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Shin JE, Jeon D, Mok J, Yim JJ, Kwon YS, Jo KW, Shim TS. Compliance with new drug use and the effect of discrepant drug susceptibility testing on MDR/RR-TB treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2024; 28:86-92. [PMID: 38303037 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.23.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Following the WHO???s announcement in 2018, the use of new drugs was recommended for all patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate adherence to new anti-TB drug regimens and implementation of molecular drug susceptibility testing (mDST) in Korea.METHODS: Nationwide, 560 patients were reported as having MDR-TB in 2021. The implementation of mDST and new anti-TB drug use were analysed. The discrepancy between mDST and phenotypic DST (pDST) results and their implications on the use of new anti-TB drugs were also analysed. The use of novel anti-TB drugs has been approved by the National TB Expert Committee.RESULTS: The non-adherence rate in MDR-TB patients was 14.3%. The mDST implementation rate was 96.1%. Of the 459 patients who underwent both mDST and pDST, the discordance rate for rifampicin (RIF) resistance was 22.6% (n = 104), of which 72.1% (n = 75) were resistant on mDST but susceptible on pDST. The discrepancy in mDST and pDST results related to RIF resistance was found to be the main cause of non-adherence to new drug regimen.CONCLUSION: Comprehensive training on how to interpret conflicting results between mDST and pDST could enhance the utilisation of new drugs in the treatment of MDR/RIF-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul
| | - D Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan
| | - J Mok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan
| | - J-J Yim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Y-S Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju
| | - K-W Jo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T S Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Choi SK, Chung HS, Ko HS, Gen Y, Kim SM, Shin JE, Kil KC, Kim YH, Wie JH, Jo YS. Hemorrhagic morbidity in nulliparous patients with placenta previa without placenta accrete spectrum disorders. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:432-437. [PMID: 37203107 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_456_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Placental adhesion spectrum (PAS) is a disease in which the trophoblast invades the myometrium, and is a well-known high-risk condition associated with placental previa. Aim The morbidity of nulliparous women with placenta previa without PAS disorders is unknown. Patients and Methods The data from nulliparous women who underwent cesarean delivery were collected retrospectively. The women were dichotomized into malpresentation (MP) and placenta previa groups. The placenta previa group was categorized into previa (PS) and low-lying (LL) groups. When the placenta covers the internal cervical os, it is called placenta previa, when the placenta is near the cervical os, it is called the low-lying placenta. Their maternal hemorrhagic morbidity and neonatal outcomes were analyzed and adjusted using multivariate analysis based on univariate analysis. Results A total of 1269 women were enrolled: 781 women in the MP group and 488 women in the PP-LL group. Regarding packed red blood cell transfusion, PP and LL had adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 14.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6 - 32.5), and 11.3 (95% CI: 4.9 - 26) during admission, and 51.2 (95% CI: 22.1 - 122.7) and 10.3 (95% CI: 3.9 - 26.6) during operation, respectively. For intensive care unit admission, PS and LL had aOR of 15.9 (95% CI: 6.5 - 39.1) and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.1 - 10.9), respectively. No women had cesarean hysterectomy, major surgical complications, or maternal death. Conclusion Despite placenta previa without PAS disorders, maternal hemorrhagic morbidity was significantly increased. Thus, our results highlight the need for resources for those women with evidence of placenta previa including a low-lying placenta, even if those women do not meet PAS disorder criteria. In addition, placenta previa without PAS disorder was not associated with critical maternal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Chung
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Ko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Gen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K C Kil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Wie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y S Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chung C, Shin JE, Jeon D, Kang H, Yim JJ, Jo KW, Shim TS. Treatment outcomes and safety of bedaquiline, delamanid, and linezolid in multidrug-resistant TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:151-153. [PMID: 36853109 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Chung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Shin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kang
- Department of Chest Medicine, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Masan, Republic of Korea
| | - J-J Yim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-W Jo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T S Shim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwon YS, Shin JE, Kang H, Jeon D, Yim JJ, Shim TS. Treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant TB with selective use of new drugs. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:55-60. [PMID: 36853130 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.22.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING: This was a nationwide cohort study.OBJECTIVE: To assess the treatment outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) who underwent treatment guided by a national TB expert review committee in South Korea.DESIGN: We enrolled all patients with MDR-TB submitted for approval for the use of new TB drugs, including bedaquiline and delamanid, from 2016 to 2019. Patients were classified into two groups: those on new TB drugs and those not on new TB drugs. We compared the final treatment outcomes between the groups and analysed the prognostic factors.RESULTS: Of a total of 785 patients, respectively 754 (96.1%) and 31 (3.9%) were classified into the "new TB drugs" group and "no new TB drugs" group. The new TB drugs group had a higher acid-fast bacilli smear positivity rate and higher resistance rate to second-line injectable drugs or fluoroquinolones. Of all the patients, 97.8% achieved culture conversion (97.7% vs. 100%), and 80.4% achieved treatment success (80.2% vs. 86.7%); there was no difference between the two groups.CONCLUSIONS: New drugs are currently recommended for use in all MDR-TB treatment regimens, and the use of new drugs, as determined by an expert committee, in mainly quinolone-susceptible MDR-TB, did not compromise the treatment success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - J E Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H Kang
- Department of Chest Medicine, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Masan, South Korea
| | - D Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - J-J Yim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T S Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Harvey EP, Shin JE, Skiba MA, Nemeth GR, Hurley JD, Wellner A, Shaw AY, Miranda VG, Min JK, Liu CC, Marks DS, Kruse AC. An in silico method to assess antibody fragment polyreactivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7554. [PMID: 36477674 PMCID: PMC9729196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential biological research tools and important therapeutic agents, but some exhibit non-specific binding to off-target proteins and other biomolecules. Such polyreactive antibodies compromise screening pipelines, lead to incorrect and irreproducible experimental results, and are generally intractable for clinical development. Here, we design a set of experiments using a diverse naïve synthetic camelid antibody fragment (nanobody) library to enable machine learning models to accurately assess polyreactivity from protein sequence (AUC > 0.8). Moreover, our models provide quantitative scoring metrics that predict the effect of amino acid substitutions on polyreactivity. We experimentally test our models' performance on three independent nanobody scaffolds, where over 90% of predicted substitutions successfully reduced polyreactivity. Importantly, the models allow us to diminish the polyreactivity of an angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist nanobody, without compromising its functional properties. We provide a companion web-server that offers a straightforward means of predicting polyreactivity and polyreactivity-reducing mutations for any given nanobody sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Harvey
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Meredith A Skiba
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Genevieve R Nemeth
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joseph D Hurley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alon Wellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92692, USA
| | - Ada Y Shaw
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Victor G Miranda
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joseph K Min
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chang C Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92692, USA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Shin JE, Jo KW, O YJ, Jeon D, Kang H, Yim JJ, Kwon YS, Shim TS. Impact of revised definitions for extensively drug-resistant TB on disease classification. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:766-768. [PMID: 34802501 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J E Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-W Jo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Y J O
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kang
- Department of Chest Medicine, Masan National Tuberculosis Hospital, Masan, Republic of Korea
| | - J-J Yim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-S Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - T S Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul
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7
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Wellner A, McMahon C, Gilman MSA, Clements JR, Clark S, Nguyen KM, Ho MH, Hu VJ, Shin JE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Wingler LM, Schmidt AG, Marks DS, Abraham J, Kruse AC, Liu CC. Rapid generation of potent antibodies by autonomous hypermutation in yeast. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1057-1064. [PMID: 34168368 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The predominant approach for antibody generation remains animal immunization, which can yield exceptionally selective and potent antibody clones owing to the powerful evolutionary process of somatic hypermutation. However, animal immunization is inherently slow, not always accessible and poorly compatible with many antigens. Here, we describe 'autonomous hypermutation yeast surface display' (AHEAD), a synthetic recombinant antibody generation technology that imitates somatic hypermutation inside engineered yeast. By encoding antibody fragments on an error-prone orthogonal DNA replication system, surface-displayed antibody repertoires continuously mutate through simple cycles of yeast culturing and enrichment for antigen binding to produce high-affinity clones in as little as two weeks. We applied AHEAD to generate potent nanobodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, a G-protein-coupled receptor and other targets, offering a template for streamlined antibody generation at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Wellner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Clements
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kianna M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ming H Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vincent J Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura M Wingler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chang C Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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Shin JE, Riesselman AJ, Kollasch AW, McMahon C, Simon E, Sander C, Manglik A, Kruse AC, Marks DS. Protein design and variant prediction using autoregressive generative models. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2403. [PMID: 33893299 PMCID: PMC8065141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to design functional sequences and predict effects of variation is central to protein engineering and biotherapeutics. State-of-art computational methods rely on models that leverage evolutionary information but are inadequate for important applications where multiple sequence alignments are not robust. Such applications include the prediction of variant effects of indels, disordered proteins, and the design of proteins such as antibodies due to the highly variable complementarity determining regions. We introduce a deep generative model adapted from natural language processing for prediction and design of diverse functional sequences without the need for alignments. The model performs state-of-art prediction of missense and indel effects and we successfully design and test a diverse 105-nanobody library that shows better expression than a 1000-fold larger synthetic library. Our results demonstrate the power of the alignment-free autoregressive model in generalizing to regions of sequence space traditionally considered beyond the reach of prediction and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Riesselman
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- insitro, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron W Kollasch
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elana Simon
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Reverie Labs, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Debora S Marks
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Wellner A, McMahon C, Gilman MSA, Clements JR, Clark S, Nguyen KM, Ho MH, Shin JE, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Wingler LM, Schmidt AG, Marks DS, Abraham J, Kruse AC, Liu CC. Rapid generation of potent antibodies by autonomous hypermutation in yeast. bioRxiv 2020:2020.11.11.378778. [PMID: 33200136 PMCID: PMC7668743 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.11.378778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The predominant approach for antibody generation remains animal immunization, which can yield exceptionally selective and potent antibody clones owing to the powerful evolutionary process of somatic hypermutation. However, animal immunization is inherently slow, has poor compatibility with certain antigens ( e . g ., integral membrane proteins), and suffers from self-tolerance and immunodominance, which limit the functional spectrum of antibodies that can be obtained. Here, we describe A utonomous H ypermutation y E ast surf A ce D isplay (AHEAD), a synthetic recombinant antibody generation technology that imitates somatic hypermutation inside engineered yeast. In AHEAD, antibody fragments are encoded on an error-prone orthogonal DNA replication system, resulting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations that continuously mutate surface-displayed antibody repertoires. Simple cycles of yeast culturing and enrichment for antigen binding drive the evolution of high-affinity antibody clones in a readily parallelizable process that takes as little as 2 weeks. We applied AHEAD to generate nanobodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, a GPCR, and other targets. The SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies, concurrently evolved from an open-source naïve nanobody library in 8 independent experiments, reached subnanomolar affinities through the sequential fixation of multiple mutations over 3-8 AHEAD cycles that saw ∼580-fold and ∼925-fold improvements in binding affinities and pseudovirus neutralization potencies, respectively. These experiments highlight the defining speed, parallelizability, and effectiveness of AHEAD and provide a template for streamlined antibody generation at large with salient utility in rapid response to current and future viral outbreaks.
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10
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Kim MS, Choi DH, Kwon H, Ahn E, Cho HY, Baek MJ, Shin JE, Moon MJ. Procedural and obstetric outcomes after embryo reduction vs fetal reduction in multifetal pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019; 53:214-218. [PMID: 29418029 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the obstetric outcome and incidence of procedure-related adverse events after embryo reduction (ER) vs fetal reduction (FR), in multifetal pregnancies undergoing reduction to twins or singletons. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively data from multifetal pregnancies that underwent transvaginal ER (n = 181) at a mean gestational age of 7.6 weeks or transabdominal FR (n = 115) at a mean gestational age of 12.9 weeks between December 2006 and January 2017. FR was performed after a detailed fetal anomaly scan. The two groups were compared with respect to obstetric outcomes, such as incidence of miscarriage, early or late preterm delivery, maternal complications and fetal loss, and procedure-related adverse events, including incidence of subchorionic hematoma and procedure-related fetal loss. RESULTS Compared with pregnancies that underwent ER, the incidence of procedure-related fetal loss was lower in the FR group (7.2% vs 0.9%; P = 0.039; odds ratio (OR), 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.89). Mean gestational age at delivery for twins was 34.2 weeks in the ER group and 35.7 weeks in the FR group (P = 0.014). Compared with the ER group, the FR group had lower miscarriage (8.8% vs 2.6%; P = 0.045; OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.08-0.97) and overall fetal loss (13.3% vs 5.2%; P = 0.031; OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.91) rates. CONCLUSIONS The FR procedure is, overall, a better and safer approach to reducing morbidity and mortality in multifetal pregnancies. Spontaneous demise of one fetus may occur after ER, and FR has the advantage that chorionic villus sampling and ultrasound screening for increased nuchal translucency and anatomical defects can be conducted before the procedure. The ER approach is still reasonable when a patient's religious or other ethical concerns are of primary importance. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - D H Choi
- Fertility Center of CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kwon
- Fertility Center of CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - E Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - H Y Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Baek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Shin
- Fertility Center of CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Moon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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11
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Oh E, Song E, Shin J. Individual Factors Affecting Self-esteem, and Relationships Among Self-esteem, Body Mass Index, and Body Image in Patients With Schizophrenia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2017; 31:588-595. [PMID: 29179826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to identify correlations between body mass index, body image, and self-esteem in patients with schizophrenia and to analyse the specific factors affecting self-esteem. This study had a descriptive design, utilising a cross-sectional survey. Participants were patients with schizophrenia who were admitted to a mental health facility in South Korea. A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed, and an appropriate total sample size of 167 valid questionnaires was analysed. Self-esteem was significantly correlated with body image, the subscale of appearance orientation, and body areas satisfaction. However, body mass index exhibited no significant correlation with any variable. The variables found to have a significant explanatory power of 21.4% were appearance orientation and body areas satisfaction. The explanatory power of all factors was 33.6%. The self-esteem of patients with schizophrenia was influenced by body mass index and body image. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be controlled by medication, whereas negative symptoms can be improved through education and nursing care with medication. Thus, psychiatric nurses should develop education and care programs that contribute to the positive body image and self-esteem of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunJung Oh
- Department of Nursing, Jeonbuk Science College, Republic of Korea
| | - EunJu Song
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea.
| | - JungEun Shin
- Department of Nursing, Maeumsarang Hospital, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yun JY, Kim JC, Ku J, Shin JE, Kim JJ, Choi SH. The left middle temporal gyrus in the middle of an impaired social-affective communication network in social anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 214:53-59. [PMID: 28266321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) reported changed patterns of the resting-state functional connectivity network (rs-FCN) between the prefrontal cortices and other prefrontal, amygdalar or striatal regions. Using a graph theory approach, this study explored the modularity-based community profile and patterns of inter-/intra-modular communication for the rs-FCN in SAD. METHODS In total, for 28 SAD patients and 27 healthy controls (HC), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired in resting-state and subjected to a graph theory analysis. RESULTS The within-module degree z-score for a hub region [out of a total of 10 hub regions ranked using the participation coefficient] named left middle temporal gyrus was impaired in SAD compared to HC, proportional to the severity of clinician-scored and patient-reported functional impairment in SAD. LIMITATIONS Most of participants included in this study were undergraduate students in their early-to-mid 20's. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the importance of functional communication from the left middle temporal gyrus with other opercular-insular-subcortical regions for better objective functioning and lesser subjective disability in SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chang Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Ku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Shin JE, Lin C, Lim HN. Horizontal transfer of DNA methylation patterns into bacterial chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:4460-71. [PMID: 27084942 PMCID: PMC4872104 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the non-inherited acquisition of novel DNA sequences. HGT is common and important in bacteria because it enables the rapid generation of new phenotypes such as antibiotic resistance. Here we show that in vivo and in vitro DNA methylation patterns can be horizontally transferred into bacterial chromosomes to program cell phenotypes. The experiments were performed using a synthetic system in Escherichia coli where different DNA methylation patterns within the cis-regulatory sequence of the agn43 gene turn on or off a fluorescent reporter (CFP). With this system we demonstrated that DNA methylation patterns not only accompany the horizontal transfer of genes into the bacterial cytoplasm but can be transferred into chromosomes by: (i) bacteriophage P1 transduction; and (ii) transformation of extracellular synthetic DNA. We also modified the experimental system by replacing CFP with the SgrS small RNA, which regulates glucose and methyl α-D-glucoside uptake, and showed that horizontally acquired DNA methylation patterns can increase or decrease cell fitness. That is, horizontally acquired DNA methylation patterns can result in the selection for and against cells that have HGT. Findings from these proof-of-concept experiments have applications in synthetic biology and potentially broad implications for bacterial adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Chris Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Han N Lim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
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14
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Kim JW, Kim JH, Shin JE, Kil DY. Relative bioavailability of copper in tribasic copper chloride to copper in copper sulfate for laying hens based on egg yolk and feather copper concentrations. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1591-1597. [PMID: 26944968 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability (RBV) of Cu in tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) to Cu in copper sulfate (monohydrate form; CuSO4·H2O) for layer diets based on egg yolk and feather Cu concentrations. A total of 252, 72-wk-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were allotted to 1 of 7 treatments with 6 replicates consisting of 6 hens per replicate in a completely randomized design. Hens were fed corn-soybean meal-based basal diets supplemented with 0 (basal), 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4 or TBCC for 4 wk. Results indicated that egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were not affected by dietary treatments. However, increasing inclusion levels of Cu in diets from CuSO4 decreased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR), whereas increasing inclusion levels of Cu in diets from TBCC did not affect FCR, indicating significant interaction (P < 0.05). Increasing inclusion levels of Cu from TBCC or CuSO4 increased (P < 0.05) Cu concentrations of egg yolk and feathers. Feather Cu concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) for hens fed diets containing CuSO4 than for hens fed diets containing TBCC. The values for the RBV of Cu in TBCC to Cu in CuSO4 based on log10 transformed egg yolk and feather Cu concentrations were 107.4% and 69.5%, respectively. These values for the RBV of Cu in TBCC did not differ from Cu in CuSO4 (100%). The RBV measured in egg yolk did not differ from the RBV measured in feather. In conclusion, the RBV of Cu in TBCC to Cu in CuSO4 can be determined using Cu concentrations of egg yolk and feathers although the values depend largely on target tissues of laying hens. For a practical application, however, the RBV value of Cu in TBCC to Cu in CuSO4 could be 88.5% when the RBV values determined using egg yolk and feather Cu concentrations were averaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Sagawa S, Shin JE, Hussein R, Lim HN. Paradoxical suppression of small RNA activity at high Hfq concentrations due to random-order binding. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8502-15. [PMID: 26261213 PMCID: PMC4787825 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression during bacterial stress and pathogenesis. sRNAs act by forming duplexes with mRNAs to alter their translation and degradation. In some bacteria, duplex formation is mediated by the Hfq protein, which can bind the sRNA and mRNA in each pair in a random order. Here we investigate the consequences of this random-order binding and experimentally demonstrate that it can counterintuitively cause high Hfq concentrations to suppress rather than promote sRNA activity in Escherichia coli. As a result, maximum sRNA activity occurs when the Hfq concentration is neither too low nor too high relative to the sRNA and mRNA concentrations (‘Hfq set-point’). We further show with models and experiments that random-order binding combined with the formation of a dead-end mRNA–Hfq complex causes high concentrations of an mRNA to inhibit its own duplex formation by sequestering Hfq. In such cases, maximum sRNA activity requires an optimal mRNA concentration (‘mRNA set-point’) as well as an optimal Hfq concentration. The Hfq and mRNA set-points generate novel regulatory properties that can be harnessed by native and synthetic gene circuits to provide greater control over sRNA activity, generate non-monotonic responses and enhance the robustness of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Sagawa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Razika Hussein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
| | - Han N Lim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA
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16
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Kim CH, Shin JE, Song CI, Yoo MH, Park HJ. Vertical components of head-shaking nystagmus in vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease and migrainous vertigo. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 39:261-5. [PMID: 25042770 DOI: 10.1111/coa.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe vertical and horizontal components of head-shaking nystagmus (HSN) in various vestibular disorders. DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Tertiary care academic referral centre. PARTICIPANTS Head-shaking nystagmus was assessed in 66 vestibular neuritis (VN) patients at acute (<7 days) and follow-up (2 months), and 65 Meniere's disease (MD) and 76 migrainous vertigo (MV) in interictal period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Head-shaking nystagmus was categorised as pure horizontal, pure vertical or mixed. Horizontal HSN was classified as monophasic or biphasic and paretic or recovery. Vertical HSN was classified as upbeat or downbeat. RESULTS Abnormal HSN (pathologic monophasic, biphasic or delayed-peak HSN) showed different positive rates depending on the vestibular disorders and compensation (94% in acute VN; 89% in FU VN; 78% in MD; 50% in MV). Paretic HSN with the nystagmus towards the lesioned side was the most common type in VN and MD; however, recovery HSN with the nystagmus towards the intact side could be rarely observed especially in patients with MD or compensated VN. Vertical nystagmus could be combined with horizontal HSN, and upbeat HSN was observed in most (83%) of the patients with acute VN, but downbeat HSN was common in follow-up VN (83%), MD (97%) and MV (85%). Weak perverted HSN, which is assumed to be a central nystagmus, was rarely observed in MD and MV (6-9%), but not in VN. CONCLUSIONS Head-shaking nystagmus (HSN) in horizontal plane is a valuable tool in the assessment of vestibular imbalance. Common observation of upbeat HSN in acute VN and downbeat HSN in follow-up VN, MD and MV suggests that vertical components are possibly related to the involvement of vestibular apparatus and compensation. Weak perverted HSN and delayed-peak HSN were rarely observed in MD and MV, and never observed in VN, suggesting that it is possibly related to either asymmetrically impaired vertical canals or misorientation of the velocity-storage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Cha JM, Lim KS, Lee SH, Joo YE, Hong SP, Kim TI, Kim HG, Park DI, Kim SE, Yang DH, Shin JE. Clinical outcomes and risk factors of post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome: a multicenter, retrospective, case-control study. Endoscopy 2013; 45:202-7. [PMID: 23381948 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome (PPCS) is a well known complication of colonoscopic polypectomy. However, no previous studies have reported on the clinical outcomes or risk factors of PPCS. The aim of the current study was to analyze the clinical outcomes and risk factors of PPCS developing after a colonoscopic polypectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data for all patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomies and required hospitalization in nine university hospitals were analyzed retrospectively. The incidence, clinicopathological characteristics, and clinical outcomes of PPCS cases were examined. Additionally, patients who developed PPCS were compared with controls who were matched by age and sex, in order to assess for possible risk factors. RESULTS The rate of PPCS that required hospitalization after colonoscopic polypectomy was 0.7/1000. All patients with PPCS were treated medically without the need for surgical interventions. The median durations of therapeutic fasting, hospitalization, and antibiotic use were 3 days, 5.5 days, and 7 days, respectively. The rates of major PPCS and mortality were 2.9 % and 0 %, respectively. On multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR = 3.023, 95 %CI 1.034 - 8.832), large lesion size (OR = 2.855, 95 %CI 1.027 - 7.937), and non-polypoid configuration (OR = 3.332, 95 %CI 1.029 - 10.791) were found to be independent risk factors related to the development of PPCS. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the rates of major PPCS and mortality were only 2.9 % and 0 %, respectively. Hypertension, large lesion size, and non-polypoid configuration of the lesion were independently associated with PPCS. Therefore, patients may be reassured by the excellent prognosis of PPCS, while endoscopists should be especially careful when performing colonoscopic polypectomies in patients with hypertension or large and non-polypoid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 134-727, Korea
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18
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Ahn JH, Shin JE, Chung BY, Lee HM, Kang HH, Chung JW, Pak JH. Involvement of retinoic acid-induced peroxiredoxin 6 expression in recovery of noise-induced temporary hearing threshold shifts. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36:463-471. [PMID: 23792233 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is reported to reduce hair cell loss and hearing deterioration caused by noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). The present study investigates the involvement of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx 6) in ATRA-mediated protection of temporary threshold shift of hearing. Mice fed with ATRA before or after exposure to white noise showed a faster recovery than untreated controls within 1 week, with a concomitant increase of cochlear Prdx 6 expression. Treatment of mouse auditory cells with ATRA induced Prdx 6 expression. A putative retinoic acid (RA)-response element (RARE) was identified in a murine Prdx 6 promoter region. Prdx 6 promoter activities were elevated in wild-type reporter plasmid-transfected cells, whereas no significant change in activity was in those with RARE-disrupted mutant reporter. RA receptor α (RARα) functions as a transactivator of Prdx 6 gene expression. These findings suggest that ATRA-induced Prdx 6 expression may be associated with rapid recovery from temporary NIHL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Auditory Fatigue/drug effects
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Cochlea/drug effects
- Cochlea/metabolism
- Cochlea/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hearing/drug effects
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/etiology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Peroxiredoxin VI/genetics
- Peroxiredoxin VI/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Recovery of Function
- Response Elements
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Ho Ahn
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology (Head and Neck Surgery), Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Bom Yi Chung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Mi Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hee Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Park CH, Cheon JH, Kim JO, Shin JE, Jang BI, Shin SJ, Jeen YT, Lee SH, Ji JS, Han DS, Jung SA, Park DI, Baek IH, Kim SH, Chang DK. Criteria for decision making after endoscopic resection of well-differentiated rectal carcinoids with regard to potential lymphatic spread. Endoscopy 2011; 43:790-5. [PMID: 21735371 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM Rectal carcinoids are low-grade malignancies that are usually treated by endoscopic resection. However, on pathologic examination, resection margins that are positive for carcinoid cells are frequently found. Patient outcomes were reviewed after endoscopic resection of rectal carcinoids and the clinical significance of possible residual disease, as defined by pathologic and endoscopic examination, was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS The medical records and endoscopic findings of 347 patients presenting with rectal carcinoids to 14 university hospitals in Korea between January 1999 and June 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS A total of 304 patients were treated with endoscopic resection, and 43 patents were treated with surgery. In the endoscopic resection group, the complete resection rate was 88.2% based on endoscopic appearance (CR-E) and 60.2% based on pathologic evaluation (CR-P). The agreement between CR-E and CR-P was low (κ=0.192). No residual tumors were found in 77 of 85 patients (90.6%) who were CR-E but not CR-P and who had endoscopic biopsy taken at 24-month follow-up. The receiver-operating characteristic curve identified an optimal cut-off value of 10.5 mm, at which the sensitivity and the specificity for metastasis were 100% and 89%, respectively. The risk factors for metastasis by multivariate analysis were tumor size, increased mitotic rate, and lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic resection is a safe and effective modality for treating well-differentiated rectal carcinoids smaller than 10 mm in diameter. Discrepancies were observed between CR-E and CR-P. The risk factors for metastasis were tumor size, increased mitotic rate, and lymphovascular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
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20
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Chung JW, Shin JE, Han KW, Ahn JH, Kim YJ, Park JW, So HS. Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha by cobalt chloride prevents hearing loss in noise-exposed mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 31:153-159. [PMID: 21787680 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is the key transcription factor that enables cells to survive in hypoxia, we have investigated whether an upregulation of HIF-1α prevents the noise-induced hearing loss in BALB/c hybrid mice, which were intraperitoneally injected with CoCl(2) (a HIF-1α inducer) and exposed to white band noise with 120 dB peak equivalent sound pressure level for 3h once daily for 3 days. In the CoCl(2) treatment group, HIF-1α was found to be up-regulated in the cochlear tissues and the hearing loss was largely prevented. Histologically, the loss of sensory hair cells was also significantly lower in the CoCl(2) treatment group than the Control group. However, YC-1 (a HIF-1α inhibitor) attenuated the preventive effect of CoCl(2) on the noise-induced hearing loss. These results suggest that HIF-1α plays a crucial role in the prevention against noise trauma in the inner ear.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Auditory Threshold/drug effects
- Auditory Threshold/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cobalt/pharmacology
- Cochlea/drug effects
- Cochlea/metabolism
- Environmental Exposure
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory/drug effects
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects
- Hair Cells, Auditory/pathology
- Hearing/drug effects
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/pathology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/prevention & control
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/psychology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Noise/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze test-retest reliability of vibration-induced nystagmus (VIN) in dizzy patients. Fifty-two consecutive patients with positive eye movements induced by vibration at all four different stimulation sites were enrolled. Evaluation of VIN was repeated in 2 separate sessions, 30 minutes apart. Maximum slow-phase eye velocities at different sites from the first and second sessions were assessed via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The incidence of directional changing of evoked nystagmus and the abnormal rates were also evaluated. Excellent reliability with ICC values ranging from 0.89–0.98 and substantial-to-excellent correlation was obtained for the maximum slow-phase eye velocities at different sites. The incidence of directional changes of evoked nystagmus was 0%–4% at each stimulation site. Forty-three patients (83%) had abnormal results in the first session and 41 patients (79%) had abnormal results in the second session. Overall, the direction and maximum slow-phase eye velocities of VIN for different stimulation sites had excellent test-retest reliability. The VIN test is a reliable test for detecting vestibular imbalance in evaluating a dizzy patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongJu Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - YeoJin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - MunSu Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - JaeMyung Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - JungEun Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Choi BS, Park JW, Shin JE, Lü PH, Kim JK, Kim SJ, Lee DH, Kim JS, Kim HJ, Suh DC. Outcome evaluation of carotid stenting in high-risk patients with symptomatic carotid near occlusion. Interv Neuroradiol 2010; 16:309-16. [PMID: 20977866 PMCID: PMC3277987 DOI: 10.1177/159101991001600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of symptomatic carotid near occlusion especially in high-risk patients is different from outcome analysis of NASCET. We evaluated outcome in high-risk patients with symptomatic near occlusion. For 48 patients with near occlusion out of 166 symptomatic high-risk patients who underwent carotid stenting, we assessed the procedural success defined as residual stenosis <30%, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at one and six months following stenting, and the 13 cerebrovascular factors related to the outcome. Initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≥4, 1-3 and 0 were 13, 14 and 21 patients each. We compared the outcome with patients who underwent CAS (n=118) due to symptomatic stenosis without near occlusion during the same period. Our procedural success rate was 98%. A good outcome (mRS ≤2) was achieved in 44 patients (92%) at six months. There were five events (10%) within six months, i.e. three minor strokes, one major stroke caused by hemorrhage, and one death excluding two deaths not related to stroke. Hyperperfusion (n=4) was the most common cause of events leading to two minor strokes and a major stroke. Although initial NIHSS (P = .012) was related to poor outcome (mRS >2) compared to the CAS group, there was no statistical significance between two groups in the event rate of stroke, death or restenosis. The outcome of carotid stenting in high-risk patients with symptomatic near occlusion did not reveal any difference compared with CAS. Poor outcome was related to the initial NIHSS (≥4). Hyperperfusion tended to be more commonly related to an event occurring after stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Choi
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
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Lee J, Retamal C, Cuitiño L, Caruano-Yzermans A, Shin JE, van Kerkhof P, Marzolo MP, Bu G. Adaptor protein sorting nexin 17 regulates amyloid precursor protein trafficking and processing in the early endosomes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:11501-8. [PMID: 18276590 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800642200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta peptide (Abeta), generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing by beta- and gamma-secretases, is toxic to neurons and is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Production of Abeta from APP is greatly affected by the subcellular localization and trafficking of APP. Here we have identified a novel intracellular adaptor protein, sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), that binds specifically to the APP cytoplasmic domain via the YXNPXY motif that has been shown previously to bind several cell surface adaptors, including Fe65 and X11. Overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of SNX17 and RNA interference knockdown of endogenous SNX17 expression both reduced steady-state levels of APP with a concomitant increase in Abeta production. RNA interference knockdown of SNX17 also decreased APP half-life, which led to the decreased steady-state levels of APP. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed a colocalization of SNX17 and APP in the early endosomes. We also showed that a cell surface adaptor protein, Dab2, binds to the same YXNPXY motif and regulates APP endocytosis at the cell surface. Our results thus provide strong evidence that both cell surface and intracellular adaptor proteins regulate APP endocytic trafficking and processing to Abeta. The identification of SNX17 as a novel APP intracellular adaptor protein highly expressed in neurons should facilitate the understanding of the relationship between APP intracellular trafficking and processing to Abeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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24
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Park H, Shin J, Shim D. Mechanisms of Vibration-Induced Nystagmus in Normal Subjects and Patients with Vestibular Neuritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:189-97. [PMID: 17259708 DOI: 10.1159/000099023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that vibration applied either on the mastoid or on the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles induces nystagmus in normal subjects or patients after unilateral vestibular neuritis (VN). The aims of the study were to characterize vibration-induced nystagmus (VIN) in normal and patient groups and to propose the mechanism of VIN. We recorded eye movements during unilateral 100-Hz vibration on the mastoid bone and SCM muscles in 22 normal subjects and 19 patients with unilateral VN. In normal subjects, the direction of slow-phase velocity (SPV) tended to be toward the vibrated side. Vibration on the right/left SCM muscles induced mean SPV of 1.7 degrees/s, -1.9 degrees/s toward the stimulated side in all normal subjects. Vibration on the right/left mastoid bone induced mean SPV of 1.5 degrees/s, -0.4 degrees/s toward the stimulated side in most of the normal subjects. Positive value means SPV to the right side. This directional preponderance to the vibrated side was statistically significant. Among the patients with VN, the slow phase of the VIN was directed towards the lesioned side, irrespective of whether vibration was applied on the lesioned or intact side. Vibration on the right/left mastoid bone induced mean SPV of -10.4 degrees/s, -10.8 degrees/s toward the lesioned side. Vibration on the right/left SCM induced mean SPV of -7.9 degrees/s, -10.5 degrees/s toward the lesioned side. The amplitude of SPV showed a significant correlation with the unilateral weakness of caloric test. Our results suggest that the proprioceptive stimulation plays a major role in producing VIN in normal subjects, while VIN is generated mostly by the vestibular stimulation in patients with unilateral VN, which helps us localize the lesion side. Vibration tests on the SCM muscles as well as on the mastoid are recommended and our hypothetic mechanisms of VIN are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongJu Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To classify the inner ear anomalies of cochlear implantees with profound sensorineural hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS For the normative data of the inner ear structures, the temporal bone computed tomography of 60 patients (120 ears) with normal bone-conduction threshold (< 15 dB) were used, and the data were applied to 570 ears of 285 cochlear implantees. INTERVENTIONS Predesignated inner ear structures were measured in temporal bone computed tomography images from the normal and cochlear implantation groups using a computer-based caliper that formed part of a picture archiving and communication system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The inner ear anomalies were defined when the structures presented visually obvious malformations or the measurements deviated 2 standard deviations from the means in the normative data. RESULTS The application of normative data to 570 profound SNHL ears resulted in the identification of 293 individual anomalies in 127 anomalous ears. An enlarged vestibular aqueduct was the most common individual anomaly (49 cases), followed by vestibular enlargement (38 cases) and other semicircular canal dysplasia (37 cases). When the individual anomalies were reaccounted according to the more prominent anomaly where multiple anomalies were present in each ear, incomplete partition type II was the most common (34 ears), followed by cochlear hypoplasia (22 ears) and incomplete partition type I (20 ears). CONCLUSION We suggested a measurement technique for the inner ear structures using computed tomography and derived normative measurements helpful for diagnosing inner ear anomalies. Using these normative data, we classified the inner ear anomalies of profound SNHL ears in cochlear implantees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon Shim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Yoon TH, Shin JE, Oh SH, Ha HJ. A case of early cochlear implantation in a child with postmeningitic deafness. Cochlear Implants Int 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/cii.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Yoon TH, Shin JE, Oh SH, Ha HJ. A case of early cochlear implantation in a child with postmeningitic deafness. Cochlear Implants Int 2004; 5 Suppl 1:215-7. [DOI: 10.1179/cim.2004.5.supplement-1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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28
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Shin JE, Nam SY, Yoo SJ, Kim SY. Analysis of voice and quantitative measurement of glottal gap after thyroplasty type I in the treatment of unilateral vocal paralysis. J Voice 2002; 16:136-42. [PMID: 12002881 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-1997(02)00083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroplasty type I is one of several surgical treatments in which improving the voice of unilateral vocal fold paralysis is the ultimate objective. The goal of the surgery is the medialization of the paralyzed vocal fold. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of thyroplasty type I through acoustical analysis, aerodynamic measures, and quantitative videostroboscopic measurements. We report on 20 patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis who underwent thyroplasty type I. We performed preoperative and postoperative video image analysis (normalized glottal gap area) and computer-assisted voice analysis (fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, mean phonation time, mean flow rate, mean subglottic pressure) in all patients. The glottal gap was significantly reduced after thyroplasty type I. Postoperative voice quality was characterized by an improved pitch and amplitude pertubation (jitter and shimmer), phonation time (mean phonation time), and subglottic pressure (mean subglottic pressure). Thyroplasty type I is an effective method for regaining glottal closure and vocal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center Seoul, Korea
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29
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Despite the dramatic decrease in the incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis, the disease has gained new interest as a result of claims that it has changed its clinical patterns. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changing trends in clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical analysis. METHODS Clinical analysis of 22 patients with pathologically confirmed laryngeal tuberculosis was carried out retrospectively. RESULTS Patients' ages ranged from 22 to 75 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.14 to 1. The most frequent chief complaint was hoarseness. The true vocal cord and the false vocal cord were commonly involved, and 11 patients showed single lesions. Among 22 patients, only 7 had active pulmonary tuberculosis, and 9 were proven to have normal lung status. The patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis showed more ulcerative and multiple lesions. The patients with normal lung status showed nonspecific, polypoid, and single lesions. All patients responded satisfactorily to antituberculous medication. CONCLUSIONS The clinical manifestations of laryngeal tuberculosis have changed and seem to be different from those of classic reports. It can even occur without pulmonary tuberculosis, and the characteristics of lesions seem to be more nonspecific. It might be important to consider tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of nonspecific laryngeal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
A choristoma is a nonneoplastic proliferation of histologically normal tissue that forms at an abnormal site. It is extremely uncommon in the middle ear space. It appears to be a developmental abnormality and may be associated with abnormalities of adjacent structures. It usually occurs with unilateral conductive hearing loss and requires a differential diagnosis from other mass lesions in the middle ear cavity. This article discusses a case of salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear that we believe to be the 24th case reported on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Mook-Jung I, Shin JE, Yun SH, Huh K, Koh JY, Park HK, Jew SS, Jung MW. Protective effects of asiaticoside derivatives against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58:417-25. [PMID: 10518115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Asiaticoside (AS) derivatives were tested for potential protective effects against Abeta-induced cell death. Of the 28 AS derivatives tested, asiatic acid (AA), asiaticoside 6 (AS6), and SM2 showed strong inhibition of Abeta-induced death of B103 cells at 1 microM. The three AS derivatives were further tested for their effects on free radical injury and apoptosis. All three AS derivatives reduced H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and lowered intracellular free radical concentration, but AA showed the strongest protection. In contrast, SM2 was the most effective blocker of staurosporine-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that the three AS derivatives block Abeta toxicity by acting through different cellular mechanisms. When applied to hippocampal slices, AA, SM2, and AS6 did not alter n-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) or non-NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation or induction of long-term potentiation in the field CA1. These results indicate that the three AS derivatives do not alter physiological properties of the hippocampus at the concentration that blocks Abeta-induced cell death. Therefore AS6, AA, and SM2 can be regarded as reasonable candidates for a therapeutic Alzheimer's disease drug that protects neurons from Abeta toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mook-Jung
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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32
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Shin JE, Koh JY, Mook-Jung I. Presenilin 1 mediates protein kinase C dependent alpha-secretase derived amyloid precursor protein secretion and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in presenilin 1 transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cell. Neurosci Lett 1999; 269:99-102. [PMID: 10430514 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of presenilin 1 (PS1) in the secretion of alpha-secretase derived amyloid precursor protein (sAPP alpha) and associated intracellular signaling pathways. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were transfected with exon 9 deletion (deltaE9) mutant PS1 cDNA in an ecdyson-inducible system. sAPPalpha secretion was lower in the mutant PS1 expressing cells compared with non-expressing cells. When activated by PDBu, secretion of sAPPalpha and the level of phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) were greatly enhanced in deltaE9 PS1 uninduced cells, but not in the mutant PS1 induced cells. PD98059, a MAPK inhibitor, blocked PDBu induced sAPPalpha secretion from deltaE9 PS1 uninduced cells but had no effect on the mutant PS1 induced cells. These data indicate that PS1 mediates PDBu-induced sAPPalpha secretion and MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Shin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for the CNS Zinc Study Group, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
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Shin JE, Ackloo S, Mainkar AS, Monteiro MA, Pang H, Penner JL, Aspinall GO. Lipo-oligosaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:10. Structures of core oligosaccharide regions from a bacterial isolate from a patient with the Miller-Fisher syndrome and from the serotype reference strain. Carbohydr Res 1997; 305:223-32. [PMID: 9581276 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipo-oligosaccharide (LOSa) was obtained by phenol-water extraction of bacterial cells of an isolate PG 836, identified as Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:10, from a patient who subsequently developed the Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS). The product was separated into a water-insoluble gel of low Mr and a water-soluble component of high Mr. The structure of the core oligosaccharide region in LOSa is reported herein for comparison with LOSb from the C. jejuni O:10 reference strain, and is based on investigations carried out on: (1) O-deacylated LOSa; (2) the core oligosaccharide (OS 1a) liberated on acetic acid hydrolysis of the ketosidic linkages to lipid A, with accompanying loss of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues; (3) the product of the removal of phosphate residues from OS 1a to give OS 2a; and (4) the Smith degradation of OS 2a to yield a mixture of Os 3a and OS 4a. The results revealed that the core oligosaccharide region in LOSa from the MFS bacterial isolate had chains (1a), of which some were terminated by an N-acetylneuraminobiose [Neu5Ac(alpha 2-8)Neu5Ac] unit in a GD3 [Neu5Ac-Neu5Ac-Gal] epitope, and the inner regions of which were different from those of other C. jejuni serotypes. Similar experiments on LOSb from bacterial cells of the C. jejuni O:10 reference strain showed that the core oligosaccharide unit [1a, R = P (phosphoric monoester)] of LOSa from the MFS isolate was more uniformly complete than that of the O:10 reference strain [1b, R = AEP (2-aminoethylphosphate)] differing in the nature of the phosphate substituent at the inner heptose residue. The close structural relationship of LOSa from the MFS associated bacterium to LOSb from the O:10 reference strain runs parallel to that of the previously studied Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) associated bacterium typed as C. jejuni O:19 in comparison with the lipo-oligosaccharide from the reference strain. Preliminary studies on the high Mr components showed that those from the O:10 strains were indistinguishable from each other, but were structurally unrelated to those from the GBS associated C. jejuni serotype O:19 isolates and the O:19 reference strain [G.O. Aspinall, A.G. McDonald, and H. Pang, Biochemistry, 33 (1994) 250-255].
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Shin
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hyun JW, Shin JE, Lim KH, Sung MS, Park JW, Yu JH, Kim BK, Paik WH, Kang SS, Park JG. Evomonoside: the cytotoxic cardiac glycoside from Lepidium apetalum. Planta Med 1995; 61:294-295. [PMID: 7617779 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Hyun
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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Brennan PJ, Aspinall GO, Shin JE. Structure of the specific oligosaccharides from the glycopeptidolipid antigens of serovars in the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex. J Biol Chem 1981; 256:6817-22. [PMID: 7240245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific oligosaccharide units of the C-mycosidic glycopeptidolipid antigens from serovarieties in the Myobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex were liberated as oligosaccharide alditols by treatment of the glycopeptidolipids with alkaline borohydride. The complete structures of the oligosaccharide alditols have been derived from their 1H-NMR spectra or those of their permethylated (or pertrideuteriomethylated) derivatives, the mass spectra of the methylated derivatives, and from methylation fragmentation analysis. Periodate oxidation was also used to confirm the position of the link between the ultimate and penultimate sugars. The following structures are proposed (with some extrapolation of enantiomeric configurations where evidence for assignment is not yet complete) for the oligosaccharide alditols: Serovar 9 2,3-Me2-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-Me2-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-6-deoxy-L-Talol Serovar 25 2-Me-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 4)-2-Me-alpha-L-Fucp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-6-deoxy-L-talol Serovar 8 4,6-(1'-carboxyethylidene)-3-Me-beta-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1 leads to 2)-6-deoxy-L-Talol Thus, 6-deoxytalitol (6-deoxytalose in the original glycopeptidolipid) invariably occupies the reducing terminus. Rhamnose is invariably the penultimate sugar, and the link between rhamnose and 6-deoxytalose is invariably alpha 1 leads to 2. Moreover, the results point to the outer one or two appendages for the provision of individually distinctive features required for antigen specificity. The abbreviations used are: serovar, serologically distinct varieties; Me, methyl; Fucp, fucopyranose; Rhap, rhamnopyranose; Talol, talitol.
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