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Grasberger P, Sondrini AR, Clayton KL. Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 38167784 PMCID: PMC10908255 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of insights about how CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn. RECENT FINDINGS Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grasberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | | | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
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2
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Huang YH, Zhu C, Kondo Y, Anderson AC, Gandhi A, Russell A, Dougan SK, Petersen BS, Melum E, Pertel T, Clayton KL, Raab M, Chen Q, Beauchemin N, Yazaki PJ, Pyzik M, Ostrowski MA, Glickman JN, Rudd CE, Ploegh HL, Franke A, Petsko GA, Kuchroo VK, Blumberg RS. Author Correction: CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion. Nature 2024; 626:E19. [PMID: 38336833 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chen Zhu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amit Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Russell
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, 02454, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Britt-Sabina Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Espen Melum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Pathology, Cell Signalling Section, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- Beckman Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, 91010, California, USA
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | | | - Christopher E Rudd
- Department of Pathology, Cell Signalling Section, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, 02454, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA.
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Clayton KL, Mylvaganam G, Villasmil-Ocando A, Stuart H, Maus MV, Rashidian M, Ploegh HL, Walker BD. HIV-infected macrophages resist efficient NK cell-mediated killing while preserving inflammatory cytokine responses. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:435-447.e9. [PMID: 33571449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytolytic effectors that target HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. In conjunction with antibodies recognizing the HIV envelope, NK cells also eliminate HIV-infected targets through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, how these NK cell functions impact infected macrophages is less understood. We show that HIV-infected macrophages resist NK cell-mediated killing. Compared with HIV-infected CD4+ T cells, initial innate NK cell interactions with HIV-infected macrophages skew the response toward cytokine production, rather than release of cytolytic contents, causing inefficient elimination of infected macrophages. Studies with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells demonstrate that the viral envelope is equally accessible on CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Nonetheless, ADCC against macrophages is muted compared with ADCC against CD4+ T cells. Thus, HIV-infected macrophages employ mechanisms to evade immediate cytolytic NK cell function while preserving inflammatory cytokine responses. These findings emphasize the importance of eliminating infected macrophages for HIV cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Geetha Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | | | - Heather Stuart
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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4
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. Cell 2021; 184:476-488.e11. [PMID: 33412089 PMCID: PMC7837114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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5
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. medRxiv 2020:2020.10.15.20213512. [PMID: 33106822 PMCID: PMC7587842 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.20213512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, and high anti-RBD antibody levels. While anti-RBD IgG levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting protection from reinfection by this strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera was unable to cross-neutralize a highly-homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, that has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mandakolathur R. Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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6
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Yuan Y, Brouchon J, Calvo-Calle JM, Xia J, Sun L, Zhang X, Clayton KL, Ye F, Weitz DA, Heyman JA. Droplet encapsulation improves accuracy of immune cell cytokine capture assays. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1513-1520. [PMID: 32242586 PMCID: PMC7313394 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of cell-secreted molecules, e.g., cytokines, is fundamental to the characterization of immune responses. Cytokine capture assays that use engineered antibodies to anchor the secreted molecules to the secreting cells are widely used to characterize immune responses because they allow both sensitive identification and recovery of viable responding cells. However, if the cytokines diffuse away from the secreting cells, non-secreting cells will also be identified as responding cells. Here we encapsulate immune cells in microfluidic droplets and perform in-droplet cytokine capture assays to limit the diffusion of the secreted cytokines. We use microfluidic devices to rapidly encapsulate single natural killer NK-92 MI cells and their target K562 cells into microfluidic droplets. We perform in-droplet IFN-γ capture assays and demonstrate that NK-92 MI cells recognize target cells within droplets and become activated to secrete IFN-γ. Droplet encapsulation prevents diffusion of secreted products to neighboring cells and dramatically reduces both false positives and false negatives, relative to assays performed without droplets. In a sample containing 1% true positives, encapsulation reduces, from 94% to 2%, the number of true-positive cells appearing as negatives; in a sample containing 50% true positives, the number of non-stimulated cells appearing as positives is reduced from 98% to 1%. After cells are released from the droplets, secreted cytokine remains captured onto secreting immune cells, enabling FACS-isolation of populations highly enriched for activated effector immune cells. Droplet encapsulation can be used to reduce background and improve detection of any single-cell secretion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Clayton KL, Collins DR, Lengieza J, Ghebremichael M, Dotiwala F, Lieberman J, Walker BD. Resistance of HIV-infected macrophages to CD8 + T lymphocyte-mediated killing drives activation of the immune system. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:475-486. [PMID: 29670239 PMCID: PMC6025741 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes are the principal target of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but infected macrophages also contribute to viral pathogenesis. The killing of infected cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) leads to control of viral replication. Here we found that the killing of macrophages by CTLs was impaired relative to the killing of CD4+ T cells by CTLs, and this resulted in inefficient suppression of HIV. The killing of macrophages depended on caspase-3 and granzyme B, whereas the rapid killing of CD4+ T cells was caspase independent and did not require granzyme B. Moreover, the impaired killing of macrophages was associated with prolonged effector cell-target cell contact time and higher expression of interferon-γ by CTLs, which induced macrophage production of pro-inflammatory chemokines that recruited monocytes and T cells. Similar results were obtained when macrophages presented other viral antigens, suggestive of a general mechanism for macrophage persistence as antigen-presenting cells that enhance inflammation and adaptive immunity. Inefficient killing of macrophages by CTLs might contribute to chronic inflammation, a hallmark of chronic disease caused by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Josh Lengieza
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. .,Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Clayton KL, Ostrowski MM. Editorial: Countering immune regulation: sTim-ulating SLE disease pathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1286-1288. [PMID: 29191867 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ce0717-279rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Mario M Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells represent the major reservoir of persistent HIV and SIV infection, accumulating evidence suggests that macrophages also contribute. However, investigations of the role of macrophages are often underrepresented at HIV pathogenesis and cure meetings. This was the impetus for a scientific workshop dedicated to this area of study, held in Cambridge, MA in January 2017. The workshop brought together experts in the fields of HIV/SIV immunology and virology, macrophage biology and immunology, and animal models of HIV/SIV infection to discuss the role of macrophages as a physiologically relevant viral reservoir, and the implications of macrophage infection for HIV pathogenesis and strategies for cure. While still controversial, there is an emerging theory that infected macrophages likely persist in the setting of combination antiretroviral therapy. These macrophages could then drive persistent inflammation and contribute to the viral reservoir, which indicates the importance of addressing macrophages as well as CD4+ T cells with future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.,Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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10
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Schwartz JA, Clayton KL, Mujib S, Zhang H, Rahman AKMNU, Liu J, Yue FY, Benko E, Kovacs C, Ostrowski MA. Tim-3 is a Marker of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Dysfunction during HIV Infection and Is Associated with the Recruitment of IRF7 and p85 into Lysosomes and with the Submembrane Displacement of TLR9. J Immunol 2017; 198:3181-3194. [PMID: 28264968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In chronic diseases, such as HIV infection, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are rendered dysfunctional, as measured by their decreased capacity to produce IFN-α. In this study, we identified elevated levels of T cell Ig and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (Tim-3)-expressing pDCs in the blood of HIV-infected donors. The frequency of Tim-3-expressing pDCs correlated inversely with CD4 T cell counts and positively with HIV viral loads. A lower frequency of pDCs expressing Tim-3 produced IFN-α or TNF-α in response to the TLR7 agonists imiquimod and Sendai virus and to the TLR9 agonist CpG. Thus, Tim-3 may serve as a biomarker of pDC dysfunction in HIV infection. The source and function of Tim-3 was investigated on enriched pDC populations from donors not infected with HIV. Tim-3 induction was achieved in response to viral and artificial stimuli, as well as exogenous IFN-α, and was PI3K dependent. Potent pDC-activating stimuli, such as CpG, imiquimod, and Sendai virus, induced the most Tim-3 expression and subsequent dysfunction. Small interfering RNA knockdown of Tim-3 increased IFN-α secretion in response to activation. Intracellular Tim-3, as measured by confocal microscopy, was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm prior to activation. Postactivation, Tim-3 accumulated at the plasma membrane and associated with disrupted TLR9 at the submembrane. Tim-3-expressing pDCs had reduced IRF7 levels. Furthermore, intracellular Tim-3 colocalized with p85 and IRF7 within LAMP1+ lysosomes, suggestive of a role in degradation. We conclude that Tim-3 is a biomarker of dysfunctional pDCs and may negatively regulate IFN-α, possibly through interference with TLR signaling and recruitment of IRF7 and p85 into lysosomes, enhancing their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Ari Schwartz
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shariq Mujib
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - A K M Nur-Ur Rahman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Clinic, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Clinic, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Clinical Science Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
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11
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Huang YH, Zhu C, Kondo Y, Anderson AC, Gandhi A, Russell A, Dougan SK, Petersen BS, Melum E, Pertel T, Clayton KL, Raab M, Chen Q, Beauchemin N, Yazaki PJ, Pyzik M, Ostrowski MA, Glickman JN, Rudd CE, Ploegh HL, Franke A, Petsko GA, Kuchroo VK, Blumberg RS. Corrigendum: CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion. Nature 2016; 536:359. [PMID: 26982724 DOI: 10.1038/nature17421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Chew GM, Fujita T, Webb GM, Burwitz BJ, Wu HL, Reed JS, Hammond KB, Clayton KL, Ishii N, Abdel-Mohsen M, Liegler T, Mitchell BI, Hecht FM, Ostrowski M, Shikuma CM, Hansen SG, Maurer M, Korman AJ, Deeks SG, Sacha JB, Ndhlovu LC. TIGIT Marks Exhausted T Cells, Correlates with Disease Progression, and Serves as a Target for Immune Restoration in HIV and SIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005349. [PMID: 26741490 PMCID: PMC4704737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces phenotypic and functional changes to CD8+ T cells defined by the coordinated upregulation of a series of negative checkpoint receptors that eventually result in T cell exhaustion and failure to control viral replication. We report that effector CD8+ T cells during HIV infection in blood and SIV infection in lymphoid tissue exhibit higher levels of the negative checkpoint receptor TIGIT. Increased frequencies of TIGIT+ and TIGIT+ PD-1+ CD8+ T cells correlated with parameters of HIV and SIV disease progression. TIGIT remained elevated despite viral suppression in those with either pharmacological antiretroviral control or immunologically in elite controllers. HIV and SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were dysfunctional and expressed high levels of TIGIT and PD-1. Ex-vivo single or combinational antibody blockade of TIGIT and/or PD-L1 restored viral-specific CD8+ T cell effector responses. The frequency of TIGIT+ CD4+ T cells correlated with the CD4+ T cell total HIV DNA. These findings identify TIGIT as a novel marker of dysfunctional HIV-specific T cells and suggest TIGIT along with other checkpoint receptors may be novel curative HIV targets to reverse T cell exhaustion. HIV-1 infection contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality, with no immediate promise of an effective vaccine. One major obstacle to vaccine development and therapy is to understand why HIV-1 replication persists in a person despite the presence of viral specific immune responses. The emerging consensus has been that these immune cells are functionally ‘exhausted’ or anergic, and thus, although they can recognize HIV-1 specific target cells, they are unable to effectively keep up with rapid and dynamic viral replication in an individual. We have identified a novel combination pathway that can be targeted, TIGIT and PD-L1which may be responsible, at least in part, for making these immune cells dysfunctional and exhausted and thus unable to control the virus. We show that by blocking the TIGIT and PD-L1 pathway, we can reverse the defects of these viral specific immune cells. Our findings will give new directions to vaccines and therapies that will potentially reverse these dysfunctional cells and allow them to control HIV-1 replication, but also serve in “Shock and Kill” HIV curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen M. Chew
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gabriela M. Webb
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teri Liegler
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark Maurer
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Korman
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Huang YH, Zhu C, Kondo Y, Anderson AC, Gandhi A, Russell A, Dougan SK, Petersen BS, Melum E, Pertel T, Clayton KL, Raab M, Chen Q, Beauchemin N, Yazaki PJ, Pyzik M, Ostrowski MA, Glickman JN, Rudd CE, Ploegh HL, Franke A, Petsko GA, Kuchroo VK, Blumberg RS. CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion. Nature 2015; 517:386-90. [PMID: 25363763 PMCID: PMC4297519 DOI: 10.1038/nature13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3, also known as HAVCR2) is an activation-induced inhibitory molecule involved in tolerance and shown to induce T-cell exhaustion in chronic viral infection and cancers. Under some conditions, TIM-3 expression has also been shown to be stimulatory. Considering that TIM-3, like cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1), is being targeted for cancer immunotherapy, it is important to identify the circumstances under which TIM-3 can inhibit and activate T-cell responses. Here we show that TIM-3 is co-expressed and forms a heterodimer with carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), another well-known molecule expressed on activated T cells and involved in T-cell inhibition. Biochemical, biophysical and X-ray crystallography studies show that the membrane-distal immunoglobulin-variable (IgV)-like amino-terminal domain of each is crucial to these interactions. The presence of CEACAM1 endows TIM-3 with inhibitory function. CEACAM1 facilitates the maturation and cell surface expression of TIM-3 by forming a heterodimeric interaction in cis through the highly related membrane-distal N-terminal domains of each molecule. CEACAM1 and TIM-3 also bind in trans through their N-terminal domains. Both cis and trans interactions between CEACAM1 and TIM-3 determine the tolerance-inducing function of TIM-3. In a mouse adoptive transfer colitis model, CEACAM1-deficient T cells are hyper-inflammatory with reduced cell surface expression of TIM-3 and regulatory cytokines, and this is restored by T-cell-specific CEACAM1 expression. During chronic viral infection and in a tumour environment, CEACAM1 and TIM-3 mark exhausted T cells. Co-blockade of CEACAM1 and TIM-3 leads to enhancement of anti-tumour immune responses with improved elimination of tumours in mouse colorectal cancer models. Thus, CEACAM1 serves as a heterophilic ligand for TIM-3 that is required for its ability to mediate T-cell inhibition, and this interaction has a crucial role in regulating autoimmunity and anti-tumour immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligands
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Mucous Membrane/pathology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chen Zhu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amit Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Russell
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Britt-Sabina Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Espen Melum
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Monika Raab
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nicole Beauchemin
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul J Yazaki
- Beckman Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada [2] Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | | | - Christopher E Rudd
- Cell Signalling Section, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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14
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Fujita T, Burwitz BJ, Chew GM, Reed JS, Pathak R, Seger E, Clayton KL, Rini JM, Ostrowski MA, Ishii N, Kuroda MJ, Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Ndhlovu LC. Expansion of dysfunctional Tim-3-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells during simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. J Immunol 2014; 193:5576-83. [PMID: 25348621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The T cell Ig- and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) negative immune checkpoint receptor demarcates functionally exhausted CD8(+) T cells arising from chronic stimulation in viral infections like HIV. Tim-3 blockade leads to improved antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses in vitro and, therefore, represents a novel intervention strategy to restore T cell function in vivo and protect from disease progression. However, the Tim-3 pathway in the physiologically relevant rhesus macaque SIV model of AIDS remains uncharacterized. We report that Tim-3(+)CD8(+) T cell frequencies are significantly increased in lymph nodes, but not in peripheral blood, in SIV-infected animals. Tim-3(+)PD-1(+)CD8(+) T cells are similarly increased during SIV infection and positively correlate with SIV plasma viremia. Tim-3 expression was found primarily on effector memory CD8(+) T cells in all tissues examined. Tim-3(+)CD8(+) T cells have lower Ki-67 content and minimal cytokine responses to SIV compared with Tim-3(-)CD8(+) T cells. During acute-phase SIV replication, Tim-3 expression peaked on SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells by 2 wk postinfection and then rapidly diminished, irrespective of mutational escape of cognate Ag, suggesting non-TCR-driven mechanisms for Tim-3 expression. Thus, rhesus Tim-3 in SIV infection partially mimics human Tim-3 in HIV infection and may serve as a novel model for targeted studies focused on rejuvenating HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Glen M Chew
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Reesab Pathak
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Elizabeth Seger
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813;
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15
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Clayton KL, Haaland MS, Douglas-Vail MB, Mujib S, Chew GM, Ndhlovu LC, Ostrowski MA. T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 is recruited to the immune synapse, disrupts stable synapse formation, and associates with receptor phosphatases. J Immunol 2013; 192:782-91. [PMID: 24337741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) CTLs are adept at killing virally infected cells and cancer cells and releasing cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ) to aid this response. However, during cancer and chronic viral infections, such as with HIV, this CTL response is progressively impaired due to a process called T cell exhaustion. Previous work has shown that the glycoprotein T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) plays a functional role in establishing T cell exhaustion. Tim-3 is highly upregulated on virus and tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, and antagonizing Tim-3 helps restore function of CD8(+) T cells. However, very little is known of how Tim-3 signals in CTLs. In this study, we assessed the role of Tim-3 at the immunological synapse as well as its interaction with proximal TCR signaling molecules in primary human CD8(+) T cells. Tim-3 was found within CD8(+) T cell lipid rafts at the immunological synapse. Blocking Tim-3 resulted in a significantly greater number of stable synapses being formed between Tim-3(hi)CD8(+) T cells and target cells, suggesting that Tim-3 plays a functional role in synapse formation. Further, we confirmed that Tim-3 interacts with Lck, but not the phospho-active form of Lck. Finally, Tim-3 colocalizes with receptor phosphatases CD45 and CD148, an interaction that is enhanced in the presence of the Tim-3 ligand, galectin-9. Thus, Tim-3 interacts with multiple signaling molecules at the immunological synapse, and characterizing these interactions could aid in the development of therapeutics to restore Tim-3-mediated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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16
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Acerini CL, Clayton KL, Hintz R, Baker B, Watts A, Holly JM, Dunger DB. Serum insulin-like growth factor II levels in normal adolescents and those with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 45:13-9. [PMID: 8796133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unlike IGF-I and its principal binding proteins, data regarding IGF-II levels have not been well defined in normal subjects and those with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We have therefore measured IGF-II, as well as IGF-I, and IGFBP-3, levels in a large cohort of subjects with IDDM and in age/sex matched controls. PATIENTS One hundred and fourteen patients with IDDM (57 males, 57 females) and 89 control subjects (49 males, 40 females). MEASUREMENTS Random blood samples were obtained from each subject for the measurement of IGF-II, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels. RESULTS Mean values of IGF-II (+/- SEM) were 630 (+/- 27.8) micrograms/l and 646 (+/- 32.3) micrograms/l in female and male controls, compared to 569 (+/- 23.3) micrograms/l and 623.3 (+/- 28.1) micrograms/l in female and male diabetics respectively. IGF-II levels did not differ significantly between the sexes or show any change with transition through puberty in either control or diabetic groups. In contrast, IGF-I levels increased through puberty peaking at stages 3-5 in controls (P < 0.001) and G4-5 (P = 0.002) in diabetic males but not females. IGF-I levels in all diabetics were generally lower than in controls, differences reaching significance at G4-5 in males (P = 0.002) and B5 in females (P = 0.002). IGFBP-3 levels did not show any variation with puberty stage in diabetics, in contrast to controls where levels increased, peaking at G4-5 in males (P = 0.001) and B3 in females. IGFBP-3 levels were lower in diabetics of both sexes and at all stages compared to controls (P range 0.047 to < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed significant correlations between IGF-II and IGFBP-3 (F = 20.1, P = < 0.001) and reaffirmed previously observed associations for IGF-I and IGFBP-3. The sum of IGF-I and IGF-II (expressed as nmol/l) correlated with IGFBP-3; r = 0.47 in controls and 0.60 in diabetics. CONCLUSIONS Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is not associated with any significant changes in IGF-II levels during puberty. The binding of IGFBP-3 for both IGF-I and IGF-II is unaltered by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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17
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Clayton KL, Holly JM, Carlsson LM, Jones J, Cheetham TD, Taylor AM, Dunger DB. Loss of the normal relationships between growth hormone, growth hormone-binding protein and insulin-like growth factor-I in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 41:517-24. [PMID: 7955462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been proposed that the dissociation between growth hormone secretion and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus arises because of partial resistance at the GH receptor. In order to explore this hypothesis further we have examined the relations between IGF-I, GH-binding protein (GHBP), and GH secretion in normal subjects and patients with diabetes during puberty. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Blood samples for the estimation of IGF-I and GHBP levels were obtained from 104 patients with diabetes and 89 puberty matched controls. Thirty-four of the controls and 42 of the patients with diabetes also underwent an overnight GH secretory profile with measurements of GH every 15-20 minutes between 2000 and 0800 h. RESULTS In multivariate analysis using sex, puberty stage, and presence or absence of diabetes as dependent variables, diabetes was associated with increased GH levels (F = 23.04, P < 0.001), reduced IGF-I (F = 10.89, P < 0.001), and reduced GHBP levels (F = 31.36, P < 0.001). A negative relation between GH and GHBP levels (r = -0.44, P < 0.01) was found in normal subjects but this was absent in those with diabetes. Both GHBP and IGF-I levels in the diabetic subjects were correlated with total insulin dose (r = 0.4, P < 0.001, and r = 0.46, P < 0.001, respectively). Yet there was no direct correlation between GHBP and IGF-I concentrations. The variation in IGF-I levels was also related to glycosylated haemoglobin levels in the diabetics (r = -0.27, P = 0.01). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis insulin dose contributed 23%, HbA1 4.4% and C-peptide levels 3.7% to the variation in IGF-I levels. CONCLUSIONS In adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, the elevated GH concentrations are associated with low circulating IGF-I and GHBP concentrations and the normal reciprocal relation between GHBP and GH is no longer evident. Although IGF-I and GHBP are both related to insulin dose, there is no direct correlation between these variables. This may indicate that GHBP reflects GH receptor numbers but not necessarily post receptor events, and the weak positive correlation between GH and IGF-I indicates that increased growth hormone secretion may compensate for reduced receptor numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Clayton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, UK
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18
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Cheetham TD, Clayton KL, Taylor AM, Holly J, Matthews DR, Dunger DB. The effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on growth hormone secretion in adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 40:515-22. [PMID: 8187319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been proposed that low IGF-I levels and reduced IGF-I bioactivity may lead to elevated GH levels in adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM). We have therefore studied the effects of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) administration on GH levels and GH secretion in adolescents with IDDM. PATIENTS Nine late pubertal adolescents (four male and five female) with IDDM. DESIGN A double-blind placebo controlled study of rhIGF-I administered subcutaneously in a dose of 40 micrograms/kg body weight at 1800 h. MEASUREMENTS IGF-I and GH concentrations were measured at regular intervals throughout the study. Twenty-two hour GH secretory rates were calculated by deconvolution analysis. Overnight GH profiles were analysed by distribution analysis, and Fourier transformations were performed on both overnight GH concentrations and GH secretory rates. RESULTS Mean IGF-I levels over the 22-hour study period were significantly elevated following rhIGF-I administration (350 +/- 26 vs 205 +/- 21 micrograms/l (mean +/- SEM), P < 0.01). Mean 22-hour GH levels were reduced following rhIGF-I administration (19.4 +/- 4.0 compared with 33.6 +/- 5.8 mU/l; P = 0.01). Distribution analysis demonstrated that the reduction in GH levels was due to changes in the proportion of values at both high and low concentrations. Deconvolution analysis also revealed a significant overall reduction in GH secretory rate following IGF-I administration (1.81 +/- 0.30 vs 2.98 +/- 0.47 mU/min, P = 0.01) which was still apparent during the final 5.5 hours of the study period (1.51 +/- 0.30 vs 2.76 +/- 0.61 mU/min, P = 0.02). The dominant periodicity of GH secretory episodes as determined by Fourier transformation was between 120 and 180 minutes after both IGF-I and placebo. CONCLUSIONS In late pubertal adolescents with IDDM the rise in IGF-I levels following rhIGF-I administration in a subcutaneous dose of 40 micrograms/kg body weight leads to a significant reduction in GH levels and GH secretory rate. The reduction in GH secretion is due to changes in pulse amplitude rather than frequency. A reduction in GH secretion was apparent at the beginning and also towards the end of the 22-hour study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Cheetham
- Department of Paediatrics John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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19
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Abstract
The growth of 184 children with Type 1 diabetes was analysed using data collected prospectively in the Oxford district between 1969 and 1992. The overall mean height standard deviation score (Ht SDS +/- SD) at diagnosis was 0.35 +/- 1.05 which was significantly greater than the national standard of Tanner (1966). However, there is evidence of a secular trend in the heights of Oxford children over the last 20 years when compared with Tanner. When data from children with diabetes were compared with local controls, it was only the children aged 5-10 years at diagnosis who were taller (Ht SDS +/- SD, 0.58 +/- 1.14, versus 0.31 +/- 0.90, n = 73, p < 0.05). Those diagnosed under the age of 5 years (n = 37) were shorter (Ht SDS 0.12 +/- 0.93) and those diagnosed aged more than 10 years (n = 74) were similar in size (Ht SDS 0.22 +/- 0.98) to controls. These differences could not be explained by social class. Loss of height occurred between diagnosis and puberty, particularly in those diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 10 years. The pubertal growth spurt was blunted in all groups but this abnormality was more profound in the girls (mean peak height velocity SDS -1.09 +/- 1.02, p < 0.0005) than in the boys (mean peak height volocity SDS -0.5 +/- 1.14, p < 0.025). The mean final height SDS was -0.74 +/- 0.96 in those diagnosed < 5 years, 0.00 +/- 1.26 in those diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 10 years and 0.09 +/- 1.10 in those aged more than 10 years at diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brown
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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