1
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Hildenbrand A, Cramer P, Bertolotti M, Kaiser NS, Kläsener K, Nickel CM, Reth M, Heim A, Hengel H, Burgert HG, Ruzsics Z. Inhibition of B cell receptor signaling induced by the human adenovirus species D E3/49K protein. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1432226. [PMID: 39139562 PMCID: PMC11321000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The early transcription unit 3 (E3) of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) encodes several immunoevasins, including the E3/49K protein, which is unique for species D of HAdVs. It is expressed as surface transmembrane protein and shed. E3/49K of HAdV-D64 binds to the protein tyrosine phosphatase surface receptor CD45, thereby modulating activation of T and NK cells. Methods Considering that E3/49K represents the most polymorphic viral protein among species D HAdVs, we demonstrate here that all tested E3/49K orthologs bind to the immunologically important regulator CD45. Thus, this feature is conserved regardless of the pathological associations of the respective HAdV types. Results It appeared that modulation of CD45 is a unique property restricted to HAdVs of species D. Moreover, E3/49K treatment inhibited B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and impaired BCR signal phenotypes. The latter were highly comparable to B cells having defects in the expression of CD45, suggesting E3/49K as a potential tool to investigate CD45 specific functions. Conclusion We identified B cells as new direct target of E3/49K-mediated immune modulation, representing a novel viral immunosubversive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hildenbrand
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Precious Cramer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Milena Bertolotti
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Navita S.r.l., University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
| | - Nathalie Sophia Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clara Muriel Nickel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Signaling Research Centers CIBSS and BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerhard Burgert
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Weiss A. Peeking Into the Black Box of T Cell Receptor Signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 2024; 42:1-20. [PMID: 37788477 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
I have spent more than the last 40 years at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), studying T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. I was blessed with supportive mentors, an exceptionally talented group of trainees, and wonderful collaborators and colleagues during my journey who have enabled me to make significant contributions to our understanding of how the TCR initiates signaling. TCR signaling events contribute to T cell development as well as to mature T cell activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA;
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3
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Salmond RJ. Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases to Improve Cancer Immunotherapies. Cells 2024; 13:231. [PMID: 38334623 PMCID: PMC10854786 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in immunotherapy have brought significant therapeutic benefits to many cancer patients. Nonetheless, many cancer types are refractory to current immunotherapeutic approaches, meaning that further targets are required to increase the number of patients who benefit from these technologies. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have long been recognised to play a vital role in the regulation of cancer cell biology and the immune response. In this review, we summarize the evidence for both the pro-tumorigenic and tumour-suppressor function of non-receptor PTPs in cancer cells and discuss recent data showing that several of these enzymes act as intracellular immune checkpoints that suppress effective tumour immunity. We highlight new data showing that the deletion of inhibitory PTPs is a rational approach to improve the outcomes of adoptive T cell-based cancer immunotherapies and describe recent progress in the development of PTP inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Salmond
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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4
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Volkov DV, Stepanova VM, Rubtsov YP, Stepanov AV, Gabibov AG. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 As an Immunity Regulator and a Potential Effector of CAR-T therapy. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:17-26. [PMID: 37908772 PMCID: PMC10615191 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.25438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte common antigen CD45 is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase and one of the most prevalent antigens found on the surface of blood cells. CD45 plays a crucial role in the initial stages of signal transmission from receptors of various immune cell types. Immunodeficiency, autoimmune disorders, and oncological diseases are frequently caused by gene expression disorders and imbalances in CD45 isoforms. Despite extensive research into the structure and functions of CD45, the molecular mechanisms behind its role in transmitting signals from T-cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors remain not fully understood. It is of utmost importance to comprehend the structural features of CD45 and its function in regulating immune system cell activation to study oncological diseases and the impact of CD45 on lymphocytes and T cells modified by chimeric antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Volkov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - V. M. Stepanova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Y. P. Rubtsov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Stepanov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - A. G. Gabibov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
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5
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Liu Z, Shi M, Ren Y, Xu H, Weng S, Ning W, Ge X, Liu L, Guo C, Duo M, Li L, Li J, Han X. Recent advances and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:35. [PMID: 36797756 PMCID: PMC9933290 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer are the major health issue worldwide. Apart from the treatments developed to date, the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of cancers have not been addressed by broadening the toolbox. The advent of immunotherapy has ushered in a new era in the treatments of solid tumors, but remains limited and requires breaking adverse effects. Meanwhile, the development of advanced technologies can be further boosted by gene analysis and manipulation at the molecular level. The advent of cutting-edge genome editing technology, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9), has demonstrated its potential to break the limits of immunotherapy in cancers. In this review, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing and a powerful CRISPR toolbox are introduced. Furthermore, we focus on reviewing the impact of CRISPR-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) on cancer immunotherapy (knockout or knockin). Finally, we discuss the CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening for target identification, emphasis the potential of spatial CRISPR genomics, and present the comprehensive application and challenges in basic research, translational medicine and clinics of CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Meixin Shi
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Hui Xu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wenjing Ning
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Emergency Center, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Xiaoyong Ge
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Long Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Chunguang Guo
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Mengjie Duo
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Lifeng Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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6
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Mura G, Karaca Atabay E, Menotti M, Martinengo C, Ambrogio C, Giacomello G, Arigoni M, Olivero M, Calogero RA, Chiarle R, Voena C. Regulation of CD45 phosphatase by oncogenic ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1085672. [PMID: 36698412 PMCID: PMC9869957 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1085672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma frequently driven by the chimeric tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK, generated by the t (2,5)(p23;q35) translocation. While ALK+ ALCL belongs to mature T cell lymphomas, loss of T cell identity is observed in the majority of ALCL secondary to a transcriptional and epigenetic repressive program induced by oncogenic NPM-ALK. While inhibiting the expression of T cell molecules, NPM-ALK activates surrogate TCR signaling by directly inducing pathways downstream the TCR. CD45 is a tyrosine phosphatase that plays a central role in T cell activation by controlling the TCR signaling and regulating the cytokine responses through the JAK/STAT pathway and exists in different isoforms depending on the stage of T-cell maturation, activation and differentiation. ALK+ ALCL cells mainly express the isoform CD45RO in keeping with their mature/memory T cell phenotype. Because of its regulatory effect on the JAK/STAT pathway that is essential for ALK+ ALCL, we investigated whether CD45 expression was affected by oncogenic ALK. We found that most ALK+ ALCL cell lines express the CD45RO isoform with modest CD45RA expression and that NPM-ALK regulated the expression of these CD45 isoforms. Regulation of CD45 expression was dependent on ALK kinase activity as CD45RO expression was increased when NPM-ALK kinase activity was inhibited by treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Silencing ALK expression through shRNA or degradation of ALK by the PROTAC TL13-112 caused upregulation of CD45RO both at mRNA and protein levels with minimal changes on CD45RA, overall indicating that oncogenic ALK downregulates the expression of CD45. CD45 repression was mediated by STAT3 as demonstrated by ChIP-seq data on ALCL cells treated with the ALK-TKI crizotinib or cells treated with a STAT3 degrader. Next, we found that knocking-out CD45 with the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in increased resistance to ALK TKI treatment and CD45 was down-regulated in ALCL cells that developed resistance in vitro to ALK TKIs. Overall, these data suggest that CD45 expression is regulated by ALK via STAT3 and acts as a rheostat of ALK oncogenic signaling and resistance to TKI treatment in ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elif Karaca Atabay
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matteo Menotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Martinengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gloria Giacomello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Olivero
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele A. Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Voena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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7
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Tetraspanin CD53 controls T cell immunity through regulation of CD45RO stability, mobility, and function. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111006. [PMID: 35767951 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells depend on the phosphatase CD45 to initiate T cell receptor signaling. Although the critical role of CD45 in T cells is established, the mechanisms controlling function and localization in the membrane are not well understood. Moreover, the regulation of specific CD45 isoforms in T cell signaling remains unresolved. By using unbiased mass spectrometry, we identify the tetraspanin CD53 as a partner of CD45 and show that CD53 controls CD45 function and T cell activation. CD53-negative T cells (Cd53-/-) exhibit substantial proliferation defects, and Cd53-/- mice show impaired tumor rejection and reduced IFNγ-producing T cells compared with wild-type mice. Investigation into the mechanism reveals that CD53 is required for CD45RO expression and mobility. In addition, CD53 is shown to stabilize CD45 on the membrane and is required for optimal phosphatase activity and subsequent Lck activation. Together, our findings reveal CD53 as a regulator of CD45 activity required for T cell immunity.
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8
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Gangopadhyay K, Roy S, Sen Gupta S, Chandradasan A, Chowdhury S, Das R. Regulating the discriminatory response to antigen by T-cell receptor. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20212012. [PMID: 35260878 PMCID: PMC8965820 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-mediated immune response constitutes a robust host defense mechanism to eliminate pathogens and oncogenic cells. T cells play a central role in such a defense mechanism and creating memories to prevent any potential infection. T cell recognizes foreign antigen by its surface receptors when presented through antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and calibrates its cellular response by a network of intracellular signaling events. Activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) leads to changes in gene expression and metabolic networks regulating cell development, proliferation, and migration. TCR does not possess any catalytic activity, and the signaling initiates with the colocalization of several enzymes and scaffold proteins. Deregulation of T cell signaling is often linked to autoimmune disorders like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The TCR remarkably distinguishes the minor difference between self and non-self antigen through a kinetic proofreading mechanism. The output of TCR signaling is determined by the half-life of the receptor antigen complex and the time taken to recruit and activate the downstream enzymes. A longer half-life of a non-self antigen receptor complex could initiate downstream signaling by activating associated enzymes. Whereas, the short-lived, self-peptide receptor complex disassembles before the downstream enzymes are activated. Activation of TCR rewires the cellular metabolic response to aerobic glycolysis from oxidative phosphorylation. How does the early event in the TCR signaling cross-talk with the cellular metabolism is an open question. In this review, we have discussed the recent developments in understanding the regulation of TCR signaling, and then we reviewed the emerging role of metabolism in regulating T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Soumee Sen Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Athira C. Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
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9
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Shah K, Al-Haidari A, Sun J, Kazi JU. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:412. [PMID: 34897277 PMCID: PMC8666445 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are translated into various signal transduction pathways within the cell, which mediate the activation of various genes with the help of specific transcription factors. These signaling networks propagate with the help of various effector enzymes, such as kinases, phosphatases, and phospholipases. Integration of these disparate signal transduction pathways is done with the help of adaptor proteins that are non-enzymatic in function and that serve as a scaffold for various protein-protein interactions. This process aids in connecting the proximal to distal signaling pathways, thereby contributing to the full activation of T cells. This review provides a comprehensive snapshot of the various molecules involved in regulating T cell receptor signaling, covering both enzymes and adaptors, and will discuss their role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Shah
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amr Al-Haidari
- Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Sciences Department, Surgery Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Science and Technology center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Zhou J, Xiao Z, Zhan Y, Qu X, Mou S, Deng C, Zhang T, Lan X, Huang S, Li Y. Identification and Characterization of the Amphioxus Lck and Its Associated Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Dependent Inhibitory LRR Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656366. [PMID: 34149695 PMCID: PMC8211107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphioxus (e.g., Branchiostoma belcheri, Bb) has recently emerged as a new model for studying the origin and evolution of vertebrate immunity. Mammalian lymphocyte-specific tyrosine kinase (Lck) plays crucial roles in T cell activation, differentiation and homeostasis, and is reported to phosphorylate both the ITIM and ITSM of PD-1 to induce the recruitment of phosphatases and thus the inhibitory function of PD-1. Here, we identified and cloned the amphioxus homolog of human Lck. By generating and using an antibody against BbLck, we found that BbLck is expressed in the amphioxus gut and gill. Through overexpression of BbLck in Jurkat T cells, we found that upon TCR stimulation, BbLck was subjected to tyrosine phosphorylation and could partially rescue Lck-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in Lck-knockdown T cells. Mass spectrometric analysis of BbLck immunoprecipitates from immunostimulants-treated amphioxus, revealed a BbLck-associated membrane-bound receptor LRR (BbLcLRR). By overexpressing BbLcLRR in Jurkat T cells, we demonstrated that BbLcLRR was tyrosine phosphorylated upon TCR stimulation, which was inhibited by Lck knockdown and was rescued by overexpression of BbLck. By mutating single tyrosine to phenylalanine (Y-F), we identified three tyrosine residues (Y539, Y655, and Y690) (3Y) of BbLcLRR as the major Lck phosphorylation sites. Reporter gene assays showed that overexpression of BbLcLRR but not the BbLcLRR-3YF mutant inhibited TCR-induced NF-κB activation. In Lck-knockdown T cells, the decline of TCR-induced IL-2 production was reversed by overexpression of BbLck, and this reversion was inhibited by co-expression of BbLcLRR but not the BbLcLRR-3YF mutant. Sequence analysis showed that the three tyrosine-containing sequences were conserved with the tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) or ITIM-like motifs. And TCR stimulation induced the association of BbLcLRR with tyrosine phosphatases SHIP1 and to a lesser extent with SHP1/2. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type BbLcLRR but not its 3YF mutant inhibited TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins probably via recruiting SHIP1. Thus, we identified a novel immunoreceptor BbLcLRR, which is phosphorylated by Lck and then exerts a phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory role in TCR-mediated T-cell activation, implying a mechanism for the maintenance of self-tolerance and homeostasis of amphioxus immune system and the evolutionary conservatism of Lck-regulated inhibitory receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Xiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Zhan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Qu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Mou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Deng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Lan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqiu Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Li G, Zhang B, Hao J, Chu X, Wiestler M, Cornberg M, Xu CJ, Liu X, Li Y. Identification of Novel Population-Specific Cell Subsets in Chinese Ulcerative Colitis Patients Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:99-117. [PMID: 33545427 PMCID: PMC8081991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptome analyses have been performed to better understand the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, current studies mainly focus on European ancestry, highlighting a great need to identify the key genes, pathways and cell types in colonic mucosal cells of adult UC patients from other ancestries. Here we aimed to identify key genes and cell types in colonic mucosal of UC. METHODS We performed Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of 12 colon biopsies of UC patients and healthy controls from Chinese Han ancestry. RESULTS Two novel plasma subsets were identified. Five epithelial/stromal and three immune cell subsets show significant difference in abundance between inflamed and non-inflamed samples. In general, UC risk genes show consistent expression alteration in both Immune cells of inflamed and non-inflamed tissues. As one of the exceptions, IgA defection, marking the signal of immune dysfunction, is specific to the inflamed area. Moreover, Th17 derived activation was observed in both epithelial cell lineage and immune cell lineage of UC patients as compared to controls , suggesting a systemic change of immune activities driven by Th17. The UC risk genes show enrichment in progenitors, glial cells and immune cells, and drug-target genes are differentially expressed in antigen presenting cells. CONCLUSIONS Our work identifies novel population-specific plasma cell molecular signatures of UC. The transcriptional signature of UC is shared in immune cells from both inflamed and non-inflamed tissues, whereas the transcriptional response to disease is a local effect only in inflamed epithelial/stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine and TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine and TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany,Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Wiestler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine and TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine and TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Xinjuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Xinjuan Liu, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine and TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Castro-Sanchez P, Teagle AR, Prade S, Zamoyska R. Modulation of TCR Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases: From Autoimmunity to Immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:608747. [PMID: 33425916 PMCID: PMC7793860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early TCR signaling is dependent on rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of multiple signaling and adaptor proteins, leading to T cell activation. This process is tightly regulated by an intricate web of interactions between kinases and phosphatases. A number of tyrosine phosphatases have been shown to modulate T cell responses and thus alter T cell fate by negatively regulating early TCR signaling. Mutations in some of these enzymes are associated with enhanced predisposition to autoimmunity in humans, and mouse models deficient in orthologous genes often show T cell hyper-activation. Therefore, phosphatases are emerging as potential targets in situations where it is desirable to enhance T cell responses, such as immune responses to tumors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about tyrosine phosphatases that regulate early TCR signaling and discuss their involvement in autoimmunity and their potential as targets for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sanchez
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra R Teagle
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Prade
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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The role of competing mechanisms on Lck regulation. Immunol Res 2020; 68:289-295. [PMID: 32794043 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lck is a Src-related protein tyrosine kinase that associates with CD4 and CD8 molecules and is essential to T cell development and T cell activation. Regulatory mechanisms of Lck are diverse and controversy exists regarding the importance of each mechanism. The balance of phosphorylation at the inhibitory and activating Tyr residues is maintained by a balance between CD45 and Csk and is dependent upon intact intracellular trafficking machinery. Current evidence shows that lipid-binding changes depending on Lck conformation and that phosphorylation-induced conformational changes in Lck modulate its kinase activity potentially through regulation of Lck clustering at the plasma membrane. Downstream regulators such as ZAP-70 mediate negative feedback that is dependent on Tyr192 phosphorylation. This review examines the diverse regulation of Lck in detail, highlighting the role of each mechanism on maintaining an appropriate amount of Lck in each conformational state, thus allowing for an efficient, appropriate, and controlled amount of T cell activation following TCR stimulation.
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14
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Myers DR, Norlin E, Vercoulen Y, Roose JP. Active Tonic mTORC1 Signals Shape Baseline Translation in Naive T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1858-1874.e6. [PMID: 31067469 PMCID: PMC6593126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells are an example of dynamic cell homeostasis: T cells need to avoid autoreactivity while constantly seeing self-peptides, yet they must be primed to react to foreign antigens during infection. The instructive signals that balance this primed yet quiescent state are unknown. Interactions with self-peptides result in membrane-proximal, tonic signals in resting T cells. Here we reveal selective and robust tonic mTORC1 signals in CD4+ T cells that influence T cell fate decisions. We find that the Ras exchange factor Rasgrp1 is necessary to generate tonic mTORC1 signals. Genome-wide ribosome profiling of resting, primary CD4+ T cells uncovers a baseline translational landscape rich in mTOR targets linked to mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation, and splicing. Aberrantly increased tonic mTORC1 signals from a Rasgrp1Anaef allele result in immunopathology with spontaneous appearance of T peripheral helper cells, follicular helper T cells, and anti-nuclear antibodies that are preceded by subtle alterations in the translational landscape. Myers et al. evaluate a mouse model of autoimmunity, Rasgrp1Anaef. They find that T cells with the Rasgrp1Anaef allele exhibit altered signaling from Rasgrp1 to the mTORC1 pathway in the basal state. They show that increased basal Rasgrp1Anaef-mTORC1 signals lead to an altered translational landscape in T cells and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emilia Norlin
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yvonne Vercoulen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Neier SC, Ferrer A, Wilton KM, Smith SEP, Kelcher AMH, Pavelko KD, Canfield JM, Davis TR, Stiles RJ, Chen Z, McCluskey J, Burrows SR, Rossjohn J, Hebrink DM, Carmona EM, Limper AH, Kappes DJ, Wettstein PJ, Johnson AJ, Pease LR, Daniels MA, Neuhauser C, Gil D, Schrum AG. The early proximal αβ TCR signalosome specifies thymic selection outcome through a quantitative protein interaction network. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/32/eaal2201. [PMID: 30770409 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During αβ T cell development, T cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement transduces biochemical signals through a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network that dictates dichotomous cell fate decisions. It remains unclear how signal specificity is communicated, instructing either positive selection to advance cell differentiation or death by negative selection. Early signal discrimination might occur by PPI signatures differing qualitatively (customized, unique PPI combinations for each signal), quantitatively (graded amounts of a single PPI series), or kinetically (speed of PPI pathway progression). Using a novel PPI network analysis, we found that early TCR-proximal signals distinguishing positive from negative selection appeared to be primarily quantitative in nature. Furthermore, the signal intensity of this PPI network was used to find an antigen dose that caused a classic negative selection ligand to induce positive selection of conventional αβ T cells, suggesting that the quantity of TCR triggering was sufficient to program selection outcome. Because previous work had suggested that positive selection might involve a qualitatively unique signal through CD3δ, we reexamined the block in positive selection observed in CD3δ0 mice. We found that CD3δ0 thymocytes were inhibited but capable of signaling positive selection, generating low numbers of MHC-dependent αβ T cells that expressed diverse TCR repertoires and participated in immune responses against infection. We conclude that the major role for CD3δ in positive selection is to quantitatively boost the signal for maximal generation of αβ T cells. Together, these data indicate that a quantitative network signaling mechanism through the early proximal TCR signalosome determines thymic selection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Neier
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alejandro Ferrer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katelynn M Wilton
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - April M H Kelcher
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jenna M Canfield
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutics PhD Graduate Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tessa R Davis
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Stiles
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Scott R Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Deanne M Hebrink
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dietmar J Kappes
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Wettstein
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Diana Gil
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Adam G Schrum
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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16
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Myers DR, Wheeler B, Roose JP. mTOR and other effector kinase signals that impact T cell function and activity. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:134-153. [PMID: 31402496 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells play important roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Following the cloning of the T cell receptor (TCR), the race was on to map signaling proteins that contributed to T cell activation downstream of the TCR as well as co-stimulatory molecules such as CD28. We term this "canonical TCR signaling" here. More recently, it has been appreciated that T cells need to accommodate increased metabolic needs that stem from T cell activation in order to function properly. A central role herein has emerged for mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In this review we briefly cover canonical TCR signaling to set the stage for discussion on mTOR signaling, mRNA translation, and metabolic adaptation in T cells. We also discuss the role of mTOR in follicular helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and other T cell subsets. Our lab recently uncovered that "tonic signals", which pass through proximal TCR signaling components, are robustly and selectively transduced to mTOR to promote baseline translation of various mRNA targets. We discuss insights on (tonic) mTOR signaling in the context of T cell function in autoimmune diseases such as lupus as well as in cancer immunotherapy through CAR-T cell or checkpoint blockade approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Courtney AH, Shvets AA, Lu W, Griffante G, Mollenauer M, Horkova V, Lo WL, Yu S, Stepanek O, Chakraborty AK, Weiss A. CD45 functions as a signaling gatekeeper in T cells. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/604/eaaw8151. [PMID: 31641081 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T cells require the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 to detect and respond to antigen because it activates the Src family kinase Lck, which phosphorylates the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex. CD45 activates Lck by opposing the negative regulatory kinase Csk. Paradoxically, CD45 has also been implicated in suppressing TCR signaling by dephosphorylating the same signaling motifs within the TCR complex upon which Lck acts. We sought to reconcile these observations using chemical and genetic perturbations of the Csk/CD45 regulatory axis incorporated with computational analyses. Specifically, we titrated the activities of Csk and CD45 and assessed their influence on Lck activation, TCR-associated ζ-chain phosphorylation, and more downstream signaling events. Acute inhibition of Csk revealed that CD45 suppressed ζ-chain phosphorylation and was necessary for a regulatable pool of active Lck, thereby interconnecting the activating and suppressive roles of CD45 that tune antigen discrimination. CD45 suppressed signaling events that were antigen independent or induced by low-affinity antigen but not those initiated by high-affinity antigen. Together, our findings reveal that CD45 acts as a signaling "gatekeeper," enabling graded signaling outputs while filtering weak or spurious signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Courtney
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexey A Shvets
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Veronika Horkova
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ondrej Stepanek
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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18
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Marret G, Borcoman E, Le Tourneau C. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of cervical cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:871-877. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1646721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Marret
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Edith Borcoman
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Christophe Le Tourneau
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation (D3i), Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
- INSERM U900 Research Unit, Saint-Cloud, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
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19
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Noviski M, Tan C, Huizar J, Vykunta V, Mueller JL, Zikherman J. Optimal Development of Mature B Cells Requires Recognition of Endogenous Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:418-428. [PMID: 31167773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that highly autoreactive BCRs are actively removed from the developing B cell repertoire by Ag-dependent receptor editing and deletion. However, there is persistent debate about whether mild autoreactivity is simply tolerated or positively selected into the mature B cell repertoire as well as at what stage, to what extent, under what conditions, and into which compartments this occurs. In this study, we describe two minor, trackable populations of B cells in B1-8i Ig transgenic mice that express the VH186.2 H chain and recognize a common foreign Ag (the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl) but differ in L chain expression. We use the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling to define their reactivity toward endogenous Ags. The less autoreactive of these two populations is strongly counterselected during the development of mature B1a, follicular, and marginal zone B cells. By genetically manipulating the strength of BCR signal transduction via the titration of surface CD45 expression, we demonstrate that this B cell population is not negatively selected but instead displays characteristics of impaired positive selection. We demonstrate that mild self-reactivity improves the developmental fitness of B cell clones in the context of a diverse population of B cells, and positive selection by endogenous Ags shapes the mature B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John Huizar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Vivasvan Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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20
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Size-Dependent Segregation Controls Macrophage Phagocytosis of Antibody-Opsonized Targets. Cell 2019; 174:131-142.e13. [PMID: 29958103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages protect the body from damage and disease by targeting antibody-opsonized cells for phagocytosis. Though antibodies can be raised against antigens with diverse structures, shapes, and sizes, it is unclear why some are more effective at triggering immune responses than others. Here, we define an antigen height threshold that regulates phagocytosis of both engineered and cancer-specific antigens by macrophages. Using a reconstituted model of antibody-opsonized target cells, we find that phagocytosis is dramatically impaired for antigens that position antibodies >10 nm from the target surface. Decreasing antigen height drives segregation of antibody-bound Fc receptors from the inhibitory phosphatase CD45 in an integrin-independent manner, triggering Fc receptor phosphorylation and promoting phagocytosis. Our work shows that close contact between macrophage and target is a requirement for efficient phagocytosis, suggesting that therapeutic antibodies should target short antigens in order to trigger Fc receptor activation through size-dependent physical segregation.
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21
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Abstract
After selection in the thymus, the post-thymic T cell compartments comprise heterogenous subsets of naive and memory T cells that make continuous T cell receptor (TCR) contact with self-ligands bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. T cell recognition of self-MHC ligands elicits covert TCR signaling and is particularly important for controlling survival of naive T cells. Such tonic TCR signaling is tightly controlled and maintains the cells in a quiescent state to avoid autoimmunity. Here, we review how naive and memory T cells are differentially tuned and wired for TCR sensitivity to self and foreign ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.,Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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22
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Altered thymic differentiation and modulation of arthritis by invariant NKT cells expressing mutant ZAP70. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2627. [PMID: 29980684 PMCID: PMC6035278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with different cytokine productions develop in the mouse thymus, but the factors driving their differentiation remain unclear. Here we show that hypomorphic alleles of Zap70 or chemical inhibition of Zap70 catalysis leads to an increase of IFN-γ-producing iNKT cells (NKT1 cells), suggesting that NKT1 cells may require a lower TCR signal threshold. Zap70 mutant mice develop IL-17-dependent arthritis. In a mouse experimental arthritis model, NKT17 cells are increased as the disease progresses, while NKT1 numbers negatively correlates with disease severity, with this protective effect of NKT1 linked to their IFN-γ expression. NKT1 cells are also present in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients. Our data therefore suggest that TCR signal strength during thymic differentiation may influence not only IFN-γ production, but also the protective function of iNKT cells in arthritis. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can be subsetted based on their cytokine productions. Here the authors show, using Zap70 mutant mice, that interferon-γ secreting (IFN-γ) iNKT cells may be induced by hampered T cell receptor signallings to help ameliorate interleukin-17-mediated joint inflammation.
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23
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Maintenance of murine platelet homeostasis by the kinase Csk and phosphatase CD148. Blood 2018; 131:1122-1144. [PMID: 29301754 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) coordinate the initiating and propagating activation signals in platelets, but it remains unclear how they are regulated. Here, we show that ablation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and receptor-like protein tyrosine-phosphatase CD148 in mice results in a dramatic increase in platelet SFK activity, demonstrating that these proteins are essential regulators of platelet reactivity. Paradoxically, Csk/CD148-deficient mice exhibit reduced in vivo and ex vivo thrombus formation and increased bleeding following injury rather than a prothrombotic phenotype. This is a consequence of multiple negative feedback mechanisms, including downregulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- and hemi-ITAM-containing receptors glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-Fc receptor (FcR) γ-chain and CLEC-2, respectively and upregulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing receptor G6b-B and its interaction with the tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2. Results from an analog-sensitive Csk mouse model demonstrate the unconventional role of SFKs in activating ITIM signaling. This study establishes Csk and CD148 as critical molecular switches controlling the thrombotic and hemostatic capacity of platelets and reveals cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent pathological thrombosis from occurring.
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Courtney AH, Lo WL, Weiss A. TCR Signaling: Mechanisms of Initiation and Propagation. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:108-123. [PMID: 29269020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which a T cell detects antigen using its T cell antigen receptor (TCR) are crucial to our understanding of immunity and the harnessing of T cells therapeutically. A hallmark of the T cell response is the ability of T cells to quantitatively respond to antigenic ligands derived from pathogens while remaining inert to similar ligands derived from host tissues. Recent studies have revealed exciting properties of the TCR and the behaviors of its signaling effectors that are used to detect and discriminate between antigens. Here we highlight these recent findings, focusing on the proximal TCR signaling molecules Zap70, Lck, and LAT, to provide mechanistic models and insights into the exquisite sensitivity and specificity of the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Courtney
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Kumar S, Lu B, Davra V, Hornbeck P, Machida K, Birge RB. Crk Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulates PDGF-BB-inducible Src Activation and Breast Tumorigenicity and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:173-183. [PMID: 28974561 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The activity of Src family kinases (Src being the prototypical member) is tightly regulated by differential phosphorylation on Tyr416 (positive) and Tyr527 (negative), a duet that reciprocally regulates kinase activity. The latter negative regulation of Src on Tyr527 is mediated by C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) that phosphorylates Tyr527 and maintains Src in a clamped negative regulated state by promoting an intramolecular association. Here it is demonstrated that the SH2- and SH3-domain containing adaptor protein CrkII, by virtue of its phosphorylation on Tyr239, regulates the Csk/Src signaling axis to control Src activation. Once phosphorylated, the motif (PIpYARVIQ) forms a consensus sequence for the SH2 domain of CSK to form a pTyr239-CSK complex. Functionally, when expressed in Crk-/- MEFs or in Crk+/+ HS683 cells, Crk Y239F delayed PDGF-BB-inducible Src Tyr416 phosphorylation. Moreover, expression of Crk Y239F in HS683 cells delayed Src kinase activation and suppressed the cell-invasive and -transforming phenotypes. Finally, through loss-of-function and epistasis experiments using CRISPR-Cas9-engineered 4T1 murine breast cancer cells, Crk Tyr239 is implicated in breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic immunocompetent 4T1 mice model of breast adenocarcinoma. These findings delineate a novel role for Crk Tyr239 phosphorylation in the regulation of Src kinases, as well as a potential molecular explanation for a long-standing question as to how Crk regulates the activation of Src kinases.Implications: These findings provide new perspectives on the versatility of Crk in cancer by demonstrating how Crk mechanistically drives, through a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner, tumor growth, and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 16(1); 173-83. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Bin Lu
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Cancer Center, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
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26
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Mukherjee S, Stewart D, Stewart W, Lanier LL, Das J. Connecting the dots across time: reconstruction of single-cell signalling trajectories using time-stamped data. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170811. [PMID: 28879015 PMCID: PMC5579131 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell responses are shaped by the geometry of signalling kinetic trajectories carved in a multidimensional space spanned by signalling protein abundances. It is, however, challenging to assay a large number (more than 3) of signalling species in live-cell imaging, which makes it difficult to probe single-cell signalling kinetic trajectories in large dimensions. Flow and mass cytometry techniques can measure a large number (4 to more than 40) of signalling species but are unable to track single cells. Thus, cytometry experiments provide detailed time-stamped snapshots of single-cell signalling kinetics. Is it possible to use the time-stamped cytometry data to reconstruct single-cell signalling trajectories? Borrowing concepts of conserved and slow variables from non-equilibrium statistical physics we develop an approach to reconstruct signalling trajectories using snapshot data by creating new variables that remain invariant or vary slowly during the signalling kinetics. We apply this approach to reconstruct trajectories using snapshot data obtained from in silico simulations, live-cell imaging measurements, and, synthetic flow cytometry datasets. The application of invariants and slow variables to reconstruct trajectories provides a radically different way to track objects using snapshot data. The approach is likely to have implications for solving matching problems in a wide range of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mukherjee
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, OH 43205, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, 560100India
| | - David Stewart
- Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - William Stewart
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayajit Das
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Author for correspondence: Jayajit Das e-mail:
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27
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Myers DR, Zikherman J, Roose JP. Tonic Signals: Why Do Lymphocytes Bother? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:844-857. [PMID: 28754596 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s it has been known that B and T lymphocytes exhibit low-level, constitutive signaling in the basal state (tonic signaling). These lymphocytes display a range of affinity for self, which in turn generates a range of tonic signaling. Surprisingly, what signaling pathways are active in the basal state and the functional relevance of the observed tonic signaling heterogeneity remain open questions today. Here we summarize what is known about the mechanistic and functional details of tonic signaling. We highlight recent advances that have increased our understanding of how the amount of tonic signal impacts immune function, describing novel tools that have moved the field forward and toward a molecular understanding of tonic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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28
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Courtney AH, Amacher JF, Kadlecek TA, Mollenauer MN, Au-Yeung BB, Kuriyan J, Weiss A. A Phosphosite within the SH2 Domain of Lck Regulates Its Activation by CD45. Mol Cell 2017; 67:498-511.e6. [PMID: 28735895 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Src Family kinase Lck sets a critical threshold for T cell activation because it phosphorylates the TCR complex and the Zap70 kinase. How a T cell controls the abundance of active Lck molecules remains poorly understood. We have identified an unappreciated role for a phosphosite, Y192, within the Lck SH2 domain that profoundly affects the amount of active Lck in cells. Notably, mutation of Y192 blocks critical TCR-proximal signaling events and impairs thymocyte development in retrogenic mice. We determined that these defects are caused by hyperphosphorylation of the inhibitory C-terminal tail of Lck. Our findings reveal that modification of Y192 inhibits the ability of CD45 to associate with Lck in cells and dephosphorylate the C-terminal tail of Lck, which prevents its adoption of an active open conformation. These results suggest a negative feedback loop that responds to signaling events that tune active Lck amounts and TCR sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Courtney
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanine F Amacher
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 04143, USA
| | - Marianne N Mollenauer
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 04143, USA
| | - Byron B Au-Yeung
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 04143, USA.
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29
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Ionic CD3-Lck interaction regulates the initiation of T-cell receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5891-E5899. [PMID: 28659468 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701990114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-triggered T-cell receptor (TCR) phosphorylation is the first signaling event in T cells to elicit adaptive immunity against invading pathogens and tumor cells. Despite its physiological importance, the underlying mechanism of TCR phosphorylation remains elusive. Here, we report a key mechanism regulating the initiation of TCR phosphorylation. The major TCR kinase Lck shows high selectivity on the four CD3 signaling proteins of TCR. CD3ε is the only CD3 chain that can efficiently interact with Lck, mainly through the ionic interactions between CD3ε basic residue-rich sequence (BRS) and acidic residues in the Unique domain of Lck. We applied a TCR reconstitution system to explicitly study the initiation of TCR phosphorylation. The ionic CD3ε-Lck interaction controls the phosphorylation level of the whole TCR upon antigen stimulation. CD3ε BRS is sequestered in the membrane, and antigen stimulation can unlock this motif. Dynamic opening of CD3ε BRS and its subsequent recruitment of Lck thus can serve as an important switch of the initiation of TCR phosphorylation.
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30
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Hui E, Cheung J, Zhu J, Su X, Taylor MJ, Wallweber HA, Sasmal DK, Huang J, Kim JM, Mellman I, Vale RD. T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition. Science 2017; 355:1428-1433. [PMID: 28280247 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1085] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a coinhibitory receptor that suppresses T cell activation and is an important cancer immunotherapy target. Upon activation by its ligand PD-L1, PD-1 is thought to suppress signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR). By titrating PD-1 signaling in a biochemical reconstitution system, we demonstrate that the co-receptor CD28 is strongly preferred over the TCR as a target for dephosphorylation by PD-1-recruited Shp2 phosphatase. We also show that CD28, but not the TCR, is preferentially dephosphorylated in response to PD-1 activation by PD-L1 in an intact cell system. These results reveal that PD-1 suppresses T cell function primarily by inactivating CD28 signaling, suggesting that costimulatory pathways play key roles in regulating effector T cell function and responses to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeanne Cheung
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xiaolei Su
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marcus J Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Heidi A Wallweber
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dibyendu K Sasmal
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jeong M Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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31
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Rohrs JA, Wang P, Finley SD. Predictive Model of Lymphocyte-Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase (LCK) Autoregulation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 9:351-367. [PMID: 27547268 PMCID: PMC4978775 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is a key activator of T cells; however, little is known about the specific autoregulatory mechanisms that control its activity. We have constructed a model of LCK autophosphorylation and phosphorylation by the regulating kinase CSK. The model was fit to existing experimental data in the literature that presents an in vitro reconstituted membrane system, which provides more physiologically relevant kinetic measurements than traditional solution-based systems. The model is able to predict a robust mechanism of LCK autoregulation. It provides insights into the molecular causes of key site-specific phosphorylation differences between distinct experimental conditions. Probing the model also provides new hypotheses regarding the influence of individual binding and catalytic rates, which can be tested experimentally. This minimal model is required to elucidate the mechanistic interactions of LCK and CSK and can be further expanded to better understand T cell activation from a systems perspective. Our computational model enables the evaluation of LCK protein interactions that mediate T cell activation on a more quantitative level, providing new insights and testable hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rohrs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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32
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Salmond RJ, Brownlie RJ, Zamoyska R. Multifunctional roles of the autoimmune disease-associated tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 in regulating T cell homeostasis. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:705-11. [PMID: 25715232 PMCID: PMC4671365 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 has a vital function in inhibiting antigen-receptor signaling in T cells, while polymorphisms in the PTPN22 gene are important risk alleles in human autoimmune diseases. We recently reported that a key physiological function of PTPN22 was to prevent naïve T cell activation and effector cell responses in response to low affinity antigens. PTPN22 also has a more general role in limiting T cell receptor-induced proliferation. Here we present new data emphasizing this dual function for PTPN22 in T cells. Furthermore, we show that T cell activation modulates the expression of PTPN22 and additional inhibitory phosphatases. We discuss the implication of these findings for our understanding of the roles of PTPN22 in regulating T cell responses and in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Salmond
- a Institute of Immunology and Infection Research ; Ashworth Laboratories ; University of Edinburgh ; Edinburgh , UK
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Abstract
The receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45 regulates antigen receptor signaling by dephosphorylating the C-terminal inhibitory tyrosine of the src family kinases. However, despite its abundance, the function of the large, alternatively spliced extracellular domain of CD45 has remained elusive. We used normally spliced CD45 transgenes either incorporating a phosphatase-inactivating point mutation or lacking the cytoplasmic domain to uncouple the enzymatic and noncatalytic functions of CD45 in lymphocytes. Although these transgenes did not alter T-cell signaling or development irrespective of endogenous CD45 expression, both partially rescued the phenotype of CD45-deficient B cells. We identify a noncatalytic role for CD45 in regulating tonic, but not antigen-mediated, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling through modulation of the function of the inhibitory coreceptor CD22. This finding has important implications for understanding how naïve B cells maintain tonic BCR signaling while restraining inappropriate antigen-dependent activation to preserve clonal "ignorance."
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34
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Freedman TS, Tan YX, Skrzypczynska KM, Manz BN, Sjaastad FV, Goodridge HS, Lowell CA, Weiss A. LynA regulates an inflammation-sensitive signaling checkpoint in macrophages. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26517880 PMCID: PMC4626889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustering of receptors associated with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) initiates the macrophage antimicrobial response. ITAM receptors engage Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) to initiate phagocytosis and macrophage activation. Macrophages also encounter nonpathogenic molecules that cluster receptors weakly and must tune their sensitivity to avoid inappropriate responses. To investigate this response threshold, we compared signaling in the presence and absence of receptor clustering using a small-molecule inhibitor of Csk, which increased SFK activation and produced robust membrane-proximal signaling. Surprisingly, receptor-independent SFK activation led to a downstream signaling blockade associated with rapid degradation of the SFK LynA. Inflammatory priming of macrophages upregulated LynA and promoted receptor-independent signaling. In contrast, clustering the hemi-ITAM receptor Dectin-1 induced signaling that did not require LynA or inflammatory priming. Together, the basal-state signaling checkpoint regulated by LynA expression and degradation and the signaling reorganization initiated by receptor clustering allow cells to discriminate optimally between pathogens and nonpathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S Freedman
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Ying X Tan
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Katarzyna M Skrzypczynska
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Boryana N Manz
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Frances V Sjaastad
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Chevy Chase, United States
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35
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Gerbec ZJ, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. The Fyn-ADAP Axis: Cytotoxicity Versus Cytokine Production in Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:472. [PMID: 26441977 PMCID: PMC4584950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte signaling cascades responsible for anti-tumor cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine production must be tightly regulated in order to control an immune response. Disruption of these cascades can cause immune suppression as seen in a tumor microenvironment, and loss of signaling integrity can lead to autoimmunity and other forms of host-tissue damage. Therefore, understanding the distinct signaling events that exclusively control specific effector functions of “killer” lymphocytes (T and NK cells) is critical for understanding disease progression and formulating successful immunotherapy. Elucidation of divergent signaling pathways involved in receptor-mediated activation has provided insights into the independent regulation of cytotoxicity and cytokine production in lymphocytes. Specifically, the Fyn signaling axis represents a branch point for killer cell effector functions and provides a model for how cytotoxicity and cytokine production are differentially regulated. While the Fyn–PI(3)K pathway controls multiple functions, including cytotoxicity, cell development, and cytokine production, the Fyn–ADAP pathway preferentially regulates cytokine production in NK and T cells. In this review, we discuss how the structure of Fyn controls its function in lymphocytes and the role this plays in mediating two facets of lymphocyte effector function, cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory cytokines. This offers a model for using mechanistic and structural approaches to understand clinically relevant lymphocyte signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Gerbec
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA ; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
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36
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Manz BN, Tan YX, Courtney AH, Rutaganira F, Palmer E, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Small molecule inhibition of Csk alters affinity recognition by T cells. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26302204 PMCID: PMC4568592 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), the primary negative regulator of Src-family kinases (SFK), plays a crucial role in controlling basal and inducible receptor signaling. To investigate how Csk activity regulates T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling, we utilized a mouse expressing mutated Csk (CskAS) whose catalytic activity is specifically and rapidly inhibited by a small molecule. Inhibition of CskAS during TCR stimulation led to stronger and more prolonged TCR signaling and to increased proliferation. Inhibition of CskAS enhanced activation by weak but strictly cognate agonists. Titration of Csk inhibition revealed that a very small increase in SFK activity was sufficient to potentiate T cell responses to weak agonists. Csk plays an important role, not only in basal signaling, but also in setting the TCR signaling threshold and affinity recognition. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08088.001 The immune system has ‘T’ cells that recognize when the body is infected with a virus or bacterium and mount an immune response that is targeted to that microbe. They can also find and eliminate cancer cells. The microbes and cancer cells produce molecules called antigens that are detected by proteins on the surface of the T cell called T cell receptors (TCR). Antigen recognition causes the TCRs to transmit signals to the inside of the T cell that trigger an immune response. The degree to which the TCRs are active, and the length of time that they transmit signals regulates the size of the immune response. Therefore, developing new drugs that manipulate the activity of TCRs could be useful to treat many diseases. An enzyme called Csk inhibits the activities of a small family of proteins involved in a variety of different processes. One protein that Csk targets is called Lck and is required for the activation of immune responses in T cells. However, it is not clear whether Csk interacting with this protein stops the release of signals from TCRs, or whether it alters the level to which TCRs need to be activated before they transmit the signals. Manz, Tan et al. studied T cells from mice that had a mutant form of Csk that is inhibited by a drug called 3-iodo-benzyl-PP1 (3-IB-PP1), but otherwise works normally. When these cells detected an antigen in the presence of the drug, its TCRs were more highly activated and transmitted signals for a longer period of time than cells not exposed to the drug. The drug especially enhanced immune responses to very weak antigens, ones that might not activate T cells under normal circumstances. Manz, Tan et al.'s findings confirm that Csk plays a negative role in the activation of T cells and suggest that Csk may be a useful target for drug therapies that aim to fine-tune immune responses. The next challenge is to find a drug that can inhibit normal Csk enzymes and test this in mice and other animals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08088.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana N Manz
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ying Xim Tan
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam H Courtney
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Florentine Rutaganira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ed Palmer
- Departments of Biomedicine and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, University of basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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37
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Drobek A, Kralova J, Skopcova T, Kucova M, Novák P, Angelisová P, Otahal P, Alberich-Jorda M, Brdicka T. PSTPIP2, a Protein Associated with Autoinflammatory Disease, Interacts with Inhibitory Enzymes SHIP1 and Csk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3416-26. [PMID: 26304991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the adaptor protein PSTPIP2 are the cause of the autoinflammatory disease chronic multifocal osteomyelitis in mice. This disease closely resembles the human disorder chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, characterized by sterile inflammation of the bones and often associated with inflammation in other organs, such as the skin. The most critical process in the disease's development is the enhanced production of IL-1β. This excessive IL-1β is likely produced by neutrophils. In addition, the increased activity of macrophages, osteoclasts, and megakaryocytes has also been described. However, the molecular mechanism of how PSTPIP2 deficiency results in this phenotype is poorly understood. Part of the PSTPIP2 inhibitory function is mediated by protein tyrosine phosphatases from the proline-, glutamic acid-, serine- and threonine-rich (PEST) family, which are known to interact with the central part of this protein, but other regions of PSTPIP2 not required for PEST-family phosphatase binding were also shown to be indispensable for PSTPIP2 function. In this article, we show that PSTPIP2 binds the inhibitory enzymes Csk and SHIP1. The interaction with SHIP1 is of particular importance because it binds to the critical tyrosine residues at the C terminus of PSTPIP2, which is known to be crucial for its PEST-phosphatase-independent inhibitory effects in different cellular systems. We demonstrate that in neutrophils this region is important for the PSTPIP2-mediated suppression of IL-1β processing and that SHIP1 inhibition results in the enhancement of this processing. We also describe deregulated neutrophil response to multiple activators, including silica, Ab aggregates, and LPS, which is suggestive of a rather generalized hypersensitivity of these cells to various external stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Drobek
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Kralova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Skopcova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Kucova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Angelisová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Pavel Otahal
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Meritxell Alberich-Jorda
- Laboratory of Hemato-oncology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Brdicka
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
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38
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Abstract
The fate of T and B lymphocytes, the key cells that direct the adaptive immune response, is regulated by a diverse network of signal transduction pathways. The T- and B-cell antigen receptors are coupled to intracellular tyrosine kinases and adaptor molecules to control the metabolism of inositol phospholipids and calcium release. The production of inositol polyphosphates and lipid second messengers directs the activity of downstream guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins and protein and lipid kinases/phosphatases that control lymphocyte transcriptional and metabolic programs. Lymphocyte activation is modulated by costimulatory molecules and cytokines that elicit intracellular signaling that is integrated with the antigen-receptor-controlled pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Cantrell
- College of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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39
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Goodfellow HS, Frushicheva MP, Ji Q, Cheng DA, Kadlecek TA, Cantor AJ, Kuriyan J, Chakraborty AK, Salomon A, Weiss A. The catalytic activity of the kinase ZAP-70 mediates basal signaling and negative feedback of the T cell receptor pathway. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra49. [PMID: 25990959 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation by antigens binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) must be properly regulated to ensure normal T cell development and effective immune responses to pathogens and transformed cells while avoiding autoimmunity. The Src family kinase Lck and the Syk family kinase ZAP-70 (ζ chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kD) are sequentially activated in response to TCR engagement and serve as critical components of the TCR signaling machinery that leads to T cell activation. We performed a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic study comparing the quantitative differences in the temporal dynamics of phosphorylation in stimulated and unstimulated T cells with or without inhibition of ZAP-70 catalytic activity. The data indicated that the kinase activity of ZAP-70 stimulates negative feedback pathways that target Lck and thereby modulate the phosphorylation patterns of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the CD3 and ζ chain components of the TCR and of signaling molecules downstream of Lck, including ZAP-70. We developed a computational model that provides a mechanistic explanation for the experimental findings on ITAM phosphorylation in wild-type cells, ZAP-70-deficient cells, and cells with inhibited ZAP-70 catalytic activity. This model incorporated negative feedback regulation of Lck activity by the kinase activity of ZAP-70 and predicted the order in which tyrosines in the ITAMs of TCR ζ chains must be phosphorylated to be consistent with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sjölin Goodfellow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maria P Frushicheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Qinqin Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Debra A Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aaron J Cantor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arthur Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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40
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Viral interference with functions of the cellular receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Viruses 2015; 7:1540-57. [PMID: 25807057 PMCID: PMC4379584 DOI: 10.3390/v7031540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of almost all cells of hematopoietic origin. CD45 functions are central to the development of T cells and determine the threshold at which T and B lymphocytes can become activated. Given this pivotal role of CD45 in the immune system, it is probably not surprising that viruses interfere with the activity of CD45 in lymphocytes to dampen the immune response and that they also utilize this molecule to accomplish their replication cycle. Here we report what is known about the interaction of viral proteins with CD45. Moreover, we debate putative interactions of viruses with CD45 in myeloid cells and the resulting consequences-subjects that remain to be investigated. Finally, we summarize the evidence that pathogens were the driving force for the evolution of CD45.
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41
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Insights into the initiation of TCR signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:798-807. [PMID: 25137454 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of T cell antigen receptor signaling is a key step that can result in T cell activation and the orchestration of an adaptive immune response. Early events in T cell receptor signaling can distinguish between agonist and endogenous ligands with exquisite selectivity, and show extraordinary sensitivity to minute numbers of agonists in a sea of endogenous ligands. We review our current knowledge of models and crucial molecules that aim to provide a mechanistic explanation for these observations. Building on current understanding and a discussion of unresolved issues, we propose a molecular model for initiation of T cell receptor signaling that may serve as a useful guide for future studies.
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42
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Pfisterer K, Forster F, Paster W, Supper V, Ohradanova-Repic A, Eckerstorfer P, Zwirzitz A, Donner C, Boulegue C, Schiller HB, Ondrovičová G, Acuto O, Stockinger H, Leksa V. The late endosomal transporter CD222 directs the spatial distribution and activity of Lck. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2718-32. [PMID: 25127865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal organization of T cell signaling molecules is increasingly accepted as a crucial step in controlling T cell activation. CD222, also known as the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, is the central component of endosomal transport pathways. In this study, we show that CD222 is a key regulator of the early T cell signaling cascade. Knockdown of CD222 hampers the effective progression of TCR-induced signaling and subsequent effector functions, which can be rescued via reconstitution of CD222 expression. We decipher that Lck is retained in the cytosol of CD222-deficient cells, which obstructs the recruitment of Lck to CD45 at the cell surface, resulting in an abundant inhibitory phosphorylation signature on Lck at the steady state. Hence, CD222 specifically controls the balance between active and inactive Lck in resting T cells, which guarantees operative T cell effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Pfisterer
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Florian Forster
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Supper
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Paul Eckerstorfer
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Alexander Zwirzitz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Clemens Donner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Cyril Boulegue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; and
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; and
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84551 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria;
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84551 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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43
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Furlan G, Minowa T, Hanagata N, Kataoka-Hamai C, Kaizuka Y. Phosphatase CD45 both positively and negatively regulates T cell receptor phosphorylation in reconstituted membrane protein clusters. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28514-25. [PMID: 25128530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) phosphorylation requires the kinase Lck and phosphatase CD45. CD45 activates Lck by dephosphorylating an inhibitory tyrosine of Lck to relieve autoinhibition. However, CD45 also dephosphorylates the TCR, and the spatial exclusion of CD45 from TCR clustering in the plasma membrane appears to attenuate this negative effect of CD45. To further investigate the role of CD45 in signal initiation, we reconstituted membrane TCR clusters in vitro on supported lipid bilayers. Fluorescence microscopy of single clusters showed that incorporation of CD45 enhanced phosphorylation of TCR clusters, but only when Lck co-clustered with TCR. We found that clustered Lck autophosphorylated the inhibitory tyrosine and thus could be activated by CD45, whereas diffusive Lck molecules did not. In the TCR-Lck clusters and at low CD45 density, we speculate that the effect of Lck activation may overcome dephosphorylation of TCR, resulting in a net positive regulation. The CD45 density in physiological TCR clusters is also low because of the exclusion of CD45. Thus, we propose that the spatial organization of TCR/Lck/CD45 in T cell membranes is important not only for modulating the negative role of CD45 but also for creating conditions in which CD45 has a positive role in signal initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Furlan
- From the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Minowa
- From the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- From the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Chiho Kataoka-Hamai
- From the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kaizuka
- From the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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44
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Wu DJ, Zhou W, Enouz S, Orrú V, Stanford SM, Maine CJ, Rapini N, Sawatzke K, Engel I, Fiorillo E, Sherman LA, Kronenberg M, Zehn D, Peterson E, Bottini N. Autoimmunity-associated LYP-W620 does not impair thymic negative selection of autoreactive T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86677. [PMID: 24498279 PMCID: PMC3911918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A C1858T (R620W) variation in the PTPN22 gene encoding the tyrosine phosphatase LYP is a major risk factor for human autoimmunity. LYP is a known negative regulator of signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR), and murine Ptpn22 plays a role in thymic selection. However, the mechanism of action of the R620W variant in autoimmunity remains unclear. One model holds that LYP-W620 is a gain-of-function phosphatase that causes alterations in thymic negative selection and/or thymic output of regulatory T cells (Treg) through inhibition of thymic TCR signaling. To test this model, we generated mice in which the human LYP-W620 variant or its phosphatase-inactive mutant are expressed in developing thymocytes under control of the proximal Lck promoter. We found that LYP-W620 expression results in diminished thymocyte TCR signaling, thus modeling a "gain-of-function" of LYP at the signaling level. However, LYP-W620 transgenic mice display no alterations of thymic negative selection and no anomalies in thymic output of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg were detected in these mice. Lck promoter-directed expression of the human transgene also causes no alteration in thymic repertoire or increase in disease severity in a model of rheumatoid arthritis, which depends on skewed thymic selection of CD4(+) T cells. Our data suggest that a gain-of-function of LYP is unlikely to increase risk of autoimmunity through alterations of thymic selection and that LYP likely acts in the periphery perhaps selectively in regulatory T cells or in another cell type to increase risk of autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginine/genetics
- Autoimmunity
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/immunology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tryptophan/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Wu
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sarah Enouz
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Orrú
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Stephanie M. Stanford
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christian J. Maine
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Novella Rapini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristy Sawatzke
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Isaac Engel
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Edoardo Fiorillo
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mitch Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erik Peterson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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45
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Clayton KL, Haaland MS, Douglas-Vail MB, Mujib S, Chew GM, Ndhlovu LC, Ostrowski MA. T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 is recruited to the immune synapse, disrupts stable synapse formation, and associates with receptor phosphatases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:782-91. [PMID: 24337741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) CTLs are adept at killing virally infected cells and cancer cells and releasing cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ) to aid this response. However, during cancer and chronic viral infections, such as with HIV, this CTL response is progressively impaired due to a process called T cell exhaustion. Previous work has shown that the glycoprotein T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) plays a functional role in establishing T cell exhaustion. Tim-3 is highly upregulated on virus and tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, and antagonizing Tim-3 helps restore function of CD8(+) T cells. However, very little is known of how Tim-3 signals in CTLs. In this study, we assessed the role of Tim-3 at the immunological synapse as well as its interaction with proximal TCR signaling molecules in primary human CD8(+) T cells. Tim-3 was found within CD8(+) T cell lipid rafts at the immunological synapse. Blocking Tim-3 resulted in a significantly greater number of stable synapses being formed between Tim-3(hi)CD8(+) T cells and target cells, suggesting that Tim-3 plays a functional role in synapse formation. Further, we confirmed that Tim-3 interacts with Lck, but not the phospho-active form of Lck. Finally, Tim-3 colocalizes with receptor phosphatases CD45 and CD148, an interaction that is enhanced in the presence of the Tim-3 ligand, galectin-9. Thus, Tim-3 interacts with multiple signaling molecules at the immunological synapse, and characterizing these interactions could aid in the development of therapeutics to restore Tim-3-mediated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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46
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Tan YX, Zikherman J, Weiss A. Novel tools to dissect the dynamic regulation of TCR signaling by the kinase Csk and the phosphatase CD45. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 78:131-139. [PMID: 24100586 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the biochemical events induced by T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering have been well studied, both the mediators and function of basal signaling in T cells remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms by which MHC-peptide interaction with the TCR disrupt the basal equilibrium to induce downstream signaling are also unclear. Here we describe novel approaches to understand the basal state of T cells and the mechanisms of TCR triggering by perturbing regulation of the Src family kinases (SFKs). The SFKs are critical proximal mediators of TCR signaling that are in turn tightly regulated by the tyrosine kinase Csk and the receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase CD45. We have developed a small-molecule analog-sensitive allele of Csk and an allelic series of mice in which expression of CD45 is varied across a broad range. Our studies have unmasked contributions of Csk and CD45 to maintain the basal state of T cells and also suggest that dynamic regulation of Csk may be involved in TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xim Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Senis YA. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases: a new frontier in platelet signal transduction. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1800-13. [PMID: 24015866 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation must be tightly controlled in order to allow platelets to respond rapidly to vascular injury and prevent thrombosis from occurring. Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the main ways in which activation signals are transmitted in platelets. Although much is known about the protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that initiate and propagate activation signals, relatively little is known about the protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that modulate these signals in platelets. PTPs are a family of enzymes that dephosphorylate tyrosine residues in proteins and regulate signals transmitted within cells. PTPs have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes and autoimmunity, but their functions in hemostasis and thrombosis remain largely undefined. Exciting new findings from a number of groups have revealed that PTPs are in fact critical regulators of platelet activation and thrombosis. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the unique and important functions of PTPs in regulating platelet activity. Establishing the functions of PTPs in platelets is essential to better understand the molecular basis of thrombosis and may lead to the development of improved antithrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Caignard G, Leiva-Torres GA, Leney-Greene M, Charbonneau B, Dumaine A, Fodil-Cornu N, Pyzik M, Cingolani P, Schwartzentruber J, Dupaul-Chicoine J, Guo H, Saleh M, Veillette A, Lathrop M, Blanchette M, Majewski J, Pearson A, Vidal SM. Genome-wide mouse mutagenesis reveals CD45-mediated T cell function as critical in protective immunity to HSV-1. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003637. [PMID: 24068938 PMCID: PMC3771889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a lethal neurological disease resulting from infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1). Loss-of-function mutations in the UNC93B1, TLR3, TRIF, TRAF3, and TBK1 genes have been associated with a human genetic predisposition to HSE, demonstrating the UNC93B-TLR3-type I IFN pathway as critical in protective immunity to HSV-1. However, the TLR3, UNC93B1, and TRIF mutations exhibit incomplete penetrance and represent only a minority of HSE cases, perhaps reflecting the effects of additional host genetic factors. In order to identify new host genes, proteins and signaling pathways involved in HSV-1 and HSE susceptibility, we have implemented the first genome-wide mutagenesis screen in an in vivo HSV-1 infectious model. One pedigree (named P43) segregated a susceptible trait with a fully penetrant phenotype. Genetic mapping and whole exome sequencing led to the identification of the causative nonsense mutation L3X in the Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C gene (Ptprc(L3X)), which encodes for the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Expression of MCP1, IL-6, MMP3, MMP8, and the ICP4 viral gene were significantly increased in the brain stems of infected Ptprc(L3X) mice accounting for hyper-inflammation and pathological damages caused by viral replication. Ptprc(L3X) mutation drastically affects the early stages of thymocytes development but also the final stage of B cell maturation. Transfer of total splenocytes from heterozygous littermates into Ptprc(L3X) mice resulted in a complete HSV-1 protective effect. Furthermore, T cells were the only cell population to fully restore resistance to HSV-1 in the mutants, an effect that required both the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and could be attributed to function of CD4⁺ T helper 1 (Th1) cells in CD8⁺ T cell recruitment to the site of infection. Altogether, these results revealed the CD45-mediated T cell function as potentially critical for infection and viral spread to the brain, and also for subsequent HSE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Caignard
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michael Leney-Greene
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Charbonneau
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Dumaine
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nassima Fodil-Cornu
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Huaijian Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- School of Computer Science and McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angela Pearson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Byrum JN, Van Komen JS, Rodgers W. CD28 sensitizes TCR Ca²⁺ signaling during Ag-independent polarization of plasma membrane rafts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3073-81. [PMID: 23966623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T cells become polarized during initial interactions with an APC to form an Ag-independent synapse (AIS) composed of membrane rafts, TCR, and TCR-proximal signaling molecules. AISs occur temporally before TCR triggering, but their role in downstream TCR signaling is not understood. Using both human and murine model systems, we studied the signals that activate AIS formation and the effect of these signals on TCR-dependent responses. We show that CD28 produces AISs detectable by spinning disc confocal microscopy seconds following initial interactions between the T cell and APC. AIS formation by CD28 coincided with costimulatory signaling, evidenced by a cholesterol-sensitive activation of the MAPK ERK that potentiated Ca²⁺ signaling in response to CD3 cross-linking. CD45 also enriched in AISs but to modulate Src kinase activity, because localization of CD45 at the cell interface reduced the activation of proximal Lck. In summary, we show that signaling by CD28 during first encounters between the T cell and APC both sensitizes TCR Ca²⁺ signaling by an Erk-dependent mechanism and drives formation of an AIS that modulates the early signaling until TCR triggering occurs. Thus, early Ag-independent encounters are an important window for optimizing T cell responses to Ag by CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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50
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Andrews TD, Whittle B, Field MA, Balakishnan B, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Cho V, Kirk M, Singh M, Xia Y, Hager J, Winslade S, Sjollema G, Beutler B, Enders A, Goodnow CC. Massively parallel sequencing of the mouse exome to accurately identify rare, induced mutations: an immediate source for thousands of new mouse models. Open Biol 2013; 2:120061. [PMID: 22724066 PMCID: PMC3376740 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of sparse heterozygous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) is a critical challenge for identifying the causative mutations in mouse genetic screens, human genetic diseases and cancer. When seeking to identify causal DNA variants that occur at such low rates, they are overwhelmed by false-positive calls that arise from a range of technical and biological sources. We describe a strategy using whole-exome capture, massively parallel DNA sequencing and computational analysis, which identifies with a low false-positive rate the majority of heterozygous and homozygous SNVs arising de novo with a frequency of one nucleotide substitution per megabase in progeny of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutated C57BL/6j mice. We found that by applying a strategy of filtering raw SNV calls against known and platform-specific variants we could call true SNVs with a false-positive rate of 19.4 per cent and an estimated false-negative rate of 21.3 per cent. These error rates are small enough to enable calling a causative mutation from both homozygous and heterozygous candidate mutation lists with little or no further experimental validation. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by identifying the causative mutation in the Ptprc gene in a lymphocyte-deficient strain and in 11 other strains with immune disorders or obesity, without the need for meiotic mapping. Exome sequencing of first-generation mutant mice revealed hundreds of unphenotyped protein-changing mutations, 52 per cent of which are predicted to be deleterious, which now become available for breeding and experimental analysis. We show that exome sequencing data alone are sufficient to identify induced mutations. This approach transforms genetic screens in mice, establishes a general strategy for analysing rare DNA variants and opens up a large new source for experimental models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Andrews
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Australian National University, GPO Box 334, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory, 2601 , Australia.
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