1
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Qian Z, Song D, Ipsaro JJ, Bautista C, Joshua-Tor L, Yeh JTH, Tonks NK. Manipulating PTPRD function with ectodomain antibodies. Genes Dev 2023; 37:743-759. [PMID: 37669874 PMCID: PMC10546974 DOI: 10.1101/gad.350713.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical regulators of signal transduction but have yet to be exploited fully for drug development. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase δ (RPTPδ/PTPRD) has been shown to elicit tumor-promoting functions, including elevating SRC activity and promoting metastasis in certain cell contexts. Dimerization has been implicated in the inhibition of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). We have generated antibodies targeting PTPRD ectodomains with the goal of manipulating their dimerization status ectopically, thereby regulating intracellular signaling. We have validated antibody binding to endogenous PTPRD in a metastatic breast cancer cell line, CAL51, and demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody, RD-43, inhibited phosphatase activity and induced the degradation of PTPRD. Similar effects were observed following chemically induced dimerization of its phosphatase domain. Mechanistically, RD-43 triggered the formation of PTPRD dimers in which the phosphatase activity was impaired. Subsequently, the mAb-PTPRD dimer complex was degraded through lysosomal and proteasomal pathways, independently of secretase cleavage. Consequently, treatment with RD-43 inhibited SRC signaling and suppressed PTPRD-dependent cell invasion. Together, these findings demonstrate that manipulating RPTP function via antibodies to the extracellular segments has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qian
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11760, USA
| | - Dongyan Song
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jonathan J Ipsaro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Leemor Joshua-Tor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Johannes T-H Yeh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA;
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2
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Tonks NK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Mighty oaks from little acorns grow. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:337-352. [PMID: 36971473 PMCID: PMC10254075 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
In October 2020, we were finally able to gather for a celebration of Eddy Fischer's 100th birthday. As with many other events, COVID had disrupted and restricted preparations for the gathering, which ultimately was held via ZOOM. Nevertheless, it was a wonderful opportunity to share a day with Eddy, an exceptional scientist and true renaissance man, and to appreciate his stellar contributions to science. Eddy Fischer, together with Ed Krebs, was responsible for the discovery of reversible protein phosphorylation, which launched the entire field of signal transduction. The importance of this seminal work is now being felt throughout the biotechnology industry with the development of drugs that target protein kinases, which have transformed the treatment of a wide array of cancers. I was privileged to have worked with Eddy both as a postdoc and a junior faculty member, during which time we laid the foundations for our current understanding of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family of enzymes and their importance as critical regulators of signal transduction. This tribute to Eddy is based upon the talk I presented at the event, giving a personal perspective on Eddy's influence on my career, our early research efforts together in this area, and how the field has developed since then.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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3
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Song D, Adrover JM, Felice C, Christensen LN, He XY, Merrill JR, Wilkinson JE, Janowitz T, Lyons SK, Egeblad M, Tonks NK. PTP1B inhibitors protect against acute lung injury and regulate CXCR4 signaling in neutrophils. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158199. [PMID: 35866483 PMCID: PMC9431713 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a lethal condition with limited treatment options and currently a common global cause of death due to COVID-19. ARDS secondary to transfusion-related ALI (TRALI) has been recapitulated preclinically by anti–MHC-I antibody administration to LPS-primed mice. In this model, we demonstrate that inhibitors of PTP1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates signaling pathways of fundamental importance to homeostasis and inflammation, prevented lung injury and increased survival. Treatment with PTP1B inhibitors attenuated the aberrant neutrophil function that drives ALI and was associated with release of myeloperoxidase, suppression of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and inhibition of neutrophil migration. Mechanistically, reduced signaling through the CXCR4 chemokine receptor, particularly to the activation of PI3Kγ/AKT/mTOR, was essential for these effects, linking PTP1B inhibition to promoting an aged-neutrophil phenotype. Considering that dysregulated activation of neutrophils has been implicated in sepsis and causes collateral tissue damage, we demonstrate that PTP1B inhibitors improved survival and ameliorated lung injury in an LPS-induced sepsis model and improved survival in the cecal ligation and puncture–induced (CLP-induced) sepsis model. Our data highlight the potential for PTP1B inhibition to prevent ALI and ARDS from multiple etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Song
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jose M Adrover
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Christy Felice
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | | | - Xue-Yan He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Joseph R Merrill
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Scott K Lyons
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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4
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Ge EJ, Bush AI, Casini A, Cobine PA, Cross JR, DeNicola GM, Dou QP, Franz KJ, Gohil VM, Gupta S, Kaler SG, Lutsenko S, Mittal V, Petris MJ, Polishchuk R, Ralle M, Schilsky ML, Tonks NK, Vahdat LT, Van Aelst L, Xi D, Yuan P, Brady DC, Chang CJ. Connecting copper and cancer: from transition metal signalling to metalloplasia. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:102-113. [PMID: 34764459 PMCID: PMC8810673 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential nutrient whose redox properties make it both beneficial and toxic to the cell. Recent progress in studying transition metal signalling has forged new links between researchers of different disciplines that can help translate basic research in the chemistry and biology of copper into clinical therapies and diagnostics to exploit copper-dependent disease vulnerabilities. This concept is particularly relevant in cancer, as tumour growth and metastasis have a heightened requirement for this metal nutrient. Indeed, the traditional view of copper as solely an active site metabolic cofactor has been challenged by emerging evidence that copper is also a dynamic signalling metal and metalloallosteric regulator, such as for copper-dependent phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) in lipolysis, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 in cell growth and proliferation and the kinases ULK1 and ULK2 in autophagy. In this Perspective, we summarize our current understanding of the connection between copper and cancer and explore how challenges in the field could be addressed by using the framework of cuproplasia, which is defined as regulated copper-dependent cell proliferation and is a representative example of a broad range of metalloplasias. Cuproplasia is linked to a diverse array of cellular processes, including mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defence, redox signalling, kinase signalling, autophagy and protein quality control. Identifying and characterizing new modes of copper-dependent signalling offers translational opportunities that leverage disease vulnerabilities to this metal nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen G Kaler
- Center for Gene Therapy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael L Schilsky
- Section of Transplantation and Immunology, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Linda T Vahdat
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dan Xi
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MI, USA
| | - Donita C Brady
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Wiede F, Lu KH, Du X, Zeissig MN, Xu R, Goh PK, Xirouchaki CE, Hogarth SJ, Greatorex S, Sek K, Daly RJ, Beavis PA, Darcy PK, Tonks NK, Tiganis T. PTP1B is an intracellular checkpoint that limits T cell and CAR T cell anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Discov 2021; 12:752-773. [PMID: 34794959 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies aimed at alleviating the inhibitory constraints on Tcells have revolutionised cancer management. To date, these have focused on the blockade of cell surface checkpoints such as PD-1. Herein we identify protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) as an intracellular checkpoint that is upregulated in T cells in tumors. We show that the increased PTP1B limits T cell expansion and cytotoxicity to contribute to tumor growth. T cell-specific PTP1B deletion increased STAT-5 signaling and this enhanced the antigen-induced expansion and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells to suppress tumor growth. The pharmacological inhibition of PTP1B recapitulated the T cell-mediated repression of tumor growth and enhanced the response to PD-1 blockade. Furthermore, the deletion or inhibition of PTP1B enhanced the efficacy of adoptively-transferred chimeric-antigen-receptor (CAR) T cells against solid tumors. Our findings identify PTP1B as an intracellular checkpoint whose inhibition can alleviate the inhibitory constraints on T cells and CAR T cells to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wiede
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
| | - Kun-Hui Lu
- Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Xin Du
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | | | | | - Pei Kee Goh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Research Centre
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Research Centre
| | | | | | - Tony Tiganis
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
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6
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Bencze G, Bencze S, Rivera KD, Watson JD, Hidvegi M, Orfi L, Tonks NK, Pappin DJ. Mito-oncology agent: fermented extract suppresses the Warburg effect, restores oxidative mitochondrial activity, and inhibits in vivo tumor growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14174. [PMID: 32843660 PMCID: PMC7447799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and significant changes in metabolic pathways accompany cancer development and are responsible for maintaining the tumor microenvironment. Normal mitochondria can trigger intrinsic apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c into the cytosol. The survival of malignant cells highly depends on the suppression of this function. We validated that A250, a highly purified fraction of fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE), increases the carbon flux into the mitochondria, the expression of key elements of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The increased respiratory chain activity is related to the mitochondria’s ability to release cytochrome c into the cytosol, which triggers the apoptotic cascade. The 68% tumor growth inhibitory effect observed in the murine melanoma study is related to this effect, as proteomic analysis validated similar changes in mitochondrial protein levels in the isolated tumor tissue samples. Blood count data indicated that this effect was not accompanied by general toxicity. This study is significant, as it shows that a highly concentrated form of FWGE is an effective agent that increases normal mitochondrial functionality. The lack of hepatotoxic and general toxic effects makes A250 an excellent candidate targeting mitochondria function in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Bencze
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA. .,American Biosciences, Inc, Blauvelt, NY, 10913, USA.
| | - Szilvia Bencze
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Keith D Rivera
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - James D Watson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Mate Hidvegi
- Jewish Theological Seminary-University of Jewish Studies, Budapest, 1084, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Orfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Darryl J Pappin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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7
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Fu P, Ramchandran R, Shaaya M, Huang L, Ebenezer DL, Jiang Y, Komarova Y, Vogel SM, Malik AB, Minshall RD, Du G, Tonks NK, Natarajan V. Phospholipase D2 restores endothelial barrier function by promoting PTPN14-mediated VE-cadherin dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7669-7685. [PMID: 32327488 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased permeability of vascular lung tissues is a hallmark of acute lung injury and is often caused by edemagenic insults resulting in inflammation. Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin undergoes internalization in response to inflammatory stimuli and is recycled at cell adhesion junctions during endothelial barrier re-establishment. Here, we hypothesized that phospholipase D (PLD)-generated phosphatidic acid (PA) signaling regulates VE-cadherin recycling and promotes endothelial barrier recovery by dephosphorylating VE-cadherin. Genetic deletion of PLD2 impaired recovery from protease-activated receptor-1-activating peptide (PAR-1-AP)-induced lung vascular permeability and potentiated inflammation in vivo In human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs), inhibition or deletion of PLD2, but not of PLD1, delayed endothelial barrier recovery after thrombin stimulation. Thrombin stimulation of HLMVECs increased co-localization of PLD2-generated PA and VE-cadherin at cell-cell adhesion junctions. Inhibition of PLD2 activity resulted in prolonged phosphorylation of Tyr-658 in VE-cadherin during the recovery phase 3 h post-thrombin challenge. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that after HLMVECs are thrombin stimulated, PLD2, VE-cadherin, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 14 (PTPN14), a PLD2-dependent protein-tyrosine phosphatase, strongly associate with each other. PTPN14 depletion delayed VE-cadherin dephosphorylation, reannealing of adherens junctions, and barrier function recovery. PLD2 inhibition attenuated PTPN14 activity and reversed PTPN14-dependent VE-cadherin dephosphorylation after thrombin stimulation. Our findings indicate that PLD2 promotes PTPN14-mediated dephosphorylation of VE-cadherin and that redistribution of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions is essential for recovery of endothelial barrier function after an edemagenic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Mark Shaaya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Longshuang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David L Ebenezer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yulia Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen M Vogel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois .,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
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8
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Tonks NK. Thirty Years of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases – From Housekeeping Enzymes to Therapeutic Targets. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.349.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Krishnan N, Felice C, Rivera K, Pappin DJ, Tonks NK. DPM-1001 decreased copper levels and ameliorated deficits in a mouse model of Wilson's disease. Genes Dev 2018; 32:944-952. [PMID: 29945887 PMCID: PMC6075031 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314658.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Krishnan et al. present the characterization of DPM-1001 as a potent and highly selective chelator of copper that is orally bioavailable. Treatment of the toxic milk mouse model of Wilson's disease with DPM-1001 lowered the levels of copper in the liver and brain, removing excess copper by excretion in the feces while ameliorating symptoms associated with the disease, suggesting that DPM-1001 should be investigated further as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of Wilson's disease. The levels of copper, which is an essential element in living organisms, are under tight homeostatic control. Inactivating mutations in ATP7B, a P-type Cu-ATPase that functions in copper excretion, promote aberrant accumulation of the metal, primarily the in liver and brain. This condition underlies Wilson's disease, a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by profound hepatic and neurological deficits. Current treatment regimens rely on the use of broad specificity metal chelators as “decoppering” agents; however, there are side effects that limit their effectiveness. Here, we present the characterization of DPM-1001 {methyl 4-[7-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3-({4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]butyl}amino)hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] pentanoate} as a potent and highly selective chelator of copper that is orally bioavailable. Treatment of cell models, including fibroblasts derived from Wilson's disease patients, eliminated adverse effects associated with copper accumulation. Furthermore, treatment of the toxic milk mouse model of Wilson's disease with DPM-1001 lowered the levels of copper in the liver and brain, removing excess copper by excretion in the feces while ameliorating symptoms associated with the disease. These data suggest that it may be worthwhile to investigate DPM-1001 further as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of Wilson's disease, with potential for application in other indications associated with elevated copper, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Christy Felice
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Keith Rivera
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Darryl J Pappin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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10
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Krishnan N, Bonham CA, Rus IA, Shrestha OK, Gauss CM, Haque A, Tocilj A, Joshua-Tor L, Tonks NK. Harnessing insulin- and leptin-induced oxidation of PTP1B for therapeutic development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:283. [PMID: 29348454 PMCID: PMC5773487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is a major regulator of glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism, and a validated target for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and obesity. Nevertheless, it is a challenging target for inhibitor development. Previously, we generated a recombinant antibody (scFv45) that recognizes selectively the oxidized, inactive conformation of PTP1B. Here, we provide a molecular basis for its interaction with reversibly oxidized PTP1B. Furthermore, we have identified a small molecule inhibitor that mimics the effects of scFv45. Our data provide proof-of-concept that stabilization of PTP1B in an inactive, oxidized conformation by small molecules can promote insulin and leptin signaling. This work illustrates a novel paradigm for inhibiting the signaling function of PTP1B that may be exploited for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and obesity. The activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, a major metabolic regulator, depends on its oxidation state. Here the authors identify and characterize a small molecule that targets the oxidized, inactive form of PTP1B, suggesting a new therapeutic approach to diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Christopher A Bonham
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Ioana A Rus
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics and Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Om Kumar Shrestha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Carla M Gauss
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Aftabul Haque
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Ante Tocilj
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,W. M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Leemor Joshua-Tor
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,W. M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.
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11
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Krishnan N, Konidaris KF, Gasser G, Tonks NK. A potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B improves insulin and leptin signaling in animal models. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1517-1525. [PMID: 29217773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.819110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling and a highly validated therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. Conventional approaches to drug development have produced potent and specific PTP1B inhibitors, but these inhibitors lack oral bioavailability, which limits their potential for drug development. Here, we report that DPM-1001, an analog of the specific PTP1B inhibitor trodusquemine (MSI-1436), is a potent, specific, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of PTP1B. DPM-1001 also chelates copper, which enhanced its potency as a PTP1B inhibitor. DPM-1001 displayed anti-diabetic properties that were associated with enhanced signaling through insulin and leptin receptors in animal models of diet-induced obesity. Therefore, DPM-1001 represents a proof of concept for a new approach to therapeutic intervention in diabetes and obesity. Although the PTPs have been considered undruggable, the findings of this study suggest that allosteric PTP inhibitors may help reinvigorate drug development efforts that focus on this important family of signal-transducing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Konstantis F Konidaris
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Gilles Gasser
- ChimieParisTech, PSL Research University, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724,
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12
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Zhang S, Fan G, Hao Y, Hammell M, Wilkinson JE, Tonks NK. Suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase N23 predisposes to breast tumorigenesis via activation of FYN kinase. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1939-1957. [PMID: 29066500 PMCID: PMC5710140 DOI: 10.1101/gad.304261.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zhang et al. identified PTPN23 as a suppressor of cell motility and invasion in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. They validated the underlying mechanism of PTPN23 function in breast tumorigenesis as that of a key phosphatase that normally suppresses the activity of FYN in two different models. Disruption of the balanced modulation of reversible tyrosine phosphorylation has been implicated in the etiology of various human cancers, including breast cancer. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase N23 (PTPN23) resides in chromosomal region 3p21.3, which is hemizygously or homozygously lost in some breast cancer patients. In a loss-of-function PTPome screen, our laboratory identified PTPN23 as a suppressor of cell motility and invasion in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. Now, our TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database analyses illustrate a correlation between low PTPN23 expression and poor survival in breast cancers of various subtypes. Therefore, we investigated the tumor-suppressive function of PTPN23 in an orthotopic transplantation mouse model. Suppression of PTPN23 in Comma 1Dβ cells induced breast tumors within 56 wk. In PTPN23-depleted tumors, we detected hyperphosphorylation of the autophosphorylation site tyrosine in the SRC family kinase (SFK) FYN as well as Tyr142 in β-catenin. We validated the underlying mechanism of PTPN23 function in breast tumorigenesis as that of a key phosphatase that normally suppresses the activity of FYN in two different models. We demonstrated that tumor outgrowth from PTPN23-deficient BT474 cells was suppressed in a xenograft model in vivo upon treatment with AZD0530, an SFK inhibitor. Furthermore, double knockout of FYN and PTPN23 via CRISPR/CAS9 also attenuated tumor outgrowth from PTPN23 knockout Cal51 cells. Overall, this mechanistic analysis of the tumor-suppressive function of PTPN23 in breast cancer supports the identification of FYN as a therapeutic target for breast tumors with heterozygous or homozygous loss of PTPN23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yuan Hao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Molly Hammell
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - John Erby Wilkinson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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13
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Fan G, Zhang S, Gao Y, Greer PA, Tonks NK. HGF-independent regulation of MET and GAB1 by nonreceptor tyrosine kinase FER potentiates metastasis in ovarian cancer. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1542-57. [PMID: 27401557 PMCID: PMC4949327 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284166.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Fan et al. report a novel ligand- and autophosphorylation-independent activation of MET through the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase FER. The findings show that levels of FER were elevated in ovarian cancer cell lines and that loss of FER impaired the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells in vivo, providing new insights into signaling events that underlie metastasis in ovarian cancer cells. Ovarian cancer cells disseminate readily within the peritoneal cavity, which promotes metastasis, and are often resistant to chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer patients tend to present with advanced disease, which also limits treatment options; consequently, new therapies are required. The oncoprotein tyrosine kinase MET, which is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been implicated in ovarian tumorigenesis and has been the subject of extensive drug development efforts. Here, we report a novel ligand- and autophosphorylation-independent activation of MET through the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase feline sarcoma-related (FER). We demonstrated that the levels of FER were elevated in ovarian cancer cell lines relative to those in immortalized normal surface epithelial cells and that suppression of FER attenuated the motility and invasive properties of these cancer cells. Furthermore, loss of FER impaired the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that FER phosphorylated a signaling site in MET: Tyr1349. This enhanced activation of RAC1/PAK1 and promoted a kinase-independent scaffolding function that led to recruitment and phosphorylation of GAB1 and the specific activation of the SHP2–ERK signaling pathway. Overall, this analysis provides new insights into signaling events that underlie metastasis in ovarian cancer cells, consistent with a prometastatic role of FER and highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for metastatic ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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14
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Gurung P, Fan G, Lukens JR, Vogel P, Tonks NK, Kanneganti TD. Tyrosine Kinase SYK Licenses MyD88 Adaptor Protein to Instigate IL-1α-Mediated Inflammatory Disease. Immunity 2017; 46:635-648. [PMID: 28410990 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying a hypomorphic point mutation in the Ptpn6 gene (Ptpn6spin mice) develop an inflammatory skin disease that resembles neutrophilic dermatosis in humans. Here, we demonstrated that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) signaling through IL-1R and MyD88 in both stromal and immune cells drive inflammation in Ptpn6spin mice. We further identified SYK as a critical kinase that phosphorylates MyD88, promoted MyD88-dependent signaling and mediates dermatosis in Ptpn6spin mice. Our studies further demonstrated that SHP1 encoded by Ptpn6 binds and suppresses SYK activation to inhibit MyD88 phosphorylation. Downstream of SHP1 and SYK-dependent counterregulation of MyD88 tyrosine phosphorylation, we have demonstrated that the scaffolding function of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and tumor growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-mediating signaling were required to spur inflammatory disease. Overall, these studies identify SHP1 and SYK crosstalk as a critical regulator of MyD88 post-translational modifications and IL-1-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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15
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Moskal D, Tonks NK, Lucito R. Abstract 1933: Alteration of the protein tyrosine phosphatome in cancer. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While the importance of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in cancer has and continues to be carefully studied there are more than 100 tyrosine phosphatases, either receptor or non receptor, that also play an important role in cancer development. However there has been no comprehensive study of all PTPs or the protein tyrosine phosphatome (PTPome), to identify which have a role in cancer. We as a cancer community are fortunate to have access to a wide array of data types from a number of data sources such as TCGA, where we can determine if the PTPs are mis regulated in more than 20 types of cancers, totaling close to 4,000 samples. We utilized TCGA data for all tumor types with mature data sub setting the data to analyze the PTPome for all data types including expression, methylation, copy number and sequence data where available. Our intention was to use the genomic data to identify PTPs that were important to specific cancers as well as to understand which PTPs play an important role in multiple tumor types. Presently we have studied copy number variations, expression and methylation changes in 20 different tumor types. Thus far, copy number variations, as could be expected were extremely useful to determine the primary mutations in specific tumor types as well as PTPs that are found recurrently in multiple tumor types but not as useful to identify a number of PTPs that are co-altered or altered in the same individual tumors. We were surprised to find that the methylation data was not very useful to identify alterations but could use the methylation data to corroborate other alterations found. Presently we are also using the methylation data to determine if it can be used to identify possible clinical correlations. The expression data has been very useful to identify co-altered PTPs. Interestingly we found several PTPs that are altered together (for example, PTPN6, PTPN7, PTPN18, PTPN22, PTPRC, DUSP2 and DUSP22 with an overall pvalue of 0.02 and much lower if measured between any two PTPs in this list). In addition we have found PTPs that are co-altered in a specific tumor type but possibly more interesting PTPs that are co-altered in a number of tumor types. We are now studying if our results can be used to determine if these PTPs represent multiple specific pathways that are advantageously altered in carcinogenesis.
Citation Format: Damian Moskal, Nicholas K. Tonks, Robert Lucito. Alteration of the protein tyrosine phosphatome in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1933. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1933
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Moskal
- 1Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | | | - Robert Lucito
- 1Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
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16
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Krishnan N, Krishnan K, Connors CR, Choy MS, Page R, Peti W, Van Aelst L, Shea SD, Tonks NK. PTP1B inhibition suggests a therapeutic strategy for Rett syndrome. J Clin Invest 2015. [PMID: 26214522 DOI: 10.1172/jci80323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked neurological disorder Rett syndrome (RTT) presents with autistic features and is caused primarily by mutations in a transcriptional regulator, methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Current treatment options for RTT are limited to alleviating some neurological symptoms; hence, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed. We identified the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B as a therapeutic candidate for treatment of RTT. We demonstrated that the PTPN1 gene, which encodes PTP1B, was a target of MECP2 and that disruption of MECP2 function was associated with increased levels of PTP1B in RTT models. Pharmacological inhibition of PTP1B ameliorated the effects of MECP2 disruption in mouse models of RTT, including improved survival in young male (Mecp2-/y) mice and improved behavior in female heterozygous (Mecp2-/+) mice. We demonstrated that PTP1B was a negative regulator of tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase TRKB, the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Therefore, the elevated PTP1B that accompanies disruption of MECP2 function in RTT represents a barrier to BDNF signaling. Inhibition of PTP1B led to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of TRKB in the brain, which would augment BDNF signaling. This study presents PTP1B as a mechanism-based therapeutic target for RTT, validating a unique strategy for treating the disease by modifying signal transduction pathways with small-molecule drugs.
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17
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Krishnan N, Tonks NK. Anxious moments for the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:462-5. [PMID: 26166619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress can lead to the development of anxiety and mood disorders. Thus, novel therapies for preventing adverse effects of stress are vitally important. Recently, the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B was identified as a novel regulator of stress-induced anxiety. This opens up exciting opportunities to exploit PTP1B inhibitors as anxiolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Fan G, Aleem S, Yang M, Miller WT, Tonks NK. Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase and Kinase Specificity in Regulation of SRC and Breast Tumor Kinase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15934-47. [PMID: 25897081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant evidence to the contrary, the view that phosphatases are "nonspecific" still pervades the field. Systems biology approaches to defining how signal transduction pathways are integrated at the level of whole organisms also often downplay the contribution of phosphatases, defining them as "erasers" that serve merely to restore the system to its basal state. Here, we present a study that counteracts the idea of "nonspecific phosphatases." We have characterized two structurally similar and functionally related kinases, BRK and SRC, which are regulated by combinations of activating autophosphorylation and inhibitory C-terminal sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. We demonstrated specificity at the level of the kinases in that SRMS phosphorylated the C terminus of BRK, but not SRC; in contrast, CSK is the kinase responsible for C-terminal phosphorylation of SRC, but not BRK. For the phosphatases, we observed that RNAi-mediated suppression of PTP1B resulted in opposing effects on the activity of BRK and SRC and have defined the mechanisms underlying this specificity. PTP1B inhibited BRK by directly dephosphorylating the Tyr-342 autophosphorylation site. In contrast, PTP1B potentiated SRC activity, but not by dephosphorylating SRC itself directly; instead, PTP1B regulated the interaction between CBP/PAG and CSK. SRC associated with, and phosphorylated, the transmembrane protein CBP/PAG at Tyr-317, resulting in CSK recruitment. We identified PAG as a substrate of PTP1B, and dephosphorylation abolished recruitment of the inhibitory kinase CSK. Overall, these findings illustrate how the combinatorial effects of PTKs and PTPs may be integrated to regulate signaling, with both classes of enzymes displaying exquisite specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Fan
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724-2208 and
| | - Saadat Aleem
- the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661
| | - Ming Yang
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724-2208 and
| | - W Todd Miller
- the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724-2208 and
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19
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Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that normal cells often respond to the activation of oncogenes by undergoing reactive oxygen species-dependent induction of senescence. Here, we discuss our recent publication identifying protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B as an important redox-controlled checkpoint for senescence downstream of oncogenic RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Boivin
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, QC Canada; Montreal Heart Institute; Montréal, QC Canada
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20
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Ramesh M, Krishnan N, Muthuswamy SK, Tonks NK. A novel phosphatidic acid-protein-tyrosine phosphatase D2 axis is essential for ERBB2 signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9646-59. [PMID: 25681440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a loss-of-function screen to investigate the role of classical protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in three-dimensional mammary epithelial cell morphogenesis and ERBB2 signaling. The study revealed a novel role for PTPD2 as a positive regulator of ERBB2 signaling. Suppression of PTPD2 attenuated the ERBB2-induced multiacinar phenotype in three-dimensional cultures specifically by inhibiting ERBB2-mediated loss of polarity and lumen filling. In contrast, overexpression of PTPD2 enhanced the ERBB2 phenotype. We also found that a lipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid, bound PTPD2 in vitro and enhanced its catalytic activity. Small molecule inhibitors of phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme that produces phosphatidic acid in cells, also attenuated the ERBB2 phenotype. Exogenously added phosphatidic acid rescued the PLD-inhibition phenotype, but only when PTPD2 was present. These findings illustrate a novel pathway involving PTPD2 and the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid that promotes ERBB2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Ramesh
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, the Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and
| | - Navasona Krishnan
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, the Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724,
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21
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Yang M, Haase AD, Huang FK, Coulis G, Rivera KD, Dickinson BC, Chang CJ, Pappin DJ, Neubert TA, Hannon GJ, Boivin B, Tonks NK. Dephosphorylation of tyrosine 393 in argonaute 2 by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B regulates gene silencing in oncogenic RAS-induced senescence. Mol Cell 2014; 55:782-90. [PMID: 25175024 PMCID: PMC4159145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic RAS (H-RAS(V12)) induces premature senescence in primary cells by triggering production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the molecular role of ROS in senescence remains elusive. We investigated whether inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by ROS contributed to H-RAS(V12)-induced senescence. We identified protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a major target of H-RAS(V12)-induced ROS. Inactivation of PTP1B was necessary and sufficient to induce premature senescence in H-RAS(V12)-expressing IMR90 fibroblasts. We identified phospho-Tyr 393 of argonaute 2 (AGO2) as a direct substrate of PTP1B. Phosphorylation of AGO2 at Tyr 393 inhibited loading with microRNAs (miRNAs) and thus miRNA-mediated gene silencing, which counteracted the function of H-RAS(V12)-induced oncogenic miRNAs. Overall, our data illustrate that premature senescence in H-RAS(V12)-transformed primary cells is a consequence of oxidative inactivation of PTP1B and inhibition of miRNA-mediated gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Astrid D Haase
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Fang-Ke Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gérald Coulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3C 3J7 QC, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, H1T 1C8 QC, Canada
| | - Keith D Rivera
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Darryl J Pappin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Benoit Boivin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3C 3J7 QC, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, H1T 1C8 QC, Canada.
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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22
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Schwertassek U, Haque A, Krishnan N, Greiner R, Weingarten L, Dick TP, Tonks NK. Reactivation of oxidized PTP1B and PTEN by thioredoxin 1. FEBS J 2014; 281:3545-58. [PMID: 24976139 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The transient inactivation of protein phosphatases contributes to the efficiency and temporal control of kinase-dependent signal transduction. In particular, members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family are known to undergo reversible oxidation of their active site cysteine. The thiol oxidation step requires activation of colocalized NADPH oxidases and is mediated by locally produced reactive oxygen species, in particular H2 O2 . How oxidized phosphatases are returned to the reduced active state is less well studied. Both major thiol reductive systems, the thioredoxin and the glutathione systems, have been implicated in the reactivation of phosphatases. Here, we show that the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and the dual-specificity phosphatase PTEN are preferentially reactivated by the thioredoxin system. We show that inducible depletion of thioredoxin 1(TRX1) slows PTEN reactivation in intact living cells. Finally, using a mechanism-based trapping approach, we demonstrate direct thiol disulphide exchange between the active sites of thioredoxin and either phosphatase. The application of thioredoxin trapping mutants represents a complementary approach to direct assays of PTP oxidation in elucidating the significance of redox regulation of PTP function in the control of cell signaling. STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT TRX1 physically interacts with PTP1B by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (1, 2).
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23
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Pulido R, Baker SJ, Barata JT, Carracedo A, Cid VJ, Chin-Sang ID, Davé V, den Hertog J, Devreotes P, Eickholt BJ, Eng C, Furnari FB, Georgescu MM, Gericke A, Hopkins B, Jiang X, Lee SR, Lösche M, Malaney P, Matias-Guiu X, Molina M, Pandolfi PP, Parsons R, Pinton P, Rivas C, Rocha RM, Rodríguez MS, Ross AH, Serrano M, Stambolic V, Stiles B, Suzuki A, Tan SS, Tonks NK, Trotman LC, Wolff N, Woscholski R, Wu H, Leslie NR. A unified nomenclature and amino acid numbering for human PTEN. Sci Signal 2014; 7:pe15. [PMID: 24985344 PMCID: PMC4367864 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is a major brake for cell transformation, mainly due to its phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] phosphatase activity that directly counteracts the oncogenicity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). PTEN mutations are frequent in tumors and in the germ line of patients with tumor predisposition or with neurological or cognitive disorders, which makes the PTEN gene and protein a major focus of interest in current biomedical research. After almost two decades of intense investigation on the 403-residue-long PTEN protein, a previously uncharacterized form of PTEN has been discovered that contains 173 amino-terminal extra amino acids, as a result of an alternate translation initiation site. To facilitate research in the field and to avoid ambiguities in the naming and identification of PTEN amino acids from publications and databases, we propose here a unifying nomenclature and amino acid numbering for this longer form of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Joao T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Victor J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian D Chin-Sang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vrushank Davé
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, and Institute of Biology, Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Berlin, German
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Arne Gericke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Benjamin Hopkins
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xeujun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Seung-Rock Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Department of Biochemistry, Research Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathias Lösche
- Physics Department and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Prerna Malaney
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Rivas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael M Rocha
- Research Center, Antonio Prudente Foundation, Hospital A.C. Camargo; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel S Rodríguez
- Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology, Inbiomed, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alonzo H Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vuk Stambolic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bangyan Stiles
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Global Centers of Excellence Program, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Seong-Seng Tan
- Brain Development and Regeneration Division, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lloyd C Trotman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Nicolas Wolff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rudiger Woscholski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Mondol AS, Tonks NK, Kamata T. Nox4 redox regulation of PTP1B contributes to the proliferation and migration of glioblastoma cells by modulating tyrosine phosphorylation of coronin-1C. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:285-91. [PMID: 24239742 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a common primary brain tumor in adults and one of the most devastating human cancers. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase (Nox) 4 have recently been a focus of attention in the study of glioblastomas, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of Nox4 remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that silencing of Nox4 expression by Nox4-targeted siRNA suppressed cell growth and motility of glioblastoma U87 cells, indicating the involvement of Nox4. Furthermore, Nox4-derived ROS oxidized and inactivated protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP):1B: PTP1B in its active form downregulates cell proliferation and migration. By affinity purification with the substrate-trapping mutant of PTP1B, tyrosine-phosphorylated coronin-1C was identified as a substrate of PTP1B. Its tyrosine phosphorylation level was suppressed by Nox4 inhibition, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of coronin-1C is regulated by the Nox4-PTP1B pathway. Finally, ablation of coronin-1C attenuated the proliferative and migratory activity of the cells. Collectively, these findings reveal that Nox4-mediated redox regulation of PTP1B serves as a modulator, in part through coronin-1C, of the growth and migration of glioblastoma cells, and provide new insight into the mechanistic aspect of glioblastoma malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus S Mondol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan 390-8621
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tohru Kamata
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan 390-8621.
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Boivin B, Chaudhary F, Dickinson BC, Haque A, Pero SC, Chang CJ, Tonks NK. Receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase α regulates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and ErbB2 oncoprotein-mediated mammary epithelial cell motility. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36926-35. [PMID: 24217252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) in regulating signaling by the ErbB2 oncoprotein in mammary epithelial cells. Using this model, we demonstrated that activation of ErbB2 led to the transient inactivation of PTPα, suggesting that attenuation of PTPα activity may contribute to enhanced ErbB2 signaling. Furthermore, RNAi-induced suppression of PTPα led to increased cell migration in an ErbB2-dependent manner. The ability of ErbB2 to increase cell motility in the absence of PTPα was characterized by prolonged interaction of GRB7 with ErbB2 and increased association of ErbB2 with a β1-integrin-rich complex, which depended on GRB7-SH2 domain interactions. Finally, suppression of PTPα resulted in increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase on Tyr-407, which induced the recruitment of vinculin and the formation of a novel focal adhesion kinase complex in response to ErbB2 activation in mammary epithelial cells. Collectively, these results reveal a new role for PTPα in the regulation of motility of mammary epithelial cells in response to ErbB2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Boivin
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
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26
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Lindtner C, Scherer T, Zielinski E, Filatova N, Fasshauer M, Tonks NK, Puchowicz M, Buettner C. Binge drinking induces whole-body insulin resistance by impairing hypothalamic insulin action. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:170ra14. [PMID: 23363978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of binge drinking have an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Whether binge drinking impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin action is unknown. To test this, we treated Sprague-Dawley rats daily with alcohol (3 g/kg) for three consecutive days to simulate human binge drinking and found that these rats developed and exhibited insulin resistance even after blood alcohol concentrations had become undetectable. The animals were resistant to insulin for up to 54 hours after the last dose of ethanol, chiefly a result of impaired hepatic and adipose tissue insulin action. Because insulin regulates hepatic glucose production and white adipose tissue lipolysis, in part through signaling in the central nervous system, we tested whether binge drinking impaired brain control of nutrient partitioning. Rats that had consumed alcohol exhibited impaired hypothalamic insulin action, defined as the ability of insulin infused into the mediobasal hypothalamus to suppress hepatic glucose production and white adipose tissue lipolysis. Insulin signaling in the hypothalamus, as assessed by insulin receptor and AKT phosphorylation, decreased after binge drinking. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed increased hypothalamic inflammation and expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signaling. Intracerebroventricular infusion of CPT-157633, a small-molecule inhibitor of PTP1B, prevented binge drinking-induced glucose intolerance. These results show that, in rats, binge drinking induces systemic insulin resistance by impairing hypothalamic insulin action and that this effect can be prevented by inhibition of brain PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lindtner
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Fan G, Lin G, Lucito R, Tonks NK. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B antagonized signaling by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and kinase BRK/PTK6 in ovarian cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24923-34. [PMID: 23814047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, which is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies, is a heterogeneous disease known to be associated with disruption of multiple signaling pathways. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the role of protein phosphatases in the signaling events that underlie the disease; such knowledge will be essential to gain a complete understanding of the etiology of the disease and how to treat it. We have demonstrated that protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) was underexpressed in a panel of ovarian carcinoma-derived cell lines, compared with immortalized human ovarian surface epithelial cell lines. Stable restoration of PTP1B in those cancer cell lines substantially decreased cell migration and invasion, as well as proliferation and anchorage-independent survival. Mechanistically, the pro-survival IGF-1R signaling pathway was attenuated upon ectopic expression of PTP1B. This was due to dephosphorylation by PTP1B of IGF-1R β-subunit and BRK/PTK6, an SRC-like protein-tyrosine kinase that physically and functionally interacts with the IGF-1R β-subunit. Restoration of PTP1B expression led to enhanced activation of BAD, one of the major pro-death members of the BCL-2 family, which triggered cell death through apoptosis. Conversely, inhibition of PTP1B with a small molecular inhibitor, MSI-1436, increased proliferation and migration of immortalized HOSE cell lines. These data reveal an important role for PTP1B as a negative regulator of BRK and IGF-1Rβ signaling in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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28
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Krishnan N, Bencze G, Cohen P, Tonks NK. The anti-inflammatory compound BAY-11-7082 is a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS J 2013; 280:2830-41. [PMID: 23578302 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The families of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) function in a coordinated manner to regulate signal transduction events that are critical for cellular homeostasis. Aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting from disruption of either PTP or PTK function, has been shown to be the cause of major human diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Consequently, the characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of these kinases and phosphatases may not only provide molecular probes with which to define the significance of particular signaling events, but also may have therapeutic implications. BAY-11-7082 is an anti-inflammatory compound that has been reported to inhibit IκB kinase activity. The compound has an α,β-unsaturated electrophilic center, which confers the property of being a Michael acceptor; this suggests that it may react with nucleophilic cysteine-containing proteins, such as PTPs. In this study, we demonstrated that BAY-11-7082 was a potent, irreversible inhibitor of PTPs. Using mass spectrometry, we have shown that BAY-11-7082 inactivated PTPs by forming a covalent adduct with the active-site cysteine. Administration of the compound caused an increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation in RAW 264 macrophages, similar to the effects of the generic PTP inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. These data illustrate that BAY-11-7082 is an effective pan-PTP inhibitor with cell permeability, revealing its potential as a new probe for chemical biology approaches to the study of PTP function. Furthermore, the data suggest that inhibition of PTP function may contribute to the many biological effects of BAY-11-7082 that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724-2208, USA
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Wrzeszczynski KO, Fan G, Fu C, Pappin DJ, Lucito R, Tonks NK. Abstract 2502: Proteomic identification of carboplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The analysis of quantitative protein expression is necessary for the determination of actual biochemical protein concentrations that can lead to a more accurate description of cellular function. A knowledgebase of cancer function based on cellular protein levels can more directly implicate potential gene candidates for the detection and treatment of disease. Therefore, we analyzed iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification) data from 11 serous ovarian cancer cell lines and 2 normal ovarian surface epithelial cell lines. We profiled cellular protein abundance in over 3000 proteins with 749 proteins common to all 13 cell lines. Of the 749, 52 proteins exhibited elevated expression and 46 proteins had diminished expression in the cancerous cells when compared to the normal cell lines. We identified the 300 most variable iTRAQ expressed proteins based on median absolute deviation within 8 carboplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines. Using iTRAQ protein expression profiles from these 300 we successfully segregated the cell lines based on carboplatin sensitivity and resistance measurements. We further examined correlations among iTRAQ protein expression, individual gene RNA expression and DNA methylation data. There was no substantial correlation between protein abundance and RNA expression or epigenetic data. Furthermore RNA expression and DNA methylation data alone did not show any significant discrimination for chemosensitivity or resistance. We therefore present the potential of proteomics based discovery for carboplatin response in ovarian cancer and also identify putative gene candidates that may be functionally responsible for chemotherapy response which otherwise would not have been predicted using other singular whole genome data sources.
Citation Format: Kazimierz O. Wrzeszczynski, Gaofeng Fan, Cexiong Fu, Darryl J. Pappin, Robert Lucito, Nicholas K. Tonks. Proteomic identification of carboplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2502. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2502
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Cexiong Fu
- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | - Robert Lucito
- 2Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
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Fan G, Fu C, Lin G, Pappin D, Lucito R, Tonks NK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Antagonized Brk‐mediated IGF‐1R Signaling in Ovarian Cancer. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1038.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNY
| | - Cexiong Fu
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNY
| | - Guang Lin
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNY
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Tonks NK. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Critical Regulators of Signaling in Cancer. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.458.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Now, as we try to define how phosphorylation-dependent cell signalling pathways are integrated at the level of the whole organism, it is important to understand fully the function of the protein phosphatases. This Special Issue of FEBS Journal presents articles that reflect the theme of specificity in protein phosphatase function and emphasize the critical role played by these enzymes in the regulation of signal transduction.
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Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases--from housekeeping enzymes to master regulators of signal transduction. FEBS J 2013; 280:346-78. [PMID: 23176256 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many misconceptions surrounding the roles of protein phosphatases in the regulation of signal transduction, perhaps the most damaging of which is the erroneous view that these enzymes exert their effects merely as constitutively active housekeeping enzymes. On the contrary, the phosphatases are critical, specific regulators of signalling in their own right and serve an essential function, in a coordinated manner with the kinases, to determine the response to a physiological stimulus. This review is a personal perspective on the development of our understanding of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family of enzymes. I have discussed various aspects of the structure, regulation and function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, which I hope will illustrate the fundamental importance of these enzymes in the control of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724-2208, USA.
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Krishnan N, Fu C, Pappin DJ, Tonks NK. H2S-Induced sulfhydration of the phosphatase PTP1B and its role in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra86. [PMID: 22169477 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although originally considered toxic, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been implicated in mediating various biological processes. Nevertheless, its cellular targets and mode of action are not well understood. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which regulate numerous signal transduction pathways, use an essential cysteine residue at the active site, which is characterized by a low pK(a) and is susceptible to reversible oxidation. Here, we report that PTP1B was reversibly inactivated by H(2)S, in vitro and in cells, through sulfhydration of the active-site cysteine residue. Unlike oxidized PTP1B, the sulfhydrated enzyme was preferentially reduced in vitro by thioredoxin, compared to glutathione or dithiothreitol. Sulfhydration of PTP1B in cells required the presence of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a critical enzyme in H(2)S production, and resulted in inhibition of phosphatase activity. Suppression of CSE decreased H(2)S production and decreased the phosphorylation of tyrosine-619 in PERK [protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase], thus reducing its activation in response to ER stress. PERK, which phosphorylates the eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2, leading to attenuation of protein translation, was a direct substrate of PTP1B. In addition, CSE knockdown led to activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC, previously shown to be mediated by PTP1B. These effects of suppressing H(2)S production on the response to ER stress were abrogated by a small-molecule inhibitor of PTP1B. Together, these data define a signaling function for H(2)S in inhibiting PTP1B activity and thereby promoting PERK activity during the response to ER stress.
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Haque A, Andersen JN, Salmeen A, Barford D, Tonks NK. Conformation-sensing antibodies stabilize the oxidized form of PTP1B and inhibit its phosphatase activity. Cell 2011; 147:185-98. [PMID: 21962515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays important roles in downregulation of insulin and leptin signaling and is an established therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. PTP1B is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in response to various stimuli, including insulin. The reversibly oxidized form of the enzyme (PTP1B-OX) is inactive and undergoes profound conformational changes at the active site. We generated conformation-sensor antibodies, in the form of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), that stabilize PTP1B-OX and thereby inhibit its phosphatase function. Expression of conformation-sensor scFvs as intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) enhanced insulin-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of the β subunit of the insulin receptor and its substrate IRS-1 and increased insulin-induced phosphorylation of PKB/AKT. Our data suggest that stabilization of the oxidized, inactive form of PTP1B with appropriate therapeutic molecules may offer a paradigm for phosphatase drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftabul Haque
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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36
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Lin G, Aranda V, Muthuswamy SK, Tonks NK. Identification of PTPN23 as a novel regulator of cell invasion in mammary epithelial cells from a loss-of-function screen of the 'PTP-ome'. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1412-25. [PMID: 21724833 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2018911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We used an RNAi-mediated loss-of-function screen to study systematically the role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes in mammary epithelial cell motility in the absence or presence of the oncoprotein tyrosine kinase ERBB2. We report that although shRNAs directed against most of the PTP family were without effect, suppression of three PTPs-PRPN23, PTPRG, and PTPRR-enhanced cell motility. Furthermore, we found that suppression of PTPN23, but not PTPRG or PTPRR, induced cell invasion. Suppression of PTPN23 increased E-cadherin internalization, impaired early endosome trafficking of E-cadherin, induced the expression of mesenchymal proteins, and caused cell scattering. The activity of SRC and β-catenin was elevated when PTPN23 was suppressed. Moreover, we identified SRC, E-cadherin, and β-catenin as direct substrates of PTPN23. Inhibition of SRC with the small molecular inhibitor SU6656 blocked the effects of PTPN23 depletion. These findings suggest that loss of PTPN23 may increase the activity of SRC and the phosphorylation status of the E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling complex to promote tumor growth and invasive behavior in breast cancer. In addition, our studies highlight functional specificity among PTPs and reveal new roles for PTPs in mammary epithelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lin
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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37
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Hyun SW, Anglin IE, Liu A, Yang S, Sorkin JD, Lillehoj E, Tonks NK, Passaniti A, Goldblum SE. Diverse injurious stimuli reduce protein tyrosine phosphatase-μ expression and enhance epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in human airway epithelia. Exp Lung Res 2011; 37:327-43. [PMID: 21649524 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.566673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to injury, airway epithelia utilize an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signaling program to institute repair and restitution. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) counterregulate EGFR autophosphorylation and downstream signaling. PTPμ is highly expressed in lung epithelia and can be localized to intercellular junctions where its ectodomain homophilically interacts with PTPμ ectodomain expressed on neighboring cells. We asked whether PTPμ expression might be altered in response to epithelial injury and whether altered PTPμ expression might influence EGFR signaling. In A549 cells, diverse injurious stimuli dramatically reduced PTPμ protein expression. Under basal conditions, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced silencing of PTPμ increased EGFR Y992 and Y1068 phosphorylation. In the presence of EGF, PTPμ knockdown increased EGFR Y845, Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1086, and Y1173 but not Y1148 phosphorylation. Reduced PTPμ expression increased EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of Y992, a docking site for phospholipase C (PLC)γ(1), activation of PLCγ(1) itself, and increased cell migration in both wounding and chemotaxis assays. In contrast, overexpression of PTPμ decreased EGF-stimulated EGFR Y992 and Y1068 phosphorylation. Therefore, airway epithelial injury profoundly reduces PTPμ expression, and PTPμ depletion selectively increases phosphorylation of specific EGFR tyrosine residues, PLCγ(1) activation, and cell migration, providing a novel mechanism through which epithelial integrity may be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang W Hyun
- Department of Medicine, Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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38
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Abstract
Controlled production of reactive oxygen species leads to reversible oxidation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and has emerged as an important tier of regulation over phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction. We present a modified cysteinyl-labeling assay that detects reversible oxidation of members of each of the different PTP subclasses. Here, we describe the methods for enriching reversibly oxidized PTPs from complex protein extracts, illustrating the procedure in IMR90 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Boivin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Schwertassek U, Buckley DA, Xu CF, Lindsay AJ, McCaffrey MW, Neubert TA, Tonks NK. Myristoylation of the dual-specificity phosphatase c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) stimulatory phosphatase 1 is necessary for its activation of JNK signaling and apoptosis. FEBS J 2010; 277:2463-73. [PMID: 20553486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is implicated in a number of important physiological processes, from embryonic morphogenesis to cell survival and apoptosis. JNK stimulatory phosphatase 1 (JSP1) is a member of the dual-specificity phosphatase subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases. In contrast to other dual-specificity phosphatases that catalyze the inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, expression of JSP1 activates JNK-mediated signaling. JSP1 and its relative DUSP15 are unique among members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family in that they contain a potential myristoylation site at the N-terminus (MGNGMXK). In this study, we investigated whether JSP1 was myristoylated and examined the functional consequences of myristoylation. Using mass spectrometry, we showed that wild-type JSP1, but not a JSP1 mutant in which Gly2 was mutated to Ala (JSP1-G2A), was myristoylated in cells. Although JSP1 maintained intrinsic phosphatase activity in the absence of myristoylation, the subcellular localization of the enzyme was altered. Compared with the wild type, the ability of nonmyristoylated JSP1 to induce JNK activation and phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-JUN was attenuated. Upon expression of wild-type JSP1, a subpopulation of cells, with the highest levels of the phosphatase, was induced to float off the dish and undergo apoptosis. In contrast, cells expressing similar levels of JSP1-G2A remained attached, further highlighting that the myristoylation mutant was functionally compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Schwertassek
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724-2208, USA
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Boivin B, Tonks NK. Analysis of the redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily members utilizing a cysteinyl-labeling assay. Methods Enzymol 2010; 474:35-50. [PMID: 20609903 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)74003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily members is regulated by the reversible oxidation of their invariant catalytic Cys residue in vivo. Transient and specific regulation of PTP activity by reactive oxygen species (ROS) attenuates dephosphorylation and, thereby, promotes phosphorylation, hence facilitating signal transduction. We have recently developed a modified cysteinyl-labeling assay [Boivin, B., Zhang, S., Arbiser, J. L., Zhang, Z. Y., and Tonks, N. K. (2008). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105, 9959-9964.] that showed broad selectivity in detecting reversible oxidation of members from different PTP subclasses in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB overexpressing cells. Herein, we applied this assay, which utilizes the unique chemistry of the invariant catalytic Cys residue to enrich and identify PTPs that are reversibly oxidized upon acute growth factor stimulation. Performing the cysteinyl-labeling assay with Rat-1 fibroblasts enabled us to capture both PTEN and SHP-2 as a consequence to acute PDGF-BB stimulation. Given the ability of this assay to detect reversible oxidation of a broad array of members of the PTP family, we anticipate that it should permit profiling of the entire ROS-regulated PTPome in a wide array of signaling paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Boivin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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41
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Abstract
Catalytically inactive pseudophosphatases are able to signal in the absence of enzymatic activity. Analyzing the oocyte-to-zygote transition in the worm, Cheng et al. (2009) and Parry et al. (2009) now show how two pseudophosphatases, EGG-4 and EGG-5, can regulate signaling by the DYRK family kinase MBK-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Jung SK, Jeong DG, Chung SJ, Kim JH, Park BC, Tonks NK, Ryu SE, Kim SJ. Crystal structure of ED-Eya2: insight into dual roles as a protein tyrosine phosphatase and a transcription factor. FASEB J 2009; 24:560-9. [PMID: 19858093 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eya proteins are transcription factors that play pivotal roles in organ formation during development by mediating interactions between Sine Oculis (SO) and Dachshund (DAC). Remarkably, the transcriptional activity of Eya proteins is regulated by a dephosphorylating activity within its Eya domain (ED). However, the molecular basis for the link between catalytic and transcriptional activities remains unclear. Here we report the first description of the crystal structure of the ED of human Eya2 (ED-Eya2), determined at 2.4-A resolution. In stark contrast to other members of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) family to which ED-Eya2 belongs, the helix-bundle motif (HBM) is elongated along the back of the catalytic site. This not only results in a structure that accommodates large protein substrates but also positions the catalytic and the SO-interacting sites on opposite faces, which suggests that SO binding is not directly affected by catalytic function. Based on the observation that the DAC-binding site is located between the catalytic core and SO binding sites within ED-Eya2, we propose that catalytic activity can be translated to SO binding through DAC, which acts as a transcriptional switch. We also captured at two stages of reaction cycles-acyl-phosphate intermediate and transition state of hydrolysis step, which provided a detailed view of reaction mechanism. The ED-Eya2 structure defined here serves as a model for other members of the Eya family and provides a framework for understanding the role of Eya phosphatase mutations in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyeong Jung
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Korea
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Loh K, Deng H, Fukushima A, Cai X, Boivin B, Galic S, Bruce C, Shields BJ, Skiba B, Ooms LM, Stepto N, Wu B, Mitchell CA, Tonks NK, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA, Crack PJ, Andrikopoulos S, Tiganis T. Reactive oxygen species enhance insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 2009; 10:260-72. [PMID: 19808019 PMCID: PMC2892288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondria may contribute to the development of insulin resistance, a primary feature of type 2 diabetes. In recent years it has become apparent that ROS generation in response to physiological stimuli such as insulin may also facilitate signaling by reversibly oxidizing and inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Here we report that mice lacking one of the key enzymes involved in the elimination of physiological ROS, glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1), were protected from high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance. The increased insulin sensitivity in Gpx1(-/-) mice was attributed to insulin-induced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling and glucose uptake in muscle and could be reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Increased insulin signaling correlated with enhanced oxidation of the PTP family member PTEN, which terminates signals generated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. These studies provide causal evidence for the enhancement of insulin signaling by ROS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Loh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Krishnan N, Jeong DG, Jung SK, Ryu SE, Xiao A, Allis CD, Kim SJ, Tonks NK. Dephosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosyl residue of the DNA damage-related histone H2A.X is mediated by the protein phosphatase eyes absent. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16066-16070. [PMID: 19351884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c900032200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the DNA damage-related histone H2A variant H2A.X is characterized by a C-terminal tyrosyl residue, Tyr-142, which is phosphorylated by an atypical kinase, WSTF. The phosphorylation status of Tyr-142 in H2A.X has been shown to be an important regulator of the DNA damage response by controlling the formation of gammaH2A.X foci, which are platforms for recruiting molecules involved in DNA damage repair and signaling. In this work, we present evidence to support the identification of the Eyes Absent (EYA) phosphatases, protein-tyrosine phosphatases of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily, as being responsible for dephosphorylating the C-terminal tyrosyl residue of histone H2A.X. We demonstrate that EYA2 and EYA3 displayed specificity for Tyr-142 of H2A.X in assays in vitro. Suppression of eya3 by RNA interference resulted in elevated basal phosphorylation and inhibited DNA damage-induced dephosphorylation of Tyr-142 of H2A.X in vivo. This study provides the first indication of a physiological substrate for the EYA phosphatases and suggests a novel role for these enzymes in regulation of the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navasona Krishnan
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyeong Jung
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Seong Eon Ryu
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Andrew Xiao
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoeun-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-333, Korea.
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724.
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Tabet F, Schiffrin EL, Callera GE, He Y, Yao G, Ostman A, Kappert K, Tonks NK, Touyz RM. Redox-sensitive signaling by angiotensin II involves oxidative inactivation and blunted phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells from SHR. Circ Res 2008; 103:149-58. [PMID: 18566342 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.178608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) through unknown mechanisms. We propose that Ang II induces phosphorylation of growth signaling kinases by redox-sensitive regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) in VSMCs and that augmented Ang II signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) involves oxidation/inactivation and blunted phosphorylation of the PTP, SHP-2. PTP oxidation was assessed by the in-gel PTP method. SHP-2 expression and activity were evaluated by immunoblotting and by a PTP activity assay, respectively. SHP-2 and Nox1 were downregulated by siRNA. Ang II induced oxidation of multiple PTPs, including SHP-2. Basal SHP-2 content was lower in SHRs versus WKY. Ang II increased SHP-2 phosphorylation and activity with blunted responses in SHRs. Ang II-induced SHP-2 effects were inhibited by valsartan (AT(1)R blocker), apocynin (NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor), and Nox1 siRNA. Ang II stimulation increased activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and AKT, with enhanced effects in SHR. SHP-2 knockdown resulted in increased AKT phosphorylation, without effect on ERK1/2 or p38MAPK. Nox1 downregulation attenuated Ang II-mediated AKT activation in SHRs. Hence, Ang II regulates PTP/SHP-2 in VSMCs through AT(1)R and Nox1-based NAD(P)H oxidase via two mechanisms, oxidation and phosphorylation. In SHR Ang II-stimulated PTP oxidation/inactivation is enhanced, basal SHP-2 expression is reduced, and Ang II-induced PTP/SHP-2 phosphorylation is blunted. These SHP-2 actions are associated with augmented AKT signaling. We identify a novel redox-sensitive SHP-2-dependent pathway for Ang II in VSMCs. SHP-2 dysregulation by increased Nox1-derived ROS in SHR is associated with altered Ang II-AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Tabet
- Kidney Research Institute, OHRI/University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
The oxidation and inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases is one mechanism by which reactive oxygen species influence tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling events and exert their biological functions. In the present study, we determined the redox status of endogenous protein tyrosine phosphatases in HepG2 and A431 human cancer cells, in which reactive oxygen species are produced constitutively. We used mass spectrometry to assess the state of oxidation of the catalytic cysteine residue of endogenous PTP1B and show that this residue underwent both reversible and irreversible oxidation to high stoichiometry in response to intrinsic reactive oxygen species production. In addition, our data show that the oxidation of PTP1B is specific to the active site Cys, with the other Cys residues in the protein remaining in a reduced state. Treatment of these cells with diphenyleniodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases, decreased reactive oxygen species levels. This resulted in inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase oxidation, concomitant with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins and inhibition of anchorage-independent cell growth. Therefore, our data also suggest that the high level of intrinsic reactive oxygen species may contribute to the transformed phenotype of HepG2 and A431 cells via constitutive inactivation of cellular protein tyrosine phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Lou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fischer EH, Charbonneau H, Cool DE, Tonks NK. Tyrosine phosphatases and their possible interplay with tyrosine kinases. Ciba Found Symp 2007; 164:132-40; discussion 140-4. [PMID: 1395930 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514207.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases represent a new family of intracellular and receptor-linked enzymes. They are totally specific toward tyrosyl residues in proteins, and, with specific activities 10-1000-fold greater than those of the protein tyrosine kinases, they can be expected to tightly control the level of phosphotyrosine within the cell. Most transmembrane forms contain two conserved intracellular catalytic domains, as displayed by the leukocyte common antigen CD45, but highly variable external segments. Some are related to the neuronal cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) or fasciclin II and others contain fibronectin III repeats; this suggests that these enzymes might be involved in cell-cell interaction. The intercellular enzymes appear to contain a highly conserved catalytic core linked to a regulatory segment. Deletion of the regulatory domain alters both substrate specificity and cellular localization. Likewise, overexpression of the full-length and truncated enzymes affects cell cycle progression and actin filament stability, respectively. The interplay between tyrosine kinases and phosphatases is considered. A hypothesis is presented suggesting that in some systems phosphatases might act synergistically with the kinases and elicit a physiological response, irrespective of the state of phosphorylation of the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B, previously recognized for its role in downregulating insulin and leptin signaling, has now been shown to function as a positive regulator of signaling events associated with breast tumorigenesis. Inhibitors of PTP1B that have been developed as drug candidates for treatment of diabetes and obesity may offer new avenues for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily of enzymes functions in a coordinated manner with protein tyrosine kinases to control signalling pathways that underlie a broad spectrum of fundamental physiological processes. In this review, I describe recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the role of the PTPs in the regulation of signal transduction and the aetiology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
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Nelson KK, Subbaram S, Connor KM, Dasgupta J, Ha XF, Meng TC, Tonks NK, Melendez JA. Redox-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression is regulated by JNK through Ets and AP-1 promoter motifs. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14100-10. [PMID: 16569638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601820200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of distinct signaling cascades, many of which act upon the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Using a series of redox-engineered cell lines we have previously demonstrated that MMP-1 expression is sensitive to the alterations in the steady state production of H2O2 (Ranganathan, A. C., Nelson, K. K., Rodriguez, A. M., Kim, K. H., Tower, G. B., Rutter, J. L., Brinckerhoff, C. E., Epstein, C. J., Huang, T. T., Jeffrey, J. J., and Melendez, J. A. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 14264-14270). In the present study, we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the H2O2-mediated induction of MMP-1. Mutational analysis of an MMP-1 promoter indicates that both the single nucleotide polymorphism creating an Ets binding site at -1607 and a proximal AP-1 site at -1602 are required for maximal H2O2-dependent transcription. The redox-sensitive MMP-1 protein expression requires activation of both ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. Importantly, JNK signaling is largely responsible for the H2O2 sensitivity of the MMP-1 promoter, whereas ERK1/2 contributes to both its basal and H2O2 dependence. H2O2 control of Ets-1 expression was ERK1/2-dependent whereas that of c-Jun requires both ERK1/2 and JNK signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that binding of the histone acetyltransferase, p300, and the transcription factors Ets-1 and c-Jun to the MMP-1 promoter is redox sensitive. The redox sensitivity of MMP-1 expression is also associated with an increase in the abundance of oxidatively inactivated protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Targeted cytosolic or mitochondrial scavenging of H2O2 prevented all of the aforementioned signals. These studies provide substantial insight into the mechanisms underlying the redox-dependent control of MMP-1 and may lead to the development of novel targeted antioxidant-based inhibitory therapies for controlling MMP-1 expression during degenerative disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Nelson
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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