143;
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12
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Kleiman E, Salyakina D, De Heusch M, Hoek KL, Llanes JM, Castro I, Wright JA, Clark ES, Dykxhoorn DM, Capobianco E, Takeda A, Renauld JC, Khan WN. Distinct Transcriptomic Features are Associated with Transitional and Mature B-Cell Populations in the Mouse Spleen. Front Immunol 2015; 6:30. [PMID: 25717326 PMCID: PMC4324157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenic transitional B-cells (T1 and T2) are selected to avoid self-reactivity and to safeguard against autoimmunity, then differentiate into mature follicular (FO-I and FO-II) and marginal zone (MZ) subsets. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq of the five B-cell subsets revealed T1 cell signature genes included RAG suggesting a potential for receptor revision. T1 to T2 B-cell differentiation was marked by a switch from Myb to Myc, increased expression of the PI3K adapter DAP10 and MHC class II. FO-II may be an intermediate in FO-I differentiation and may also become MZ B-cells as suggested by principle component analysis. MZ B-cells possessed the most distinct transcriptome including down-regulation of CD45 phosphatase-associated protein (CD45-AP/PTPRC-AP), as well as upregulation of IL-9R and innate molecules TLR3, TLR7, and bactericidal Perforin-2 (MPEG1). Among the endosomal TLRs, stimulation via TLR3 further enhanced Perforin-2 expression exclusively in MZ B-cells. Using gene-deleted and overexpressing transgenic mice we show that IL-9/IL-9R interaction resulted in rapid activation of STAT1, 3, and 5, primarily in MZ B-cells. Importantly, CD45-AP mutant mice had reduced transitional and increased mature MZ and FO B-cells, suggesting that it prevents premature entry of transitional B-cells to the mature B-cell pool or their survival and proliferation. Together, these findings suggest, developmental plasticity among splenic B-cell subsets, potential for receptor revision in peripheral tolerance whereas enhanced metabolism coincides with T2 to mature B-cell differentiation. Further, unique core transcriptional signatures in MZ B-cells may control their innate features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Kleiman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Magali De Heusch
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch , Brussels , Belgium ; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Kristen L Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Joan M Llanes
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Jacqueline A Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Emily S Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Enrico Capobianco
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Akiko Takeda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch , Brussels , Belgium ; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Wasif N Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL , USA
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13
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Hua Z, Gross AJ, Lamagna C, Ramos-Hernández N, Scapini P, Ji M, Shao H, Lowell CA, Hou B, DeFranco AL. Requirement for MyD88 signaling in B cells and dendritic cells for germinal center anti-nuclear antibody production in Lyn-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:875-85. [PMID: 24379120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular tyrosine kinase Lyn mediates inhibitory receptor function in B cells and myeloid cells, and Lyn(-/-) mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that closely resembles human systemic lupus erythematosus. TLR-signaling pathways have been implicated in the production of anti-nuclear Abs in systemic lupus erythematosus and mouse models of it. We used a conditional allele of Myd88 to determine whether the autoimmunity of Lyn(-/-) mice is dependent on TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells and/or in dendritic cells (DCs). The production of IgG anti-nuclear Abs, as well as the deposition of these Abs in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis in Lyn(-/-) mice, were completely abolished by selective deletion of Myd88 in B cells, and autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis were delayed or decreased by deletion of Myd88 in DCs. The reduced autoantibody production in mice lacking MyD88 in B cells or DCs was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the spontaneous germinal center (GC) response, suggesting that autoantibodies in Lyn(-/-) mice may depend on GC responses. Consistent with this view, IgG anti-nuclear Abs were absent if T cells were deleted (TCRβ(-/-) TCRδ(-/-) mice) or if T cells were unable to contribute to GC responses as the result of mutation of the adaptor molecule SAP. Thus, the autoimmunity of Lyn(-/-) mice was dependent on T cells and on TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells and in DCs, supporting a model in which DC hyperactivity combines with defects in tolerance in B cells to lead to a T cell-dependent systemic autoimmunity in Lyn(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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Caignard G, Leiva-Torres GA, Leney-Greene M, Charbonneau B, Dumaine A, Fodil-Cornu N, Pyzik M, Cingolani P, Schwartzentruber J, Dupaul-Chicoine J, Guo H, Saleh M, Veillette A, Lathrop M, Blanchette M, Majewski J, Pearson A, Vidal SM. Genome-wide mouse mutagenesis reveals CD45-mediated T cell function as critical in protective immunity to HSV-1. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003637. [PMID: 24068938 PMCID: PMC3771889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a lethal neurological disease resulting from infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1). Loss-of-function mutations in the UNC93B1, TLR3, TRIF, TRAF3, and TBK1 genes have been associated with a human genetic predisposition to HSE, demonstrating the UNC93B-TLR3-type I IFN pathway as critical in protective immunity to HSV-1. However, the TLR3, UNC93B1, and TRIF mutations exhibit incomplete penetrance and represent only a minority of HSE cases, perhaps reflecting the effects of additional host genetic factors. In order to identify new host genes, proteins and signaling pathways involved in HSV-1 and HSE susceptibility, we have implemented the first genome-wide mutagenesis screen in an in vivo HSV-1 infectious model. One pedigree (named P43) segregated a susceptible trait with a fully penetrant phenotype. Genetic mapping and whole exome sequencing led to the identification of the causative nonsense mutation L3X in the Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C gene (Ptprc(L3X)), which encodes for the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Expression of MCP1, IL-6, MMP3, MMP8, and the ICP4 viral gene were significantly increased in the brain stems of infected Ptprc(L3X) mice accounting for hyper-inflammation and pathological damages caused by viral replication. Ptprc(L3X) mutation drastically affects the early stages of thymocytes development but also the final stage of B cell maturation. Transfer of total splenocytes from heterozygous littermates into Ptprc(L3X) mice resulted in a complete HSV-1 protective effect. Furthermore, T cells were the only cell population to fully restore resistance to HSV-1 in the mutants, an effect that required both the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and could be attributed to function of CD4⁺ T helper 1 (Th1) cells in CD8⁺ T cell recruitment to the site of infection. Altogether, these results revealed the CD45-mediated T cell function as potentially critical for infection and viral spread to the brain, and also for subsequent HSE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Caignard
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michael Leney-Greene
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Charbonneau
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Dumaine
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil-Cornu
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Huaijian Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- School of Computer Science and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angela Pearson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Taher TE, Muhammad HA, Rahim A, Flores-Borja F, Renaudineau Y, Isenberg DA, Mageed RA. Aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in lupus: inherent or induced and potential therapeutic targets. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:866-80. [PMID: 23701475 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus is a prototype autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. The disease is complex; manifest diverse clinical symptoms and disease mechanisms. This complexity has provided many leads to explore: from disease mechanisms to approaches for therapy. B-lymphocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the cause of aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in patients and, indeed, its causal relationship with the disease remain unclear. DESIGN This article provides a synopsis of current knowledge of immunological abnormalities in lupus with an emphasis on abnormalities in the B-lymphocyte compartment. RESULTS There is evidence for abnormalities in most compartments of the immune system in animal models and patients with lupus including an ever expanding list of abnormalities within the B-lymphocyte compartment. In addition, recent genome-wide linkage analyses in large cohorts of patients have identified new sets of genetic association factors some with potential links with defective B-lymphocyte responses although their full pathophysiological effects remain to be determined. The accumulating knowledge may help in the identification and application of new targeted therapies for treating lupus disease. CONCLUSIONS Cellular, molecular and genetic studies have provided significant insights into potential causes of immunological defects associated with lupus. Most of this insight relate to defects in B- and T-lymphocyte tolerance, signalling and responses. For B-lymphocytes, there is evidence for altered regulation of inter and intracellular signalling pathways at multiple levels. Some of these abnormalities will be discussed within the context of potential implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Taher TE, Muhammad HA, Bariller E, Flores-Borja F, Renaudineau Y, Isenberg DA, Mageed RA. B-lymphocyte signalling abnormalities and lupus immunopathology. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:428-44. [PMID: 23768155 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.788648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lupus is a complex autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown aetiology. The disease is associated with diverse features of immunological abnormality in which B-lymphocytes play a central role. However, the cause of atypical B-lymphocyte responses remains unclear. In this article, we provide a synopsis of current knowledge on intracellular signalling abnormalities in B-lymphocytes in lupus and their potential effects on the response of these cells in mouse models and in patients. There are numerous reported defects in the regulation of intracellular signalling proteins and pathways in B-lymphocytes in lupus that, potentially, affect critical biological responses. Most of the evidence for these defects comes from studies of disease models and genetically engineered mice. However, there is also increasing evidence from studying B-lymphocytes from patients and from genome-wide linkage analyses for parallel defects to those observed in mice. These studies provide molecular and genetic explanations for the key immunological abnormalities associated with lupus. Most of the new information appears to relate to defects in intracellular signalling that impact B-lymphocyte tolerance, cytokine production and responses to infections. Some of these abnormalities will be discussed within the context of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts
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17
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Zikherman J, Parameswaran R, Hermiston M, Weiss A. The structural wedge domain of the receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45 enforces B cell tolerance by regulating substrate specificity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2527-35. [PMID: 23396948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that positively regulates BCR signaling by dephosphorylating the inhibitory tyrosine of the Src family kinases. We showed previously that a single point mutation, E613R, introduced into the cytoplasmic membrane-proximal "wedge" domain of CD45 is sufficient to drive a lupus-like autoimmune disease on a susceptible genetic background. To clarify the molecular mechanism of this disease, we took advantage of a unique allelic series of mice in which the expression of CD45 is varied across a broad range. Although both E613R B cells and those with supraphysiologic CD45 expression exhibited hyperresponsive BCR signaling, they did so by opposite regulation of the Src family kinase Lyn. We demonstrated that the E613R allele of CD45 does not function as a hyper- or hypomorphic allele but rather alters the substrate specificity of CD45 for Lyn. Despite similarly enhancing BCR signaling, only B cells with supraphysiologic CD45 expression became anergic, whereas only mice harboring the E613R mutation developed frank autoimmunity on a susceptible genetic background. We showed that selective impairment of a Lyn-dependent negative-regulatory circuit in E613R B cells drove autoimmunity in E613R mice. This demonstrates that relaxing negative regulation of BCR signaling, rather than enhancing positive regulation, is critical for driving autoimmunity in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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18
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Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases--from housekeeping enzymes to master regulators of signal transduction. FEBS J 2013; 280:346-78. [PMID: 23176256 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many misconceptions surrounding the roles of protein phosphatases in the regulation of signal transduction, perhaps the most damaging of which is the erroneous view that these enzymes exert their effects merely as constitutively active housekeeping enzymes. On the contrary, the phosphatases are critical, specific regulators of signalling in their own right and serve an essential function, in a coordinated manner with the kinases, to determine the response to a physiological stimulus. This review is a personal perspective on the development of our understanding of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family of enzymes. I have discussed various aspects of the structure, regulation and function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, which I hope will illustrate the fundamental importance of these enzymes in the control of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724-2208, USA.
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19
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Zikherman J, Parameswaran R, Weiss A. Endogenous antigen tunes the responsiveness of naive B cells but not T cells. Nature 2012; 489:160-4. [PMID: 22902503 PMCID: PMC3438375 DOI: 10.1038/nature11311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In humans, up to 75% of newly generated B cells and about 30% of mature B cells show some degree of autoreactivity. Yet, how B cells establish and maintain tolerance in the face of autoantigen exposure during and after development is not certain. Studies of model B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) transgenic systems have highlighted the critical role of functional unresponsiveness or ‘anergy’. Unlike T cells, evidence suggests that receptor editing and anergy, rather than deletion, account for much of B-cell tolerance. However, it remains unclear whether the mature diverse B-cell repertoire of mice contains anergic autoreactive B cells, and if so, whether antigen was encountered during or after their development. By taking advantage of a reporter mouse in which BCR signalling rapidly and robustly induces green fluorescent protein expression under the control of the Nur77 regulatory region, antigen-dependent and antigen-independent BCR signalling events in vivo during B-cell maturation were visualized. Here we show that B cells encounter antigen during development in the spleen, and that this antigen exposure, in turn, tunes the responsiveness of BCR signalling in B cells at least partly by downmodulating expression of surface IgM but not IgD BCRs, and by modifying basal calcium levels. By contrast, no analogous process occurs in naive mature T cells. Our data demonstrate not only that autoreactive B cells persist in the mature repertoire, but that functional unresponsiveness or anergy exists in the mature B-cell repertoire along a continuum, a fact that has long been suspected, but never yet shown. These results have important implications for understanding how tolerance in T and B cells is differently imposed, and how these processes might go awry in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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20
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Shahaf G, Gross AJ, Sternberg-Simon M, Kaplan D, DeFranco AL, Mehr R. Lyn deficiency affects B-cell maturation as well as survival. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:511-21. [PMID: 22057631 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lyn, an Src-family protein tyrosine kinase expressed in B lymphocytes, contributes to initiation of BCR signaling and is also responsible for feedback inhibition of BCR signaling. Lyn-deficient mice have a decreased number of follicular B cells and also spontaneously develop a lupus-like autoimmunity. We used flow cytometric analysis, BrdU labeling and our mathematical models of B-cell population dynamics, to analyze how Lyn deficiency impacts B-cell maturation and survival. We found that Lyn-deficient transitional 1 (T1) cells develop normally, but T2 cells develop primarily from the T1 subset in the spleen and fail to also develop directly from BM immature B cells. Lyn-deficient T2 cells either mature to the follicular B-cell type at a close to normal rate, or die in this compartment rather than access the T3 anergic subset. The ≈ 40% of WT follicular cells that were short-lived exited primarily by joining the T3 anergic subset, whereas the ≈ 15% Lyn(-/-) follicular cells that were not long lived had a high death rate and died in this compartment rather than entering the T3 subset. We hypothesize that exaggerated BCR signaling resulting from weak interactions with self-antigens is largely responsible for these alterations in Lyn-deficient B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitit Shahaf
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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21
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Quantitative differences in CD45 expression unmask functions for CD45 in B-cell development, tolerance, and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E3-12. [PMID: 22135465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117374108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45 positively regulates antigen receptor signaling by dephosphorylating the inhibitory tyrosine of the src family kinases. CD45-deficient mice fail to fully unmask the role of CD45 in B cells because of the expression of a partially redundant tyrosine phosphatase, CD148. However, mice that are doubly deficient in CD45 and CD148 exhibit a very early block in B-cell development, thereby obscuring later roles for CD45. To overcome these limitations, here we take advantage of an allelic series of mice in which CD45 expression is titrated broadly (0-180%). Although high expression of CD45 inhibits T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, we show that CD45 plays a purely positive regulatory role during B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. In concert with exaggerated BCR signaling, increasing CD45 expression drives enhanced receptor editing in the bone marrow and profound loss of follicular and marginal zone B cells in the spleen. In the context of the IgHEL/sHEL model of B-cell tolerance, such high CD45 expression transforms anergy into deletion. Unexpectedly, elimination of the autoantigen sHEL in this model system in order to block clonal deletion fails to rescue survival of mature B cells. Rather, high CD45 expression reduces B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR) expression and inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-induced B-cell survival in a cell-intrinsic manner. Taken together, our findings reveal how CD45 function diverges in T cells and B cells, as well as how autoreactive B cells are censored as they transit development.
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23
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Zikherman J, Jenne C, Watson S, Doan K, Raschke W, Goodnow CC, Weiss A. CD45-Csk phosphatase-kinase titration uncouples basal and inducible T cell receptor signaling during thymic development. Immunity 2010; 32:342-54. [PMID: 20346773 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinase-phosphatase pair Csk and CD45 reciprocally regulate phosphorylation of the inhibitory tyrosine of the Src family kinases Lck and Fyn. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and thymic development require CD45 expression but proceed constitutively in the absence of Csk. Here, we show that relative titration of CD45 and Csk expression reveals distinct regulation of basal and inducible TCR signaling during thymic development. Low CD45 expression is sufficient to rescue inducible TCR signaling and positive selection, whereas high expression is required to reconstitute basal TCR signaling and beta selection. CD45 has a dual positive and negative regulatory role during inducible but not basal TCR signaling. By contrast, Csk titration regulates basal but not inducible signaling. High physiologic expression of CD45 is thus required for two reasons-to downmodulate inducible TCR signaling during positive selection and to counteract Csk during basal TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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24
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Saunders AE, Johnson P. Modulation of immune cell signalling by the leukocyte common tyrosine phosphatase, CD45. Cell Signal 2010; 22:339-48. [PMID: 19861160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte specific transmembrane glycoprotein and a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). CD45 can be expressed as several alternatively spliced isoforms that differ in the extracellular domain. The isoforms are regulated in a cell type and activation state-dependent manner, yet their function has remained elusive. The Src family kinase members Lck and Lyn are key substrates for CD45 in T and B lymphocytes, respectively. CD45 lowers the threshold of antigen receptor signalling, which impacts T and B cell activation and development. CD45 also regulates antigen triggered Fc receptor signalling in mast cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling in dendritic cells, thus broadening the role of CD45 to other recognition receptors involved in adaptive and innate immunity. In addition, CD45 can affect immune cell adhesion and migration and can modulate cytokine production and signalling. Here we review what is known about the substrate specificity and regulation of CD45 and summarise its effect on immune cell signalling pathways, from its established role in T and B antigen receptor signalling to its emerging role regulating innate immune cell recognition and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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25
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Stanford SM, Mustelin TM, Bottini N. Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase and autoimmunity: human genetics rediscovers tyrosine phosphatases. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:127-36. [PMID: 20204370 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A relatively large number of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are known to regulate signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR). Recent human genetics studies have shown that several of these PTPs are encoded by major autoimmunity genes. Here, we will focus on the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), a critical negative modulator of TCR signaling encoded by the PTPN22 gene. The functional analysis of autoimmune-associated PTPN22 genetic variants suggests that genetic variability of TCR signal transduction contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Peripheral B cell abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in quiescent phase: decreased memory B cells and membrane CD19 expression. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:426-34. [PMID: 19963348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are hyperactive and produce autoantibodies. Several B cell phenotype characteristics such as the expansion of activated populations, and of a newly identified memory compartment have already been reported. These results are not easy to interpret because of the clinical heterogeneity of SLE, as well as the difficulties to establish homogeneous and well defined groups taking in consideration the activity of the disease and the various therapies. However, although many mediators and mechanisms can contribute to the clinical presentation and subsequent progression of individuals with SLE, several data suggest that some intrinsic B cells abnormalities may be central to the disease process. In this view, we have analysed the phenotype of B cells from 18 patients with quiescent diseases (mean SLEDAI score below 2) and from 11 healthy controls. B cell surface marker expression was determined by flow cytometry. We analysed the main B cell sub-populations. We demonstrate the persistence of plasmocyte-differentiated and -activated B cells even in quiescent patients. However, quiescent patients display a decrease in memory B cells that could reflect the control of their disease. Above all, we describe a lower membrane expression of the CD19 protein on all B cells in every patient compared to controls. This lower CD19 expression is associated with reduced CD45 levels. It is not associated with an evident gene expression alteration and in vitro stimulation restores a control phenotype. These findings suggest certain mechanisms of lupus development.
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The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR promotes R7 photoreceptor axon targeting by a phosphatase-independent signaling mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19399-404. [PMID: 19889974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903961106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) control many aspects of nervous system development. At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), regulation of synapse growth and maturation by the RPTP LAR depends on catalytic phosphatase activity and on the extracellular ligands Syndecan and Dally-like. We show here that the function of LAR in controlling R7 photoreceptor axon targeting in the visual system differs in several respects. The extracellular domain of LAR important for this process is distinct from the domains known to bind Syndecan and Dally-like, suggesting the involvement of a different ligand. R7 targeting does not require LAR phosphatase activity, but instead depends on the phosphatase activity of another RPTP, PTP69D. In addition, a mutation that prevents dimerization of the intracellular domain of LAR interferes with its ability to promote R7 targeting, although it does not disrupt phosphatase activity or neuromuscular synapse growth. We propose that LAR function in R7 is independent of its phosphatase activity, but requires structural features that allow dimerization and may promote the assembly of downstream effectors.
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Grochowy G, Hermiston ML, Kuhny M, Weiss A, Huber M. Requirement for CD45 in fine-tuning mast cell responses mediated by different ligand–receptor systems. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1277-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zikherman J, Hermiston M, Steiner D, Hasegawa K, Chan A, Weiss A. PTPN22 deficiency cooperates with the CD45 E613R allele to break tolerance on a non-autoimmune background. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4093-106. [PMID: 19299707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pep and CD45 are tyrosine phosphatases whose targets include the Src-family kinases, critical mediators of Ag receptor signaling. A polymorphism in PTPN22, the gene that encodes the human Pep orthologue Lyp, confers susceptibility to multiple human autoimmune diseases in the context of complex genetic backgrounds. However, the functional significance of the R620W risk allele is not clear. We report that misexpression of wild-type or R620W Pep/Lyp in Jurkat cells, in the context of its binding partner Csk, unmasks the risk allele as a hypomorph. It has been shown previously that although Pep-deficient mice on the B6 background have hyperresponsive memory T cells, autoimmunity does not develop. Mice containing a point mutation in the CD45 juxtamembrane wedge domain (E613R) develop a B cell-driven, lupus-like disease on the mixed 129/B6 background, but not on the B6 background. We studied the ability of Pep deficiency to act as a genetic modifier of the CD45 E613R mutation on the nonautoimmune B6 background to understand how complex susceptibility loci might interact in autoimmunity. In this study we report that double mutant mice develop a lupus-like disease as well as lymphadenopathy, polyclonal lymphocyte activation, and accelerated memory T cell formation. Following Ag receptor stimulation, peripheral B cells in the double mutant mice phenocopy hyperresponsive CD45 E613R B cells, whereas peripheral T cells respond like Pep(-/-) T cells. These studies suggest that Pep(-/-) T cells in the context of a susceptible microenvironment can drive hyperresponsive CD45 E613R B cells to break tolerance.
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes has been clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of the rheumatic diseases. Here, we review evidence from mouse models in which B-cell and T-cell signaling machinery is perturbed as well as data from functional studies of primary human lymphocytes and recent advances in human genetics. B-cell receptor hyper-responsiveness is identified as a nearly universal characteristic of systemic lupus erythema-tosus in mice and humans. Impaired and enhanced T-cell receptor signaling are both associated with distinct inflammatory diseases in mice. Mechanisms by which these pathways contribute to disease in mouse models and patients are under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Differential impact of the CD45 juxtamembrane wedge on central and peripheral T cell receptor responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:546-51. [PMID: 19129486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811647106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cooperative activity of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases plays a central role in regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength. Perturbing this balance, and thus the threshold for TCR signals, has profound impacts on T cell development and function. We previously generated mice containing a point mutation in the juxtamembrane wedge of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Demonstrating the critical negative regulatory function of the wedge, the CD45 E613R (WEDGE) mutation led to a lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) and a lupus-like autoimmune syndrome. Using genetic, cellular, and biochemical approaches, we now demonstrate that the CD45 wedge influences T cell development and function. Consistent with increased TCR signal strength, WEDGE mice have augmented positive selection and enhanced sensitivity to the CD4-mediated disease experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). These correspond with hyperresponsive calcium and pERK responses to TCR stimulation in thymocytes, but surprisingly, not in peripheral T cells, where these responses are actually depressed. Together, the data support a role for the CD45 wedge in regulation of T cell responses in vivo and suggest that its effects depend on cellular context.
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Gupta VA, Hermiston ML, Cassafer G, Daikh DI, Weiss A. B cells drive lymphocyte activation and expansion in mice with the CD45 wedge mutation and Fas deficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2755-61. [PMID: 19001138 PMCID: PMC2585841 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD45 and Fas regulate tyrosine phosphorylation and apoptotic signaling pathways, respectively. Mutation of an inhibitory wedge motif in CD45 (E613R) results in hyperresponsive thymocytes and B cells on the C57BL/6 background, but no overt autoimmunity, whereas Fas deletion results in a mild autoimmune disease on the same genetic background. In this study, we show that these two mutations cooperate in mice, causing early lethality, autoantibody production, and substantial lymphoproliferation. In double-mutant mice, this phenotype was dependent on both T and B cells. T cell activation required signaling in response to endogenous or commensal antigens, demonstrated by the introduction of a transgenic T cell receptor. Genetic deletion of B cells also prevented T cell activation. Similarly, T cells were necessary for B cell autoantibody production. However, B cells appeared to be intrinsically activated even in the absence of T cells, suggesting that they may drive the phenotype of these mice. These results reveal a requirement for careful control of B cell signaling and cell death in preventing inappropriate lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas A Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Rathinam C, Lassmann H, Mengel M, Klein C. Transcription Factor Gfi1 Restricts B Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6222-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shivtiel S, Kollet O, Lapid K, Schajnovitz A, Goichberg P, Kalinkovich A, Shezen E, Tesio M, Netzer N, Petit I, Sharir A, Lapidot T. CD45 regulates retention, motility, and numbers of hematopoietic progenitors, and affects osteoclast remodeling of metaphyseal trabecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2381-95. [PMID: 18779349 PMCID: PMC2556782 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20080072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD45 phosphatase is uniquely expressed by all leukocytes, but its role in regulating hematopoietic progenitors is poorly understood. We show that enhanced CD45 expression on bone marrow (BM) leukocytes correlates with increased cell motility in response to stress signals. Moreover, immature CD45 knockout (KO) cells showed defective motility, including reduced homing (both steady state and in response to stromal-derived factor 1) and reduced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilization. These defects were associated with increased cell adhesion mediated by reduced matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion and imbalanced Src kinase activity. Poor mobilization of CD45KO progenitors by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand, and impaired modulation of the endosteal components osteopontin and stem cell factor, suggested defective osteoclast function. Indeed, CD45KO osteoclasts exhibited impaired bone remodeling and abnormal morphology, which we attributed to defective cell fusion and Src function. This led to irregular distribution of metaphyseal bone trabecules, a region enriched with stem cell niches. Consequently, CD45KO mice had less primitive cells in the BM and increased numbers of these cells in the spleen, yet with reduced homing and repopulation potential. Uncoupling environmental and intrinsic defects in chimeric mice, we demonstrated that CD45 regulates progenitor movement and retention by influencing both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoham Shivtiel
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Cross JL, Kott K, Miletic T, Johnson P. CD45 regulates TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine and IFN-beta secretion in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8020-9. [PMID: 18523265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase and an important regulator of AgR signaling in lymphocytes. However, its function in other leukocytes is not well-understood. In this study, we examine the function of CD45 in dendritic cells (DCs). Analysis of DCs from CD45-positive and CD45-null mice revealed that CD45 is not required for the development of DCs but does influence DC maturation induced by TLR agonists. CD45 affected the phosphorylation state of Lyn, Hck, and Fyn in bone marrow-derived DCs and dysregulated LPS-induced Lyn activation. CD45 affected TLR4-induced proinflammatory cytokine and IFN-beta secretion and TLR4-activated CD45-null DCs had a reduced ability to activate NK and Th1 cells to produce IFN-gamma. Interestingly, the effect of CD45 on TLR-induced cytokine secretion depended on the TLR activated. Analysis of CD45-negative DCs indicated a negative effect of CD45 on TLR2 and 9, MyD88-dependent cytokine production, and a positive effect on TLR3 and 4, MyD88-independent IFN-beta secretion. This indicates a new role for CD45 in regulating TLR-induced responses in DCs and implicates CD45 in a wider regulatory role in innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Vang T, Miletic AV, Arimura Y, Tautz L, Rickert RC, Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:29-55. [PMID: 18303998 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important regulators of many cellular functions and a growing number of PTPs have been implicated in human disease conditions, such as developmental defects, neoplastic disorders, and immunodeficiency. Here, we review the involvement of PTPs in human autoimmunity. The leading examples include the allelic variant of the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22), which is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, and mutations that affect the exon-intron splicing of CD45 (PTPRC). We also find it likely that additional PTPs are involved in susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Finally, we discuss the possibility that PTPs regulating the immune system may serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Vang
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Monteiro HP, Arai RJ, Travassos LR. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and protein tyrosine nitration in redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:843-89. [PMID: 18220476 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of protein tyrosine residues by polypeptide growth factor-receptor protein tyrosine kinases is implicated in the control of fundamental cellular processes including the cell cycle, cell adhesion, and cell survival, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. During the last decade, it has become apparent that receptor protein tyrosine kinases and the signaling pathways they activate belong to a large signaling network. Such a network can be regulated by various extracellular cues, which include cell adhesion, agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, and oxidants. It is well documented that signaling initiated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases is directly dependent on the intracellular production of oxidants, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Accumulated evidence indicates that the intracellular redox environment plays a major role in the mechanisms underlying the actions of growth factors. Oxidation of cysteine thiols and nitration of tyrosine residues on signaling proteins are described as posttranslational modifications that regulate, positively or negatively, protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP). Early observations described the inhibition of PTP activities by oxidants, resulting in increased levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine. Therefore, a redox circuitry involving the increasing production of intracellular oxidants associated with growth-factor stimulation/cell adhesion, oxidative reversible inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the activation of protein tyrosine kinases can be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and CINTERGEN, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Salmond RJ, McNeill L, Holmes N, Alexander DR. CD4+ T cell hyper-responsiveness in CD45 transgenic mice is independent of isoform. Int Immunol 2008; 20:819-27. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Zhu JW, Brdicka T, Katsumoto TR, Lin J, Weiss A. Structurally distinct phosphatases CD45 and CD148 both regulate B cell and macrophage immunoreceptor signaling. Immunity 2008; 28:183-96. [PMID: 18249142 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) CD148 is thought to have an inhibitory function in signaling and proliferation in nonhematopoietic cells. However, its role in the immune system has not been thoroughly studied. Our analysis of CD148 loss-of-function mice showed that CD148 has a positive regulatory function in B cells and macrophages, similar to the role of CD45 as a positive regulator of Src family kinases (SFKs). Analysis of CD148 and CD45 doubly deficient B cells and macrophages revealed hyperphosphorylation of the C-terminal inhibitory tyrosine of SFKs accompanied by substantial alterations in B and myeloid lineage development and defective immunoreceptor signaling. Because these findings suggest the C-terminal tyrosine of SFKs is a common substrate for both CD148 and CD45 phosphatases and imply a level of redundancy not previously appreciated, a reassessment of the function of CD45 in the B and myeloid lineages based on prior data from the CD45-deficient mouse is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/deficiency
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/deficiency
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/immunology
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing W Zhu
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Spillmann FJX, Beck-Engeser G, Wabl M. Differentiation and Ig-Allele Switch in Cell Line WEHI-231. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6395-402. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
The balance between kinases and phosphatases is crucial for regulating lymphocyte signaling. In this issue, McNeill et al. (2007) show that the transmembrane phosphatase CD45 has a role as both positive and negative regulator of T cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Zamoyska
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA UK.
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45
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Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: from genes, to function, to disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:833-46. [PMID: 17057753 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1207] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes functions in a coordinated manner with protein tyrosine kinases to control signalling pathways that underlie a broad spectrum of fundamental physiological processes. In this review, I describe recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the role of the PTPs in the regulation of signal transduction and the aetiology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
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