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Yu ZM, Van Blyderveen S, Schmidt L, Lu CH, Vanstone M, Biringer A, Sword W, Beyene J, McDonald SD. Do Psychological and Behavioural Factors Change Over Pregnancy? JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2023; 45:655-660. [PMID: 37271345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how psychological and behavioural factors change from the first to the last half of pregnancy. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we assessed the changes in psychological and behavioural factors across 10 domains among 445 women (mean age = 30.9 years) in Ontario, Canada. We collected data using 2 standardized questionnaires administered at <21 and 32-36 weeks of gestation. We computed intraclass correlation coefficients, percentages of no change, decrease, and increase, and mean differences between the 2 surveys. RESULTS Most psychological and behavioural factors had intraclass correlation coefficients < 0.50 between the first and the second half of pregnancy, suggesting remarkable changes over the course of pregnancy. We observed significant decreases in self-efficacy, compensatory health beliefs, guilt regarding binge eating, emotional eating, dietary restriction, pregnancy-related nausea and food cravings, sleep duration, and physical activity. We also found increases in anxious and depressive symptoms and the tendency to accept friends' and family's beliefs regarding pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS In the first prospective analysis, we found that many psychological and behavioural factors changed significantly over pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Michael Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Sherry Van Blyderveen
- New Leaf Psychology Centre, Milton, ON; Eating Disorders Program at Homewood Health Centre, Guelph, ON
| | - Louis Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Cathy Huilin Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | | | - Anne Biringer
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON
| | - Wendy Sword
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Sarah D McDonald
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON; Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON; Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
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Mlili NE, Ahabrach H, Cauli O. Hair Cortisol Concentration as a Biomarker of Symptoms of Depression in the Perinatal Period. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:71-83. [PMID: 35297354 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220316122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a sensitive period when women experience major hormonal and psychological changes. A high prevalence of the symptoms of depression and manifested major depression rates have been reported during this period, leading to negative outcomes both for mothers and the offspring. Despite its prevalence, the aetiology of depression is not yet fully understood. Nonetheless, alterations in cortisol levels have been proposed as a reliable biomarker to identify pregnant women at risk of perinatal depression. Hair cortisol has recently been extensively used in bio-psychological studies as a suitable non-invasive biomarker for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Various studies have published evidence regarding the relationship between cortisol fluctuations during the perinatal period, measured both in hair and in other substrates, and the onset of perinatal symptoms of depression. This current review provides an overview of cortisol level changes measured in women's hair during pregnancy or the postpartum period and its association with perinatal symptoms of depression. Further studies, including repetitive measurement of both hair cortisol and depression throughout the prenatal period, must be performed to clarify the relationship between cortisol levels and perinatal symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrin El Mlili
- Institut Supérieur des Professions Infirmières et Techniques de Santé (ISPITS), Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Hanan Ahabrach
- Institut Supérieur des Professions Infirmières et Techniques de Santé (ISPITS), Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Physiology and Physiopathology, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Group (FROG), University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Leach LS, Poyser C, Fairweather‐schmidt K. Maternal perinatal anxiety: A review of prevalence and correlates. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liana S. Leach
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Carmel Poyser
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Kate Fairweather‐schmidt
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
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Nazzari S, Fearon P, Rice F, Ciceri F, Molteni M, Frigerio A. The biological underpinnings of perinatal depressive symptoms: A multi-systems approach. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:1004-1012. [PMID: 32663926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-established evidence exists of an association between depressive symptoms and alterations in the stress and inflammatory response systems; however, the picture is far less coherent during the perinatal period. This study combines the assessment of multiple stress and inflammatory biomarkers in late pregnancy and after delivery in order to investigate cross-sectional and prospective associations with perinatal depressive symptoms. METHODS One-hundred-ten healthy women were assessed in late pregnancy (mean gestational age=34.76; SD=1.12) and 89 were re-evaluated after delivery (mean hours after delivery=52.36; SD=19.70) for depressive and anxiety symptoms through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and diurnal salivary cortisol levels were measured on both occasions, while diurnal salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels were assessed in late pregnancy. RESULTS Using Hierarchical Linear Models, higher depressive symptoms were found to be associated with higher IL-6 levels, lower morning cortisol levels and a flatter cortisol diurnal slope during pregnancy, while adjusting for potential confounders. No significant associations were found after delivery or with change in biomarker levels from pre- to post-partum. Furthermore, preliminary evidence of a positive association between inflammation and stress markers in women with higher antenatal depressive symptoms was found. LIMITATIONS The sample was relatively small and highly selected, thus limiting generalizability of the findings. CONCLUSIONS Results emphasize the need for an integrated multi-systems approach to the understanding of the biological underpinnings of perinatal depression and suggest that the stress-immune interactions represent a promising avenue for future endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nazzari
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - P Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F Rice
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - F Ciceri
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - M Molteni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - A Frigerio
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Child Psychopathology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Ghanbari-Homayi S, Fardiazar Z, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Meedya S, Jafarabadi MA, Mohammadi E, Mirghafourvand M. Skin-to-skin contact, early initiation of breastfeeding and childbirth experience in first time mothers: a cross sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnn.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lim HA, Chua TE, Malhotra R, Allen JC, Teo I, Chern BSM, Tan KH, Chen H. Identifying trajectories of antenatal depression in women and their associations with gestational age and neonatal anthropometry: A prospective cohort study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2019; 61:26-33. [PMID: 31710855 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study sought to determine the longitudinal trajectories of antenatal depression and examine their associations with birth outcomes. METHOD 926 healthy women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies within 14 weeks of gestation participated in this prospective cohort study. Women completed a sociodemographic and medical questionnaire and the locally-validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in their first, second, and third trimesters, and prior to parturition. Gestational age and neonatal weight, length, and head circumference were recorded at birth. Group-based trajectory modelling characterized trajectories of antenatal depression. Analyses of covariance and covariate-adjusted linear regressions identified associations between trajectories and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS Four distinct non-fluctuating trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified, with 9% women suffering from probable clinical depression throughout the pregnancy. Women in this persistently-moderate depression trajectory delivered 2.48 days earlier than in other trajectories; a one-point increase in EPDS scores was associated with an adjusted reduction of 5.82 g in birthweight. CONCLUSIONS Although meaningful trajectories were identified, no clinically relevant associations between persistently-moderate depressive symptoms with neonatal outcomes were found. The stability of these trajectories, however, suggests the importance of screening for depressive symptoms early in pregnancy to identify women who may benefit from greater formal and informal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikel A Lim
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Tze-Ern Chua
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
| | - Rahul Malhotra
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - John C Allen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Irene Teo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Bernard S M Chern
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
| | - Helen Chen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore; KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
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Prenatal and Postnatal Hair Steroid Levels Predict Post-Partum Depression 12 Weeks after Delivery. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091290. [PMID: 31450789 PMCID: PMC6780455 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Within three to six months after delivery, 13%–19% of women suffer from post-partum depression (PPD), understood as a dysfunctional adaptation to the postpartum condition and motherhood. In the present cross-sectional study, we compared the hair steroid levels of women 12 weeks before and after delivery and with or without PPD. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted twelve weeks after delivery. At that time, 48 women (mean age: 25.9 years) with PPD and 50 healthy controls (mean age: 25.2 years) completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms. Further, at the same time point, 6 cm lengths of hair strands were taken, providing samples of hair steroids 12 weeks before and 12 weeks after delivery in order to analyze hair steroids (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)). Results: Compared to those of women without PPD, hair steroid levels (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone) were significantly lower in women with PPD both before and after delivery. Lower prenatal cortisone and progesterone levels predicted higher depression scores 12 weeks after delivery. Lower prenatal levels of cortisol and progesterone and higher levels of DHEA, and postnatal lower levels of cortisol, cortisone, and progesterone, along with higher levels of DHEA predicted PPD-status with an accuracy of 98%. Conclusions: PPD is associated with blunted hair cortisol, cortisone, and progesterone secretions both pre- and postpartum. Such blunted steroid levels appear to reflect a stress responsivity that is less adaptive to acute and transient stressors. It follows that prenatally assessed low hair cortisol and progesterone levels, along with high DHEA levels, are reliable biomarkers of post-partum depression 12 weeks after delivery.
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Szpunar MJ, Parry BL. A systematic review of cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin in peripartum women with major depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018; 21:149-161. [PMID: 29022126 PMCID: PMC5857206 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-017-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy and postpartum are periods of high susceptibility to major depression (MD) and other mood disorders. The peripartum period is also a time of considerable changes in the levels of hormones, including cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, gonadotropins, and gonadal steroids. To investigate the relationship between mood and hormonal changes during and after pregnancy, we reviewed published reports of hormonal measures during this time frame, searched via PubMed and Web of Science. Studies were included if women in the antepartum or postpartum periods were clinically diagnosed with MD, and if there were repeated measures of cortisol, TSH, or prolactin. For these three hormones, the numbers of human studies that met these criteria were 15, 7, and 3, respectively. Convergent findings suggest that morning cortisol is reduced in pregnant and postpartum women with MD. Evidence did not support changes in TSH as a marker of MD during the peripartum period, and evidence for changes in prolactin in peripartum MD was equivocal. Aside from reduced morning cortisol in peripartum women with MD, definitive evidence for an association between specific hormonal fluctuations and mood disorders in the peripartum period remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes J Szpunar
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., #9116A, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Barbara L Parry
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Wen DJ, Poh JS, Ni SN, Chong YS, Chen H, Kwek K, Shek LP, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ, Qiu A. Influences of prenatal and postnatal maternal depression on amygdala volume and microstructure in young children. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1103. [PMID: 28440816 PMCID: PMC5416711 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal depressive symptoms influence neurodevelopment in the offspring. Such effects may appear to be gender-dependent. The present study examined contributions of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms to the volume and microstructure of the amygdala in 4.5-year-old boys and girls. Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 26 weeks of gestation. Postnatal maternal depression was assessed at 3 months using the EPDS and at 1, 2, 3 and 4.5 years using the Beck's Depression Inventory-II. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were performed with 4.5-year-old children to extract the volume and fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the amygdala. Our results showed that greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were associated with larger right amygdala volume in girls, but not in boys. Increased postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher right amygdala FA in the overall sample and girls, but not in boys. These results support the role of variation in right amygdala structure in transmission of maternal depression to the offspring, particularly to girls. The differential effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms on the volume and FA of the right amygdala suggest the importance of the timing of exposure to maternal depressive symptoms in brain development of girls. This further underscores the need for intervention targeting both prenatal and postnatal maternal depression to girls in preventing adverse child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J S Poh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S N Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y-S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Chen
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Kwek
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L P Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat – National University Children's Medical Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - P D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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Yılmaz E, Yılmaz Z, Çakmak B, Gültekin İB, Çekmez Y, Mahmutoğlu S, Küçüközkan T. Relationship between anemia and depressive mood in the last trimester of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:977-982. [PMID: 27238247 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1194389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the relationship between the severity of anemia and depressive mood in the last trimester of pregnancy. METHODS A cross-sectional study, enrolled a total of 450 pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinics in their third trimester for their routine antenatal follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The study group was divided into two groups according to presence of anemia; anemic group (Hb < 11 gr/L; n = 150) and non-anemic group (Hb ≥ 11 gr/L; n = 300) and depression scores were compared. RESULTS One hundred and fourteen (25.3%) women scored ≥13 points which were considered the cutoff value for depression on the EPDS. Anemia frequency was found as 33.3%. The total EPDS score was significantly higher in the anemic group (EPDS score 11 [min-max 0-29]) compared with the non-anemic group (EPDS score 7 [min-max 0-21]) (p = 0.000). Multiple regression analysis also revealed that serum Hb level was an independent factor for antenatal depressive mood. CONCLUSIONS As anemia is associated with higher depressive symptom levels, it should be carefully considered during pregnancy. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yılmaz
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Womens' Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Zehra Yılmaz
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak, Maternity and Womens' Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Bülent Çakmak
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Gaziosmanpasa University School of Medicine , Tokat , Turkey
| | - İsmail Burak Gültekin
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Womens' Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yasemin Çekmez
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Womens' Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Selma Mahmutoğlu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Womens' Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Tuncay Küçüközkan
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Womens' Health Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
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Frawley J, Sundberg T, Steel A, Sibbritt D, Broom A, Adams J. Prevalence and characteristics of women who consult with osteopathic practitioners during pregnancy; a report from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH). J Bodyw Mov Ther 2016; 20:168-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Iliadis SI, Comasco E, Sylvén S, Hellgren C, Sundström Poromaa I, Skalkidou A. Prenatal and Postpartum Evening Salivary Cortisol Levels in Association with Peripartum Depressive Symptoms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135471. [PMID: 26322643 PMCID: PMC4556108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biology of peripartum depression remains unclear, with altered stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis response having been implicated in its pathophysiology. METHODS The current study was undertaken as a part of the BASIC project (Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging, Cognition), a population-based longitudinal study of psychological wellbeing during pregnancy and the postpartum period in Uppsala County, Sweden, in order to assess the association between evening salivary cortisol levels and depressive symptoms in the peripartum period. Three hundred and sixty-five pregnant women from the BASIC cohort were recruited at pregnancy week 18 and instructed to complete a Swedish validated version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at the 36th week of pregnancy as well as the sixth week after delivery. At both times, they were also asked to provide evening salivary samples for cortisol analysis. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is also provided. RESULTS Women with postpartum EPDS score ≥ 10 had higher salivary evening cortisol at six weeks postpartum compared to healthy controls (median cortisol 1.19 vs 0.89 nmol/L). A logistic regression model showed a positive association between cortisol levels and depressive symptoms postpartum (OR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.7-9.7). This association remained significant even after controlling for history of depression, use of tobacco, partner support, breastfeeding, stressful life events, and sleep problems, as possible confounders (aOR = 4.5; 95% CI 1.5-14.1). Additionally, women with postpartum depressive symptoms had higher postpartum cortisol levels compared to both women with depressive symptoms antenatally and controls (p = 0.019 and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Women with depressive symptoms postpartum had higher postpartum cortisol levels, indicating an altered response of the HPA-axis in postpartum depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros I. Iliadis
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Comasco
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Sylvén
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Hellgren
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Dept. of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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Guszkowska M, Langwald M, Zaremba A, Dudziak D. The correlates of mental health of well-educated Polish women in the first pregnancy. J Ment Health 2015; 23:328-32. [PMID: 25405816 DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2014.971144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health is important in the development of pregnancy and a fetus. AIMS The aim of this study was to determine demographic, socio-economic, and personality-based correlates of mental health of well-educated Polish primiparas living in the capital city. METHOD The study included 164 women aged 22-38 in the second and third trimesters of a first, uncomplicated pregnancy. General Health Questionnaire-28, NEO-Five Factor Inventory, Life Oriented Test-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Body Satisfaction Scale, and Fear of Childbirth Scale were used. RESULTS Professional work during pregnancy was a positive predictor of anxiety and insomnia, and good financial situation was negatively correlated with somatic symptoms and anxiety and insomnia. The trait anxiety was a positive predictor of anxiety and insomnia, neuroticism has played such a role in depression. CONCLUSIONS The mental health of pregnant women may depend on socio-economic factors and personality traits. Monitoring these factors would enable one to assess the degree of risk for the deterioration of the mental health during pregnancy.
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Palagini L, Gemignani A, Banti S, Manconi M, Mauri M, Riemann D. Chronic sleep loss during pregnancy as a determinant of stress: impact on pregnancy outcome. Sleep Med 2014; 15:853-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Meliska CJ, Martínez LF, López AM, Sorenson DL, Nowakowski S, Kripke DF, Elliott J, Parry BL. Antepartum depression severity is increased during seasonally longer nights: relationship to melatonin and cortisol timing and quantity. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:1160-73. [PMID: 23998286 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.808652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current research suggests that mood varies from season to season in some individuals, in conjunction with light-modulated alterations in chronobiologic indices such as melatonin and cortisol. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal variations in darkness on mood in depressed antepartum women, and to determine the relationship of seasonal mood variations to contemporaneous blood melatonin and cortisol measures; a secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of seasonal factors on measures of melancholic versus atypical depressive symptoms. We obtained measures of mood and overnight concentrations of plasma melatonin and serum cortisol in 19 depressed patients (DP) and 12 healthy control (HC) antepartum women, during on-going seasonal variations in daylight/darkness, in a cross-sectional design. Analyses of variance showed that in DP, but not HC, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HRSD) scores were significantly higher in women tested during seasonally longer versus shorter nights. This exacerbation of depressive symptoms occurred when the dim light melatonin onset, the melatonin synthesis offset, and the time of maximum cortisol secretion (acrophase) were phase-advanced (temporally shifted earlier), and melatonin quantity was reduced, in DP but not HC. Serum cortisol increased across gestational weeks in both the HC and DP groups, which did not differ significantly in cortisol concentration. Nevertheless, serum cortisol concentration correlated positively with HRSD score in DP but not HC; notably, HC showed neither significant mood changes nor altered melatonin and cortisol timing or quantity in association with seasonal variations. These findings suggest that depression severity during pregnancy may become elevated in association with seasonally related phase advances in melatonin and cortisol timing and reduced melatonin quantity that occur in DP, but not HC. Thus, women who experience antepartum depression may be more susceptible than their nondepressed counterparts to phase alterations in melatonin and cortisol timing during seasonally longer nights. Interventions that phase delay melatonin and/or cortisol timing-for example, increased exposure to bright evening light-might serve as an effective intervention for antepartum depressions whose severity is increased during seasonally longer nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Meliska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California , USA
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Feinberg ME, Jones DE, Granger DA, Bontempo DE. Anxiety and chronic couple relationship stress moderate adrenocortical response to couple interaction in expectant parents. Br J Psychol 2012; 104:525-42. [PMID: 24094282 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study examines whether anxiety or chronic relationship stress alter the way that couple conflict affects cortisol levels for women and men during the transition to parenthood. Saliva samples, assayed for cortisol, were collected before and after couple interaction from 128 heterosexual couples expecting their first child. Confirming prior research, expectant mothers had higher cortisol levels than their spouses, and gestational age was linked to women's cortisol level. Negativity during couple interaction was associated with greater cortisol reactivity for men, but not women. Tests of moderation indicated little relation between negativity and cortisol recovery for individuals with a low level of anxiety or little history of chronic arguing with the partner. However, among individuals with elevated levels of either of these two factors, negativity was linked to less cortisol recovery for men, but more cortisol recovery for women. Consistent results were also found for the relation between low warmth in the couple interaction and both reactivity and recovery for men and women high in anxiety. Future research should examine whether pregnancy is responsible for these different gender patterns, or whether the inhibition of negativity is stressful for women with high levels of risk.
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Bigelow A, Power M, MacLellan‐Peters J, Alex M, McDonald C. Effect of Mother/Infant Skin‐to‐Skin Contact on Postpartum Depressive Symptoms and Maternal Physiological Stress. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012; 41:369-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Lancaster CA, Flynn HA, Johnson TRB, Marcus SM, Davis MM. Peripartum length of stay for women with depressive symptoms during pregnancy. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 19:31-7. [PMID: 20088656 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 1 in 10 women suffers from depression during pregnancy. Little is known about whether antepartum depression affects a mother's length of stay at delivery. We aimed to compare peripartum length of stay in women with and without depressive symptoms during pregnancy. METHODS This study involved secondary data analysis of a larger study exploring antepartum depression. Each subject completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We used bivariate analyses to compare patient characteristics of women with and without an elevated CES-D, and we used a multivariate Poisson regression to evaluate predictors of length of stay. RESULTS The study sample included 867 pregnant women. Overall, 18% of study subjects scored >or=16 on the CES-D. In bivariate analyses, a longer stay was associated with an elevated CES-D and minority race, antepartum complications, cesarean delivery, prematurity, multiple gestation, and neonatal length of stay. In the final multivariate model adjusting for sociodemographic, antepartum, and obstetric factors, an elevated CES-D was associated with a significantly longer peripartum stay (0.26 days, CI 0.04-0.48). CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms during pregnancy predict an increase in peripartum length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie A Lancaster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5604, USA.
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Effets du stress prénatal sur le fœtus et les données périnatales : une revue critique de la littérature. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chang HY, Jensen MP, Yang YL, Lee CN, Lai YH. Risk factors of pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain: a biopsychosocial approach. J Clin Nurs 2011; 21:1274-83. [PMID: 22081891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To examine the associations between pain-related psychological and social factors and pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain intensity and interference after controlling biological factors. BACKGROUND Pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain is prevalent and has been shown to interfere with women's quality of life. Although pain is a multidimensional phenomenon known to be influenced by psychosocial factors, the majority of previous research on this pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain has focused on biological factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional correlational research. METHOD A sample of 183 pregnant women with lumbopelvic pain was recruited from a medical center in northern Taiwan. Study participants provided demographic information and were administered the Brief Pain Inventory and a modified Catastrophising subscale of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Multiple regressions were used to examine the associations among the study variables. RESULTS Analyses indicated that lower education level was associated with higher pain intensity. Higher pain intensity during pregnancy and catastrophising cognitions were associated significantly with higher pain interference. Moreover, age moderated the strength of the association between pain intensity and pain interference. This association was stronger for older than for younger women. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the psychosocial factors associated with pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain intensity (educational level) and interference (pain intensity and catastrophising) and also a variable (age) that moderated the association between pain intensity and pain interference. The findings support a biopsychosocial approach in understanding the experience and impact of pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses should assess pregnant clients' age, educational level, pain intensity and pain catastrophising thoughts to help identify women who are more at risk for higher lumbopelvic pain intensity or interference. Women endorsing catastrophising cognitions should be referred to or provided with treatment to reduce the frequency of these cognitions that are known to have a negative impact on quality of life in other pain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Chang
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bolten MI, Wurmser H, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Papoušek M, Pirke KM, Hellhammer D. Cortisol levels in pregnancy as a psychobiological predictor for birth weight. Arch Womens Ment Health 2011; 14:33-41. [PMID: 20872154 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-010-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal maternal stress is thought to negatively affect fetal development, birth outcomes, and infant's development. Glucocorticoids are suggested to be a common link between prenatal stressors and infant's health. However, data on these mechanisms are rare and sometimes conflicting. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of maternal distress during pregnancy on fetal development and birth weight in humans prospectively. This study focuses on cortisol as one mediating the mechanism of the association between maternal distress and birth outcomes. Pregnancy-related and general distress was measured in 81 women with uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies. The rise of salivary cortisol on awakening (CAR) was assessed in weeks 13-18 and 35-37 postmenstrual age of pregnancy. Mothers completed a structured interview, the perceived stress scale, a widely used psychological instrument that provided a global measure of perceived stress, as well as the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire, a self-report questionnaire designed to assess worries and anxiety in pregnancy. Pre-, peri-, and postnatal medical risk factors as well as birth characteristics were extracted from medical records routinely kept by the attending obstetricians. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicate that maternal cortisol levels explained 19.8% of the variance in birth weight and 9% of the variance in body length at birth, even after controlling for gestational age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, and infant's sex. Newborns of mothers with higher cortisol levels in pregnancy had lower birth weights and were shorter at birth. An ANCOVA for repeated measures indicated that, after controlling for covariates, pregnancy-related as well as general distress in pregnancy did not influence cortisol levels after awakening (area under the curve). No significant associations between perceived stress and anthrometric measures at birth were found. In conclusion, maternal cortisol levels in pregnancy influence intrauterine growth and may be a better predictor for birth outcome than perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete I Bolten
- Institute for Psychology, Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64a, Basel, Switzerland.
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Maternal depressive symptoms in relation to perinatal mortality and morbidity: results from a large multiethnic cohort study. Psychosom Med 2010; 72:769-76. [PMID: 20668282 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181ee4a62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether 1) maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy are associated with preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), a low Apgar score and child loss; 2) maternal smoking mediates the associations; and 3) the associations differ by ethnic background. METHODS Pregnant women in Amsterdam were approached during their first prenatal visit to participate in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study. They filled out a questionnaire covering sociodemographic data, life-style, and (psychosocial) health. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. The baseline sample consisted of 8,052 women; the main ethnic groups were: Dutch, Creole, Turkish, and Moroccan. RESULTS The prevalence of perinatal outcomes was: 5.4% (PTB); 12.3% (SGA); l 1.5% (low Apgar score); and 1.4% (child loss). The prevalence of high depressive symptomatology was 30.6%. After adjustment for maternal age, parity, education, ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index, hypertension, alcohol and drug use, and a small mediation effect of maternal smoking, high versus low levels of depressive symptoms were associated with SGA (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; p = .02) and a low Apgar score (OR, 1.74; p = .01), but not with PTB (OR, 1.16; p = .18) and child loss (OR, 1.28; p = .24). Stratified analyses by ethnic background showed a tendency toward higher risks, although insignificant, among Creole women. CONCLUSIONS Several pathways may explain the detrimental effects of maternal depressive symptomatology on perinatal health outcomes, including a psychoendocrinological pathway involving the hormone cortisol or mediation effects by maternal risk behaviors. Further research should explore the underlying pathways, in particular among ethnic subgroups.
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Urech C, Fink NS, Hoesli I, Wilhelm FH, Bitzer J, Alder J. Effects of relaxation on psychobiological wellbeing during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1348-55. [PMID: 20417038 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal maternal stress is associated with adverse birth outcomes and may be reduced by relaxation exercises. The aim of the present study was to compare the immediate effects of two active and one passive 10-min relaxation technique on perceived and physiological indicators of relaxation. 39 healthy pregnant women recruited at the outpatient department of the University Women's Hospital Basel participated in a randomized controlled trial with an experimental repeated measure design. Participants were assigned to one of two active relaxation techniques, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) or guided imagery (GI), or a passive relaxation control condition. Self-reported relaxation on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and state anxiety (STAI-S), endocrine parameters indicating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (cortisol and ACTH) and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system activity (norepinephrine and epinephrine), as well as cardiovascular responses (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were measured at four time points before and after the relaxation exercise. Between group differences showed, that compared to the PMR and control conditions, GI was significantly more effective in enhancing levels of relaxation and together with PMR, GI was associated with a significant decrease in heart rate. Within the groups, passive as well as active relaxation procedures were associated with a decline in endocrine measures except epinephrine. Taken together, these data indicate that different types of relaxation had differential effects on various psychological and biological stress systems. GI was especially effective in inducing self-reported relaxation in pregnant women while at the same time reducing cardiovascular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Urech
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecological Social Medicine and Psychosomatics, Basel, Switzerland.
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Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Prenatal depression effects and interventions: a review. Infant Behav Dev 2010; 33:409-18. [PMID: 20471091 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers research on the negative effects of prenatal depression and cortisol on fetal growth, prematurity and low birthweight. Although prenatal depression and cortisol were typically measured at around 20 weeks gestation, other research suggests the stability of depression and cortisol levels across pregnancy. Women with Dysthymia as compared to Major Depression Disorder had higher cortisol levels, and their newborns had lower gestational age and birthweight. The cortisol effects in these studies were unfortunately confounded by low serotonin and low dopamine levels which in themselves could contribute to non-optimal pregnancy outcomes. The negative effects of depression and cortisol were also potentially confounded by comorbid anxiety, by demographic factors including younger age, less education and lower SES of the mothers and by the absence of a partner or a partner who was unhappy about the pregnancy or a partner who was depressed. Substance use (especially caffeine use) was still another risk factor. All of these problems including prenatal depression, elevated cortisol, prematurity and low birthweight and even postpartum depression have been reduced by prenatal massage therapy provided by the women's partners. Massage therapy combined with group interpersonal psychotherapy was also effective for reducing depression and cortisol levels. Several limitations of these studies were noted and suggestions for future research included exploring other predictor variables like progesterone/estriol ratios, immune factors and genetic determinants. Further research is needed both on the potential use of cortisol as a screening measure and the use of other therapies that might reduce prenatal depression and cortisol in the women and prematurity and low birthweight in their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Field
- Touch Research Institutes, University of Miami Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Pluess M, Bolten M, Pirke KM, Hellhammer D. Maternal trait anxiety, emotional distress, and salivary cortisol in pregnancy. Biol Psychol 2010; 83:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wroble‐Biglan MC, Dietz LJ, Pienkosky TV. Prediction of infant temperament from catecholamine and self‐report measures of maternal stress during pregnancy. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02646830903190912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Beddoe AE, Paul Yang CP, Kennedy HP, Weiss SJ, Lee KA. The effects of mindfulness-based yoga during pregnancy on maternal psychological and physical distress. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2009; 38:310-9. [PMID: 19538619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility and level of acceptability of a mindful yoga intervention provided during pregnancy and to gather preliminary data on the efficacy of the intervention in reducing distress. DESIGN Baseline and post-treatment measures examined state and trait anxiety, perceived stress, pain, and morning salivary cortisol in a single treatment group. Postintervention data also included participant evaluation of the intervention. SETTING The 7 weeks mindfulness-based yoga group intervention combined elements of Iyengar yoga and mindfulness-based stress reduction. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen healthy pregnant nulliparous women with singleton pregnancies between 12 and 32 weeks gestation at the time of enrollment. METHODS Outcomes were evaluated from pre- to postintervention and between second and third trimesters with repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc nonparametric tests. RESULTS Women practicing mindful yoga in their second trimester reported significant reductions in physical pain from baseline to postintervention compared with women in the third trimester whose pain increased. Women in their third trimester showed greater reductions in perceived stress and trait anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence supports yoga's potential efficacy in these areas, particularly if started early in the pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Beddoe
- School of Nursing, Walden University, 155 Fifth Avenue South, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA.
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DIPIETRO JANETA, COSTIGAN KATHLEENA, SIPSMA HEATHERL. Continuity in self-report measures of maternal anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms from pregnancy through two years postpartum. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 29:115-24. [PMID: 18655259 PMCID: PMC9566577 DOI: 10.1080/01674820701701546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined stability and change in maternal anxiety, stress and depression both during the second half of pregnancy and from pregnancy to six weeks and two years postpartum. Self-report measures included those designed to measure mood and state as well as more persistent attributes. Longitudinal data were collected from 137 women during pregnancy, 120 at six weeks, and 97 at two years. There was significant individual stability in scores on specific measures during pregnancy (range in Pearson rs=0.30-0.86) and from pregnancy through two years postpartum (rs=0.30-0.74). Comparable levels of convergence among measures of different constructs both within pregnancy and over time were also demonstrated, suggesting lack of precision in measurement instruments designed for specific constructs. Despite intra-individual stability, changes in mean levels were also observed over time with somewhat different patters for each variable. However, maternal parity was an important contributor to both level and trajectory. A summary composite score showed an elevated level of psychological distress during pregnancy in multiparous women, followed by a decline through two years postpartum; primiparous women displayed a gradual increase in distress [main effect F (1,87)=3.97, p < 0.05; time interaction F (2,174)= 7.15, p < 0.001] to multiparous levels by two years. Results are discussed in terms of a "motherhood" effect on psychological distress.
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Vollebregt KC, van der Wal MF, Wolf H, Vrijkotte TGM, Boer K, Bonsel GJ. Is psychosocial stress in first ongoing pregnancies associated with pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension? BJOG 2008; 115:607-15. [PMID: 18333942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating the association of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension with psychosocial stress in the first half of pregnancy. DESIGN Prospective community-based cohort study. SETTING Amsterdam, The Netherlands. POPULATION Between January 2003 and March 2004, all pregnant Amsterdam women (n = 12 377) were invited to fill in a questionnaire with sociodemographic and psychosocial variables (response rate 67%). Only nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy, who completed the questionnaire before 24 weeks, and delivered after 24 weeks, were included. METHODS A postpartum questionnaire was used to gather information on hypertension or proteinuria. If this questionnaire was not available, the national obstetric register was used for pregnancy outcome. Medical files were examined for women with hypertension and/or proteinuria to confirm the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension according to the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy guidelines. Psychosocial stress was defined as workstress (Work Experience and Appreciation Questionnaire partly based on the Job Content Instrument of Karasek et al.), anxiety (the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and pregnancy-related anxiety (PRAQ-R). The association of psychosocial stress with the incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension was explored by multivariate analysis adjusted for sociodemographic and medical confounders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. RESULTS A total of 3679 women were included. The incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension was 3.5 and 4.4%, respectively. Workstress, anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety or depression had no effect on the incidence of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension. CONCLUSION Psychosocial stress in the first half of pregnancy does not influence the incidence of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in nulliparous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Vollebregt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Field T, Figueiredo B, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Deeds O, Ascencio A. Massage therapy reduces pain in pregnant women, alleviates prenatal depression in both parents and improves their relationships. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2007; 12:146-50. [PMID: 19083666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prenatally depressed women (N=47) were randomly assigned to a group that received massage twice weekly from their partners from 20 weeks gestation until the end of pregnancy or a control group. Self-reported leg pain, back pain, depression, anxiety and anger decreased more for the massaged pregnant women than for the control group women. In addition, the partners who massaged the pregnant women versus the control group partners reported less depressed mood, anxiety and anger across the course of the massage therapy period. Finally, scores on a relationship questionnaire improved more for both the women and the partners in the massage group. These data suggest that not only mood states but also relationships improve mutually when depressed pregnant women are massaged by their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Field
- Touch Research Institute, University of Miami Medical School, Miami, FL, USA.
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