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Blay Mensah LB, Ken-Amoah S, Essuman MA, Anane-Fenin B, Agbeno EK, Eliason S, Essien-Baidoo S. Cervical Microbiota Influences Cytokine Diversity in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia among Rural Women in the Akyemansa District of Ghana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5129709. [PMID: 37635942 PMCID: PMC10450155 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5129709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background In recent times, cervical dysbiosis which mostly causes and aggravates infections is highlighted for its role in immune modulation in cervical dysplasia, which promotes the shifting of Th1 phenotype immunity to Th2 phenotype immunity. This study therefore estimated and compared the levels of circulatory IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines among adult women identified to have different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and with cervicovaginal infection. Methods A total of 157 participants were recruited from the Akyemansa District of Ghana, and cervical swabs and blood samples were taken. The Pap smear test, microbiological culture, and ELISA were employed for cytology analysis, bacteria isolation, and identification and estimation of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines, respectively. Results Overall, 14/157 (8.9%) had CIN with 7.6% having CIN 1 and 1.3% having CIN 2. The main predictor for CIN was age above 46 years (OR 11.16, 95% CI: 2.4-51.8). Bacterial vaginosis (p = 0.003) and Candida infection (p = 0.012) were significantly higher in CIN. Again, Staphylococcus aureus (60% vs. 17.6%, p = 0.005), Citrobacter sp. (40.0% vs. 13.2%, p = 0.017), and Morganella morganii (40.0% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.002) isolates were significantly higher in CIN-positive participants. IL-10 and TNF-α concentrations were elevated in participants with CIN 1+ (TNF-α NIL vs. CIN 1+ only, p < 0.05) while IL-6 was decreased among participants with CIN 1+. In the presence of vaginal infection, TNF-α decreased among CIN 1+ participants while IL-10 remained elevated. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that cervical dysbiosis causes immune suppression, which creates a suitable microenvironment for the development of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Betty Blay Mensah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sebastian Ken-Amoah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mainprice Akuoko Essuman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Betty Anane-Fenin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evans Kofi Agbeno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sebastian Eliason
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Essien-Baidoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Zhang C, Lin L, Yang W, Xiong G, Gao G. The impact of pelvic floor electrical stimulation on vaginal microbiota and immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1006576. [PMID: 36237426 PMCID: PMC9551273 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1006576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic floor electrical stimulation (ES) is an effective treatment for pelvic floor dysfunction. However, the impact of ES on vaginal microbiota and local inflammatory response is yet poorly understood. Therefore, we designed a longitudinal study to investigate the impact of ES on vaginal microbiota and cytokines. A total of 170 participants were recruited into the study at Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China, from December 2021 to April 2022. They were divided into two groups concerning the follow-up: long-term cohort (n = 147) following up to seven treatment sessions and short-term cohort (n = 23) following up to 7 h after a 30-min treatment. Paired vaginal discharge samples were collected from 134 individuals. Vaginal microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing, and local cytokines concentrations were detected by the cytometric bead array method. A significant increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. was observed after ES treatment (P < 0.001). In addition, L. crispatus (P = 0.012) and L. gasseri (P = 0.011) also increased significantly. Reduced microbial diversity was observed in the vaginal microbiota after the treatment. In the long-term cohort, a significant downregulation of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α was compared with baseline. However, the short-term cohort presented with an elevated IL-6 level at 7 h after the treatment. In conclusion, this study suggested that transvaginal electrical stimulation might help to restore and maintain a healthy vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus, reducing the risk of vaginal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Zhang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Yang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwu Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guolan Gao
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guolan Gao,
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Hayashida S, Takada K, Melnikov VG, Komine-Aizawa S, Tsuji NM, Hayakawa S. How were Lactobacillus species selected as single dominant species in the human vaginal microbiota? Coevolution of humans and Lactobacillus. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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van Best N, Dominguez-Bello MG, Hornef MW, Jašarević E, Korpela K, Lawley TD. Should we modulate the neonatal microbiome and what should be the goal? MICROBIOME 2022; 10:74. [PMID: 35538552 PMCID: PMC9087991 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels van Best
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology and of Anthropology, and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eldin Jašarević
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Katri Korpela
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Morris S, Cottrell M, Rawlings SA, Peterson S, Karris M, Pacheco D, Chaillon A, Kay A, Chow K, Anderson PL, Gianella S, Blumenthal J. Genital Inflammation Is Not Associated With Decreased Vaginal Tenofovir Concentrations in Women Taking Oral PrEP. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:390-395. [PMID: 35202047 PMCID: PMC8887788 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the association of inflammation and dysbosis on cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) tenofovir (TFV) concentrations in women taking oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitable for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United States. SETTING Thirty-five women in a HIV PrEP implementation study attended their week 24 visit at a San Diego research clinic and provided CVF specimens. METHODS Women in the Adherence Enhancement Guided by Individualized Texting and Drug Levels study had their CVF specimens evaluated for (1) sexually transmitted bacterial (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella, and Trichomonas vaginalis), viral (human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus-1/2) and fungal (Candida) infections; (2) microbiome composition by 16 S sequencing (V3-V4 region); and (3) cytokine profiles by enzyme-linked immunoassay (Interleukin-8, macrophage Inflammatory protein-1a, macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1b and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10). Univariate statistical analysis was used to determine factors associated with CVF TFV concentrations. CVF TFV of 100-1000 ng/mL benchmarked typical genital concentrations and TFV-diphosphate in dried blood spots of 700 fmol/punch was considered adequate adherence. RESULTS Thirty-five women had CVF specimens collected. No factor was associated with CVF TFV concentrations or discordance of blood and vaginal concentrations. Among 27 participants assessed for vaginosis (Candida, Gardnerella or Trichomonas), women with Gardnerella (n = 11) were more likely to have high (>1000 ng/mL) CVF TFV concentrations (82% versus 33%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Presence of genital viruses, cytokines, or vaginal community state types were not associated with low CVF TFV concentrations in cisgender women taking oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitable for PrEP. The surprising association observed between presence of Gardnerella and higher vaginal TFV concentrations needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Maile Karris
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Alexis Kay
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karen Chow
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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6
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Chen C, Hao L, Zhang Z, Tian L, Zhang X, Zhu J, Jie Z, Tong X, Xiao L, Zhang T, Jin X, Xu X, Yang H, Wang J, Kristiansen K, Jia H. Cervicovaginal microbiome dynamics after taking oral probiotics. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:716-726. [PMID: 34391676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vaginal microbiota is less complex than the gut microbiota, and the colonization of Lactobacillus in the female vagina is considered to be critical for reproductive health. Oral probiotics have been suggested as promising means to modulate vaginal homeostasis in the general population. In this study, 60 Chinese women were followed for over a year before, during, and after treatment with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillusreuteri RC-14. Shotgun metagenomic data of 1334 samples from multiple body sites did not support a colonization route of the probiotics from the oral cavity to the intestinal tract and then to the vagina. Our analyses enable the classification of the cervicovaginal microbiome into a stable state and a state of dysbiosis. The microbiome in the stable group steadily maintained a relatively high abundance of Lactobacilli over one year, which was not affected by probiotic intake, whereas in the dysbiosis group, the microbiota was more diverse and changed markedly over time. Data from a subset of the dysbiosis group suggests this subgroup possibly benefited from supplementation with the probiotics, indicating that probiotics supplementation can be prescribed for women in a subclinical microbiome setting of dysbiosis, providing opportunities for targeted and personalized microbiome reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lilan Hao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Liu Tian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Jie Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Tong
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Detection and Intervention of Human Intestinal Microbiome, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Huijue Jia
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
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7
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Yang Q, Wang Y, Wei X, Zhu J, Wang X, Xie X, Lu W. The Alterations of Vaginal Microbiome in HPV16 Infection as Identified by Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:286. [PMID: 32656096 PMCID: PMC7324666 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of microbiome imbalance with cancer development is being one of the research hotspots. Persistent HPV infection is a causal event in cervical cancer initiation, but, little is known about the microbiome composition and function in HPV infection. Here we identified the compositional and functional alterations on vaginal samples from 27 HPV16 positive women and 25 age-matched HPV negative controls using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, to provide a comprehensive investigation describing the microbial abundances and enriched metabolic functions in cervicovaginal metagenomes. We further employed qPCR assays to evaluate two selected gene markers of HPV16 infection in an independent validation cohort consisting of 88 HPV16 positive women and 81 controls, and six selected species markers in a subset of validation cohort of 45 HPV16 positive women and 53 controls. We found that the relative abundance of dominant Firmicutes was lower, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and viruses phyla were significantly higher in the HPV16-positive group; 77 genera including Gardnerella, Peptostreptococcus, and Prevotella were higher, and 20 genera including Lactobacillus and Aerococcus were lower in the HPV16-positive women. Abundance of 12 genes, 17 genera, and 7 species biomarkers showed an excellent predictive power for the HPV16-positive individuals, with 0.861, 0.819, and 0.918, respectively, of the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). We further characterized the microbial function, and revealed that HPV16-positive women were enriched in metabolism and membrane transport, and depleted by glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and replication and repair. Quantitative PCR measurements validated that one gene marker and three species were significantly enriched in HPV16-positive women. These results highlight a fundamental fact that there are altered composition and function of the vaginal microbiome in HPV16-positive women, suggesting that vaginal dysbiosis may be associated with HPV infection in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Bober JR, Beisel CL, Nair NU. Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineer Probiotics and Members of the Human Microbiota for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2018. [PMID: 29528686 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have strongly correlated the composition of the human microbiota with many human health conditions and, in several cases, have shown that manipulating the microbiota directly affects health. These insights have generated significant interest in engineering indigenous microbiota community members and nonresident probiotic bacteria as biotic diagnostics and therapeutics that can probe and improve human health. In this review, we discuss recent advances in synthetic biology to engineer commensal and probiotic lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and Bacteroides for these purposes, and we provide our perspective on the future potential of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef R Bober
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA;
| | - Chase L Beisel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA;
| | - Nikhil U Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA;
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9
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Tur-Torres MH, Alijotas-Reig J. Maternal microbiota and the major obstetric syndromes: When the enemy becomes an ally. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 150:141-143. [PMID: 28571957 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Tur-Torres
- Unidad de Medicina Materno-Fetal, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Jaume Alijotas-Reig
- Docencia de Medicina, Servicio de Medicina Interna-Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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Woloszynek S, Pastor S, Mell JC, Nandi N, Sokhansanj B, Rosen GL. Engineering Human Microbiota: Influencing Cellular and Community Dynamics for Therapeutic Applications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:67-124. [PMID: 27017007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The complex relationship between microbiota, human physiology, and environmental perturbations has become a major research focus, particularly with the arrival of culture-free and high-throughput approaches for studying the microbiome. Early enthusiasm has come from results that are largely correlative, but the correlative phase of microbiome research has assisted in defining the key questions of how these microbiota interact with their host. An emerging repertoire for engineering the microbiome places current research on a more experimentally grounded footing. We present a detailed look at the interplay between microbiota and host and how these interactions can be exploited. A particular emphasis is placed on unstable microbial communities, or dysbiosis, and strategies to reestablish stability in these microbial ecosystems. These include manipulation of intermicrobial communication, development of designer probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Woloszynek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - S Pastor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - J C Mell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - N Nandi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - B Sokhansanj
- McKool Smith Hennigan, P. C., Redwood Shores, CA, United States of America
| | - G L Rosen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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11
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Barriers to a cure for HIV in women. J Int AIDS Soc 2016; 19:20706. [PMID: 26900031 PMCID: PMC4761692 DOI: 10.7448/ias.19.1.20706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Distinct biological factors exist that affect the natural history of HIV and the host immune response between women and men. These differences must be addressed to permit the optimal design of effective HIV eradication strategies for much of the HIV-positive population. Methods and results Here, we review the literature on sex-based differences in HIV pathogenesis and natural history in tissues and anatomic compartments, HIV latency and transcriptional activity, and host immunity including the role of sex hormones. We then outline the potential effects of these differences on HIV persistence, and on the safety and efficacy of HIV eradication and curative interventions. Finally, we discuss the next steps necessary to elucidate these factors to achieve a cure for HIV, taking in account the complex ethical issues and the regulatory landscape in the hopes of stimulating further research and awareness in these areas. Conclusions Targeted enrolment of women in clinical trials and careful sex-based analysis will be crucial to gain further insights into sex-based differences in HIV persistence and to design sex-specific approaches to HIV eradication, if required.
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12
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Redundant Function of Plasmacytoid and Conventional Dendritic Cells Is Required To Survive a Natural Virus Infection. J Virol 2015. [PMID: 26202250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01024-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viruses that spread systemically from a peripheral site of infection cause morbidity and mortality in the human population. Innate myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DC), and dendritic cells (DC), respond early during viral infection to control viral replication, reducing virus spread from the peripheral site. Ectromelia virus (ECTV), an orthopoxvirus that naturally infects the mouse, spreads systemically from the peripheral site of infection and results in death of susceptible mice. While phagocytic cells have a requisite role in the response to ECTV, the requirement for individual myeloid cell populations during acute immune responses to peripheral viral infection is unclear. In this study, a variety of myeloid-specific depletion methods were used to dissect the roles of individual myeloid cell subsets in the survival of ECTV infection. We showed that DC are the primary producers of type I interferons (T1-IFN), requisite cytokines for survival, following ECTV infection. DC, but not macrophages, monocytes, or granulocytes, were required for control of the virus and survival of mice following ECTV infection. Depletion of either plasmacytoid DC (pDC) alone or the lymphoid-resident DC subset (CD8α(+) DC) alone did not confer lethal susceptibility to ECTV. However, the function of at least one of the pDC or CD8α(+) DC subsets is required for survival of ECTV infection, as mice depleted of both populations were susceptible to ECTV challenge. The presence of at least one of these DC subsets is sufficient for cytokine production that reduces ECTV replication and virus spread, facilitating survival following infection. IMPORTANCE Prior to the eradication of variola virus, the orthopoxvirus that causes smallpox, one-third of infected people succumbed to the disease. Following successful eradication of smallpox, vaccination rates with the smallpox vaccine have significantly dropped. There is now an increasing incidence of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections for which there are no effective treatments. Moreover, the safety of the smallpox vaccine is of great concern, as complications may arise, resulting in morbidity. Like many viruses that cause significant human diseases, orthopoxviruses spread from a peripheral site of infection to become systemic. This study elucidates the early requirement for innate immune cells in controlling a peripheral infection with ECTV, the causative agent of mousepox. We report that there is redundancy in the function of two innate immune cell subsets in controlling virus spread early during infection. The viral control mediated by these cell subsets presents a potential target for therapies and rational vaccine design.
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