1
|
Schubert AL, Löffler C, Hagemann D, Sadus K. How robust is the relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities? Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14165. [PMID: 35995756 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in processing speed are consistently related to individual differences in cognitive abilities, but the mechanisms through which a higher processing speed facilitates reasoning remain largely unknown. To identify these mechanisms, researchers have been using latencies of the event-related potential (ERP) to study how the speed of cognitive processes associated with specific ERP components is related to cognitive abilities. Although there is some evidence that latencies of ERP components associated with higher-order cognitive processes are related to intelligence, results are overall quite inconsistent. These inconsistencies likely result from variations in analytic procedures and little consideration of the psychometric properties of ERP latencies in relatively small sample studies. Here we used a multiverse approach to evaluate how different analytical choices regarding references, low-pass filter cutoffs, and latency measures affect the psychometric properties of P2, N2, and P3 latencies and their relations with cognitive abilities in a sample of 148 participants. Latent correlations between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities ranged from -.49 to -.78. ERP latency measures contained about equal parts of measurement error variance and systematic variance, and only about half of the systematic variance was related to cognitive abilities, whereas the other half reflected nuisance factors. We recommend addressing these problematic psychometric properties by recording EEG data from multiple tasks and modeling relations between ERP latencies and covariates in latent variable models. All in all, our results indicate that there is a substantial and robust relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities when those issues are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Löffler
- Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hagemann
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sadus
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hilger K, Euler MJ. Intelligence and Visual Mismatch Negativity: Is Pre-Attentive Visual Discrimination Related to General Cognitive Ability? J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 35:1-17. [PMID: 36473095 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
EEG has been used for decades to identify neurocognitive processes related to intelligence. Evidence is accumulating for associations with neural markers of higher-order cognitive processes (e.g., working memory); however, whether associations are specific to complex processes or also relate to earlier processing stages remains unclear. Addressing these issues has implications for improving our understanding of intelligence and its neural correlates. The MMN is an ERP that is elicited when, within a series of frequent standard stimuli, rare deviant stimuli are presented. As stimuli are typically presented outside the focus of attention, the MMN is suggested to capture automatic pre-attentive discrimination processes. However, the MMN and its relation to intelligence has largely only been studied in the auditory domain, thus preventing conclusions about the involvement of automatic discrimination processes in humans' dominant sensory modality-vision. EEG was recorded from 50 healthy participants during a passive visual oddball task that presented simple sequence violations and deviations within a more complex hidden pattern. Signed area amplitudes and fractional area latencies of the visual MMN were calculated with and without Laplacian transformation. Correlations between visual MMN and intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices) were of negligible to small effect sizes, differed critically between measurement approaches, and Bayes Factors provided anecdotal to substantial evidence for the absence of an association. We discuss differences between the auditory and visual MMN, the implications of different measurement approaches, and offer recommendations for further research in this evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hilger
- Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Recent developments, current challenges, and future directions in electrophysiological approaches to studying intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
5
|
Euler MJ. Intelligence and uncertainty: Implications of hierarchical predictive processing for the neuroscience of cognitive ability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:93-112. [PMID: 30153441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical predictive processing (PP) has recently emerged as a candidate theoretical paradigm for neurobehavioral research. To date, PP has found support through its success in offering compelling explanations for a number of perceptual, cognitive, and psychiatric phenomena, as well as from accumulating neurophysiological evidence. However, its implications for understanding intelligence and its neural basis have received relatively little attention. The present review outlines the key tenets and evidence for PP, and assesses its implications for intelligence research. It is argued that PP suggests indeterminacy as a unifying principle from which to investigate the cognitive hierarchy and brain-ability correlations. The resulting framework not only accommodates prominent psychometric models of intelligence, but also incorporates key findings from neuroanatomical and functional activation research, and motivates new predictions via the mechanisms of prediction-error minimization. Because PP also suggests unique neural signatures of experience-dependent activity, it may also help clarify environmental contributions to intellectual development. It is concluded that PP represents a plausible, integrative framework that could enhance progress in the neuroscience of intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Euler
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 S. 1530 E. Rm. 502, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Euler MJ, McKinney TL, Schryver HM, Okabe H. ERP correlates of the decision time-IQ relationship: The role of complexity in task- and brain-IQ effects. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Troche SJ, Merks S, Houlihan ME, Rammsayer TH. On the relation between mental ability and speed of information processing in the Hick task: An analysis of behavioral and electrophysiological speed measures. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Muller-Gass A, Duncan M, Campbell K. Brain states predict individual differences in perceptual learning. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Liu T, Xiao T, Li X, Shi J. Fluid Intelligence and Automatic Neural Processes in Facial Expression Perception: An Event-Related Potential Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138199. [PMID: 26375031 PMCID: PMC4574213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between human fluid intelligence and social-emotional abilities has been a topic of considerable interest. The current study investigated whether adolescents with different intellectual levels had different automatic neural processing of facial expressions. Two groups of adolescent males were enrolled: a high IQ group and an average IQ group. Age and parental socioeconomic status were matched between the two groups. Participants counted the numbers of the central cross changes while paired facial expressions were presented bilaterally in an oddball paradigm. There were two experimental conditions: a happy condition, in which neutral expressions were standard stimuli (p = 0.8) and happy expressions were deviant stimuli (p = 0.2), and a fearful condition, in which neutral expressions were standard stimuli (p = 0.8) and fearful expressions were deviant stimuli (p = 0.2). Participants were required to concentrate on the primary task of counting the central cross changes and to ignore the expressions to ensure that facial expression processing was automatic. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained during the tasks. The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) components were analyzed to index the automatic neural processing of facial expressions. For the early vMMN (50-130 ms), the high IQ group showed more negative vMMN amplitudes than the average IQ group in the happy condition. For the late vMMN (320-450 ms), the high IQ group had greater vMMN responses than the average IQ group over frontal and occipito-temporal areas in the fearful condition, and the average IQ group evoked larger vMMN amplitudes than the high IQ group over occipito-temporal areas in the happy condition. The present study elucidated the close relationships between fluid intelligence and pre-attentive change detection on social-emotional information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tong Xiao
- Natural Language Processing Laboratory, College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Liaoning, 110819, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choudhury NA, Parascando JA, Benasich AA. Effects of Presentation Rate and Attention on Auditory Discrimination: A Comparison of Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials in School-Aged Children and Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138160. [PMID: 26368126 PMCID: PMC4569142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decoding human speech requires both perception and integration of brief, successive auditory stimuli that enter the central nervous system as well as the allocation of attention to language-relevant signals. This study assesses the role of attention on processing rapid transient stimuli in adults and children. Cortical responses (EEG/ERPs), specifically mismatch negativity (MMN) responses, to paired tones (standard 100-100 Hz; deviant 100-300 Hz) separated by a 300, 70 or 10 ms silent gap (ISI) were recorded under Ignore and Attend conditions in 21 adults and 23 children (6-11 years old). In adults, an attention-related enhancement was found for all rate conditions and laterality effects (L>R) were observed. In children, 2 auditory discrimination-related peaks were identified from the difference wave (deviant-standard): an early peak (eMMN) at about 100-300 ms indexing sensory processing, and a later peak (LDN), at about 400-600 ms, thought to reflect reorientation to the deviant stimuli or "second-look" processing. Results revealed differing patterns of activation and attention modulation for the eMMN in children as compared to the MMN in adults: The eMMN had a more frontal topography as compared to adults and attention played a significantly greater role in childrens' rate processing. The pattern of findings for the LDN was consistent with hypothesized mechanisms related to further processing of complex stimuli. The differences between eMMN and LDN observed here support the premise that separate cognitive processes and mechanisms underlie these ERP peaks. These findings are the first to show that the eMMN and LDN differ under different temporal and attentional conditions, and that a more complete understanding of children's responses to rapid successive auditory stimulation requires an examination of both peaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naseem A. Choudhury
- Psychology, SSHS, Ramapo College of New Jersey Mahwah, Mahwah, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Parascando
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - April A. Benasich
- Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Pascalis V, Varriale E, Fulco M, Fracasso F. Mental ability and information processing during discrimination of auditory motion patterns: Effects on P300 and mismatch negativity. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
12
|
Paavilainen P. The mismatch-negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related potential to violations of abstract regularities: A review. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 88:109-23. [PMID: 23542165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Cepeda NJ, Blackwell KA, Munakata Y. Speed isn't everything: complex processing speed measures mask individual differences and developmental changes in executive control. Dev Sci 2013; 16:269-286. [PMID: 23432836 PMCID: PMC3582037 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which people process information appears to influence many aspects of cognition across the lifespan. However, many commonly accepted measures of 'processing speed' may require goal maintenance, manipulation of information in working memory, and decision-making, blurring the distinction between processing speed and executive control and resulting in overestimation of processing speed contributions to cognition. This concern may apply particularly to studies of developmental change, as even seemingly simple processing speed measures may require executive processes to keep children and older adults on task. We report two new studies and a re-analysis of a published study, testing predictions about how different processing speed measures influence conclusions about executive control across the lifespan. We find that the choice of processing speed measure affects the relationship observed between processing speed and executive control, in a manner that changes with age, and that choice of processing speed measure affects conclusions about development and the relationship among executive control measures. Implications for understanding processing speed, executive control, and their development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cepeda
- Department of Psychology, York University, Canada
- LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Canada
| | | | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wronka E, Kaiser J, Coenen AML. Psychometric intelligence and P3 of the event-related potentials studied with a 3-stimulus auditory oddball task. Neurosci Lett 2012; 535:110-5. [PMID: 23266476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between psychometric intelligence measured with Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) and event-related potentials (ERP) was examined using 3-stimulus oddball task. Subjects who had scored higher on RAPM exhibited larger amplitude of P3a component. Additional analysis using the Standardized Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (sLORETA) revealed that this effect corresponds with stronger activity within the frontal cortex and the cingulate gyrus. High intelligence can also be linked with greater P3b response and stronger activity within the parietal cortex and the posterior cingulate gyrus. It may be concluded that the processes related to the initial stage of attention engagement as indexed by P3a, as well as the later stimulus evaluation and classification reflected in P3b, are more intense in subjects scoring higher on RAPM. The quality of mental abilities can therefore be related to differences of the activity in frontal and parietal brain regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eligiusz Wronka
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Mickiewicza 3, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; Department of Biological Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montesorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mental ability and mismatch negativity: Pre-attentive discrimination of abstract feature conjunctions in auditory sequences. INTELLIGENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
The relationship between mental ability (MA, Raven Progressive Matrices) and speed of information processing was examined by recording mismatch negativity (MMN) parameters from 41 women during passive listening to auditory standard and deviant stimuli with backward masking. The intertone interval (ITI) between the offset of the standard or deviant tone and the onset of the masking tone was varied between conditions (25, 50, or 150 ms). Three versions of a trail-making test (Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test, ZVT) were also presented to obtain a behavioral index of information processing speed. Multiple regression analysis showed that the more difficult versions of the ZVT and midline frontal MMN latency at 25-ms ITI were both significant predictors of MA. Across all ITI conditions, the higher ability (HA) group exhibited a shorter MMN latency than the lower ability (LA) group. Finally, the HA group also had a larger MMN amplitude than the LA group for the 25-ms ITI condition. These results indicate that low-level auditory discrimination, indexed by MMN, contributes to individual differences in fluid intelligence. In this regard, MMN provides a valuable tool for examining individual differences in intelligence in individuals who are not able to comply with psychometric testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Varriale
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mental ability and the discrimination of auditory frequency and duration change without focused attention: An analysis of mismatch negativity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Sculthorpe LD, Ouellet DR, Campbell KB. MMN elicitation during natural sleep to violations of an auditory pattern. Brain Res 2009; 1290:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|