1
|
Wang J, Cao H, Yang H, Wang N, Weng Y, Luo H. The function of CD36 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413947. [PMID: 38881887 PMCID: PMC11176518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
CD36 is a scavenger receptor that has been reported to function as a signaling receptor that responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and could integrate metabolic pathways and cell signaling through its dual functions. Thereby influencing activation to regulate the immune response and immune cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that CD36 plays critical roles in the process of lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and immune process caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This review will comprehensively investigate CD36's functions in lipid uptake and processing, inflammatory response, immune response and therapeutic targets and biomarkers in the infection process of M. tuberculosis. The study also raised outstanding issues in this field to designate future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou BOE Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Weng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang R, Meng J, Yang S, Liu W, Shi L, Zeng J, Chang J, Liang B, Liu N, Xing D. Recent Advances on the Role of ATGL in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:944025. [PMID: 35912266 PMCID: PMC9326118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.944025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic state of the tumor microenvironment leads to reprogramming lipid metabolism in tumor cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, also known as patatin-like phospholipase= domain-containing protein 2 and Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), as an essential lipid metabolism-regulating enzyme in cells, is regulated accordingly under hypoxia induction. However, studies revealed that ATGL exhibits both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects, which depend on the cancer cell type and the site of tumorigenesis. For example, elevated ATGL expression in breast cancer is accompanied by enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO), enhancing cancer cells’ metastatic ability. In prostate cancer, on the other hand, tumor activity tends to be negatively correlated with ATGL expression. This review outlined the regulation of ATGL-mediated lipid metabolism pathways in tumor cells, emphasizing the Hypoxia-inducible factors 1 (HIF-1)/Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated (HIG-2)/ATGL axis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)/G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2)/ATGL axis, and fat-specific protein 27 (FSP-27)/Early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1)/ATGL axis. In the light of recent research on different cancer types, the role of ATGL on tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation, and tumor metastasis was systemically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingsen Meng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanbo Yang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingyu Shi
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Liu, ; Dongming Xing,
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Liu, ; Dongming Xing,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmad F, Rani A, Alam A, Zarin S, Pandey S, Singh H, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:747799. [PMID: 35603185 PMCID: PMC9122124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.747799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB) which primarily infects the macrophages. Nearly a quarter of the world's population is infected latently by Mtb. Only around 5%-10% of those infected develop active TB disease, particularly during suppressed host immune conditions or comorbidity such as HIV, hinting toward the heterogeneity of Mtb infection. The aerosolized Mtb first reaches the lungs, and the resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) are among the first cells to encounter the Mtb infection. Evidence suggests that early clearance of Mtb infection is associated with robust innate immune responses in resident macrophages. In addition to lung-resident macrophage subsets, the recruited monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) have been suggested to have a protective role during Mtb infection. Mtb, by virtue of its unique cell surface lipids and secreted protein effectors, can evade killing by the innate immune cells and preferentially establish a niche within the AMs. Continuous efforts to delineate the determinants of host defense mechanisms have brought to the center stage the crucial role of macrophage phenotypical variations for functional adaptations in TB. The morphological and functional heterogeneity and plasticity of the macrophages aid in confining the dissemination of Mtb. However, during a suppressed or hyperactivated immune state, the Mtb virulence factors can affect macrophage homeostasis which may skew to favor pathogen growth, causing active TB. This mini-review is aimed at summarizing the interplay of Mtb pathomechanisms in the macrophages and the implications of macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity during Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Rani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheeba Zarin
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Hina Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT-D), New Delhi, India
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Cell Signaling, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
D'Avila H, de Souza NP, Albertoni ALDS, Campos LC, Rampinelli PG, Correa JR, de Almeida PE. Impact of the Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Trypanosoma cruzi: A Paradox in Host Response and Lipid Metabolism Modulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:768124. [PMID: 34778110 PMCID: PMC8581656 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major public health problem, especially in the South and Central America region. Its incidence is related to poverty and presents a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of Chagas disease is complex and involves many interactive pathways between the hosts and the Trypanosoma cruzi. Several factors have been implicated in parasite-host interactions, including molecules secreted by infected cells, lipid mediators and most recent, extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EVs of T. cruzi (EVsT) were reported for the first time in the epimastigote forms about 42 years ago. The EVsT are involved in paracrine communication during the infection and can have an important role in the inflammatory modulation and parasite escape mechanism. However, the mechanisms by which EVs employ their pathological effects are not yet understood. The EVsT seem to participate in the activation of macrophages via TLR2 triggering the production of cytokines and a range of other molecules, thus modulating the host immune response which promotes the parasite survival. Moreover, new insights have demonstrated that EVsT induce lipid body formation and PGE2 synthesis in macrophages. This phenomenon is followed by the inhibition of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen presentation, causing decreased parasitic molecules and allowing intracellular parasite survival. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the role of the EVs from T. cruzi as well as its involvement in the mechanisms that regulate the host immune response in the lipid metabolism and its significance for the Chagas disease pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Núbia Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza da Silva Albertoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laíris Cunha Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pollianne Garbero Rampinelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Raimundo Correa
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Elaine de Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andrade Silva M, da Silva ARPA, do Amaral MA, Fragas MG, Câmara NOS. Metabolic Alterations in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Implication in Kidney Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624698. [PMID: 33716771 PMCID: PMC7947848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical strategies focusing on pathogen elimination are expected in an infectious-disease outbreak, such as the severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), to avoid organ dysfunction. However, understanding the host response to viral infection is crucial to develop an effective treatment to optimize the patient's conditions. The pathogenic viruses can promote metabolic changes during viral infection, favoring its survival, altering cell phenotype and function, and causing sustained inflammation and tissue injury. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, provokes systemic and cell metabolic changes and possibly altering lipid and glucose metabolism. Besides severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS-CoV-2 can cause acute kidney injury, which has been associated with the severity of the disease. Although it is not clear the mechanisms whereby SARS-CoV-2 induces kidney dysfunction, it is known that the virus presents kidney tropism, namely, podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial cells. Changes in renal cell metabolism and systemic metabolic disorders are important events in kidney injury progression. Here, we explored the metabolism and its interface with SARS-CoV-2 infection and raised the perspective on metabolism disturbances as a critical event to kidney dysfunction in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magaiver Andrade Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Ruth Paolinetti Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Abrantes do Amaral
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Garcia Fragas
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naiff PF, Kuckelhaus SAS, Corazza D, Leite LM, Couto S, deOliveira MS, Santiago LM, Silva LF, Oliveira LA, Grisi DC, Carneiro VMA, Guimarães MDCM. Quantification of lipid bodies in monocytes from patients with periodontitis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 7:93-100. [PMID: 33188556 PMCID: PMC7853883 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For the first time in the history of periodontics, the production of lipid bodies by monocytes was assessed from blood of patients with periodontitis in comparison to systemically healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare the lipid body frequency within monocytes between healthy patients and those with periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 participants (11 males and 19 females), were divided between orally healthy control subjects (C, n = 16) and periodontitis subjects (P, n = 14), in a cross-sectional study. Both groups were systemically healthy. The following clinical periodontal parameters were assessed: probing depth, clinical attachment level, visible plaque index and gingival bleeding on probing index. Blood samples were collected to obtain monocytes containing lipid bodies, which were analyzed by light microscopy. RESULTS The periodontitis group demonstrated a higher corpuscular index than the control group (nonopsonized p = .0296 or opsonized p = .0459; Mann-Whitney). The frequency of monocyte cells containing lipid bodies (basal p = .0147, opsonized p = .0084 or nonopsonized, p = .026; Mann-Whitney) was also higher compared to those observed in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that periodontitis may contribute to a higher production of lipid bodies. It was also hypothesized that a major production of lipid bodies by monocytes in severe periodontitis, compared to orally healthy subjects, could interfere with the innate immune response or represents a higher reservoir of cholesterol esters within macrophages and a major risk to systemic implications, such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Naiff
- Periodontics Division, Health Secretary of Amazon State and Health Secretary of Manaus, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Selma A S Kuckelhaus
- Laboratory of Histological Techniques, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Danilo Corazza
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Leite
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Shirley Couto
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mariangela S deOliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa F Silva
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela C Grisi
- Periodontics Division, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barbosa-Lima G, Hottz ED, de Assis EF, Liechocki S, Souza TML, Zimmerman GA, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Dengue virus-activated platelets modulate monocyte immunometabolic response through lipid droplet biogenesis and cytokine signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1293-1306. [PMID: 32663907 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0620-658r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is characterized as one of the most important arthropod-borne human viral diseases, representing a public health problem. Increased activation of immune cells is involved in the progression of infection to severe forms. Recently, our group demonstrated the contribution of platelet-monocyte interaction to inflammatory responses in dengue, adding to evolving evidence that platelets have inflammatory functions and can regulate different aspects of innate immune responses. Furthermore, stimuli-specific-activated platelets can promote phenotypic changes and metabolic reprogramming in monocytes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the roles of dengue virus (DENV)-activated platelets on immunometabolic reprogramming of monocytes in vitro, focusing on lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis. We demonstrated that platelets exposed to DENV in vitro form aggregates with monocytes and signal to LD formation and CXCL8/IL-8, IL-10, CCL2, and PGE2 secretion. Pharmacologic inhibition of LD biogenesis prevents PGE2 secretion, but not CXCL8/IL-8 release, by platelet-monocyte complexes. In exploring the mechanisms involved, we demonstrated that LD formation in monocytes exposed to DENV-activated platelets is partially dependent on platelet-produced MIF. Additionally, LD formation is higher in monocytes, which have platelets adhered on their surface, suggesting that beyond paracrine signaling, platelet adhesion is an important event in platelet-mediated modulation of lipid metabolism in monocytes. Together, our results demonstrate that activated platelets aggregate with monocytes during DENV infection and signal to LD biogenesis and the secretion of inflammatory mediators, which may contribute to dengue immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Barbosa-Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Edson F de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sally Liechocki
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno L Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Molecular Medicine Program and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Intensive Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,D'Or Institute of Research, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carfagna IE, Penas FN, Bott E, Lammel EM, Goren NB, Belaunzarán ML, Gimenez G. Involvement of lipids from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes in macrophage activation. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:104-114. [PMID: 32659595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate protozoan parasites responsible for substantial public health problems in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, with L. braziliensis being one of the causative agents of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Macrophages, fundamental cells in the innate inflammatory response against Leishmania, constitute a heterogeneous group with multiple activation phenotypes and functions. The outcome of this infection depends largely on the activation status of macrophages, the first line of mammalian defense and the major target cells for parasite replication. The importance of lipids, the major components of cell membranes, goes beyond their basic structural functions. Lipid bioactive molecules have been described in Leishmania spp., and in the recent years the knowledge about the biological relevance of lipids in particular and their relationship with the immune response is expanding. The present work analyzes the biological effects of L. braziliensis lipids from lysed promastigotes (PRO) to mimic rapid modulatory processes that could occur in the initial steps of infection or the effects of lipids from lysed and incubated promastigotes (PROinc), simulating the parasite lipid degradation processes triggered after parasite lysis that might occur in the mammalian host. To perform these studies, lipid profiles of PRO and PROinc were compared with lipids from amastigotes under similar conditions (AMA and AMAinc), and the effect of these lipid extracts were analyzed on the induction of an inflammatory response in murine peritoneal macrophages: LB induction, COX-2, iNOS and Arginase expression, TNF-α, IL-10 and NO production, Arginase activity and M1/M2 markers mRNA induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Emilce Carfagna
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Nicolás Penas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emanuel Bott
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela María Lammel
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Belaunzarán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Gimenez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu H, Han Y, Rodriguez Sillke Y, Deng H, Siddiqui S, Treese C, Schmidt F, Friedrich M, Keye J, Wan J, Qin Y, Kühl AA, Qin Z, Siegmund B, Glauben R. Lipid droplet-dependent fatty acid metabolism controls the immune suppressive phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10698. [PMID: 31602788 PMCID: PMC6835560 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor growth and metastasis by suppressing tumor immune surveillance. Herein, we provide evidence that the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAMs is controlled by long‐chain fatty acid metabolism, specifically unsaturated fatty acids, here exemplified by oleate. Consequently, en‐route enriched lipid droplets were identified as essential organelles, which represent effective targets for chemical inhibitors to block in vitro polarization of TAMs and tumor growth in vivo. In line, analysis of human tumors revealed that myeloid cells infiltrating colon cancer but not gastric cancer tissue indeed accumulate lipid droplets. Mechanistically, our data indicate that oleate‐induced polarization of myeloid cells depends on the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway. Thus, our findings reveal an alternative therapeutic strategy by targeting the pro‐tumoral myeloid cells on a metabolic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yijie Han
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez Sillke
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hongzhang Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems, Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sophiya Siddiqui
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Treese
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Friedrich
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Keye
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiajia Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Qin
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,iPATH.Berlin - Core Unit of the Charité, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhihai Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases 3 and 4 direct glycerolipid synthesis and affect functionality in activated macrophages. Biochem J 2019; 476:85-99. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMacrophage classical M1 activation via TLR4 triggers a variety of responses to achieve the elimination of foreign pathogens. During this process, there is also an increase in lipid droplets which contain large quantities of triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid (PL). The functional consequences of this increment in lipid mass are poorly understood. Here, we studied the contribution of glycerolipid synthesis to lipid accumulation, focusing specifically on the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). Using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with Kdo2-lipid A, we showed that glycerolipid synthesis is induced during macrophage activation. GPAT4 protein level and GPAT3/GPAT4 enzymatic activity increase during this process, and these two isoforms were required for the accumulation of cell TAG and PL. The phagocytic capacity of Gpat3−/− and Gpat4−/− BMDM was impaired. Additionally, inhibiting fatty acid β-oxidation reduced phagocytosis only partially, suggesting that lipid accumulation is not necessary for the energy requirements for phagocytosis. Finally, Gpat4−/− BMDM expressed and released more pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines after macrophage activation, suggesting a role for GPAT4 in suppressing inflammatory responses. Together, these results provide evidence that glycerolipid synthesis directed by GPAT4 is important for the attenuation of the inflammatory response in activated macrophages.
Collapse
|
11
|
S N SG, Raviraj R, Nagarajan D, Zhao W. Radiation-induced lung injury: impact on macrophage dysregulation and lipid alteration - a review. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 41:370-379. [PMID: 30442050 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1533025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer deaths and more than one million lung cancer patients will die every year worldwide. Radiotherapy (RT) plays an important role in lung cancer treatment, but the side effects of RT are pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. RT-induced lung injury causes damage to alveolar-epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Macrophages play an important role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis despite its role in immune response. These injury activated macrophages develop into classically activated M1 macrophage or alternative activated M2 macrophage. It secretes cytokines, interleukins, interferons, and nitric oxide. Several pro-inflammatory lipids and pro-apoptotic proteins cause lipotoxicity such as LDL, FC, DAG, and FFA. The overall findings in this review conclude the importance of macrophages in inducing toxic/inflammatory effects during RT of lung cancer, which is clinically vital to treat the radiation-induced fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Gowda S N
- a Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Raghavi Raviraj
- a Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Devipriya Nagarajan
- a Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Weiling Zhao
- b School of Biomedical Informatics , The University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bott E, Carneiro AB, Gimenez G, López MG, Lammel EM, Atella GC, Bozza PT, Belaunzarán ML. Lipids From Trypanosoma cruzi Amastigotes of RA and K98 Strains Generate a Pro-inflammatory Response via TLR2/6. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:151. [PMID: 29868507 PMCID: PMC5952039 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids from microorganisms are ligands of Toll like receptors (TLRs) and modulate the innate immune response. Herein, we analyze in vitro the effect of total lipid extracts from Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes of RA and K98 strains (with polar biological behavior) on the induction of the inflammatory response and the involvement of TLRs in this process. We demonstrated that total lipid extracts from both strains induced lipid body formation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and TNF-α and nitric oxide release in macrophages, as well as NF-κB activation and IL-8 release in HEK cells specifically through a TLR2/6 dependent pathway. We also evaluated the inflammatory response induced by total lipid extracts obtained from lysed parasites that were overnight incubated to allow the action of parasite hydrolytic enzymes, such as Phospholipase A1, over endogenous phospholipids. After incubation, these total lipid extracts showed a significantly reduced pro-inflammatory response, which could be attributed to the changes in the content of known bioactive lipid molecules like lysophospholipids and fatty acids, here reported. Moreover, analyses of total fatty acids in each lipid extract were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results indicate a relevant role of T. cruzi lipids in the induction of a pro-inflammatory response through the TLR2/6 pathway that could contribute to the modulation of the immune response and host survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Bott
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan B Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Gimenez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G López
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela M Lammel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María L Belaunzarán
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cho KA, Park M, Kim YH, Choo HYP, Lee KH. Benzoxazole derivatives suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced mast cell activation. Mol Med Rep 2018. [PMID: 29532895 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are central regulators of allergic inflammation that function by releasing various proallergic inflammatory mediators, including histamine, eicosanoids and proinflammatory cytokines. Occasionally, bacterial infections may initiate or worsen allergic inflammation. A number of studies have indicated that activation of lipoxygenase in mast cells positive regulates allergic inflammatory responses by generating leukotrienes and proinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, the effects of benzoxazole derivatives on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, production of histamine and surface expression of co‑stimulatory molecules on bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were studied. The benzoxazole derivatives significantly reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑13, tumor necrosis factor‑α, perilipin (PLIN) 2, and PLIN3 in BMMCs treated with LPS. Furthermore, histamine production was suppressed in BMMCs treated with LPS, or treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/ionomycin. Benzoxazole derivatives marginally affected the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)80 and CD86 on BMMCs in the presence of LPS, although LPS alone did not increase the expression of those proteins. Therefore, benzoxazole derivatives inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells and may be potential candidate anti‑allergic agents to suppress mast cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhwa Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Young Park Choo
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon‑si 14647, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Monson EA, Crosse KM, Das M, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplet density alters the early innate immune response to viral infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190597. [PMID: 29293661 PMCID: PMC5749834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular localisation of many innate signalling events following viral infection has yet to be elucidated, however there has been a few cases in which membranes of certain cellular organelles have acted as platforms to these events. Of these, lipid droplets (LDs) have recently been identified as signalling platforms for innate TLR7 and 9 signalling. Despite their wide range of similar roles in various metabolic pathways, LDs have been overlooked as potential platforms for antiviral innate signalling events. This study established an in vitro model to evaluate the efficiency of the early innate immune response in cells with reduced LD content to the viral mimics, dsDNA and dsRNA, and Sendai viral infection. Using RT-qPCR, the expression of IFN-β and IFN-λ was quantified following stimulation along with the expression of specific ISGs. Luciferase based assays evaluated the combined expression of ISRE-promoter driven ISGs under IFN-β stimulation. Cellular LD content did not alter the entry of fluorescently labelled viral mimics into cells, but significantly decreased the ability of both Huh-7 and HeLa cells to produce type I and III IFN, as well as downstream ISG expression, indicative of an impeded innate immune response. This observation was also seen during Sendai virus infection of HeLa cells, where both control and LD reduced cells replicated the virus to the same level, but a significantly impaired type I and III IFN response was observed in the LD reduced cells. In addition to altered IFN production, cells with reduced LD content exhibited decreased expression of specific antiviral ISGs: Viperin, IFIT-1 and OAS-1 under IFN-β stimulation; However the overall induction of the ISRE-promoter was not effected. This study implicates a role for LDs in an efficient early innate host response to viral infection and future work will endeavour to determine the precise role these important organelles play in induction of an antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Keaton M Crosse
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Mithun Das
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The size matters: regulation of lipid storage by lipid droplet dynamics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 60:46-56. [PMID: 27981432 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adequate energy storage is essential for sustaining healthy life. Lipid droplet (LD) is the subcellular organelle that stores energy in the form of neutral lipids and releases fatty acids under energy deficient conditions. Energy storage capacity of LDs is primarily dependent on the sizes of LDs. Enlargement and growth of LDs is controlled by two molecular pathways: neutral lipid synthesis and atypical LD fusion. Shrinkage of LDs is mediated by the degradation of neutral lipids under energy demanding conditions and is controlled by neutral cytosolic lipases and lysosomal acidic lipases. In this review, we summarize recent progress regarding the regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms that control the sizes and the energy storage capacity of LDs.
Collapse
|
16
|
McClean CM, Tobin DM. Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw068. [PMID: 27402783 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Recent work has highlighted the importance of diverse macrophage types and phenotypes that depend on local environment and developmental origins. In this review, we highlight how distinct macrophage phenotypes may influence disease progression in tuberculosis. In addition, we draw on work investigating specialized macrophage populations important in cancer biology and atherosclerosis in order to suggest new areas of investigation relevant to mycobacterial pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the repertoire of macrophage phenotypes and behaviors during infection may provide opportunities for novel control of disease through modulation of macrophage form and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M McClean
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Naylor C, Petri WA. Leptin Regulation of Immune Responses. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:88-98. [PMID: 26776093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a regulatory hormone with multiple roles in the immune system. We favor the concept that leptin signaling 'licenses' various immune cells to engage in immune responses and/or to differentiate. Leptin is an inflammatory molecule that is capable of activating both adaptive and innate immunity. It can also 'enhance' immune functions, including inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages, granulocyte chemotaxis, and increased Th17 proliferation. Leptin can also 'inhibit' cells; CD4(+) T cells are inhibited from differentiating into regulatory T cells in the presence of elevated leptin, while NK cells can exhibit impaired cytotoxicity under the same circumstances. Consequently, understanding the effect of leptin signaling is important to appreciate various aspects of immune dysregulation observed in malnutrition, obesity, and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Naylor
- Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Blvd, Serrekunda, Gambia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Greineisen WE, Maaetoft-Udsen K, Speck M, Balajadia J, Shimoda LMN, Sung C, Turner H. Chronic Insulin Exposure Induces ER Stress and Lipid Body Accumulation in Mast Cells at the Expense of Their Secretory Degranulation Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130198. [PMID: 26263026 PMCID: PMC4532411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LB) are reservoirs of precursors to inflammatory lipid mediators in immunocytes, including mast cells. LB numbers are dynamic, increasing dramatically under conditions of immunological challenge. We have previously shown in vitro that insulin-influenced lipogenic pathways induce LB biogenesis in mast cells, with their numbers attaining steatosis-like levels. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo hyperinsulinemia resulting from high fat diet is associated with LB accumulation in murine mast cells and basophils. We characterize the lipidome of purified insulin-induced LB, and the shifts in the whole cell lipid landscape in LB that are associated with their accumulation, in both model (RBL2H3) and primary mast cells. Lipidomic analysis suggests a gain of function associated with LB accumulation, in terms of elevated levels of eicosanoid precursors that translate to enhanced antigen-induced LTC4 release. Loss-of-function in terms of a suppressed degranulation response was also associated with LB accumulation, as were ER reprogramming and ER stress, analogous to observations in the obese hepatocyte and adipocyte. Taken together, these data suggest that chronic insulin elevation drives mast cell LB enrichment in vitro and in vivo, with associated effects on the cellular lipidome, ER status and pro-inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Greineisen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Kristina Maaetoft-Udsen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mark Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Januaria Balajadia
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Lori M. N. Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Carl Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Helen Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Araújo-Santos T, Prates DB, França-Costa J, Luz NF, Andrade BB, Miranda JC, Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Bozza PT, Borges VM. Prostaglandin E2/leukotriene B4 balance induced by Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva favors Leishmania infantum infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:601. [PMID: 25526785 PMCID: PMC4282730 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eicosanoids and sand fly saliva have a critical role in the Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the effect of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) on neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and activation of eicosanoid production in a murine model of inflammation. Methods C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intraperitonealy with Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS or Leishmania infantum or both, followed by analyses of cell recruitment, parasite load and eicosanoid production. Results Intraperitoneal injection of Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS together with Leishmania infantum induced an early increased parasite viability in monocytes and neutrophils. L. longipalpis SGS increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production ex vivo in peritoneal leukocytes. In addition, the pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with NS-398 decreased parasite viability inside macrophages during Leishmania infection in the presence of L. longipalpis SGS arguing that PGE2 production is associated with diminished parasite killing. Conclusions These findings indicate that L. longipalpis SGS is a critical factor driving immune evasion of Leishmania through modulation of PGE2/LTB4 axis, which may represent an important mechanism on establishment of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Present address: Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil.
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline França-Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20893, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aldina Barral
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abumossalam A, Moawd A, Shebl A. Assessment of the histopathological prototypes of the pleural fluid and granulomatous tissue reaction associated with pleural tuberculosis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
21
|
Araújo-Santos T, Rodríguez NE, Moura-Pontes S, Dixt UG, Abánades DR, Bozza PT, Wilson ME, Borges VM. Role of prostaglandin F2α production in lipid bodies from Leishmania infantum chagasi: insights on virulence. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1951-61. [PMID: 24850789 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LB; lipid droplets) are cytoplasmic organelles involved in lipid metabolism. Mammalian LBs display an important role in host-pathogen interactions, but the role of parasite LBs in biosynthesis of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has not been investigated. We report herein that LBs increased in abundance during development of Leishmania infantum chagasi to a virulent metacyclic stage, as did the expression of PGF2α synthase (PGFS). The amount of parasite LBs and PGF2α were modulated by exogenous arachidonic acid. During macrophage infection, LBs were restricted to parasites inside the parasitophorous vacuoles (PV). We detected PGF2α receptor (FP) on the Leishmania PV surface. The blockage of FP with AL8810, a selective antagonist, hampered Leishmania infection, whereas the irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase with aspirin increased the parasite burden. These data demonstrate novel functions for parasite-derived LBs and PGF2α in the cellular metabolism of Leishmania and its evasion of the host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil University of Iowa and the Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa
| | | | - Sara Moura-Pontes
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel R Abánades
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mary E Wilson
- University of Iowa and the Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mattos KA, Oliveira VCG, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Amaral JJ, Antunes LCM, Melo RCN, Acosta CCD, Moura DF, Olmo R, Han J, Rosa PS, Almeida PE, Finlay BB, Borchers CH, Sarno EN, Bozza PT, Atella GC, Pessolani MCV. Mycobacterium leprae intracellular survival relies on cholesterol accumulation in infected macrophages: a potential target for new drugs for leprosy treatment. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:797-815. [PMID: 24552180 PMCID: PMC4262048 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Mycobacterium leprae (ML) is able to induce lipid droplet formation in infected macrophages. We herein confirm that cholesterol (Cho) is one of the host lipid molecules that accumulate in ML-infected macrophages and investigate the effects of ML on cellular Cho metabolism responsible for its accumulation. The expression levels of LDL receptors (LDL-R, CD36, SRA-1, SR-B1, and LRP-1) and enzymes involved in Cho biosynthesis were investigated by qRT-PCR and/or Western blot and shown to be higher in lepromatous leprosy (LL) tissues when compared to borderline tuberculoid (BT) lesions. Moreover, higher levels of the active form of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcriptional factors, key regulators of the biosynthesis and uptake of cellular Cho, were found in LL skin biopsies. Functional in vitro assays confirmed the higher capacity of ML-infected macrophages to synthesize Cho and sequester exogenous LDL-Cho. Notably, Cho colocalized to ML-containing phagosomes, and Cho metabolism impairment, through either de novo synthesis inhibition by statins or depletion of exogenous Cho, decreased intracellular bacterial survival. These findings highlight the importance of metabolic integration between the host and bacteria to leprosy pathophysiology, opening new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies to leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mattos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by causing oxidative damage to biocompounds or indirectly by stimulating pathogen elimination by various nonoxidative mechanisms, including pattern recognition receptors signaling, autophagy, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and T-lymphocyte responses. Thus, one should expect that the inhibition of ROS production promote infection. Increasing evidences support that in certain particular infections, antioxidants decrease and prooxidants increase pathogen burden. In this study, we review the classic infections that are controlled by ROS and the cases in which ROS appear as promoters of infection, challenging the paradigm. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which ROS could promote particular infections. These mechanisms are still not completely clear but include the metabolic effects of ROS on pathogen physiology, ROS-induced damage to the immune system, and ROS-induced activation of immune defense mechanisms that are subsequently hijacked by particular pathogens to act against more effective microbicidal mechanisms of the immune system. The effective use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents against certain infections is a realistic possibility that is beginning to be applied against viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia , CCS Bloco D, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gomes AF, Magalhães KG, Rodrigues RM, de Carvalho L, Molinaro R, Bozza PT, Barbosa HS. Toxoplasma gondii-skeletal muscle cells interaction increases lipid droplet biogenesis and positively modulates the production of IL-12, IFN-g and PGE2. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 24457118 PMCID: PMC3904159 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interest in the mechanisms involved in Toxoplasma gondii lipid acquisition has steadily increased during the past few decades, but it remains not completely understood. Here, we investigated the biogenesis and the fate of lipid droplets (LD) of skeletal muscle cells (SkMC) during their interaction with T. gondii by confocal and electron microscopy. We also evaluated whether infected SkMC modulates the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (INF-g), and also the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene induction. Methods Primary culture of skeletal muscle cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii and analysed by confocal microscopy for observation of LD. Ultrastructural cytochemistry was also used for lipid and sarcoplasmatic reticulum (SR) detection. Dosage of cytokines (IL-12 and INF-g) by ELISA technique and enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) for PGE2 measurement were employed. The COX-2 gene expression analysis was performed by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results We demonstrated that T. gondii infection of SkMC leads to increase in LD number and area in a time course dependent manner. Moreover, the ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that SR and LD are in direct contact with parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), within the vacuolar matrix, around it and interacting directly with the membrane of parasite, indicating that LD are recruited and deliver their content inside the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in T. gondii-infected SkMC. We also observed a positive modulation of the production of IL-12 and IFN-g, increase of COX-2 mRNA levels in the first hour of T. gondii-SkMC interaction and an increase of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis from 6 h up to 48 h of infection. Conclusions Taken together, the close association between SR and LD with PV could represent a source of lipids as well as other nutrients for the parasite survival, and together with the increased levels of IL-12, INF-g and inflammatory indicators PGE2 and COX-2 might contribute to the establishment and maintenance of chronic phase of the T. gondii infection in muscle cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helene S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Histopathological findings in immunohistological staining of the granulomatous tissue reaction associated with tuberculosis. Tuberc Res Treat 2014; 2014:858396. [PMID: 24511393 PMCID: PMC3913101 DOI: 10.1155/2014/858396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The histological diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a diagnostic challenge despite different methods. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) not only could confirm granulomatous tissue involvement but also can demonstrate MTB antigen immunolocalization. This study tries to clarify the details of immunohistochemical staining for MTB with pAbBCG. Materials/Methods. Twenty-three confirmed TB granulomatous tissue samples were studied by Ziehl-Neelsen and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with pAbBCG. Samples were selected from the archive of the Department of Pathology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Tehran, Iran. Results. IHC staining was positive in all samples, whereas Ziehl-Neelsen was positive in 9 cases out of 23 (39.1%). Tissue types used were pleural tissue, lymph nodes, and lung tissue. IHC showed positive coarse granular cytoplasmic and round, fragmented bacillary staining. In this study, epithelioid cells clearly showed more positive staining at the periphery of the granuloma rather than the center of granuloma. There is also positive staining in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages outside the granuloma. Conclusion. Considering the criteria of positive immunohistochemical staining of TB granulomatous reactions, this stain not only highlights the presence of mycobacterial antigens for tissue diagnosis, but also could morphologically localize its distribution in different cells.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
In the current issue of Infection and Immunity, Caire-Brändli and coworkers (Infect. Immun. 82:476-490, 2014, doi:10.1128/IAI.01196-13) describe a novel cell system for studying mycobacterial interactions with foamy macrophages and provide a magnificent series of electron microscopy-based observations providing major insight into the microbiology and cell biology of these interactions.
Collapse
|
27
|
de Mattos KA, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Bozza PT. Deciphering the contribution of lipid droplets in leprosy: multifunctional organelles with roles in Mycobacterium leprae pathogenesis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107 Suppl 1:156-66. [PMID: 23283467 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves, presenting a singular clinical picture. Across the leprosy spectrum, lepromatous leprosy (LL) exhibits a classical hallmark: the presence of a collection of M. leprae-infected foamy macrophages/Schwann cells characterised by their high lipid content. The significance of this foamy aspect in mycobacterial infections has garnered renewed attention in leprosy due to the recent observation that the foamy aspect represents cells enriched in lipid droplets (LD) (also known as lipid bodies). Here, we discuss the contemporary view of LD as highly regulated organelles with key functions in M. leprae persistence in the LL end of the spectrum. The modern methods of studying this ancient disease have contributed to recent findings that describe M. leprae-triggered LD biogenesis and recruitment as effective mycobacterial intracellular strategies for acquiring lipids, sheltering and/or dampening the immune response and favouring bacterial survival, likely representing a fundamental aspect of M. leprae pathogenesis. The multifaceted functions attributed to the LD in leprosy may contribute to the development of new strategies for adjunctive anti-leprosy therapies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
A key function of the skin is to provide a permeability barrier to restrict the movement of water, electrolytes, and other small molecules between the outside environment and the internal milieu. Following disruption of the permeability barrier, there is a rapid restoration of barrier function, and one of the key signals initiating this repair response is a decrease in the concentration of calcium in the outer epidermis. In this issue, Borkowski et al. present evidence showing that activation of Toll receptor 3 by double-stranded RNA may be another pathway for activation of permeability barrier repair. These results provide further evidence for a link between innate immunity and the permeability barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section (111F), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Almeida PE, Roque NR, Magalhães KG, Mattos KA, Teixeira L, Maya-Monteiro C, Almeida CJ, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Bozza PT. Differential TLR2 downstream signaling regulates lipid metabolism and cytokine production triggered by Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:97-107. [PMID: 24120921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPARγ acts as a key modulator of lipid metabolism, inflammation and pathogenesis in BCG-infected macrophages. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PPARγ expression and functions during infection are not completely understood. Here, we investigate signaling pathways triggered by TLR2, the involvement of co-receptors and lipid rafts in the mechanism of PPARγ expression, lipid body formation and cytokine synthesis in macrophages during BCG infection. BCG induces NF-κB activation and increased PPARγ expression in a TLR2-dependent manner. Furthermore, BCG-triggered increase of lipid body biogenesis was inhibited by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662, but not by the NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23. In contrast, KC/CXCL1 production was largely dependent on NF-κB but not on PPARγ. BCG infection induced increased expression of CD36 in macrophages in vitro. Moreover, CD36 co-immunoprecipitates with TLR2 in BCG-infected macrophages, suggesting its interaction with TLR2 in BCG signaling. Pretreatment with CD36 neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited PPARγ expression, lipid body formation and PGE2 production induced by BCG. Involvement of CD36 in lipid body formation was further confirmed by decreased BCG-induced lipid body formation in CD36 deficient macrophages. Similarly, CD14 and CD11b/CD18 blockage also inhibited BCG-induced lipid body formation, whereas TNF-α synthesis was not affected. Disruption of rafts recapitulates the latter result, inhibiting lipid body formation, but not TNF-α synthesis in BCG-infected macrophages. In conclusion, our results suggest that CD36-TLR2 cooperation and signaling compartmentalization within rafts, divert host response signaling through PPARγ-dependent and NF-κB-independent pathways, leading to increased macrophage lipid accumulation and down-modulation of macrophage response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia E Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Involvement of lipid droplets in hepatic responses to lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
31
|
Keyel PA, Tkacheva OA, Larregina AT, Salter RD. Coordinate stimulation of macrophages by microparticles and TLR ligands induces foam cell formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4621-9. [PMID: 23018455 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of macrophages in arterial walls by oxidized lipoproteins can lead to atherosclerosis. Oxidized lipoproteins convert macrophages to foam cells through lipid uptake and TLR signaling. To investigate the relative contributions of lipid uptake and TLR signaling in foam cell formation, we established an in vitro assay using liposomes of defined lipid compositions. We found that TLRs signaling through Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β promoted foam cell formation by inducing both NF-κB signaling and type I IFN production, whereas TLRs that do not induce IFN, like TLR2, did not enhance foam cell formation. Addition of IFN-α to TLR2 activator promoted robust foam cell formation. TLR signaling further required peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, as inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α blocked foam cell formation. We then investigated the ability of endogenous microparticles (MP) to contribute to foam cell formation. We found that lipid-containing MP promoted foam cell formation, which was enhanced by TLR stimulation or IFN-α. These MP also stimulated foam cell formation in a human skin model. However, these MP suppressed TNF-α production and T cell activation, showing that foam cell formation can occur by immunosuppressive MP. Taken together, the data reveal novel signaling requirements for foam cell formation and suggest that uptake of distinct types of MP in the context of activation of multiple distinct TLR can induce foam cell formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Keyel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stehr M, Elamin AA, Singh M. Cytosolic lipid inclusions formed during infection by viral and bacterial pathogens. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1227-37. [PMID: 22982567 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid inclusions play an important role in several pathological processes. Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as members of the Mycobacterium and Chlamydia species are able to trigger the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. Lipid droplet accumulation in the host constitutes a reservoir used by the bacilli for long-term persistence. Viruses need lipid droplets as assembly platform. We present the current knowledge about structural, functional and regulatory aspects of lipid inclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stehr
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Murphy DJ. The dynamic roles of intracellular lipid droplets: from archaea to mammals. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:541-85. [PMID: 22002710 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the roles of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). New genetic, biochemical and imaging technologies have underpinned these advances, which are revealing much new information about these dynamic organelles. This review takes a comparative approach by examining recent work on LDs across the whole range of biological organisms from archaea and bacteria, through yeast and Drosophila to mammals, including humans. LDs probably evolved originally in microorganisms as temporary stores of excess dietary lipid that was surplus to the immediate requirements of membrane formation/turnover. LDs then acquired roles as long-term carbon stores that enabled organisms to survive episodic lack of nutrients. In multicellular organisms, LDs went on to acquire numerous additional roles including cell- and organism-level lipid homeostasis, protein sequestration, membrane trafficking and signalling. Many pathogens of plants and animals subvert their host LD metabolism as part of their infection process. Finally, malfunctions in LDs and associated proteins are implicated in several degenerative diseases of modern humans, among the most serious of which is the increasingly prevalent constellation of pathologies, such as obesity and insulin resistance, which is associated with metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Cardiff, CF37 4AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Feingold KR, Shigenaga JK, Kazemi MR, McDonald CM, Patzek SM, Cross AS, Moser A, Grunfeld C. Mechanisms of triglyceride accumulation in activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:829-39. [PMID: 22753953 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1111537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS treatment of macrophages induces TG accumulation, which is accentuated by TG-rich lipoproteins or FFA. We defined pathways altered during macrophage activation that contribute to TG accumulation. Glucose uptake increased with activation, accompanied by increased GLUT1. Oxidation of glucose markedly decreased, whereas incorporation of glucose-derived carbon into FA and sterols increased. Macrophage activation also increased uptake of FFA, associated with an increase in CD36. Oxidation of FA was markedly reduced, whereas the incorporation of FA into TGs increased, associated with increased GPAT3 and DGAT2. Additionally, macrophage activation decreased TG lipolysis; however, expression of ATGL or HSL was not altered. Macrophage activation altered gene expression similarly when incubated with exogenous FA or AcLDL. Whereas activation with ligands of TLR2 (zymosan), TLR3 (poly I:C), or TLR4 (LPS) induced alterations in macrophage gene expression, leading to TG accumulation, treatment of macrophages with cytokines had minimal effects. Thus, activation of TLRs leads to accumulation of TG in macrophages by multiple pathways that may have beneficial effects in host defense but could contribute to the accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic infections and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mahajan S, Dkhar HK, Chandra V, Dave S, Nanduri R, Janmeja AK, Agrewala JN, Gupta P. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates macrophage lipid-sensing nuclear receptors PPARγ and TR4 for survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5593-603. [PMID: 22544925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interactions are key to pathogenesis and clearance of these bacteria. Although interactions between M. tuberculosis-associated lipids and TLRs, non-TLRs, and opsonic receptors have been investigated, interactions of these lipids and infected macrophage lipid repertoire with lipid-sensing nuclear receptors expressed in macrophages have not been addressed. In this study, we report that M. tuberculosis-macrophage lipids can interact with host peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and testicular receptor 4 to ensure survival of the pathogen by modulating macrophage function. These two lipid-sensing nuclear receptors create a foamy niche within macrophage by modulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor CD36, phagolysosomal maturation block by induction of IL-10, and a blunted innate response by alternative polarization of the macrophages, which leads to survival of M. tuberculosis. These results also suggest possible heterologous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and testicular receptor 4 and are suggestive of adaptive or coevolution of the host and pathogen. Relative mRNA expression levels of these receptors in PBMCs derived from clinical samples convincingly implicate them in tuberculosis susceptibility. These observations expose a novel paradigm in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis amenable for pharmacological modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Mahajan
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dynamics and regulation of lipid droplet formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:607-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
37
|
Nicolaou G, Goodall AH, Erridge C. Diverse bacteria promote macrophage foam cell formation via Toll-like receptor-dependent lipid body biosynthesis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 19:137-48. [PMID: 22123216 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Atherosclerotic lesions contain DNA signatures from a wide variety of bacteria, although little is known of how exposure to these organisms may modulate the accumulation of lipids in macrophages. METHODS To address this, a panel of nine bacteria representing those most frequently reported to be present in human atheroma were examined for their potential to promote lipid accumulation in human primary monocytes and murine J774 macrophages. RESULTS All bacteria examined, and defined stimulants of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9, induced lipid body formation and cholesterol ester accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms of bacteria-mediated foam cell formation were found to be dependent on TLR2 and/or TLR4 signalling, but independent of lipoprotein oxidation pathways, since lipid accumulation was significantly inhibited by the TLR4 inhibitors polymyxin-B and TAK-242, or the TLR2 and TLR4 inhibitor oxidised palmitoyl-arachidonyl-phosphatidyl-choline, but not by the scavenger receptor blocker polyinosinic acid or the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. A number of genes involved in lipid body biosynthesis, including perilipin-A, stearoyl-coenzyme-A desaturase 1, fatty acid synthase and HMG-CoA reductase were upregulated in response to TLR4 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial debris observed in human atheroma, which is currently considered to be harmless, may have potential to contribute to disease progression via TLR-dependent lipid body formation in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Nicolaou
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
D'Avila H, Freire-de-Lima CG, Roque NR, Teixeira L, Barja-Fidalgo C, Silva AR, Melo RCN, Dosreis GA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT. Host cell lipid bodies triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi infection and enhanced by the uptake of apoptotic cells are associated with prostaglandin E₂ generation and increased parasite growth. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:951-61. [PMID: 21849292 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (lipid droplets) are lipid-rich organelles with functions in cell metabolism and signaling. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced lipid body formation and their contributions to host-parasite interplay. We demonstrate that T. cruzi-induced lipid body formation in macrophages occurs in a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism and is potentiated by apoptotic cell uptake. Lipid body biogenesis and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production triggered by apoptotic cell uptake was largely dependent of α(v)β₃ and transforming growth factor-β signaling. T. cruzi-induced lipid bodies act as sites of increased PGE synthesis. Inhibition of lipid body biogenesis by the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 reversed the effects of apoptotic cells on lipid body formation, eicosanoid synthesis, and parasite replication. Our findings indicate that lipid bodies are highly regulated organelles during T. cruzi infection with roles in lipid mediator generation by macrophages and are potentially involved in T. cruzi-triggered escape mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dichlberger A, Schlager S, Lappalainen J, Käkelä R, Hattula K, Butcher SJ, Schneider WJ, Kovanen PT. Lipid body formation during maturation of human mast cells. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2198-2208. [PMID: 21971714 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets, also called lipid bodies (LB) in inflammatory cells, are important cytoplasmic organelles. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics and functions of LBs in human mast cells (MC). Here, we have analyzed the genesis and components of LBs during differentiation of human peripheral blood-derived CD34(+) progenitors into connective tissue-type MCs. In our serum-free culture system, the maturing MCs, derived from 18 different donors, invariably developed triacylglycerol (TG)-rich LBs. Not known heretofore, the MCs transcribe the genes for perilipins (PLIN)1-4, but not PLIN5, and PLIN2 and PLIN3 display different degrees of LB association. Upon MC activation and ensuing degranulation, the LBs were not cosecreted with the cytoplasmic secretory granules. Exogenous arachidonic acid (AA) enhanced LB genesis in Triacsin C-sensitive fashion, and it was found to be preferentially incorporated into the TGs of LBs. The large TG-associated pool of AA in LBs likely is a major precursor for eicosanoid production by MCs. In summary, we demonstrate that cultured human MCs derived from CD34(+) progenitors in peripheral blood provide a new tool to study regulatory mechanisms involving LB functions, with particular emphasis on AA metabolism, eicosanoid biosynthesis, and subsequent release of proinflammatory lipid mediators from these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland and
| | - Katarina Hattula
- Institute of Biotechnology, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Wolfgang J Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mattos KA, Oliveira VGC, D'Avila H, Rodrigues LS, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Bozza PT. TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2548-58. [PMID: 21813774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for nerve injury in leprosy need further elucidation. We recently demonstrated that the foamy phenotype of Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells (SCs) observed in nerves of multibacillary patients results from the capacity of M. leprae to induce and recruit lipid droplets (LDs; also known as lipid bodies) to bacterial-containing phagosomes. In this study, we analyzed the parameters that govern LD biogenesis by M. leprae in SCs and how this contributes to the innate immune response elicited by M. leprae. Our observations indicated that LD formation requires the uptake of live bacteria and depends on host cell cytoskeleton rearrangement and vesicular trafficking. TLR6 deletion, but not TLR2, completely abolished the induction of LDs by M. leprae, as well as inhibited the bacterial uptake in SCs. M. leprae-induced LD biogenesis correlated with increased PGE(2) and IL-10 secretion, as well as reduced IL-12 and NO production in M. leprae-infected SCs. Analysis of nerves from lepromatous leprosy patients showed colocalization of M. leprae, LDs, and cyclooxygenase-2 in SCs, indicating that LDs are sites for PGE(2) synthesis in vivo. LD biogenesis Inhibition by the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C-75 abolished the effect of M. leprae on SC production of immunoinflammatory mediators and enhanced the mycobacterial-killing ability of SCs. Altogether, our data indicated a critical role for TLR6-dependent signaling in M. leprae-SC interactions, favoring phagocytosis and subsequent signaling for induction of LD biogenesis in infected cells. Moreover, our observations reinforced the role of LDs favoring mycobacterial survival and persistence in the nerve. These findings give further support to a critical role for LDs in M. leprae pathogenesis in the nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mattos
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Araújo-Santos T, Prates DB, Andrade BB, Nascimento DO, Clarêncio J, Entringer PF, Carneiro AB, Silva-Neto MAC, Miranda JC, Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Bozza PT, Borges VM. Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva triggers lipid body formation and prostaglandin E₂ production in murine macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e873. [PMID: 21072234 PMCID: PMC2970534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sand fly saliva contains molecules that modify the host's hemostasis and immune responses. Nevertheless, the role played by this saliva in the induction of key elements of inflammatory responses, such as lipid bodies (LB, also known as lipid droplets) and eicosanoids, has been poorly investigated. LBs are cytoplasmic organelles involved in arachidonic acid metabolism that form eicosanoids in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we assessed the role of salivary gland sonicate (SGS) from Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis, a Leishmania infantum chagasi vector, in the induction of LBs and eicosanoid production by macrophages in vitro and ex vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Different doses of L. longipalpis SGS were injected into peritoneal cavities of C57BL/6 mice. SGS induced increased macrophage and neutrophil recruitment into the peritoneal cavity at different time points. Sand fly saliva enhanced PGE2 and LTB4 production by harvested peritoneal leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with a calcium ionophore. At three and six hours post-injection, L. longipalpis SGS induced more intense LB staining in macrophages, but not in neutrophils, compared with mice injected with saline. Moreover, macrophages harvested by peritoneal lavage and stimulated with SGS in vitro presented a dose- and time-dependent increase in LB numbers, which was correlated with increased PGE2 production. Furthermore, COX-2 and PGE-synthase co-localized within the LBs induced by L. longipalpis saliva. PGE2 production by macrophages induced by SGS was abrogated by treatment with NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor. Strikingly, SGS triggered ERK-1/2 and PKC-α phosphorylation, and blockage of the ERK-1/2 and PKC-α pathways inhibited the SGS effect on PGE2 production by macrophages. Conclusion In sum, our results show that L. longipalpis saliva induces lipid body formation and PGE2 production by macrophages ex vivo and in vitro via the ERK-1/2 and PKC-α signaling pathways. This study provides new insights regarding the pharmacological mechanisms whereby L. longipalpis saliva influences the early steps of the host's inflammatory response. After the injection of saliva into the host's skin by sand flies, a transient erythematous reaction is observed, which is related to an influx of inflammatory cells and the release of various molecules that actively facilitate the blood meal. It is important to understand the specific mechanisms by which sand fly saliva manipulates the host's inflammatory responses. Herein, we report that saliva from Lutzomyia (L.) longipalpis, a widespread Leishmania vector, induces early production of eicosanoids. Intense formation of intracellular organelles called lipid bodies (LBs) was noted within those cells that migrated to the site of saliva injection. In vitro and ex vivo, sand fly saliva was able to induce LB formation and PGE2 release by macrophages. Interestingly, PGE2 production induced by L. longipalpis saliva was dependent on intracellular mechanisms involving phosphorylation of signaling proteins such as PKC-α and ERK-1/2 and subsequent activation of cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, this study provides new insights into the pharmacological properties of sand fly saliva and opens new opportunities for intervening with the induction of the host's inflammatory pathways by L. longipalpis bites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Bruno Bezerril Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
| | | | - Alan B. Carneiro
- Institutos de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mário A. C. Silva-Neto
- Institutos de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mattos KA, Lara FA, Oliveira VGC, Rodrigues LS, D'Avila H, Melo RCN, Manso PPA, Sarno EN, Bozza PT, Pessolani MCV. Modulation of lipid droplets by Mycobacterium leprae in Schwann cells: a putative mechanism for host lipid acquisition and bacterial survival in phagosomes. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:259-73. [PMID: 20955239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The predilection of Mycobacterium leprae (ML) for Schwann cells (SCs) leads to peripheral neuropathy, a major concern in leprosy. Highly infected SCs in lepromatous leprosy nerves show a foamy, lipid-laden appearance; but the origin and nature of these lipids, as well as their role in leprosy, have remained unclear. The data presented show that ML has a pronounced effect on host-cell lipid homeostasis through regulation of lipid droplet (lipid bodies, LD) biogenesis and intracellular distribution. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis of lepromatous leprosy nerves for adipose differentiation-related protein expression, a classical LD marker, revealed accumulating LDs in close association to ML in infected SCs. The capacity of ML to induce LD formation was confirmed in in vitro studies with human SCs. Moreover, via confocal and live-cell analysis, it was found that LDs are promptly recruited to bacterial phagosomes and that this process depends on cytoskeletal reorganization and PI3K signalling. ML-induced LD biogenesis and recruitment were found to be independent of TLR2 bacterial sensing. Notably, LD recruitment impairment by cytoskeleton drugs decreased intracellular bacterial survival. Altogether, our data revealed SC lipid accumulation in ML-containing phagosomes, which may represent a fundamental aspect of bacterial pathogenesis in the nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mattos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The differentiation of macrophages into lipid-laden foam cells is central to the development of atherosclerosis. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein by macrophage scavenger receptors is largely responsible for this process. However, in light of recent evidence that these mechanisms may not play as large a role as previously thought, alternative mechanisms of foam cell formation are now being explored. RECENT FINDINGS The stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling by bacterial molecules has been shown to promote the accumulation of lipid in macrophages in the form of intracellular inclusions termed 'lipid bodies'. Interactions between TLR-signalling pathways and the liver-X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ signalling pathways modulate the formation of lipid bodies in macrophages and thereby cellular accumulation of cholesterol and triglyceride. These pathways appear to involve TLR-mediated regulation of lipid-binding proteins, cellular cholesterol sensors, lipid-body-associated proteins and secreted autocrine factors, but are independent of scavenger receptor or lipoprotein oxidation-dependent pathways. SUMMARY TLR stimulation promotes the accumulation of lipid bodies in macrophages and consequently foam cell formation. The pathways responsible for these processes may constitute novel therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Nicolaou
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Kalvodova L. Squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants perturb metabolism of neutral lipids and enhance lipid droplet formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:350-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
46
|
Bozza PT, D’Avila H, Almeida PE, Magalhães KG, Molinaro R, Almeida CJ, Maya-Monteiro CM. Lipid droplets in host–pathogen interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
47
|
Portugal LR, Fernandes LR, Alvarez-Leite JI. Host cholesterol and inflammation as common key regulators of toxoplasmosis and artherosclerosis development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:807-19. [PMID: 19735223 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and toxoplasmosis are two widely prevalent diseases worldwide. The relationship between these diseases is now being elucidated. Atherosclerosis is a disease with three main components: increased blood lipoprotein/cholesterol and their deposition in the arterial wall, an important Th1-mediated proinflammatory reaction and thrombogenic status. Toxoplasma gondii, in turn, is dependent on host cholesterol for optimal intracellular growth and replication. As a result, host cholesterol will be cleared from the blood, reducing plasma low-density lipoprotein, a crucial atherosclerosis risk factor. On the other hand, T. gondii infection elicits an important Th1 systemic inflammatory response in the host. Therefore, this additional proinflammatory stimulus may impose an enhanced pro-atherogenic environment in the host. As result, the association between these two diseases in one individual could change the course of atherosclerosis. In this review, we demonstrate that the host-parasite relationship is complex and that the outcome of each disease is dependent on the availability of intracellular cholesterol, as well as the intensity of the inflammatory reaction triggered by the parasite. We also discuss the possible clinical implications of these studies.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gimenez G, Magalhães KG, Belaunzarán ML, Poncini CV, Lammel EM, Gonzalez Cappa SM, Bozza PT, Isola ELD. Lipids from attenuated and virulent Babesia bovis strains induce differential TLR2-mediated macrophage activation. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:747-55. [PMID: 19910051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Babesia bovis is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoa of cattle that causes an acute infection with parasite persistence. Babesiosis limitation depends on macrophages, essential effector cells of the host innate defense, which generate inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Herein, we report quantitative differences in the lipid composition of merozoites from two B. bovis strains with polar behaviour: attenuated R1A and virulent S2P. Accordingly, we observed a distinct inflammatory response induced by the total lipids of R1A (L(A)) and S2P (L(V)) in murine peritoneal macrophages. L(A) and particularly its fractions phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine+phosphatidylinositol (PS+PI), produced a strong activation of these cells with lipid body formation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and pro-inflammatory TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC secretion. Although L(V) did not activate these cells, the corresponding PS+PI fraction induced TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC release. Therefore, these facts might be suggesting the presence of an inhibitor in L(V). Furthermore, the employment of wild type and toll like receptor 2 knockout (TLR2KO) mice allowed us to demonstrate that macrophage activation by the stimulating lipid fractions was mediated through TLR2. Interestingly, only L(A) activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Inhibitory studies employing UO126, indicated that the ERK pathway was required for TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC release. In conclusion, the absence of inflammatory response observed with the lipids of S2P virulent strain could constitute an evasion mechanism of the innate immune response enabling parasite establishment in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gimenez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It is important to address the factors involved in the progression of atherosclerosis because advanced atherosclerotic lesions are prone to rupture, leading to disability or death. Hypoxic areas are known to be present in human atherosclerotic lesions, and lesion progression is associated with the formation of lipid-loaded macrophages and increased local inflammation. Here we summarize the role of hypoxia in the development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions by promoting lipid accumulation, inflammation, ATP depletion, and angiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS A recent study clearly demonstrated the presence of hypoxia in macrophage-rich regions of advanced human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. We showed that hypoxia increases the formation of lipid droplets in macrophages and promotes increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, and recent evidence indicates that lipid droplets may play a role in mediating the inflammatory response. Hypoxia also promotes lesion progression by exacerbating ATP depletion and lactate accumulation, and the presence of hypoxia in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions correlates with angiogenesis. SUMMARY Recent studies indicate that hypoxia may play a key role in the progression to advanced lesions by promoting lipid accumulation, increased inflammation, ATP depletion, and angiogenesis. Further understanding of the effects of hypoxia in atherosclerotic lesions could indicate potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Przybytkowski E, Behrendt M, Dubois D, Maysinger D. Nanoparticles can induce changes in the intracellular metabolism of lipids without compromising cellular viability. FEBS J 2009; 276:6204-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|