1
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Wuo M, Dugan AE, Halim M, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Caradonna TM, Zhang S, Pepi LE, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Alter G, Garcia-Beltran WF, Azadi P, Hung D, Schmidt AG, Kiessling LL. Lectin Fingerprinting Distinguishes Antibody Neutralization in SARS-CoV-2. ACS Cent Sci 2023; 9:947-956. [PMID: 37252360 PMCID: PMC10214521 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses co-opt host glycosylation pathways to decorate their surface proteins. As viruses evolve, emerging strains can modify their glycosylation patterns to influence host interactions and subvert immune recognition. Still, changes in viral glycosylation or their impact on antibody protection cannot be predicted from genomic sequences alone. Using the highly glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as a model system, we present a lectin fingerprinting method that rapidly reports on changes in variant glycosylation state, which are linked to antibody neutralization. In the presence of antibodies or convalescent and vaccinated patient sera, unique lectin fingerprints emerge that distinguish neutralizing versus non-neutralizing antibodies. This information could not be inferred from direct binding interactions between antibodies and the Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) binding data alone. Comparative glycoproteomics of the Spike RBD of wild-type (Wuhan-Hu-1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants reveal O-glycosylation differences as a key determinant of immune recognition differences. These data underscore the interplay between viral glycosylation and immune recognition and reveal lectin fingerprinting to be a rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput assay to distinguish the neutralization potential of antibodies that target critical viral glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
G. Wuo
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amanda E. Dugan
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melanie Halim
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuting Zhang
- The
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lauren E. Pepi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Deb Hung
- The
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon
Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Koch
Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Yang L, Caradonna TM, Schmidt AG, Chakraborty AK. Mechanisms that promote the evolution of cross-reactive antibodies upon vaccination with designed influenza immunogens. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112160. [PMID: 36867533 PMCID: PMC10184763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogens that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the conserved receptor-binding site (RBS) on influenza hemagglutinin may serve as candidates for a universal influenza vaccine. Here, we develop a computational model to interrogate antibody evolution by affinity maturation after immunization with two types of immunogens: a heterotrimeric "chimera" hemagglutinin that is enriched for the RBS epitope relative to other B cell epitopes and a cocktail composed of three non-epitope-enriched homotrimers of the monomers that comprise the chimera. Experiments in mice find that the chimera outperforms the cocktail for eliciting RBS-directed antibodies. We show that this result follows from an interplay between how B cells engage these antigens and interact with diverse helper T cells and requires T cell-mediated selection of germinal center B cells to be a stringent constraint. Our results shed light on antibody evolution and highlight how immunogen design and T cells modulate vaccination outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leerang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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3
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, Seo HS, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Song K, Xu AZ, Barman S, Menon M, Dong D, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Yu J, Chang A, Hilgers L, Platenburg PP, Dhe-Paganon S, Barouch DH, Ozonoff A, Zanoni I, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate: oil-in-water adjuvant enhances SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoparticle-induced immunogenicity and protection in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:18. [PMID: 36788219 PMCID: PMC9927065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that protect vulnerable populations is a public health priority. Here, we took a systematic and iterative approach by testing several adjuvants and SARS-CoV-2 antigens to identify a combination that elicits antibodies and protection in young and aged mice. While demonstrating superior immunogenicity to soluble receptor-binding domain (RBD), RBD displayed as a protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP) generated limited antibody responses. Comparison of multiple adjuvants including AddaVax, AddaS03, and AS01B in young and aged mice demonstrated that an oil-in-water emulsion containing carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate derivative (CMS:O/W) most effectively enhanced RBD-NP-induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and protection across age groups. CMS:O/W enhanced antigen retention in the draining lymph node, induced injection site, and lymph node cytokines, with CMS inducing MyD88-dependent Th1 cytokine polarization. Furthermore, CMS and O/W synergistically induced chemokine production from human PBMCs. Overall, CMS:O/W adjuvant may enhance immunogenicity and protection of vulnerable populations against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Present Address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kijun Song
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Danica Dong
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Caradonna TM, Ronsard L, Yousif AS, Windsor IW, Hecht R, Bracamonte-Moreno T, Roffler AA, Maron MJ, Maurer DP, Feldman J, Marchiori E, Barnes RM, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Oguin TH, Sempowski GD, Kepler TB, Kuraoka M, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG. An epitope-enriched immunogen expands responses to a conserved viral site. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111628. [PMID: 36351401 PMCID: PMC9883670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens evade host humoral responses by accumulating mutations in surface antigens. While variable, there are conserved regions that cannot mutate without compromising fitness. Antibodies targeting these conserved epitopes are often broadly protective but remain minor components of the repertoire. Rational immunogen design leverages a structural understanding of viral antigens to modulate humoral responses to favor these responses. Here, we report an epitope-enriched immunogen presenting a higher copy number of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding site (RBS) epitope relative to other B cell epitopes. Immunization in a partially humanized murine model imprinted with an H1 influenza shows H1-specific serum and >99% H1-specific B cells being RBS-directed. Single B cell analyses show a genetically restricted response that structural analysis defines as RBS-directed antibodies engaging the RBS with germline-encoded contacts. These data show how epitope enrichment expands B cell responses toward conserved epitopes and advances immunogen design approaches for next-generation viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Rachel Hecht
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Anne A Roffler
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Max J Maron
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel P Maurer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elisa Marchiori
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Daniel Rohrer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Thomas H Oguin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27703, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC 27703, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Hauser BM, Sangesland M, St Denis KJ, Lam EC, Case JB, Windsor IW, Feldman J, Caradonna TM, Kannegieter T, Diamond MS, Balazs AB, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG. Rationally designed immunogens enable immune focusing following SARS-CoV-2 spike imprinting. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110561. [PMID: 35303475 PMCID: PMC8898741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliciting antibodies to surface-exposed viral glycoproteins can generate protective responses that control and prevent future infections. Targeting conserved sites may reduce the likelihood of viral escape and limit the spread of related viruses with pandemic potential. Here we leverage rational immunogen design to focus humoral responses on conserved epitopes. Using glycan engineering and epitope scaffolding in boosting immunogens, we focus murine serum antibody responses to conserved receptor binding motif (RBM) and receptor binding domain (RBD) epitopes following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike imprinting. Although all engineered immunogens elicit a robust SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing serum response, RBM-focusing immunogens exhibit increased potency against related sarbecoviruses, SARS-CoV, WIV1-CoV, RaTG13-CoV, and SHC014-CoV; structural characterization of representative antibodies defines a conserved epitope. RBM-focused sera confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Thus, RBM focusing is a promising strategy to elicit breadth across emerging sarbecoviruses without compromising SARS-CoV-2 protection. These engineering strategies are adaptable to other viral glycoproteins for targeting conserved epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maya Sangesland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian W Windsor
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Ty Kannegieter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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6
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Haupt RE, Seo HS, van Haren SD, Cavazzoni CB, Brook B, Barman S, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Doss-Gollin S, De Leon M, Prevost-Reilly A, Chew K, Menon M, Song K, Xu AZ, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Sherman AC, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Weston SM, Johnson RM, Hammond HL, Mayer R, Burke A, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Strych U, Chang A, Yu J, Sage PT, Barouch DH, Dhe-Paganon S, Zanoni I, Ozonoff A, Frieman MB, Levy O, Dowling DJ. An aluminum hydroxide:CpG adjuvant enhances protection elicited by a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain vaccine in aged mice. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj5305. [PMID: 34783582 PMCID: PMC10176044 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global deployment of vaccines that can provide protection across several age groups is still urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 based on mRNA and adenoviral vector technologies have been rapidly developed, additional practical and scalable SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are required to meet global demand. Protein subunit vaccines formulated with appropriate adjuvants represent an approach to address this urgent need. The receptor binding domain (RBD) is a key target of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies but is poorly immunogenic. We therefore compared pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists alone or formulated with aluminum hydroxide (AH) and benchmarked them against AS01B and AS03-like emulsion-based adjuvants for their potential to enhance RBD immunogenicity in young and aged mice. We found that an AH and CpG adjuvant formulation (AH:CpG) produced an 80-fold increase in anti-RBD neutralizing antibody titers in both age groups relative to AH alone and protected aged mice from the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 (beta) variant at serum concentrations comparable to those induced by the licensed Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. AH:CpG induced similar cytokine and chemokine gene enrichment patterns in the draining lymph nodes of both young adult and aged mice and enhanced cytokine and chemokine production in human mononuclear cells of younger and older adults. These data support further development of AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD as an affordable vaccine that may be effective across multiple age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Present address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Yoshine Saito
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Robert E. Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Simon D. van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Cecilia B. Cavazzoni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Jing Chen
- Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Simon Doss-Gollin
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Maria De Leon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Alejandra Prevost-Reilly
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Katherine Chew
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Manisha Menon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Kijun Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | | | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Amy C. Sherman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Carly Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Stuart M. Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Robert M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Holly L. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Romana Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Allen Burke
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Maria E. Bottazzi
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
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7
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Li D, Edwards RJ, Manne K, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Alam SM, Wiehe K, Lu X, Parks R, Sutherland LL, Oguin TH, McDanal C, Perez LG, Mansouri K, Gobeil SMC, Janowska K, Stalls V, Kopp M, Cai F, Lee E, Foulger A, Hernandez GE, Sanzone A, Tilahun K, Jiang C, Tse LV, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Cronin K, Gee-Lai V, Deyton M, Barr M, Von Holle T, Macintyre AN, Stover E, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Scobey TD, Rountree W, Wang Y, Moody MA, Cain DW, DeMarco CT, Denny TN, Woods CW, Petzold EW, Schmidt AG, Teng IT, Zhou T, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Moore IN, Seder R, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Montefiori DC, Sempowski GD, Baric RS, Acharya P, Haynes BF, Saunders KO. In vitro and in vivo functions of SARS-CoV-2 infection-enhancing and neutralizing antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:4203-4219.e32. [PMID: 34242577 PMCID: PMC8232969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against COVID-19. A concern regarding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is whether they mediate disease enhancement. Here, we isolated NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike from individuals with acute or convalescent SARS-CoV-2 or a history of SARS-CoV infection. Cryo-electron microscopy of RBD and NTD antibodies demonstrated function-specific modes of binding. Select RBD NAbs also demonstrated Fc receptor-γ (FcγR)-mediated enhancement of virus infection in vitro, while five non-neutralizing NTD antibodies mediated FcγR-independent in vitro infection enhancement. However, both types of infection-enhancing antibodies protected from SARS-CoV-2 replication in monkeys and mice. Three of 46 monkeys infused with enhancing antibodies had higher lung inflammation scores compared to controls. One monkey had alveolar edema and elevated bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines. Thus, while in vitro antibody-enhanced infection does not necessarily herald enhanced infection in vivo, increased lung inflammation can rarely occur in SARS-CoV-2 antibody-infused macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kartik Manne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas H Oguin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Lautaro G Perez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sophie M C Gobeil
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Stalls
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Megan Kopp
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Giovanna E Hernandez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aja Sanzone
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kedamawit Tilahun
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chuancang Jiang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Gee-Lai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret Deyton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica Stover
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Trevor D Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C Todd DeMarco
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Petzold
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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8
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Amraei R, Yin W, Napoleon MA, Suder EL, Berrigan J, Zhao Q, Olejnik J, Chandler KB, Xia C, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Schmidt AG, Gummuluru S, Mühlberger E, Chitalia V, Costello CE, Rahimi N. CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN Act as Receptors for SARS-CoV-2. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:1156-1165. [PMID: 34341769 PMCID: PMC8265543 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread, investigating the processes underlying the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and its hosts is of high importance. Here, we report the identification of CD209L/L-SIGN and the related protein CD209/DC-SIGN as receptors capable of mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry into human cells. Immunofluorescence staining of human tissues revealed prominent expression of CD209L in the lung and kidney epithelia and endothelia. Multiple biochemical assays using a purified recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) or S1 encompassing both N termal domain and RBD and ectopically expressed CD209L and CD209 revealed that CD209L and CD209 interact with S-RBD. CD209L contains two N-glycosylation sequons, at sites N92 and N361, but we determined that only site N92 is occupied. Removal of the N-glycosylation at this site enhances the binding of S-RBD with CD209L. CD209L also interacts with ACE2, suggesting a role for heterodimerization of CD209L and ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in cell types where both are present. Furthermore, we demonstrate that human endothelial cells are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and interference with CD209L activity by a knockdown strategy or with soluble CD209L inhibits virus entry. Our observations demonstrate that CD209L and CD209 serve as alternative receptors for SARS-CoV-2 in disease-relevant cell types, including the vascular system. This property is particularly important in tissues where ACE2 has low expression or is absent and may have implications for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razie Amraei
- Department
of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston
University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Renal
Section, Department of Medicine, Boston
University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Marc A. Napoleon
- Renal
Section, Department of Medicine, Boston
University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Ellen L. Suder
- Department
of Microbiology, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- National
Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department
of Microbiology, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department
of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston
University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department
of Microbiology, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- National
Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center
for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- Center
for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute
of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute
of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- Ragon Institute
of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute
of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department
of Microbiology, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department
of Microbiology, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- National
Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Vipul Chitalia
- Renal
Section, Department of Medicine, Boston
University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Center
for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department
of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston
University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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9
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Wellner A, McMahon C, Gilman MSA, Clements JR, Clark S, Nguyen KM, Ho MH, Hu VJ, Shin JE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Wingler LM, Schmidt AG, Marks DS, Abraham J, Kruse AC, Liu CC. Rapid generation of potent antibodies by autonomous hypermutation in yeast. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1057-1064. [PMID: 34168368 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The predominant approach for antibody generation remains animal immunization, which can yield exceptionally selective and potent antibody clones owing to the powerful evolutionary process of somatic hypermutation. However, animal immunization is inherently slow, not always accessible and poorly compatible with many antigens. Here, we describe 'autonomous hypermutation yeast surface display' (AHEAD), a synthetic recombinant antibody generation technology that imitates somatic hypermutation inside engineered yeast. By encoding antibody fragments on an error-prone orthogonal DNA replication system, surface-displayed antibody repertoires continuously mutate through simple cycles of yeast culturing and enrichment for antigen binding to produce high-affinity clones in as little as two weeks. We applied AHEAD to generate potent nanobodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, a G-protein-coupled receptor and other targets, offering a template for streamlined antibody generation at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Wellner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Clements
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kianna M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ming H Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vincent J Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura M Wingler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chang C Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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10
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Amraei R, Yin W, Napoleon MA, Suder EL, Berrigan J, Zhao Q, Olejnik J, Chandler KB, Xia C, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Schmidt AG, Gummuluru S, Muhlberger E, Chitalia V, Costello CE, Rahimi N. CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN act as receptors for SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2021:2020.06.22.165803. [PMID: 32607506 PMCID: PMC7325172 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.22.165803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread, investigating the processes underlying the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and its hosts is of high importance. Here, we report the identification of CD209L/L-SIGN and the related protein CD209/DC-SIGN as receptors capable of mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry into human cells. Immunofluorescence staining of human tissues revealed prominent expression of CD209L in the lung and kidney epithelium and endothelium. Multiple biochemical assays using a purified recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (S-RBD) or S1 encompassing both NTB and RBD and ectopically expressed CD209L and CD209 revealed that CD209L and CD209 interact with S-RBD. CD209L contains two N-glycosylation sequons, at sites N92 and N361, but we determined that only site N92 is occupied. Removal of the N-glycosylation at this site enhances the binding of S-RBD with CD209L. CD209L also interacts with ACE2, suggesting a role for heterodimerization of CD209L and ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection in cell types where both are present. Furthermore, we demonstrate that human endothelial cells are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and interference with CD209L activity by knockdown strategy or with soluble CD209L inhibits virus entry. Our observations demonstrate that CD209L and CD209 serve as alternative receptors for SARS-CoV-2 in disease-relevant cell types, including the vascular system. This property is particularly important in tissues where ACE2 has low expression or is absent, and may have implications for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razie Amraei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Marc A. Napoleon
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ellen L. Suder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Elke Muhlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Vipul Chitalia
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118
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11
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, O'Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Haupt RE, Seo HS, van Haren SD, Brook B, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Doss-Gollin S, Leon MD, Chew K, Menon M, Song K, Xu AZ, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Sherman AC, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Weston SM, Johnson RM, Hammond HL, Mayer R, Burke A, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Strych U, Chang A, Yu J, Barouch DH, Dhe-Paganon S, Zanoni I, Ozonoff A, Frieman MB, Levy O, Dowling DJ. Alum:CpG adjuvant enables SARS-CoV-2 RBD-induced protection in aged mice and synergistic activation of human elder type 1 immunity. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34031655 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.20.444848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Global deployment of vaccines that can provide protection across several age groups is still urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic especially for low- and middle-income countries. While vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 based on mRNA and adenoviral-vector technologies have been rapidly developed, additional practical and scalable SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are needed to meet global demand. In this context, protein subunit vaccines formulated with appropriate adjuvants represent a promising approach to address this urgent need. Receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a key target of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) but is poorly immunogenic. We therefore compared pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, including those activating STING, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9, alone or formulated with aluminum hydroxide (AH), and benchmarked them to AS01B and AS03-like emulsion-based adjuvants for their potential to enhance RBD immunogenicity in young and aged mice. We found that the AH and CpG adjuvant formulation (AH:CpG) demonstrated the highest enhancement of anti-RBD neutralizing Ab titers in both age groups (∼80-fold over AH), and protected aged mice from the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Notably, AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD vaccine elicited neutralizing Abs against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.351 variant at serum concentrations comparable to those induced by the authorized mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. AH:CpG induced similar cytokine and chemokine gene enrichment patterns in the draining lymph nodes of both young adult and aged mice and synergistically enhanced cytokine and chemokine production in human young adult and elderly mononuclear cells. These data support further development of AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD as an affordable vaccine that may be effective across multiple age groups. One Sentence Summary Alum and CpG enhance SARS-CoV-2 RBD protective immunity, variant neutralization in aged mice and Th1-polarizing cytokine production by human elder leukocytes.
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12
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Sandoval DR, Clausen TM, Nora C, Cribbs AP, Denardo A, Clark AE, Garretson AF, Coker JKC, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Philpott M, Johansson C, Dunford JE, Spliid CB, Golden GJ, Payne NC, Tye MA, Nowell CJ, Griffis ER, Piermatteo A, Grunddal KV, Alle T, Magida JA, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Caradonna TM, Pu Y, Yin X, McVicar RN, Kwong EM, Weiss RJ, Downes M, Tsimikas S, Smidt AG, Ballatore C, Zengler K, Evans RM, Chanda SK, Croker BA, Leibel SL, Jose J, Mazitschek R, Oppermann U, Esko JD, Carlin AF, Gordts PLSM. The Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor Halofuginone Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33791697 PMCID: PMC8010724 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.22.436522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We identify the prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) inhibitor halofuginone 1 , a compound in clinical trials for anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory applications 2 , as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry 3 . We find that halofuginone reduces HS biosynthesis, thereby reducing spike protein binding, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus, and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Halofuginone also potently suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication post-entry and is 1,000-fold more potent than Remdesivir 4 . Inhibition of HS biosynthesis and SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on specific inhibition of PRS, possibly due to translational suppression of proline-rich proteins. We find that pp1a and pp1ab polyproteins of SARS-CoV-2, as well as several HS proteoglycans, are proline-rich, which may make them particularly vulnerable to halofuginone's translational suppression. Halofuginone is orally bioavailable, has been evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in humans and distributes to SARS-CoV-2 target organs, including the lung, making it a near-term clinical trial candidate for the treatment of COVID-19.
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13
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. Cell 2021; 184:476-488.e11. [PMID: 33412089 PMCID: PMC7837114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kiera L Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D Nitido
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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14
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Chen Y, Zuiani A, Fischinger S, Mullur J, Atyeo C, Travers M, Lelis FJN, Pullen KM, Martin H, Tong P, Gautam A, Habibi S, Bensko J, Gakpo D, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Cai Y, Burke JS, Lin J, Lederer JA, Lam EC, Lavine CL, Seaman MS, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Balazs AB, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G, Wesemann DR. Quick COVID-19 Healers Sustain Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Production. Cell 2020; 183:1496-1507.e16. [PMID: 33171099 PMCID: PMC7608032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are key immune effectors that confer protection against pathogenic threats. The nature and longevity of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well defined. We charted longitudinal antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 92 subjects after symptomatic COVID-19. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 are unimodally distributed over a broad range, with symptom severity correlating directly with virus-specific antibody magnitude. Seventy-six subjects followed longitudinally to ∼100 days demonstrated marked heterogeneity in antibody duration dynamics. Virus-specific IgG decayed substantially in most individuals, whereas a distinct subset had stable or increasing antibody levels in the same time frame despite similar initial antibody magnitudes. These individuals with increasing responses recovered rapidly from symptomatic COVID-19 disease, harbored increased somatic mutations in virus-specific memory B cell antibody genes, and had persistent higher frequencies of previously activated CD4+ T cells. These findings illuminate an efficient immune phenotype that connects symptom clearance speed to differential antibody durability dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Zuiani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jyotsna Mullur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Meghan Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Felipe J N Lelis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krista M Pullen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hannah Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jillian Bensko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deborah Gakpo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Yongfei Cai
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Junrui Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christy L Lavine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bing Chen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alejandro Benjamin Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Edlow AG, Li JZ, Collier ARY, Atyeo C, James KE, Boatin AA, Gray KJ, Bordt EA, Shook LL, Yonker LM, Fasano A, Diouf K, Croul N, Devane S, Yockey LJ, Lima R, Shui J, Matute JD, Lerou PH, Akinwunmi BO, Schmidt A, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, De la Flor D, D’Avino P, Regan J, Corry H, Coxen K, Fajnzylber J, Pepin D, Seaman MS, Barouch DH, Walker BD, Yu XG, Kaimal AJ, Roberts DJ, Alter G. Assessment of Maternal and Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load, Transplacental Antibody Transfer, and Placental Pathology in Pregnancies During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2030455. [PMID: 33351086 PMCID: PMC7756241 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Biological data are lacking with respect to risk of vertical transmission and mechanisms of fetoplacental protection in maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Objective To quantify SARS-CoV-2 viral load in maternal and neonatal biofluids, transplacental passage of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, and incidence of fetoplacental infection. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was conducted among pregnant women presenting for care at 3 tertiary care centers in Boston, Massachusetts. Women with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results positive for SARS-CoV-2 were recruited from April 2 to June 13, 2020, and follow-up occurred through July 10, 2020. Contemporaneous participants without SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled as a convenience sample from pregnant women with RT-PCR results negative for SARS-CoV-2. Exposures SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy, defined by nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 viral load in maternal plasma or respiratory fluids and umbilical cord plasma, quantification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in maternal and cord plasma, and presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the placenta. Results Among 127 pregnant women enrolled, 64 with RT-PCR results positive for SARS-CoV-2 (mean [SD] age, 31.6 [5.6] years) and 63 with RT-PCR results negative for SARS-CoV-2 (mean [SD] age, 33.9 [5.4] years) provided samples for analysis. Of women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 23 (36%) were asymptomatic, 22 (34%) had mild disease, 7 (11%) had moderate disease, 10 (16%) had severe disease, and 2 (3%) had critical disease. In viral load analyses among 107 women, there was no detectable viremia in maternal or cord blood and no evidence of vertical transmission. Among 77 neonates tested in whom SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were quantified in cord blood, 1 had detectable immunoglobuilin M to nucleocapsid. Among 88 placentas tested, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in any. In antibody analyses among 37 women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, anti-receptor binding domain immunoglobin G was detected in 24 women (65%) and anti-nucleocapsid was detected in 26 women (70%). Mother-to-neonate transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was significantly lower than transfer of anti-influenza hemagglutinin A antibodies (mean [SD] cord-to-maternal ratio: anti-receptor binding domain immunoglobin G, 0.72 [0.57]; anti-nucleocapsid, 0.74 [0.44]; anti-influenza, 1.44 [0.80]; P < .001). Nonoverlapping placental expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 was noted. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, there was no evidence of placental infection or definitive vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Transplacental transfer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was inefficient. Lack of viremia and reduced coexpression and colocalization of placental angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 may serve as protective mechanisms against vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Edlow
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ai-ris Y. Collier
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kaitlyn E. James
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Adeline A. Boatin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kathryn J. Gray
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evan A. Bordt
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lydia L. Shook
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Khady Diouf
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie Croul
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Samantha Devane
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Laura J. Yockey
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rosiane Lima
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jessica Shui
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Juan D. Matute
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Paul H. Lerou
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Babatunde O. Akinwunmi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Denis De la Flor
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Paolo D’Avino
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - James Regan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Corry
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kendyll Coxen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse Fajnzylber
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Pepin
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Anjali J. Kaimal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Drucilla J. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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16
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Naranbhai V, Chang CC, Beltran WFG, Miller TE, Astudillo MG, Villalba JA, Yang D, Gelfand J, Bernstein BE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Alter G, Murali MR, Jasrasaria R, Quinlan J, Xerras DC, Betancourt JR, Louis DN, Schmidt AG, Lennerz J, Poznansky MC, Iafrate AJ. High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Chelsea, Massachusetts. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1955-1959. [PMID: 32906151 PMCID: PMC7499676 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing allows quantitative determination of disease prevalence, which is especially important in high-risk communities. We performed anonymized convenience sampling of 200 currently asymptomatic residents of Chelsea, the epicenter of COVID-19 illness in Massachusetts, by BioMedomics SARS-CoV-2 combined IgM-IgG point-of-care lateral flow immunoassay. The seroprevalence was 31.5% (17.5% IgM+IgG+, 9.0% IgM+IgG-, and 5.0% IgM-IgG+). Of the 200 participants, 50.5% reported no symptoms in the preceding 4 weeks, of which 24.8% (25/101) were seropositive, and 60% of these were IgM+IgG-. These data are the highest seroprevalence rates observed to date and highlight the significant burden of asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Naranbhai
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Christina C Chang
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Therapeutic and Vaccine Research Programme, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian A Villalba
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gelfand
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mandakolathur R Murali
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rashmi Jasrasaria
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- MGH Chelsea HealthCare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joan Quinlan
- Centre for Community Health Improvement, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dean C Xerras
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- MGH Chelsea HealthCare Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph R Betancourt
- Centre for Community Health Improvement, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Diversity and Inclusion, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jochen Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Wellner A, McMahon C, Gilman MSA, Clements JR, Clark S, Nguyen KM, Ho MH, Shin JE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Wingler LM, Schmidt AG, Marks DS, Abraham J, Kruse AC, Liu CC. Rapid generation of potent antibodies by autonomous hypermutation in yeast. bioRxiv 2020:2020.11.11.378778. [PMID: 33200136 PMCID: PMC7668743 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.11.378778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The predominant approach for antibody generation remains animal immunization, which can yield exceptionally selective and potent antibody clones owing to the powerful evolutionary process of somatic hypermutation. However, animal immunization is inherently slow, has poor compatibility with certain antigens ( e . g ., integral membrane proteins), and suffers from self-tolerance and immunodominance, which limit the functional spectrum of antibodies that can be obtained. Here, we describe A utonomous H ypermutation y E ast surf A ce D isplay (AHEAD), a synthetic recombinant antibody generation technology that imitates somatic hypermutation inside engineered yeast. In AHEAD, antibody fragments are encoded on an error-prone orthogonal DNA replication system, resulting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations that continuously mutate surface-displayed antibody repertoires. Simple cycles of yeast culturing and enrichment for antigen binding drive the evolution of high-affinity antibody clones in a readily parallelizable process that takes as little as 2 weeks. We applied AHEAD to generate nanobodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, a GPCR, and other targets. The SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies, concurrently evolved from an open-source naïve nanobody library in 8 independent experiments, reached subnanomolar affinities through the sequential fixation of multiple mutations over 3-8 AHEAD cycles that saw ∼580-fold and ∼925-fold improvements in binding affinities and pseudovirus neutralization potencies, respectively. These experiments highlight the defining speed, parallelizability, and effectiveness of AHEAD and provide a template for streamlined antibody generation at large with salient utility in rapid response to current and future viral outbreaks.
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18
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Tostanoski LH, Wegmann F, Martinot AJ, Loos C, McMahan K, Mercado NB, Yu J, Chan CN, Bondoc S, Starke CE, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Piedra-Mora C, Wrijil LM, Ducat S, Custers J, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Burke JS, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Bondzie EA, Dagotto G, Gebre MS, Jacob-Dolan C, Lin Z, Mahrokhian SH, Nampanya F, Nityanandam R, Pessaint L, Porto M, Ali V, Benetiene D, Tevi K, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Schmidt AG, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G, Estes JD, Schuitemaker H, Zahn R, Barouch DH. Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 severe clinical disease in hamsters. Nat Med 2020; 26:1694-1700. [PMID: 32884153 PMCID: PMC7671939 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans is often a clinically mild illness, but some individuals develop severe pneumonia, respiratory failure and death1-4. Studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in hamsters5-7 and nonhuman primates8-10 have generally reported mild clinical disease, and preclinical SARS-CoV-2 vaccine studies have demonstrated reduction of viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in nonhuman primates11-13. Here we show that high-dose intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters results in severe clinical disease, including high levels of virus replication in tissues, extensive pneumonia, weight loss and mortality in a subset of animals. A single immunization with an adenovirus serotype 26 vector-based vaccine expressing a stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicited binding and neutralizing antibody responses and protected against SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss, pneumonia and mortality. These data demonstrate vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 clinical disease. This model should prove useful for preclinical studies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, therapeutics and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi N Chan
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cesar Piedra-Mora
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Linda M Wrijil
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Ducat
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther A Bondzie
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Dagotto
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Makda S Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zijin Lin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shant H Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Nampanya
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramya Nityanandam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Miller TE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Clayton KL, Nitido AD, Murali MR, Alter G, Charles RC, Dighe A, Branda JA, Lennerz JK, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Iafrate AJ, Balazs AB. COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival. medRxiv 2020:2020.10.15.20213512. [PMID: 33106822 PMCID: PMC7587842 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.20213512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, and high anti-RBD antibody levels. While anti-RBD IgG levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting protection from reinfection by this strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera was unable to cross-neutralize a highly-homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, that has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mandakolathur R. Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General, Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Anand Dighe
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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20
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Iyer AS, Jones FK, Nodoushani A, Kelly M, Becker M, Slater D, Mills R, Teng E, Kamruzzaman M, Garcia-Beltran WF, Astudillo M, Yang D, Miller TE, Oliver E, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Iafrate AJ, Calderwood SB, Lauer SA, Yu J, Li Z, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Branda JA, Turbett SE, LaRocque RC, Mellon G, Barouch DH, Schmidt AG, Azman AS, Alter G, Ryan ET, Harris JB, Charles RC. Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabe0367. [PMID: 33033172 PMCID: PMC7857394 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We measured plasma and/or serum antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 343 North American patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (of which 93% required hospitalization) up to 122 days after symptom onset and compared them to responses in 1548 individuals whose blood samples were obtained prior to the pandemic. After setting seropositivity thresholds for perfect specificity (100%), we estimated sensitivities of 95% for IgG, 90% for IgA, and 81% for IgM for detecting infected individuals between 15 and 28 days after symptom onset. While the median time to seroconversion was nearly 12 days across all three isotypes tested, IgA and IgM antibodies against RBD were short-lived with median times to seroreversion of 71 and 49 days after symptom onset. In contrast, anti-RBD IgG responses decayed slowly through 90 days with only 3 seropositive individuals seroreverting within this time period. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were strongly correlated with anti-S neutralizing antibody titers, which demonstrated little to no decrease over 75 days since symptom onset. We observed no cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies with other widely circulating coronaviruses (HKU1, 229 E, OC43, NL63). These data suggest that RBD-targeted antibodies are excellent markers of previous and recent infection, that differential isotype measurements can help distinguish between recent and older infections, and that IgG responses persist over the first few months after infection and are highly correlated with neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Forrest K Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariana Nodoushani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damien Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica Teng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen A Lauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John A Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Turbett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume Mellon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Miller TE, Garcia Beltran WF, Bard AZ, Gogakos T, Anahtar MN, Astudillo MG, Yang D, Thierauf J, Fisch AS, Mahowald GK, Fitzpatrick MJ, Nardi V, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Marble HD, Ritterhouse LL, Turbett SE, Batten J, Georgantas NZ, Alter G, Schmidt AG, Harris JB, Gelfand JA, Poznansky MC, Bernstein BE, Louis DN, Dighe A, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Branda JA, Pierce VM, Murali MR, Iafrate AJ, Rosenberg ES, Lennerz JK. Clinical sensitivity and interpretation of PCR and serological COVID-19 diagnostics for patients presenting to the hospital. FASEB J 2020; 34:13877-13884. [PMID: 32856766 PMCID: PMC7461169 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001700rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of COVID-19 requires integration of clinical and laboratory data. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnostic assays play a central role in diagnosis and have fixed technical performance metrics. Interpretation becomes challenging because the clinical sensitivity changes as the virus clears and the immune response emerges. Our goal was to examine the clinical sensitivity of two most common SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test modalities, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serology, over the disease course to provide insight into their clinical interpretation in patients presenting to the hospital. We conducted a single-center, retrospective study. To derive clinical sensitivity of PCR, we identified 209 PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 patients with multiple PCR test results (624 total PCR tests) and calculated daily sensitivity from date of symptom onset or first positive test. Clinical sensitivity of PCR decreased with days post symptom onset with >90% clinical sensitivity during the first 5 days after symptom onset, 70%-71% from Days 9 to 11, and 30% at Day 21. To calculate daily clinical sensitivity by serology, we utilized 157 PCR-positive patients with a total of 197 specimens tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgM, IgG, and IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In contrast to PCR, serological sensitivity increased with days post symptom onset with >50% of patients seropositive by at least one antibody isotype after Day 7, >80% after Day 12, and 100% by Day 21. Taken together, PCR and serology are complimentary modalities that require time-dependent interpretation. Superimposition of sensitivities over time indicate that serology can function as a reliable diagnostic aid indicating recent or prior infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E. Miller
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Adam Z. Bard
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Tasos Gogakos
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Melis N. Anahtar
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Julia Thierauf
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Adam S. Fisch
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Grace K. Mahowald
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Megan J. Fitzpatrick
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | | | - Hetal D. Marble
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Lauren L. Ritterhouse
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Sara E. Turbett
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Julie Batten
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jeffrey A. Gelfand
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Bradley E. Bernstein
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - David N. Louis
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Anand Dighe
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - John A. Branda
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Virginia M. Pierce
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of PediatricsMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Mandakolathur R. Murali
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Allergy and ImmunologyDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Eric S. Rosenberg
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jochen K. Lennerz
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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22
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Norman M, Gilboa T, Ogata AF, Maley AM, Cohen L, Busch EL, Lazarovits R, Mao CP, Cai Y, Zhang J, Feldman JE, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Alter G, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Walt DR. Ultrasensitive high-resolution profiling of early seroconversion in patients with COVID-19. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:1180-1187. [PMID: 32948854 PMCID: PMC7498988 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive assays are essential for the accurate identification of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we report a multiplexed assay for the fluorescence-based detection of seroconversion in infected individuals from less than 1 µl of blood, and as early as the day of the first positive nucleic acid test after symptom onset. The assay uses dye-encoded antigen-coated beads to quantify the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and IgA antibodies against four SARS-CoV-2 antigens. A logistic regression model trained using samples collected during the pandemic and samples collected from healthy individuals and patients with respiratory infections before the first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was 99% accurate in the detection of seroconversion in a blinded validation cohort of samples collected before the pandemic and from patients with COVID-19 five or more days after a positive nasopharyngeal test by PCR with reverse transcription. The high-throughput serological profiling of patients with COVID-19 allows for the interrogation of interactions between antibody isotypes and viral proteins, and should help us to understand the heterogeneity of clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Norman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tal Gilboa
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alana F Ogata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam M Maley
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Limor Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evan L Busch
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roey Lazarovits
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Ping Mao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Bing Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Kwong EM, McVicar RN, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Yang Z, Torres JL, Golden GJ, Bartels PL, Porell RN, Garretson AF, Laubach L, Feldman J, Yin X, Pu Y, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Kellman BP, Martino C, Gordts PLSM, Chanda SK, Schmidt AG, Godula K, Leibel SL, Jose J, Corbett KD, Ward AB, Carlin AF, Esko JD. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2. Cell 2020; 183:1043-1057.e15. [PMID: 32970989 PMCID: PMC7489987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Docking studies suggest a heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the ACE2-binding site. Both ACE2 and heparin can bind independently to spike protein in vitro, and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a scaffold. Electron micrographs of spike protein suggests that heparin enhances the open conformation of the RBD that binds ACE2. On cells, spike protein binding depends on both heparan sulfate and ACE2. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We suggest a model in which viral attachment and infection involves heparan sulfate-dependent enhancement of binding to ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin presents new therapeutic opportunities. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with heparan sulfate and ACE2 through the RBD Heparan sulfate promotes Spike-ACE2 interaction SARS-CoV-2 infection is co-dependent on heparan sulfate and ACE2 Heparin and non-anticoagulant derivatives block SARS-CoV-2 binding and infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hailee R Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea D Painter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anoop Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sydney A Majowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kwong
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachael N McVicar
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan E Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Charles A Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Phillip L Bartels
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ryan N Porell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron F Garretson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Logan Laubach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Kaneko N, Kuo HH, Boucau J, Farmer JR, Allard-Chamard H, Mahajan VS, Piechocka-Trocha A, Lefteri K, Osborn M, Bals J, Bartsch YC, Bonheur N, Caradonna TM, Chevalier J, Chowdhury F, Diefenbach TJ, Einkauf K, Fallon J, Feldman J, Finn KK, Garcia-Broncano P, Hartana CA, Hauser BM, Jiang C, Kaplonek P, Karpell M, Koscher EC, Lian X, Liu H, Liu J, Ly NL, Michell AR, Rassadkina Y, Seiger K, Sessa L, Shin S, Singh N, Sun W, Sun X, Ticheli HJ, Waring MT, Zhu AL, Alter G, Li JZ, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Lichterfeld M, Walker BD, Yu XG, Padera RF, Pillai S. Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19. Cell 2020; 183:143-157.e13. [PMID: 32877699 PMCID: PMC7437499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are often of limited durability, as seen with other human coronavirus epidemics. To address the underlying etiology, we examined post mortem thoracic lymph nodes and spleens in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and observed the absence of germinal centers and a striking reduction in Bcl-6+ germinal center B cells but preservation of AID+ B cells. Absence of germinal centers correlated with an early specific block in Bcl-6+ TFH cell differentiation together with an increase in T-bet+ TH1 cells and aberrant extra-follicular TNF-α accumulation. Parallel peripheral blood studies revealed loss of transitional and follicular B cells in severe disease and accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-specific "disease-related" B cell populations. These data identify defective Bcl-6+ TFH cell generation and dysregulated humoral immune induction early in COVID-19 disease, providing a mechanistic explanation for the limited durability of antibody responses in coronavirus infections, and suggest that achieving herd immunity through natural infection may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kaneko
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé de l'Université de Sherbrooke et Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Vinay S Mahajan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kristina Lefteri
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Osborn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julia Bals
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yannic C Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathalie Bonheur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Josh Chevalier
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fatema Chowdhury
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kevin Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jon Fallon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelsey K Finn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marshall Karpell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric C Koscher
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hang Liu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jinqing Liu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashlin R Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kyra Seiger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Libera Sessa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sally Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nishant Singh
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hannah J Ticheli
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael T Waring
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Alex L Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biology and Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert F Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Mercado NB, Zahn R, Wegmann F, Loos C, Chandrashekar A, Yu J, Liu J, Peter L, McMahan K, Tostanoski LH, He X, Martinez DR, Rutten L, Bos R, van Manen D, Vellinga J, Custers J, Langedijk JP, Kwaks T, Bakkers MJG, Zuijdgeest D, Rosendahl Huber SK, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Burke JS, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Bondzie EA, Dagotto G, Gebre MS, Hoffman E, Jacob-Dolan C, Kirilova M, Li Z, Lin Z, Mahrokhian SH, Maxfield LF, Nampanya F, Nityanandam R, Nkolola JP, Patel S, Ventura JD, Verrington K, Wan H, Pessaint L, Van Ry A, Blade K, Strasbaugh A, Cabus M, Brown R, Cook A, Zouantchangadou S, Teow E, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Cai Y, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Reeves RK, Baric RS, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G, Stoffels P, Mammen M, Van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H, Barouch DH. Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Nature 2020; 586:583-588. [PMID: 32731257 PMCID: PMC7581548 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be required to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1-8. For global deployment and pandemic control, a vaccine that requires only a single immunization would be optimal. Here we show the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single dose of adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector-based vaccines expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in non-human primates. Fifty-two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were immunized with Ad26 vectors that encoded S variants or sham control, and then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 by the intranasal and intratracheal routes9,10. The optimal Ad26 vaccine induced robust neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete or near-complete protection in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal swabs after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Titres of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies correlated with protective efficacy, suggesting an immune correlate of protection. These data demonstrate robust single-shot vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. The optimal Ad26 vector-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, termed Ad26.COV2.S, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Peter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa H Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuan He
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Bos
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jort Vellinga
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome Custers
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ted Kwaks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther A Bondzie
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Dagotto
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Makda S Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Hoffman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marinela Kirilova
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zijin Lin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shant H Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori F Maxfield
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Nampanya
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramya Nityanandam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D Ventura
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaylee Verrington
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huahua Wan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bing Chen
- Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Stoffels
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathai Mammen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Iyer AS, Jones FK, Nodoushani A, Kelly M, Becker M, Slater D, Mills R, Teng E, Kamruzzaman M, Garcia-Beltran WF, Astudillo M, Yang D, Miller TE, Oliver E, Fischinger S, Atyeo C, Iafrate AJ, Calderwood SB, Lauer SA, Yu J, Li Z, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Branda JA, Turbett SE, LaRocque RC, Mellon G, Barouch DH, Schmidt AG, Azman AS, Alter G, Ryan ET, Harris JB, Charles RC. Dynamics and significance of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.18.20155374. [PMID: 32743600 PMCID: PMC7386524 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.18.20155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterizing the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and developing accurate serologic assays are needed for diagnostic purposes and estimating population-level seroprevalence. METHODS We measured the kinetics of early antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 259 symptomatic North American patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (up to 75 days after symptom onset) compared to antibody levels in 1548 individuals whose blood samples were obtained prior to the pandemic. RESULTS Between 14-28 days from onset of symptoms, IgG, IgA, or IgM antibody responses to RBD were all accurate in identifying recently infected individuals, with 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 97%, 91%, and 81% respectively. Although the estimated median time to becoming seropositive was similar across isotypes, IgA and IgM antibodies against RBD were short-lived with most individuals estimated to become seronegative again by 51 and 47 days after symptom onset, respectively. IgG antibodies against RBD lasted longer and persisted through 75 days post-symptoms. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were highly correlated with neutralizing antibodies targeting the S protein. No cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies was observed with several known circulating coronaviruses, HKU1, OC 229 E, OC43, and NL63. CONCLUSIONS Among symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, RBD-targeted antibodies can be indicative of previous and recent infection. IgG antibodies are correlated with neutralizing antibodies and are possibly a correlate of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S. Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Forrest K. Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ariana Nodoushani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meagan Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damien Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica Teng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Oliver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen A. Lauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John A. Branda
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Turbett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume Mellon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Kaneko N, Kuo HH, Boucau J, Farmer JR, Allard-Chamard H, Mahajan VS, Piechocka-Trocha A, Lefteri K, Osborn M, Bals J, Bartsch YC, Bonheur N, Caradonna TM, Chevalier J, Chowdhury F, Diefenbach TJ, Einkauf K, Fallon J, Feldman J, Finn KK, Garcia-Broncano P, Hartana CA, Hauser BM, Jiang C, Kaplonek P, Karpell M, Koscher EC, Lian X, Liu H, Liu J, Ly NL, Michell AR, Rassadkina Y, Seiger K, Sessa L, Shin S, Singh N, Sun W, Sun X, Ticheli HJ, Waring MT, Zhu AL, Li J, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG, Lichterfeld M, Walker BD, Yu X, Padera RF, Pillai S. The Loss of Bcl-6 Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and the Absence of Germinal Centers in COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020:3652322. [PMID: 32742244 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3652322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral responses in COVID-19 disease are often of limited durability, as seen with other human coronavirus epidemics. To address the underlying etiology, we examined postmortem thoracic lymph nodes and spleens in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and observed the absence of germinal centers, a striking reduction in Bcl-6+ germinal center B cells but preservation of AID+ B cells. Absence of germinal centers correlated with an early specific block in Bcl-6+TFH cell differentiation together with an increase in T-bet+TH1 cells and aberrant extra-follicular TNF-a accumulation. Parallel peripheral blood studies revealed loss of transitional and follicular B cells in severe disease and accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-specific "disease-related" B cell populations. These data identify defective Bcl-6+TFH cell generation and dysregulated humoral immune induction early in COVID-19 disease, providing a mechanistic explanation for the limited durability of antibody responses in coronavirus infections and suggest that achieving herd immunity through natural infection may be difficult. Funding: This work was supported by NIH U19 AI110495 to SP, NIH R01 AI146779 to AGS, NIH R01AI137057 and DP2DA042422 to DL, BMH was supported by NIGMS T32 GM007753, TMC was supported by T32 AI007245. Funding for these studies from the Massachusetts Consortium of Pathogen Readiness, the Mark and Lisa Schwartz Foundation and Enid Schwartz is also acknowledged. Conflict of Interest: None. Ethical Approval: This study was performed with the approval of the Institutional Review Boards at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Brigham and Women's Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kaneko
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Kuo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé de l' Université de Sherbrooke et Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Vinay S Mahajan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase MD, 20815
| | - Kristina Lefteri
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matt Osborn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julia Bals
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yannic C Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathalie Bonheur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Josh Chevalier
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fatema Chowdhury
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kevin Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jon Fallon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelsey K Finn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marshall Karpell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric C Koscher
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hang Liu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jinqing Liu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashlin R Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Kyra Seiger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Libera Sessa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sally Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nishant Singh
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hannah J Ticheli
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael T Waring
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase MD, 20815
| | - Alex L Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Li
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Matthias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase MD, 20815.,Department of Biology and Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert F Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Painter CD, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Zhang Y, Torres JL, Golden GJ, Porell R, Garretson AF, Laubach L, Feldman J, Yin X, Pu Y, Hauser B, Caradonna TM, Kellman BP, Martino C, Gordts PLSM, Leibel SL, Chanda SK, Schmidt AG, Godula K, Jose J, Corbett KD, Ward AB, Carlin AF, Esko JD. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32699853 PMCID: PMC7373134 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.14.201616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its Receptor Binding Domain. Docking studies suggest a putative heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the domain that binds to ACE2. In vitro, binding of ACE2 and heparin to spike protein ectodomains occurs independently and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a template. Contrary to studies with purified components, spike protein binding to heparan sulfate and ACE2 on cells occurs codependently. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus. These findings support a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in which viral attachment and infection involves formation of a complex between heparan sulfate and ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin may represent new therapeutic opportunities.
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29
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Bajic G, Maron MJ, Caradonna TM, Tian M, Mermelstein A, Fera D, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M, Schmidt AG. Structure-Guided Molecular Grafting of a Complex Broadly Neutralizing Viral Epitope. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1182-1191. [PMID: 32267676 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic variation and viral evolution have thwarted traditional influenza vaccination strategies. The broad protection afforded by a "universal" influenza vaccine may come from immunogens that elicit humoral immune responses targeting conserved epitopes on the viral hemagglutinin (HA), such as the receptor-binding site (RBS). Here, we engineered candidate immunogens that use noncirculating, avian influenza HAs as molecular scaffolds to present the broadly neutralizing RBS epitope from historical, circulating H1 influenzas. These "resurfaced" HAs (rsHAs) remove epitopes potentially targeted by strain-specific responses in immune-experienced individuals. Through structure-guided optimization, we improved two antigenically different scaffolds to bind a diverse panel of pan-H1 and H1/H3 cross-reactive bnAbs with high affinity. Subsequent serological and single germinal center B cell analyses from murine prime-boost immunizations show that the rsHAs are both immunogenic and can augment the quality of elicited RBS-directed antibodies. Our structure-guided, RBS grafting approach provides candidate immunogens for selectively presenting a conserved viral epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bajic
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Max J. Maron
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ming Tian
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam Mermelstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
| | - Daniela Fera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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30
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Norman M, Gilboa T, Ogata AF, Maley AM, Cohen L, Cai Y, Zhang J, Feldman JE, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Alter G, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Walt DR. Ultra-Sensitive High-Resolution Profiling of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies for Detecting Early Seroconversion in COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv 2020:2020.04.28.20083691. [PMID: 32511657 PMCID: PMC7277013 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.28.20083691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to infect millions of people worldwide. In order to curb its spread and reduce morbidity and mortality, it is essential to develop sensitive and quantitative methods that identify infected individuals and enable accurate population-wide screening of both past and present infection. Here we show that Single Molecule Array assays detect seroconversion in COVID-19 patients as soon as one day after symptom onset using less than a microliter of blood. This multiplexed assay format allows us to quantitate IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins against four SARS-CoV-2 targets, thereby interrogating 12 antibody isotype-viral protein interactions to give a high resolution profile of the immune response. Using a cohort of samples collected prior to the outbreak as well as samples collected during the pandemic, we demonstrate a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100% during the first week of infection, and 100% sensitivity and specificity thereafter. This assay should become the gold standard for COVID19 serological profiling and will be a valuable tool for answering important questions about the heterogeneity of clinical presentation seen in the ongoing pandemic.
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31
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Watanabe A, McCarthy KR, Kuraoka M, Schmidt AG, Adachi Y, Onodera T, Tonouchi K, Caradonna TM, Bajic G, Song S, McGee CE, Sempowski GD, Feng F, Urick P, Kepler TB, Takahashi Y, Harrison SC, Kelsoe G. Antibodies to a Conserved Influenza Head Interface Epitope Protect by an IgG Subtype-Dependent Mechanism. Cell 2019; 177:1124-1135.e16. [PMID: 31100267 PMCID: PMC6825805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines to generate durable humoral immunity against antigenically evolving pathogens such as the influenza virus must elicit antibodies that recognize conserved epitopes. Analysis of single memory B cells from immunized human donors has led us to characterize a previously unrecognized epitope of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) that is immunogenic in humans and conserved among influenza subtypes. Structures show that an unrelated antibody from a participant in an experimental infection protocol recognized the epitope as well. IgGs specific for this antigenic determinant do not block viral infection in vitro, but passive administration to mice affords robust IgG subtype-dependent protection against influenza infection. The epitope, occluded in the pre-fusion form of HA, is at the contact surface between HA head domains; reversible molecular "breathing" of the HA trimer can expose the interface to antibody and B cells. Antigens that present this broadly immunogenic HA epitope may be good candidates for inclusion in "universal" flu vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin R McCarthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yu Adachi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tonouchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Goran Bajic
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shengli Song
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles E McGee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Patricia Urick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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