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Yuan L, Chu Q, Wu X, Yang B, Zhang W, Jin W, Gao R. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Peptides From Ethanol-Soluble Hydrolysates of Sturgeon ( Acipenser schrenckii) Cartilage. Front Nutr 2021; 8:689648. [PMID: 34179062 PMCID: PMC8225940 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.689648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that cartilage containing chondroitin sulfate and protein presents versatile bioactivities. Chondroitin sulfate in cartilage is beneficial to activate the immune system while the protein/peptide has not been fully understood. The current study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ethanol-soluble hydrolysates of sturgeon cartilage (ESCH) prepared through hot-pressure, enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol extraction. UV spectrum, IR and agarose gel electrophoresis results suggested the successful exclusion of chondroitin sulfate from peptides. Nitric oxide (NO) floods in cells activated by inflammation. It was inhibited when administrated with ESCH. To further explain the observed anti-inflammatory activity, ESCH was separated with Sephadex G-15 into 3 components, among which F3 showed a higher NO inhibition rate and significantly reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. In addition, the yield of IL-10 increased. Western blotting suggested that F3 downregulated the NO content and IL-6 level by suppressing Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) channels. Moreover, both ESCH and F3 showed DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities which was possibly related to the anti-inflammatory property. These results indicated that ESCH behaved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Cartilage may be a good source to produce anti-inflammatory peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Chu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bei Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wengang Jin
- Bio-Resources Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Ruichang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Bio-Resources Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
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Safari E, Hassan ZM. Immunomodulatory effects of shark cartilage: Stimulatory or anti-inflammatory. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Molaie S, Ghaffarifar F, Hasan ZM, Dalimi A. Enhancement Effect of Shark Cartilage Extract on Treatment of Leishmania infantum with Artemisinin and Glucantime and Evaluation of killing Factors and Apoptosis in-vitro Condition. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2019; 18:887-902. [PMID: 31531071 PMCID: PMC6706737 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined enhancement effects of Artemisinin plus Glucantime and shark cartilage extract on promastigotes and amastigotes of L.infantum in in-vitro condition.The toxicity of artemisinin, glucantime, and shark cartilage extract on the L. infantum promastigotes and amastigote-infected macrophages was evaluated using MTT assay. The role of these drugs inducing apoptosis in promastigotes, un- infected, and parasite- infected macrophages was also studied. Using promastigote assay, IC50 values of artemisinin and glucantime as standalone drugs as well as in combination were obtained to be 50, 400, and 100µg/mL respectively. The flow cytometry analysis of apoptotic promastigotes stained with Annexin-V FITC staining showed that artemisinin, glucantime, artemisinin plus glucantime, artemisinin plus shark cartilage extract, and shark cartilage extract alone applied at their IC50 concentrations resulted in 53.5%, 73.92%, 64.46%, 49.9%, and 47.34% apoptosis respectively. The results of MTT assay indicated that cytotoxicity of artemisinin, glucantime, artemisinin plus glucantime, shark cartilage plus artemisinin, and shark cartilage in infected macrophages after 72h was 75%, 84%, 82%, 30%, and 3% respectively. In un- infected macrophages, cytotoxicity of Artemisinin, Glucantime, Artemisinin plus Glucantime and shark cartilage was 15%, 31%, 21%, 2%, and 0% respectively.This study suggests that artemisinin, glucantime, artemisinin plus glucantime, and shark cartilage extract have significant killing effects on promastigotes and amastigotes. Also, it proved that artimisinin alone and in combination with glucantime and shark cartilage extract has little toxic effect on macrophages, but could induce apoptosis in L.infantum promastigotes and amastigote-infected macrophages. Thus, these chemicals can be used as alternative drugs for in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Molaie
- Department of Parasitology , Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R.Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology , Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R.Iran
| | - Zuheir Mohammad Hasan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R.Iran
| | - Abdolhosein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology , Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I.R.Iran
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Molaie S, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Zuhair MH, Sharifi Z. Evaluation of synergistic therapeutic effect of shark cartilage extract with artemisinin and glucantime on visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:146-153. [PMID: 30834079 PMCID: PMC6396994 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.31124.7504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because leishmaniasis is related to the impaired functioning of T-cells, the use of an immunomodulator can increase the efficacy of antileishmanial therapy in visceral leishmaniasis. In this study, we used shark cartilage extract with artemisinin and glucantime against visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, and evaluated the synergistic therapeutic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS The culturing method and quantitative real-time PCR by using the kDNA gene was used to detect parasite loads in the spleen and liver. INF-γ and IL-4 cytokine levels and survival rates were assayed. RESULTS The drug therapy with target drugs reduced parasite burden in the spleen and liver significantly. Although parasite burden was lower in the artemisinin treated group than in the glucantime treated group (P<0.05). The mice survival rate records, throughout the experimental period, showed highly significant survival rates in the test groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). The results of cytokine assay in mice treated with glucantime-shark cartilage extract combination indicated significant increases of IFNγ and IL-4 (P<0.05). Although the increase of IFNγ was more notable than IL-4. The synergistic therapeutic effect is shown in all groups except in the group treated with shark cartilage extract-artemisinin combination. The IFN-γ in glucantime-shark cartilage extract combination treated group was higher than in other groups (P<0.05). The survival rate in this group was more than in other groups too (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Combination therapy with shark cartilage extract as an immunomodulator can increase antileishmanial effects of antimony drugs in VL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Molaie
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Deputy of Research, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdohosein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Zuhair
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Department of Virology, Iranian Blood Transfusion, Tehran, Iran
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Tyrtyshnaia AA, Manzhulo IV, Sultanov RM, Ermolenko EV. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in neuropathic pain and alkyl glycerol ethers treatment. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:812-821. [PMID: 29107326 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain manifested by a number of sensory symptoms is often accompanied by disorders of higher nervous activity, such as memory impairment, depression, anxiety, anhedonia, etc. This emphasizes the involvement of supraspinal structures including the hippocampus in neuropathic pain pathogenesis. In the present study, we focused on the impact of chronic neuropathic pain on hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial state. In addition, we test the effect of alkyl glycerol ethers on hippocampal neuronal and microglial plasticity as well as behavioral parameters. Neuropathic pain was induced using the model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury. We found an impairment of working memory and locomotor activity in animals with neuropathic pain, which was prevented by alkyl glycerol ethers treatment. Sciatic nerve ligation in mice contributed to the decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis intensity. Alkyl glycerol ethers administration significantly reduced this effect. Neuropathic pain-associated neurogenesis reduction was accompanied by an increased percentage of Iba1-labeled area in the CA1 hippocampal region on the 14th and 28th days after surgery. In addition, we observed a decrease in hippocampal pro-inflammatory microglia marker CD86 immunostaining on day 28 after surgery in alkyl glycerol ethers-treated mice with sciatic nerve ligation. These results are consistent with data on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in the hippocampus. Alkyl glycerol ethers administration increased IL-10 and decreased IL-1β hippocampal expression in animals with neuropathic pain. Taken together, these data suggest that neuropathic pain-behavior in rodents is accompanied by changes in microglia polarization, thereby contributing to neurogenesis impairment and cognitive disturbances. Alkyl glycerol ethers prevented M1 microglial activation, contributing to the maintenance of normal neurogenesis levels within the hippocampus and normalizing working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Tyrtyshnaia
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation.
| | - Igor V Manzhulo
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation.
| | - Ruslan M Sultanov
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina V Ermolenko
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str, 17, Vladivostok, 690041, Russian Federation.
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Merly L, Smith SL. Murine RAW 264.7 cell line as an immune target: are we missing something? Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:55-58. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1282511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liza Merly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sylvia L. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Safari E, Hassan ZM, Moazzeni SM. Shark cartilage 14 kDa protein as a dendritic cells activator. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 37:165-70. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1006370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
The erosion and breakdown of cartilage is generally recognized to be an integral manifestation of arthritic disease, which is often accompanied by the development and progression of inflammation associated with it. Commercial shark cartilage (SC) is a popular dietary supplement taken for the prevention and/or control of chronic disease, including arthritis. The efficacy of SC in maintaining joint health remains questionable; there is a lack of sufficient reliable information on its effect on immunocompetent cells, and the potential health risks involved have not been adequately assessed. Our earlier in vitro studies showed that SC extracts induce a Th1-type inflammatory cytokine response in human leucocytes, and collagen type II alpha 1 protein was shown to be an active cytokine-inducing component in SC. In this study, we further define the cellular response to SC stimulation by classifying leucocytes into primary and secondary responders employing enriched leucocyte subpopulations. Inhibitors of specific signaling pathways were used to verify the functional effect of SC on specific pathway(s) utilized. Results indicate the monocyte/macrophage as the initially responding cell, followed by lymphocytes and the production of interferon-γ. Chemokines, MCP-1 and RANTES, were produced at significant levels in stimulated leucocyte cultures. Initial cellular activation is likely followed by activation of Jun Kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways. This study presents evidence of significant immunological reactivity of components of commercial SC supplement, which could pose a potential health risk for consumers, particularly those with underlying inflammatory disease such as irritable bowel syndrome and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Merly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University , Miami, FL , USA
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Criscitiello MF. What the shark immune system can and cannot provide for the expanding design landscape of immunotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:725-39. [PMID: 24836096 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sharks have successfully lived in marine ecosystems, often atop food chains as apex predators, for nearly one and a half billion years. Throughout this period they have benefitted from an immune system with the same fundamental components found in terrestrial vertebrates like man. Additionally, sharks have some rather extraordinary immune mechanisms which mammals lack. AREAS COVERED In this review the author briefly orients the reader to sharks, their adaptive immunity, and their important phylogenetic position in comparative immunology. The author also differentiates some of the myths from facts concerning these animals, their cartilage, and cancer. From thereon, the author explores some of the more remarkable capabilities and products of shark lymphocytes. Sharks have an isotype of light chain-less antibodies that are useful tools in molecular biology and are moving towards translational use in the clinic. These special antibodies are just one of the several tricks of shark lymphocyte antigen receptor systems. EXPERT OPINION While shark cartilage has not helped oncology patients, shark immunoglobulins and T cell receptors do offer exciting novel possibilities for immunotherapeutics. Much of the clinical immunology developmental pipeline has turned from traditional vaccines to passively delivered monoclonal antibody-based drugs for targeted depletion, activation, blocking and immunomodulation. The immunogenetic tools of shark lymphocytes, battle-tested since the dawn of our adaptive immune system, are well poised to expand the design landscape for the next generation of immunotherapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Mailstop 4467, College Station, TX 77843 , USA +1 979 845 4207 ; +1 979 862 1088 ;
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Merly L, Smith SL. Collagen type II, alpha 1 protein: A bioactive component of shark cartilage. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chuan-Ying Y, Lei Z. Effects of shark cartilage polysaccharides on the secretion of IL-6 and IL-12 in rheumatoid arthritis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1567-1572. [PMID: 22992031 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.684692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to articular cartilage destruction. Shark cartilage polysaccharide (SCP) is a biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, non-immunogenic and non-inflammatory polysaccharide that may be used in treating RA. OBJECTIVE The anti-RA activities of SCP given orally to rats are investigated here for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCP treatment group were administered with SCP-1, SCP-2 in the dosage of 9 mg/day for 24 days. The effect of SCP-1 and SCP-2 on the body weight, paw swelling, morphological changes of ankle and IL-6, IL-12 secretion in RA rats are examined. RESULTS On day 24, there were no obvious differences in BMI between positive, SCP-1 and SCP-2 group. The swelling degree of SCP-1 and SCP-2 group was less serious than model group. X-ray revealed that SCP-1, SCP-2 group owned normal joint alignment and more smooth and tidy articular surface. The SCP-1 and SCP-2 have inhibitory effect on IL-6 (430.3 ± 25.6 pg/mL, 439.1 ± 35.9 pg/mL) and IL-12 (63.9 ± 20.1 pg/mL, 64.9 ± 14.1 pg/mL) secretion, which showed significant differences with model group (612 ± 72.3 pg/mL, 230.1 ± 29.2 pg/mL), but still higher than normal group (361.8 ± 47.1 pg/mL, 34.2 ± 15.1 pg/mL) and lower than positive group (418.1 ± 42.5 pg/mL, 90.2 ± 17.8 pg/mL). Especially, when the concentration of SCP was 125 μg/mL, the contents of IL-6 (431.1 ± 43.3 pg/mL, 401.7 ± 55.7 pg/mL) and IL-12 (63.2 ± 12.3 pg/mL, 52.3 ± 8.7 pg/mL) were lowest. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that SCP have excellent anti-RA activities and thus have great potential as a drug for treating RA diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/isolation & purification
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthrography
- Cartilage/chemistry
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Edema/drug therapy
- Edema/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Interleukin-12/blood
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Male
- Methotrexate/pharmacology
- Polysaccharides/isolation & purification
- Polysaccharides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sharks
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chuan-Ying
- Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong Traffic Hospital, Jinan, China
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Hajimoradi M, Hassan ZM, Pourfathollah AA, Daneshmandi S, Pakravan N. The effect of shark liver oil on the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and cytokine pattern in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:565-570. [PMID: 19505554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shark Liver Oil (SLO) is a traditional medicine that has been widely used in Scandinavian folk to augment the immune response in some immune-related diseases, especially as an anti-cancer agent. AIM OF THE STUDY The object of this project was to confirm the anti-cancer effect of SLO and the possible involving mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in normal mice, the optimal dose for stimulation of cellular immunity was obtained and injected intraperitoneally to the tumor-bearing mice. Cytokine pattern of splenic MNCs was tested by ELISA. The percentage of CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) lymphocytes in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry. Also the rate of increase in tumor volume measured. RESULTS Our findings indicated that SLO highly augments delayed-type hypersensitivity response against sheep Red Blood Cell (sRBC) in mice. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injection of SLO to tumor-bearing mice could increase T-cell infiltration into the tumor and lower the increasing rate of tumor's volume. Also, it changes the cytokine pattern of the splenic Mononuclear cells (MNCs) to Th1. CONCLUSION Increase in IFN-gamma (resulting in enhanced cellular immunity) and increase in especially CD(8)(+) lymphocytes accompanied by a decrease in tumor size are among the signs of its anti-tumor effect. Accordingly, we suppose that SLO is a good candidate for further studies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monire Hajimoradi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Malavaki CJ, Asimakopoulou AP, Lamari FN, Theocharis AD, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Capillary electrophoresis for the quality control of chondroitin sulfates in raw materials and formulations. Anal Biochem 2007; 374:213-20. [PMID: 18054774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous administration of chondroitin sulfate (CS) is widely practiced for the treatment of osteoarthritis, although the efficacy of this treatment has not been completely established by clinical studies. A reason for the inconsistency of the results may be the quality of the CS preparations, which are commercially available as dietary supplements. In this article, we describe the development of a new method of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the quantification of CS concentrations, screening for other glycosaminoglycan or DNA impurities and determination of hyaluronan impurities in CS raw materials, tablets, hard capsules, and liquid formulations. Analysis is performed within 12 min in bare fused silica capillaries using reversed polarity and an operating phosphate buffer of low pH. The method has high sensitivity (lower limit of quantitation [LLOQ] values of 30.0 microg/ml for CS and 5.0 microg/ml for hyaluronan), high precision, and accuracy. Analysis of 11 commercially available products showed the presence of hyaluronan impurities in most of them (up to 1.5%). CE analysis of the samples after treatment with chondroitinase ABC and ACII, which depolymerize the chains to unsaturated disaccharides, with a previously described method (Karamanos et al., J. Chromatogr. A 696 (1995) 295-305) confirmed the results of hyaluronan determination and showed that the structural characteristics (i.e., disaccharide composition) of CS are very different, showing the different species or tissue origin and possibly affecting the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Malavaki
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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