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Mou Y, Liao W, Li Y, Wan L, Liu J, Luo X, Shen H, Sun Q, Wang J, Tang J, Wang Z. Glycyrrhizin and the Related Preparations: An Inspiring Resource for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:315-354. [PMID: 38553799 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Liver diseases and their related complications endanger the health of millions of people worldwide. The prevention and treatment of liver diseases are still serious challenges both in China and globally. With the improvement of living standards, the prevalence of metabolic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, has increased at an alarming rate, resulting in more cases of end-stage liver disease. Therefore, the discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases is urgently needed. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a triterpene glycoside from the roots of licorice plants, possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. Currently, GL preparations (GLPs) have certain advantages in the treatment of liver diseases, with good clinical effects and fewer adverse reactions, and have shown broad application prospects through multitargeting therapeutic mechanisms, including antisteatotic, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, antifibrotic, anticancer, and drug interaction activities. This review summarizes the currently known biological activities of GLPs and their medical applications in the treatment of liver diseases, and highlights the potential of these preparations as promising therapeutic options and their alluring prospects for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mou
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Liao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Xialing Luo
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Hongping Shen
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Qin Sun
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bishan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, P. R. China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
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2
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Mahomoodally MF, Aumeeruddy MZ, Legoabe LJ, Dall’Acqua S, Zengin G. Plants' bioactive secondary metabolites in the management of sepsis: Recent findings on their mechanism of action. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1046523. [PMID: 36588685 PMCID: PMC9800845 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1046523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe inflammatory response to systemic infection and is a threatening cause of death in intensive care units. In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted on the protective effect of natural products against sepsis-induced organ injury. However, a comprehensive review of these studies indicating the mechanisms of action of the bioactive compounds is still lacking. In this context, this review aimed to provide an updated analysis of the mechanism of action of plants' secondary metabolites in the management of sepsis. Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched from inception to July 2022. A variety of secondary metabolites were found to be effective in sepsis management including allicin, aloin, cepharanthine, chrysin, curcumin, cyanidin, gallic acid, gingerol, ginsenoside, glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, kaempferol, narciclasine, naringenin, naringin, piperine, quercetin, resveratrol, rosmarinic acid, shogaol, silymarin, sulforaphane, thymoquinone, umbelliferone, and zingerone. The protective effects exerted by these compounds can be ascribed to their antioxidant properties as well as induction of endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, and also via the downregulation of inflammatory response and reduction of biochemical and inflammatory markers of sepsis. These findings suggest that these secondary metabolites could be of potential therapeutic value in the management of sepsis, but human studies must be performed to provide strength to their potential clinical relevance in sepsis-related morbidity and mortality reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam,*Correspondence: Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, ; Stefano Dall’Acqua,
| | | | - Lesetja Jan Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stefano Dall’Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,*Correspondence: Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, ; Stefano Dall’Acqua,
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey
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3
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Wu X, Jiao W, Chen J, Tao Y, Zhang J, Wang Y. Ulinastatin alleviates early brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via ROS/MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Acta Cir Bras 2022; 37:e370606. [PMID: 36074399 PMCID: PMC9448248 DOI: 10.1590/acb370606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is still a major public health problem, with high mortality and disability. Ulinastatin (UTI) was purified from human urine and has been reported to be anti-inflammatory, organ protective, and antioxidative stress. However, the neuroprotection of UTI in ICH has not been confirmed, and the potential mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotection and potential molecular mechanisms of UTI in ICH-induced early brain injury in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Methods: The neurological score, brain water content, neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, oxidative stress levels, and neuronal damage were evaluated. Results: UTI treatment markedly increased the neurological score, alleviated brain edema, decreased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and NF-κB, decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and upregulated the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Nrf2. This finding indicated that UTI-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress alleviated neuronal damage after ICH. The neuroprotective capacity of UTI is partly dependent on the ROS/MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Conclusions: UTI improves neurological outcomes in mice and reduces neuronal death by protecting against neural neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- BS. 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA - Anhui Medical University - Wuxi Clinical College - Department of Neurosurgery - Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Jiao
- MD. 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA - Anhui Medical University - Wuxi Clinical College - Department of Neurosurgery - Wuxi, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- BS. 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA - Anhui Medical University - Wuxi Clinical College - Department of Neurosurgery - Wuxi, China
| | - Yunna Tao
- BS. 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA - Anhui Medical University - Wuxi Clinical College - Department of Neurosurgery - Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- BS. 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA - Anhui Medical University - Wuxi Clinical College - Department of Neurosurgery - Wuxi, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- PhD. 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA - Anhui Medical University - Wuxi Clinical College - Department of Neurosurgery - Wuxi, China
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4
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Nofi CP, Wang P, Aziz M. Chromatin-Associated Molecular Patterns (CAMPs) in sepsis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:700. [PMID: 35961978 PMCID: PMC9372964 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several molecular patterns have been identified that recognize pattern recognition receptors. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are commonly used terminologies to classify molecules originating from pathogen and endogenous molecules, respectively, to heighten the immune response in sepsis. Herein, we focus on a subgroup of endogenous molecules that may be detected as foreign and similarly trigger immune signaling pathways. These chromatin-associated molecules, i.e., chromatin containing nuclear DNA and histones, extracellular RNA, mitochondrial DNA, telomeric repeat-containing RNA, DNA- or RNA-binding proteins, and extracellular traps, may be newly classified as chromatin-associated molecular patterns (CAMPs). Herein, we review the release of CAMPs from cells, their mechanism of action and downstream immune signaling pathways, and targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate inflammation and tissue injury in inflammation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Nofi
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ping Wang
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
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5
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Wang L, Jiao W, Wu J, Zhang J, Tang M, Chen Y. Ulinastatin alleviates early brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting necroptosis and neuroinflammation via MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Cir Bras 2022; 37:e370301. [PMID: 35584533 PMCID: PMC9109988 DOI: 10.1590/acb370301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major public health problem
with a huge economic burden worldwide. Ulinastatin (UTI), a serine protease
inhibitor, has been reported to be anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and
organ protection by reducing reactive oxygen species production, and
inflammation. Necroptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism that plays a
vital role in neuronal cell death after ICH. However, the neuroprotection of
UTI in ICH has not been confirmed, and the potential mechanism is unclear.
The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotection and potential
molecular mechanisms of UTI in ICH-induced EBI in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Methods: The neurological score, brain water content, neuroinflammatory cytokine
levels, and neuronal damage were evaluated. The anti-inflammation
effectiveness of UTI in ICH patients also was evaluated. Results: UTI treatment markedly increased the neurological score, alleviate the brain
edema, decreased the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β),
IL‑6, NF‑κB levels, and RIP1/RIP3, which indicated that UTI-mediated
inhibition of neuroinflammation, and necroptosis alleviated neuronal damage
after ICH. UTI also can decrease the inflammatory cytokine of ICH patients.
The neuroprotective capacity of UTI is partly dependent on the MAPK/NF-κB
signaling pathway. Conclusions: UTI improves neurological outcomes in mice and reduces neuronal death by
protecting against neural neuroinflammation, and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Anhui Medical University, China
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6
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Zhou S, Liu G, Si Z, Yu L, Hou L. Glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 inhibitor, Suppresses Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Chondrocytes from Patients with Osteoarthritis. Cartilage 2021; 13:947S-955S. [PMID: 32602358 PMCID: PMC8804755 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520934858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is increased in osteoarthritis (OA) tissue and chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Suppression of HMGB1 expression is correlated with reduced inflammatory responses induced by IL-1β. This study aimed to investigate how inhibition of HMGB1 by glycyrrhizin might affect inflammatory responses and viability of OA patient-derived chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. DESIGN The amounts of HMGB1 in the cartilage tissue and synovial fluid in patients with OA were assessed by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chondrocytes were extracted from OA patients and maintained in culture. The impact of glycyrrhizin on IL-1β-induced cell toxicity and inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines, and metalloproteases (MMPs), were assessed by ELISA, Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the Griess reagent assay. RESULTS We confirmed that HMGB1 was significantly upregulated in specimens acquired from patients with OA. HMGB1 inhibition by glycyrrhizin improved cell viability of chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. Glycyrrhizin suppressed IL-1β-induced upregulation of HMGB1 and inflammatory mediators and cytokines, including PGE2, NO, proinflammatory cytokines, and MMPs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that glycyrrhizin may be a potential therapy for OA patients and these promising findings warrant further study for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Zhou
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang,
China
| | - Guodan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth
Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhenxing Si
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang,
China
| | - Luanfei Yu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang,
China
| | - Limin Hou
- Department of Emergency Surgery, the
First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang,
China,Limin Hou, Department of Emergency Surgery,
the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Postal
Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China.
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7
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Heidari S, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. The genus Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae family) and its active constituents as protective agents against natural or chemical toxicities. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6552-6571. [PMID: 34414608 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Licorice is the dried roots and rhizomes of various species of the genus Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae) that have been used in folk medicine from ancient times. Many important research projects have established several beneficial effects for this medicinal herb, including antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective. Licorice contains important bioactive components, such as glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic, glycyrrhizinic acid), liquiritigenin, liquiritin, and glycyrrhetinic acid. The protective effects of licorice and its main chemical components against toxins and toxicants in several organs including the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung have been shown. In this comprehensive review article, the protective effects of these constituents against natural, industrial, environmental, and chemical toxicities with attention on the cellular and molecular mechanism are introduced. Also, it has been revealed that this plant and its main compounds can inhibit the toxicity of different toxins by the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties as well as the modulation of Inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK), Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. More high-quality investigations in both experimental and clinical studies need to firmly establish the efficacy of licorice and its main constituents against toxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.,Toxicology and Addiction Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Lin F, Shan W, Zheng Y, Pan L, Zuo Z. Toll-like receptor 2 activation and up-regulation by high mobility group box-1 contribute to post-operative neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in mice. J Neurochem 2021; 158:328-341. [PMID: 33871050 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and 4 have been implied in the development of POCD. The role of TLR2, a major brain TLR, in POCD is not clear. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a delayed inflammatory mediator and may play a role in POCD. The interaction between HMGB1 and TLRs in the perioperative period is not known. We hypothesize that TLR2 contributes to the development of POCD and that HMGB1 regulates TLR2 for this effect. To test these hypotheses, 6- to 8-week old male mice were subjected to right carotid artery exposure under isoflurane anesthesia. CU-CPT22, a TLR1/TLR2 inhibitor, at 3 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before surgery and 1 day after surgery. Glycyrrhizin, a HMGB1 antagonist, at 200 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before surgery. Mice were subjected to Barnes maze and fear conditioning tests from 1 week after surgery. Hippocampus and cerebral cortex were harvested 6 hr or 12 hr after the surgery for Western blotting, ELISA, immunofluorescent staining, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. There were neuroinflammation and impairment of learning and memory in mice with surgery. Surgery increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 but not TLR9 in the brain of CD-1 male mice. CU-CPT22 attenuated surgery-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Similarly, surgery induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6J mice but not in TLR2-/- mice. TLR2 staining appeared in neurons and microglia. Surgery increased HMGB1 in the cell nuclei of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Glycyrrhizin ameliorated this increase and the increase of TLR2 in the hippocampus after surgery. Surgery also increased the amount of tlr2 DNA precipitated by an anti-HMGB1 antibody in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that TLR2 contributes to surgery-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. HMGB1 up-regulates TLR2 expression in the hippocampus after surgery to facilitate this contribution. Thus, TLR2 and HMGB1 are potential targets for reducing POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linghui Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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9
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Yamada C, Ho A, Akkaoui J, Garcia C, Duarte C, Movila A. Glycyrrhizin mitigates inflammatory bone loss and promotes expression of senescence-protective sirtuins in an aging mouse model of periprosthetic osteolysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111503. [PMID: 33770668 PMCID: PMC8653540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although periprosthetic osteolysis induced by wear debris particles is significantly elevated in senior (65+ years old) patients, most of the published pre-clinical studies were performed using young (less than three-month old) mice indicating the critical need to employ experimental models of particle-induced osteolysis involving mice with advanced age. Emerging evidence indicates that currently available antiresorptive bone therapies have serious age-dependent side effects. However, a resurgence of healthcare interest has occurred in glycyrrhizin (GLY), a natural extract from the licorice roots, as alternative sources of drugs for treating inflammatory bone lytic diseases and prevention of cellular senescence. This study investigated the effects of GLY on inflammatory bone loss as well as expression patterns of senescence-associated secretory phenotype and senescence-protective markers using an experimental calvarium osteolytic model induced in aged (twenty-four-month-old) mice by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles. Our results indicate that local treatment with GLY significantly diminished the size of inflammatory osteolytic lesions in aged mice via the number of CXCR4+OCPs and Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) osteoclasts. Furthermore, GLY dramatically decreased the amounts of senescence-associated secretory phenotype markers, including pro-inflammatory macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) chemokine, and cathepsins B and K in the bone lesions of aged mice. By contrast, GLY significantly elevated expression patterns of senescence-protective markers, including homeostatic stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) chemokine, and sirtuin-1, and sirtuin-6, in the PMMA particle-induced calvarial lesions of aged mice. Collectively, these data suggest that GLY can be used for the development of novel therapies to control bone loss and tissue aging in senior patients with periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yamada
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | - Anny Ho
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | - Juliet Akkaoui
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | - Christopher Garcia
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | - Carolina Duarte
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States.
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10
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Chen K, Yang R, Shen FQ, Zhu HL. Advances in Pharmacological Activities and Mechanisms of Glycyrrhizic Acid. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6219-6243. [PMID: 31612817 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666191011115407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is widely regarded as an important medicinal plant and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic properties. Studies have shown that metabolites isolated from licorice have many pharmacological activities, such as antiinflammatory, anti-viral, participation in immune regulation, anti-tumor and other activities. This article gives an overview of the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of licorice metabolites and the adverse reactions that need attention. This review helps to further investigate the possibility of licorice as a potential drug for various diseases. It is hoped that this review can provide a relevant theoretical basis for relevant scholars' research and their own learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Qian Shen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele Univeristy for Gene Interference and
Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University,
Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Gunne S, Heinicke U, Parnham MJ, Laux V, Zacharowski K, von Knethen A. Nrf2-A Molecular Target for Sepsis Patients in Critical Care. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121688. [PMID: 33348637 PMCID: PMC7766194 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an established master regulator of the anti-oxidative and detoxifying cellular response. Thus, a role in inflammatory diseases associated with the generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) seems obvious. In line with this, data obtained in cell culture experiments and preclinical settings have shown that Nrf2 is important in regulating target genes that are necessary to ensure cellular redox balance. Additionally, Nrf2 is involved in the induction of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes, which are important both in degrading and converting drugs into active forms, and into putative carcinogens. Therefore, Nrf2 has also been implicated in tumorigenesis. This must be kept in mind when new therapy approaches are planned for the treatment of sepsis. Therefore, this review highlights the function of Nrf2 in sepsis with a special focus on the translation of rodent-based results into sepsis patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gunne
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.G.); (M.J.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (U.H.); (K.Z.)
| | - Michael J. Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.G.); (M.J.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Volker Laux
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.G.); (M.J.P.); (V.L.)
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (U.H.); (K.Z.)
| | - Andreas von Knethen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.G.); (M.J.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (U.H.); (K.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-87824
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12
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Hahn D, Shin SH, Bae JS. Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds in Foodstuff or Medicinal Herbs Inducing Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1191. [PMID: 33260980 PMCID: PMC7761319 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes heme group degradation. Decreased level of HO-1 is correlated with disease progression, and HO-1 induction suppresses development of metabolic and neurological disorders. Natural compounds with antioxidant activities have emerged as a rich source of HO-1 inducers with marginal toxicity. Here we discuss the therapeutic role of HO-1 in obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis, Parkinson's disease and hepatic fibrosis, and present important signaling pathway components that lead to HO-1 expression. We provide an updated, comprehensive list of natural HO-1 inducers in foodstuff and medicinal herbs categorized by their chemical structures. Based on the continued research in HO-1 signaling pathways and rapid development of their natural inducers, HO-1 may serve as a preventive and therapeutic target for metabolic and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyup Hahn
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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13
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Bahramsoltani R, Rahimi R. An Evaluation of Traditional Persian Medicine for the Management of SARS-CoV-2. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:571434. [PMID: 33324206 PMCID: PMC7724033 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.571434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged and with it, a global investigation of new antiviral treatments and supportive care for organ failure due to this life-threatening viral infection. Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known with the manuscripts of Avicenna and Rhazes. In this paper, we first introduce a series of medicinal plants that would potentially be beneficial in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection according to TPM textbooks. Then, we review medicinal plants based on the pharmacological studies obtained from electronic databases and discuss their mechanism of action in SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are several medicinal plants in TPM with cardiotonic, kidney tonic, and pulmonary tonic activities, protecting the lung, heart, and kidney, the three main vulnerable organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some medicinal plants can prevent "humor infection", a situation described in TPM which has similar features to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pharmacological evaluations are in line with the therapeutic activities of several plants mentioned in TPM, mostly through antiviral, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Amongst the primarily-introduced medicinal plants from TPM, rhubarb, licorice, garlic, saffron, galangal, and clove are the most studied plants and represent candidates for clinical studies. The antiviral compounds isolated from these plants provide novel molecular structures to design new semisynthetic antiviral agents. Future clinical studies in healthy volunteers as well as patients suffering from pulmonary infections are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants as complementary and integrative interventions in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roodabeh Bahramsoltani
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhytoPharmacology Interest Group (PPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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14
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An Overview of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Its Role in Inflammation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225474. [PMID: 33238435 PMCID: PMC7700122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key driver in many pathological conditions such as allergy, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and many others, and the current state of available drugs prompted researchers to explore new therapeutic targets. In this context, accumulating evidence indicates that the transcription factor Nrf2 plays a pivotal role controlling the expression of antioxidant genes that ultimately exert anti-inflammatory functions. Nrf2 and its principal negative regulator, the E3 ligase adaptor Kelch-like ECH- associated protein 1 (Keap1), play a central role in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Interestingly, Nrf2 is proved to contribute to the regulation of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis, which is a potent anti-inflammatory target. Recent studies showed a connection between the Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) system and the expression of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB pathway and macrophage metabolism. This suggests a new strategy for designing chemical agents as modulators of Nrf2 dependent pathways to target the immune response. Therefore, the present review will examine the relationship between Nrf2 signaling and the inflammation as well as possible approaches for the therapeutic modulation of this pathway.
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15
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Lin X, Meng X, Song Z, Lin J. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a potential therapeutic target for vitiligo. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108670. [PMID: 33186606 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin which causes loss of melanocytes from the epidermis. Recently, it is demonstrated that oxidative stress (OS) plays a significant role in the immuno-pathogenesis of vitiligo. A major mechanism in the cellular defense against OS is activation of the nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor (Nrf2)-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) signaling pathway. Recently it has been shown that vitiligo melanocytes have impaired Nrf2-ARE signaling. A number of drugs including those known as Nrf2 activators and those known to possess effects to activate Nrf2, have been used in treating vitiligo with certain therapeutic effects. Also, studies have shown that a number of compounds can protect melanocytes against OS via activating Nrf2. These compounds may be considered as candidates for developing new drugs for vitiligo in the future. Nrf2 can be considered as a potential therapeutic target for vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Lin
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Lu, Dalian, 116011, China.
| | - Xianmin Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Axia Women's Health, 450 Cresson BLVD, Oaks, PA, 19456, USA.
| | - Zhiqi Song
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Lu, Dalian, 116011, China.
| | - Jingrong Lin
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Lu, Dalian, 116011, China.
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16
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Xue J, Suarez JS, Minaai M, Li S, Gaudino G, Pass HI, Carbone M, Yang H. HMGB1 as a therapeutic target in disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3406-3419. [PMID: 33107103 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was initially recognized as a ubiquitous nuclear protein involved in maintaining the nucleosome integrity and facilitating gene transcription. HMGB1 has since been reevaluated to be a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein, and together with its exogenous counterpart, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), completes the body's alarmin system against disturbances in homeostasis. HMGB1 can be released into the extracellular matrix (ECM) by either granulocytes or necrotic cells to serve as a chemotaxis/cytokine during infection, endotoxemia, hypoxia, ischemia-reperfusion events, and cancer. Different isoforms of HMGB1 present with distinctive physiological functions in ECM-fully-reduced HMGB1 (all thiol) acts as the initial damage signal to recruit circulating myeloid cells, disulfide HMGB1 behaves as a cytokine to activate macrophages and neutrophils, and both signals are turned off when HMGB1 is terminally oxidized into the final sulfonate form. Targeting HMGB1 constitutes a favorable therapeutic strategy for inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Antagonists such as ethyl pyruvate inhibit HMGB1 by interfering with its cytoplasmic exportation, while others such as glycyrrhizin directly bind to HMGB1 and render it unavailable for its receptors. The fact that a mixture of different HMGB1 isoforms is present in the ECM poses a challenge in pinpointing the exact role of an individual antagonist. A more discriminative probe for HMGB1 may be necessary to advance our knowledge of HMGB1, HMGB1 antagonists, and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xue
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.,John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Joelle S Suarez
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Michael Minaai
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Shuangjing Li
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.,Central Laboratory of Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Giovanni Gaudino
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Haining Yang
- Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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17
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Bachmann M, Lamprecht L, Gonther S, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. A murine cellular model of necroinflammation displays RAGE-dependent cytokine induction that connects to hepatoma cell injury. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10356-10366. [PMID: 32697038 PMCID: PMC7521286 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation maintained by release of danger‐associated molecular patterns, particularly high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1), is crucial for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. To further characterize interactions between leucocytes and necrotic cancerous tissue, a cellular model of necroinflammation was studied in which murine Raw 264.7 macrophages or primary splenocytes were exposed to necrotic lysates (N‐lys) of murine hepatoma cells or primary hepatocytes. In comparison to those derived from primary hepatocytes, N‐lys from hepatoma cells were highly active—inducing in macrophages efficient expression of inflammatory cytokines like C‐X‐C motif ligand‐2 , tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐23‐p19. This activity associated with higher levels of HMGB1 in hepatoma cells and was curbed by pharmacological blockage of the receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE)/HMGB1 axis or the mitogen‐activated protein kinases ERK1/2 pathway. Analysis of murine splenocytes furthermore demonstrated that N‐lys did not comprise of functionally relevant amounts of TLR4 agonists. Finally, N‐lys derived from hepatoma cells supported inflammatory splenic Th17 and Th1 polarization as detected by IL‐17, IL‐22 or interferon‐γ production. Altogether, a straightforward applicable model was established which allows for biochemical characterization of immunoregulation by HCC necrosis in cell culture. Data presented indicate a remarkably inflammatory capacity of necrotic hepatoma cells that, at least partly, depends on the RAGE/HMGB1 axis and may shape immunological properties of the HCC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Lamprecht
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Gonther
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Sun Y, Xia Y, Liu X, Liu J, He W, Ye H, Yuan X. Dexmedetomidine alleviates LPS‑induced acute lung injury via regulation of the p38/HO‑1 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2442-2450. [PMID: 32705282 PMCID: PMC7411448 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common critical illness in clinical anesthesia and the intensive care unit that can cause acute hypoxic respiratory insufficiency. Despite various therapeutic regimes having been investigated, there is currently no effective pharmacotherapy available to treat ALI. Previous studies have reported that the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway plays an important role in the inflammatory response and is involved in the pathogenesis of ALI. Moreover, dexmedetomidine (Dex), an α2-adrenergic receptor activating agent, has been routinely used as an adjuvant therapy in treating inflammatory diseases, including ALI. However, the precise pathological mechanisms of Dex in ALI remain to be elucidated. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of the p38/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling pathways in the pathological mechanisms of Dex in ALI. Newborn male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=48) were randomly divided into four groups (n=12 each), and an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to successfully induce the ALI model, with increased pulmonary damage, cell apoptosis, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion and edema fluid in lungs. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3 were significantly upregulated, while that of HO-1 were downregulated by LPS treatment. Furthermore, the levels of phosphorylated p38 were also upregulated in ALI rats. It was demonstrated that Dex administration significantly alleviated LPS-induced ALI, downregulated the secretion of IL-1β, decreased the expression of NLRP3, inhibited the phospho-activation of p38 and increased HO-1 expression. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of p38 using the inhibitor SB20380 further enhanced the effect of Dex. Collectively, these preliminarily results identified the effects of Dex intervention on the pathogenesis of ALI via the regulation of p38/HO-1 signaling pathways, which impacted the inflammatory effects, thus providing a theoretical basis and novel evidence for the development of new targets for clinical treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
| | - Yin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
| | - Junxia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
| | - Weitian He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
| | - Hongwu Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
| | - Xianren Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P.R. China
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19
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Zhang X, Jing S, Lin H, Sun W, Jiang W, Yu C, Sun J, Wang C, Chen J, Li H. Anti-fatigue effect of anwulignan via the NRF2 and PGC-1α signaling pathway in mice. Food Funct 2020; 10:7755-7766. [PMID: 31696200 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01182j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the anti-fatigue function of anwulignan from Schisandra and its underlying mechanism. METHODS After an excessive fatigue mouse model was created, anwulignan was administered to the mice, and its effect on exercise tolerance was studied by the weight-bearing swimming test, rotarod test, grip strength test, and tail suspension test. The biochemical indicators closely related to fatigue, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactic acid (LD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) in the serum; liver glycogen (LG) in the liver tissue; muscle glycogen (MG); inorganic phosphate (Pi) and Annexin V in the gastrocnemius; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities; malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); and the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in both serum and the gastrocnemius were detected. Morphological changes were also observed. The anti-fatigue-related proteins of the NRF2/ARE, Bcl2, and PGC-1α pathways in the gastrocnemius of the mice were detected by western blot. RESULTS Anwulignan significantly increased the exercise tolerance by decreasing BUN, LD, LDH, CK, Pi, MDA, TBARS, 8-OHdG, ROS, and Annexin V levels and increasing LG, MG, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px levels, significantly upregulated the expression of NRF2 and Bcl2 proteins, which are anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis regulators, and also activated the p38MAPK-PGC-1α pathway. CONCLUSION Anwulignan can increase exercise tolerance and relieve fatigue in an excessive fatigue mouse model. The underlying mechanism may be through its regulatory effect on the NRF2 and PGC-1α signaling pathway. This study will provide scientific data for anwulignan to be developed as a novel and efficient component in anti-oxidant or anti-fatigue health food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China.
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20
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The HO-1 Signal Prevents HMGB1-Mediated Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury In Vitro. J Surg Res 2020; 247:335-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Gui Y, Sun J, You W, Wei Y, Tian H, Jiang S. Glycyrrhizin suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting high-mobility group box1 via the TGF- β1/Smad2/3 pathway in lung epithelial cells. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8514. [PMID: 32117622 PMCID: PMC7003690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in fibrosis, chronic inflammation, tumor metastasis, etc. Glycyrrhizin, an active component extracted from licorice plant, has been reported to treat a variety of inflammatory reactions through inhibiting high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), which has been suggested to be a significant mediator in EMT process. However, whether glycyrrhizin affects the EMT process or not remains unclear. Methods Human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 and normal human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B were treated with extrinsic TGF-β1 to induce EMT. Elisa was used to detect HMGB1 concentrations in cell supernatant. RNA interference and lentivirus infection experiments were performed to investigate the involvement of HMGB1 in EMT process. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the viability of A549 and BEAS-2B cells treated with glycyrrhizin. Finally, the effects of glycyrrhizin on EMT changes, as well as the underlying mechanisms, were evaluated via Western blot, immunofluorescence and transwell assays. Results Our results showed that HMGB1 expression was increased by TGF-β1, and knockdown of HMGB1 expression reversed TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Ectopic HMGB1 expression or TGF-β1 treatment caused a significant increase in HMGB1 release. Notably, we found that glycyrrhizin treatment effectively suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT process by inhibiting HMGB1. Also, glycyrrhizin significantly inhibited the migration of both A549 and BEAS-2B cells promoted by TGF-β1. Mechanistically, HMGB1 overexpression could activate Smad2/3 signaling in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Glycyrrhizin significantly blocked the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 stimulated either by TGF-β1 or by ectopic HMGB1 in A549 and BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions HMGB1 is a vital mediator of EMT changes induced by TGF-β1 in lung epithelial cells. Importantly, glycyrrhizin can effectively block Smad2/3 signaling pathway through inhibiting HMGB1, thereby suppressing the EMT progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Gui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Cheeloo Collage of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanhui Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Cheeloo Collage of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Han Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Cheeloo Collage of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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22
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Zhao G, Zhang J, Nie D, Zhou Y, Li F, Onishi K, Billiar T, Wang JHC. HMGB1 mediates the development of tendinopathy due to mechanical overloading. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222369. [PMID: 31560698 PMCID: PMC6764662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overloading is a major cause of tendinopathy, but the underlying pathogenesis of tendinopathy is unclear. Here we report that high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is released to the tendon extracellular matrix and initiates an inflammatory cascade in response to mechanical overloading in a mouse model. Moreover, administration of glycyrrhizin (GL), a naturally occurring triterpene and a specific inhibitor of HMGB1, inhibits the tendon’s inflammatory reactions. Also, while prolonged mechanical overloading in the form of long-term intensive treadmill running induces Achilles tendinopathy in mice, administration of GL completely blocks the tendinopathy development. Additionally, mechanical overloading of tendon cells in vitro induces HMGB1 release to the extracellular milieu, thereby eliciting inflammatory and catabolic responses as marked by increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in tendon cells. Application of GL abolishes the cellular inflammatory/catabolic responses. Collectively, these findings point to HMGB1 as a key molecule that is responsible for the induction of tendinopathy due to mechanical overloading placed on the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Zhao
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jianying Zhang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daibang Nie
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine Department, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Onishi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Zhao J, Sun T, Wu S, Liu Y. High Mobility Group Box 1: An Immune-regulatory Protein. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 19:100-109. [PMID: 31223085 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190621111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) presents in almost all somatic cells as a component of the cell nucleus. It is necessary for transcription regulation during cell development. Recent studies indicate that extracellular HMGB1, coming from necrotic cells or activated immune cells, triggers inflammatory response whereas intracellular HMGB1 controls the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, reduced HMGB1 can effectively mediate tissue regeneration. HMGB1, therefore, is regarded as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarized and discussed the immunomodulatory effect of HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hefei No. 2 People Hospital, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Tianle Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Shengdi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Nursing, General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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24
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Mou K, Pan W, Han D, Wen X, Cao F, Miao Y, Li P. Glycyrrhizin protects human melanocytes from H2O2‑induced oxidative damage via the Nrf2‑dependent induction of HO‑1. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:253-261. [PMID: 31115551 PMCID: PMC6559322 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress serves a critical role in melanocyte death and is considered to be a major cause of vitiligo. The nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway has an important role in the antioxidative stress mechanisms of melanocytes. Glycyrrhizin (GR) is a derivative of herbal medicines used to treat hepatitis and allergic disease due to its antiviral and anti-allergy effects. GR also activates Nrf2 and induces the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in macrophages. Whether GR can protect human melanocytes from oxidative stress remains unknown. The present study investigated the potential protective effects of GR against oxidative stress in human melanocytes and the mechanisms involved. Following exposure to 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), human primary melanocytes were treated with 1 mM GR. Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. GR treatment significantly improved cell viability, reduced the apoptotic rate of melanocytes and reduced the level of reactive oxygen species in human melanocytes. Furthermore, GR induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and induced the expression of HO-1 in melanocytes. The knockdown of Nrf2 by small interfering RNA or the inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP reversed the protective effect of GR on melanocytes against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. These data demonstrate that GR protects human melanocytes from H2O2-induced oxidative damage via the Nrf2-dependent induction of HO-1, providing evidence for the application of GR in the treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanhou Mou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yi Miao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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25
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Feng Z, Wang JW, Wang Y, Dong WW, Xu ZF. Propofol Protects Lung Endothelial Barrier Function by Suppression of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Release and Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage Catalyzed by HMGB1. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3199-3211. [PMID: 31040263 PMCID: PMC6507496 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The processes of mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) triggers the release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a prominent damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) family member, which can cause damage to pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. We aimed to determine whether propofol protected against endothelial cell injury induced by HMGB1 in vitro and in vivo. Material/Methods ICR mice (male) were mechanically ventilated for 4 h after anesthetization at both low tidal volume (LVT, 6 ml/kg) and high tidal volume (HVT, 30 ml/kg). A propofol bolus (10 mg/kg) was administered to the animals prior to the onset of ventilation, followed by infusion at 5 mg/(kg·h). We obtained confluent cultures of mouse lung vascular endothelial cells (MLVECs) and then performed cyclic stretching at 20% stretch for 4 h with or without propofol. Results HMGB1 reduced the expression of tight junctions between endothelial cells, including VE-cadherin and ZO-1, and increased endothelial permeability, and both were blocked by propofol. We found that MLVECs exhibited mitochondrial oxidative damage by HMGB1, which was successfully suppressed through administration of MnTBAP as well as propofol. Propofol ameliorated HVT-associated lung vascular hyperpermeability and HMGB1 production in vivo. Propofol also inhibited HMBG1 release caused by cyclic stretching in MLVECs in vitro. Conclusions Our results prove that the cyto-protective function of propofol protects against lung ventilation-induced dysfunction of the lung endothelial barrier. This function of propofol is mediated through inhibition of HMGB1 release caused by mechanical stretching and mitochondrial oxidative damage triggered by HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wen-Wen Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zi-Feng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Glycyrrhizin administration ameliorates Streptococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:504-511. [PMID: 30884430 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has a high incidence of mortality clinically. Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a traditional Chinese medicine for anti-inflammatory. However, the role of GL in S. aureus-induced ALI has not previously been elucidated. GL (25 mg/kg i.p.) administration exerts potent anti-inflammatory effect in this model. GL administration significantly alleviated inflammation via reduction of multiple cytokines (serum and lung tissue IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β and HMGB1) and immune cells (lung tissue neutrophil and macrophage infiltration). Additionally, we measured the signaling pathways (NF-kB and MARKs) and inflammasome dependent pyroptosis. The results suggest that GL inhibits NF-kB, p38/ERK pathways and pyroptosis. Furthermore, we used different inhibitors to treat infected-A549 cells and found that BMS-582949 (a p38 inhibitor) is the most effective inhibitor for inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) production, which suggests that p38 signaling pathway might be the main pathway for S. aureus-induced inflammation. Collectively, the data demonstrates that GL could mitigate inflammation after S. aureus infection.
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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against oxidative stress and dampens inflammation via heme oxygenase 1. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:6. [PMID: 30783082 PMCID: PMC6381107 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is a potent inducer of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), is a central active component of propolis, and the application of propolis improves periodontal status in diabetic patients. Here, primary murine macrophages were exposed to CAPE. Target gene expression was assessed by whole-genome microarray, RT-PCR and Western blotting. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of CAPE were examined by exposure of the cells to hydrogen peroxide, saliva and periodontal pathogens. The involvement of HO1 was investigated with the HO1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) and knockout mice for Nrf2, which is a transcription factor for detoxifying enzymes. CAPE increased HO1 and other heat shock proteins in murine macrophages. A p38 MAPK inhibitor and Nrf2 knockout attenuated CAPE-induced HO1 expression in macrophages. CAPE exerted strong antioxidative activity. Additionally, CAPE reduced the inflammatory response to saliva and periodontal pathogens. Blocking HO1 decreased the antioxidative activity and attenuated the anti-inflammatory activity of CAPE. In conclusion, CAPE exerted its antioxidative effects through the Nrf2-mediated HO1 pathway and its anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition. However, preclinical models evaluating the use of CAPE in periodontal inflammation are necessary in future studies. Propolis, also known as ‘honeybee glue,’ may protect teeth and gums against periodontal disease. In periodontal disease, chronic inflammation and oxidative damage harm gum tissue and lead to tooth loss; propolis has been shown to improve periodontal health for patients with diabetes. Bees make propolis by mixing beeswax, honey, plant resins and their own saliva, and use it to patch honeycomb and prevent growth of microbes in the hive. Reinhard Gruber of the Department of Oral Biology at the Medical University of Vienna and of the Department of Periodontology, University of Bern and co-workers investigated the effects of one of propolis’ active ingredients, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), on oxidative stress and inflammation. They found that CAPE reduced oxidative damage and dampened inflammation; further investigation revealed the genetic basis of the beneficial effects, paving the way for future clinical studies. These results may help identify alternative treatments for periodontal disease.
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Staurengo-Ferrari L, Badaro-Garcia S, Hohmann MSN, Manchope MF, Zaninelli TH, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Contribution of Nrf2 Modulation to the Mechanism of Action of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Pre-clinical and Clinical Stages. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1536. [PMID: 30687097 PMCID: PMC6337248 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress that has occurred in recent years in the development of therapies to treat painful and inflammatory diseases, there is still a need for effective and potent analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. It has long been known that several types of antioxidants also possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, indicating a strong relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of action of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, as well as essential targets in disease physiopathology, is essential to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The Nuclear factor-2 erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates cellular redox status through endogenous antioxidant systems with simultaneous anti-inflammatory activity. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and pharmacological actions screened that link analgesic, anti-inflammatory, natural products, and other therapies to Nrf2 as a regulatory system based on emerging evidences from experimental disease models and new clinical trial data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Staurengo-Ferrari
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Badaro-Garcia
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Miriam S. N. Hohmann
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marília F. Manchope
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Tiago H. Zaninelli
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Jiang P, Chen L, Sun J, Li J, Xu J, Liu W, Feng F, Qu W. Chotosan ameliorates cognitive impairment and hippocampus neuronal loss in experimental vascular dementia via activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 139:105-111. [PMID: 30642751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that Chotosan has ameliorative effects on vascular dementia through antioxidative pathways. Nevertheless, no systematic pharmacological research was conducted to evaluate the contribution of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a crucial regulator of antioxidative system, on Chotosan-induced neuroprotection invascular dementia. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Chotosan on vascular dementia and reveal the possible molecular mechanism involving Nrf2. We found that Chotosan treatment could ameliorate memory impairment and reduce neuron cell loss induced by common carotid artery occlusion surgery. Furthermore, Chotosan could significantly reverse reactive oxygen species production, neuronal apoptosis and microglia over-activation in hippocampus. In addition, Chotosan enhanced Nrf2 expression and its nuclear translocation as well as its downstream antioxidant protein expression, NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase 1 and heme oxygenase-1. These findings suggest that Chotosan exert neuroprotection in an animal model of vascular dementia via activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. Chotosan may serve as a potential candidate and promising Nrf2 activator for treating vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jiang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Lee SS, Choe YJ, Lee H, Lee SY, Kim HS. PGA2-induced expression of HO-1 is mediated by transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-018-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Yang ZB, Chen WW, Chen HP, Cai SX, Lin JD, Qiu LZ. MiR-155 aggravated septic liver injury by oxidative stress-mediated ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction via targeting Nrf-2. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:387-394. [PMID: 30218645 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver is uniquely vulnerable during sepsis. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is confirmed to play crucial roles in septic liver injury. The present study aims to investigate the mechanisms of miR-155 in septic liver injury. METHODS The sepsis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Mice were divided into four groups: Vehicle, miR-155 antagomir, LPS, LPS+ miR-155 antagomir. The survival rate and body weight were monitored. Liver injury was assessed by H&E staining. The levels of serum ALT and inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA kits. Oxidative stress was detected by MDA and SOD detection kits. The miR-155, Nrf-2, and markers related to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial injury and apoptosis were detected by western blotting and qPCR. Apoptosis in liver tissues was detected by TUNELstaining. RESULTS MiR-155 antagomir alleviated liver injury as evidenced by enhancing survival rate and body weight, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration, liver cells necrosis and decreasing ALT level. The productions of TNF-α, IL-6 were suppressed, while anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was promoted by miR-155 antagomir. Oxidative stress was inhibited by miR-155 antagomir via enhancing nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf-2) expression. ER stress and Cytochrome C (Cyto-C) release were restrained by miR-155 antagomir. Sepsis-induced apoptosis was repressed by miR-155 antagomir as manifested by the decreased levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-12, 9 and 3, and increased levels of Bcl-2 and uncleaved PARP. CONCLUSION MiR-155 antagomir relieved septic liver injury through inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via targeting Nrf-2, suggesting miR-155 as a therapeutic target for septic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Bin Yang
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Wen-Wen Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Hui-Ping Chen
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shu-Xian Cai
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Jian-Dong Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Lu-Zhen Qiu
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital of Fujian Province, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
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A 5-hydroxyoxindole derivative attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses by activating the p38-Nrf2 signaling axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:182-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Curcumin reduces Ly6C hi monocyte infiltration to protect against liver fibrosis by inhibiting Kupffer cells activation to reduce chemokines secretion. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:868-878. [PMID: 30119257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has been reported to have anti-fibrotic effect. However, the anti-fibrotic mechanism of curcumin for liver fibrosis remains obscure. In the presenting study, we aimed to investigate whether curcumin reduce chemokines secretion by inhibiting kupffer cells (KCs) activation to decrease Ly6Chi monocyte infiltration in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injection in mice. Mice in curcumin group received curcumin treatment by gavage. Pretreatment with curcumin significantly protected mice from liver inflammation and fibrosis. Compared to CCl4 group, mice in the curcumin group showed significantly less intrahepatic infiltration of Ly6Chi monocytes, but no difference of other leucocyte subtypes. Moreover, curcumin significantly reduced Ly6Chi monocytes associated pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines, which was in line with the decreased numbers of intrahepatic Ly6Chi monocytes. Further study found that curcumin is able to decrease KCs activation and monocyte chemokines, which explains why curcumin can reduce Ly6Chi monocytes infiltration during liver fibrosis. In vitro, we discovered that curcumin prevents the polarization of macrophages toward M1 and reduces monocyte chemokines secretion, which is involved with ERK1/2 and p38 pathways. Taken together, for the first time, we verified that curcumin can reduce chemokines secretion by inhibiting KCs activation to decrease Ly6Chi monocyte infiltration in the treatment of liver fibrosis. These results suggested that curcumin may be considered a promising candidate in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Xu C, Liang C, Sun W, Chen J, Chen X. Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates myocardial ischemic injury by the regulation of inflammation and oxidative state. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1311-1319. [PMID: 29849452 PMCID: PMC5965375 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s165225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a bioactive triterpenoid saponin isolated from the roots of licorice plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra), has been shown to exert a variety of pharmacological activities and is considered to have potential therapeutic applications. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of GA on myocardial ischemia (MI) injury rats induced by isoproterenol (ISO), and explore the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Materials and methods The rats were randomized into five groups: control, ISO, ISO+diltiazem (10 mg/kg), ISO+GA (10 mg/kg), and ISO+GA (20 mg/kg). Electrocardiogram and histopathological examination were performed. Markers of cardiac marker enzymes (creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde [MDA]), and inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were also measured in each group. Proteins involved in NF-κB and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway were detected by Western blot. Results GA decreased the ST elevation induced by MI, decreased serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and increased serum superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde activities. Furthermore, GA increased the protein levels of Nrf-2 and HO-1 and downregulated the phosphorylation of IκB, and NF-κB p65 in ISO-induced MI. Conclusion These observations indicated that GA has cardioprotective effects against MI, and these effects might be related to the activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongli Xu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China.,Jiangnin Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Liang
- Jiangnin Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Peng G, Han X. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates atopic dermatitis-like symptoms through inhibition of HMGB1. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:9-17. [PMID: 29702284 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease prevalent worldwide. This study investigated the effects of glycyrrhizin, an extract of licorice root, on the well-established model of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD-like symptoms in mice. The severity of dermatitis, histopathological changes, serum IgE levels, changes in expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. Treatment with glycyrrhizin inhibited the HMGB1 signaling cascade and ameliorated the symptoms of AD. Furthermore, in an in vitro study, the expression of RAGE was detected in a mouse mast cell line, P815 cells, and rmHMGB1 was found to be a potent inducer of mast cell activation by increasing Ca2+ influx, upregulating the CD117 and activating NF-κB signaling; these effects were also inhibited by glycyrrhizin. These findings implicate HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of AD and suggest that GL could be an effective therapeutic approach for cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Ge Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Xiuping Han
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Nrf2 as regulator of innate immunity: A molecular Swiss army knife! Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:358-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Differential Regulation of NF- κB and Nrf2 by Bojungikki-Tang Is Associated with Suppressing Lung Inflammation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5059469. [PMID: 29636779 PMCID: PMC5831875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5059469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bojungikki-tang (BT), an Asian herbal remedy, has been prescribed to increase the vitality of debilitated patients. Since a compromised, weakened vitality often leads to illness, BT has been widely used to treat various diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism by which BT exerts its effect. Given that BT ameliorates inflammatory pulmonary diseases including acute lung injury (ALI), we investigated whether BT regulates the function of key inflammatory factors such as NF-κB and Nrf2, contributing to suppressing inflammation. Results show that BT interrupted the nuclear localization of NF-κB and suppressed the expression of the NF-κB-dependent genes in RAW 264.7 cells. In similar experiments, BT induced the nuclear localization of Nrf2 and the expression of the Nrf2-dependent genes. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI mouse model, a single intratracheal administration of BT to mouse lungs ameliorated alveolar structure and suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes and neutrophil infiltration to mouse lungs. Therefore, our findings suggest that suppression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2, by which BT suppresses inflammation, are ways for BT to exert its effect.
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Ahn MY, Hwang JS, Lee SB, Ham SA, Hur J, Kim JT, Seo HG. Curcumin longa extract-loaded nanoemulsion improves the survival of endotoxemic mice by inhibiting nitric oxide-dependent HMGB1 release. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3808. [PMID: 28929026 PMCID: PMC5600948 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a well-known damage-related alarmin that participates in cellular inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms leading to HMGB1 release in inflammatory conditions and the therapeutic agents that could prevent it remain poorly understood. This study attempted to examine whether the Curcumin longa herb, which is known to have anti-inflammatory property, can modulate cellular inflammatory responses by regulating HMGB1 release. Methods The murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or a C. longa extract-loaded nanoemulsion (CLEN). The levels of released HMGB1, nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophages. The effects of CLEN on survival of endotoxemic model mice, circulating HMGB1 levels, and tissue iNOS expression were also evaluated. Results We have shown that a nanoemulsion loaded with an extract from the C. longa rhizome regulates cellular inflammatory responses and LPS-induced systemic inflammation by suppressing the release of HMGB1 by macrophages. First, treatment of RAW264.7 macrophages with the nanoemulsion significantly attenuated their LPS-induced release of HMGB1: this effect was mediated by inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, which in turn suppressed the NO production and iNOS expression of the cells. The nanoemulsion did not affect LPS-induced p38 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Second, intraperitoneal administration of the nanoemulsion improved the survival rate of LPS-injected endotoxemic mice. This associated with marked reductions in circulating HMGB1 levels and tissue iNOS expression. Discussion The present study shows for the first time the mechanism by which C. longa ameliorates sepsis, namely, by suppressing NO signaling and thereby inhibiting the release of the proinflammatory cytokine HMGB1. These observations suggest that identification of agents, including those in the herb C. longa, that can inhibit HMGB1 production and/or activity may aid the treatment of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Products, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Seok Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Products, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Bi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sun Ah Ham
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Products, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Products, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Products, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zhang N, Lv H, Shi BH, Hou X, Xu X. Inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 production in LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts by glycyrrhizin via activating LXRα. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:135-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cai X, Wang X, Li J, Chen S. Protective effect of glycyrrhizin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress, inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory reactions through high-mobility group box 1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1219-1226. [PMID: 28810581 PMCID: PMC5525634 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, which is a type of perennial leguminous caudex, has been used in various Asian countries, including P.R. China, India and Japan, for thousands of years. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of glycyrrhizin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through oxidative stress, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and inflammatory reactions via high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Sham; myocardial I/R injury + non-treated; myocardial I/R injury + 2 mg/kg glycyrrhizin; myocardial I/R injury + 4 mg/kg glycyrrhizin; and myocardial I/R injury + 10 mg/kg glycyrrhizin. Pre-treatment with glycyrrhizin significantly reduced infarct size and inhibited creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase and cardiac troponin T activities in rats with myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin treatment significantly suppressed oxidative stress, iNOS protein expression and inflammatory reactions in rats with myocardial I/R injury. Additionally, treatment with glycyrrhizin significantly decreased the release of HMGB1 from the cerebral cortex into the serum in rats with myocardial I/R injury. Notably, glycyrrhizin significantly suppressed p-ERK, p-p38 MAPK and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase protein expressions, and promoted extracellular signal-regulated kinase protein expression in rats with myocardial I/R injury. Collectively, the present study indicates that the protective effect of glycyrrhizin may reduce myocardial I/R injury through oxidative stress, iNOS and inflammatory reactions, via HMGB1 and MAPK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangna Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Jilin Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Ms. Shuying Chen, Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Liu K, Wang X, Sha K, Zhang F, Xiong F, Wang X, Chen J, Li J, Churilov LP, Chen S, Wang Y, Huang N. Nuclear protein HMGN2 attenuates pyocyanin-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling and inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization in A549 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:404-417. [PMID: 28408162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyocyanin (PCN, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenazine) is one of the most essential virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) to cause various cytotoxic effects in long-term lung infectious diseases, however the early effect of this bacterial toxin during PA infection and subsequent autonomous immune response in host cells have not been fully understood yet. Our results display that early onset of PCN stimulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 adhesion and invasion in A549 cells via ROS production. Non-histone nuclear protein HMGN2 is found to be involved in the regulation of PCN-induced oxidative stress by promoting intracellular ROS clearance. Mechanistically, HMGN2 facilitates nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf2 upon PCN stimulation and in turn elevates antioxidant gene expression. We also found that actin cytoskeleton dynamics is targeted by ROS, which is to be exploited by PAO1 for host cell internalization. HMGN2 regulates actin skeleton rearrangement in both PCN-dependent and independent manners and specifically attenuates PCN-mediated PAO1 infection via ROS elimination. These results uncover a novel link between nuclear protein HMGN2 and Nrf2-mediated cellular redox circumstance and suggest roles of HMGN2 in autonomous immune response to PA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyun Liu
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaihui Sha
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- Experimental Center, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junli Chen
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leonid P Churilov
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russia
| | - Shanze Chen
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ning Huang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Fei L, Jifeng F, Tiantian W, Yi H, Linghui P. Glycyrrhizin Ameliorate Ischemia Reperfusion Lung Injury through Downregulate TLR2 Signaling Cascade in Alveolar Macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:389. [PMID: 28670282 PMCID: PMC5472719 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study whether pretreatment with Glycyrrhizin (GL) could ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) lung injury and investigate the mechanisms of its protective effects in a mice model. Six-eight weeks male BALB/C mice were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6): Control, Glycyrrhizin, I/R and I/R+Glycyrrhizin. Lung I/R was achieved by clamping the left hilus pulmonis. GL (200 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before anesthesia. Measurement of pathohistological lung injury score, pulmonary permeability, isolated alveolar macrophages, inflammatory mediators, TLR2 and its downstream factors (MyD88, NF-κB) were performed. The results were as anticipated. Pathohistological evaluation indicated that GL significantly ameliorated I/R-induced lung injury, pulmonary permeability and edema. Pretreatment with GL significantly inhibited I/R-induced inflammation in lung tissues and BALF. In addition, GL significantly decreased I/R-induced isolated alveolar macrophages and suppressed I/R-induced expression of TLR2 and its downstream factors in lung tissues and alveolar macrophages. Collectively, our data indicated that pretreatment with GL could ameliorate I/R lung injury. The mechanisms of its protective effects might be inhibit I/R-induced inflammatory response through downregulate TLR2 signaling cascade in alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, China
| | - Feng Jifeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health HospitalNanning, China
| | - Wang Tiantian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, China
| | - He Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, China
| | - Pan Linghui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical UniversityNanning, China
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l -carnitine preserves cardiac function by activating p38 MAPK/Nrf2 signalling in hearts exposed to irradiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ekanayaka SA, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Kharotia S, Hazlett LD. Glycyrrhizin Reduces HMGB1 and Bacterial Load in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5799-5809. [PMID: 27792814 PMCID: PMC5089214 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) contributes to poor disease outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. This study tests the prophylactic effect of treatment with HMGB1 inhibitors, glycyrrhizin (GLY) and its derivative, carbenoxolone (CBX), for Pseudomonas keratitis. Methods We treated C57BL/6 (B6) mice subconjunctivally with GLY or CBX, infected with a noncytotoxic clinical isolate (KEI 1025) or a cytotoxic strain (ATCC 19660) of P. aeruginosa, and injected intraperitoneally with either agent. Clinical score, photography with a slit lamp, real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, bacterial plate count, histopathology, and absorbance assays were used to assess treatment efficacy and bacteriostatic activity. Results After KEI 1025 infection, GLY treatment reduced HMGB1 (mRNA and protein levels) and improved disease outcome with significant reduction in mRNA levels of IL-1β, TLR4, CXCL2, and IL-12; protein expression (IL-1β, CXCL2); neutrophil infiltrate; and bacterial load. Treatment with GLY enhanced antimicrobial proteins, including CRAMP and mBD2, but not mBD3. Glycyrrhizin also reduced clinical scores and improved disease outcome in corneas infected with strain 19660. However, neither HMGB1 mRNA or protein levels were reduced, but rather, CXCL2 expression (mRNA and protein), neutrophil infiltrate, and bacterial load were reduced statistically. Treatment with GLY initiated 6 hours after infection reduced plate count; GLY also was bacteriostatic for KEI 1025 and ATCC 19660. Conclusions Glycyrrhizin reduces HMGB1 and is protective against P. aeruginosa-induced keratitis with a clinical isolate that is noncytotoxic. It was similar, but less effective when used after infection with a cytotoxic strain, which did not reduce HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandamali A Ekanayaka
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sharon A McClellan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ronald P Barrett
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Shikhil Kharotia
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Glycyrrhizin inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory mediator production in endometrial epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:110-113. [PMID: 28552807 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a continuous inflammation of uterine endometrium that usually affects women of reproductive age. Glycyrrhizin, a triterpene isolated from the roots and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), has been known to have anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of glycyrrhizin on LPS-stimulated mouse endometrial epithelial cells (MEEC). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2 were measured by ELISA. The expression of COX-2, iNOS, TLR4, and NF-ĸB were detected by western blot analysis. The results showed that glycyrrhizin significantly suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, and PGE2 production. Also, LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression were attenuated by glycyrrhizin. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin significantly attenuated TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation induced by LPS in MEEC. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that glycyrrhizin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway in MEEC. Glycyrrhizin may be used as a potential agent for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Glycyrrhizin Protects Rats from Sepsis by Blocking HMGB1 Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9719647. [PMID: 28484719 PMCID: PMC5412259 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9719647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background. HMGB1 acts as an important inflammatory mediator and is a potential therapeutic target for sepsis. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a natural triterpene glycoside derived from licorice, has been demonstrated to inhibit HMGB1 activity. The aim of this study is to explore how GL affects the HMGB1 signaling in sepsis. Methods. We used a CLP model of sepsis and in vitro LPS or HMGB1-treated NR8383 cells to examine the effects of GL on expression of HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we explored the effect of GL on interactions between HMGB1 and RAGE or TLR4 and the activations of NF-κB and MAPKs. Results. GL significantly decreased mortality and reduced serum levels of HMGB1 in vivo. GL also attenuated the release and expression of HMGB1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Direct stimulation by HMGB1 elevated the release of proinflammatory cytokines faster than LPS did and it was also inhibited by GL. Furthermore, GL blocked the interaction of HMGB1 with RAGE and TLR4 and suppressed the downstream MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion. GL may protect rats against sepsis by blocking the interaction of HMGB1 with cell surface receptors and HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Choi HS, Park JA, Hwang JS, Ham SA, Yoo T, Lee WJ, Paek KS, Shin HC, Lee CH, Seo HG. A Dalbergia odorifera extract improves the survival of endotoxemia model mice by inhibiting HMGB1 release. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:212. [PMID: 28403838 PMCID: PMC5389052 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (Leguminosae) is an indigenous medicinal herb that is widely used as a popular remedy in northern and eastern Asia. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of D. odorifera are not fully elucidated. Methods Anti-inflammatory effect of D. odorifera extract (DOE) was determined through intraperitoneal injection in a mouse model of endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage, were also treated with LPS to generate a cellular model of inflammation, and investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanisms of DOE and its constituent isoliquiritigenin. Results DOE dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a late proinflammatory cytokine, and decreased cytosolic translocation of HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells. This inhibitory effect of DOE on HMGB1 release was observed in cells treated with DOE before or after LPS treatment, suggesting that DOE is effective for both treatment and prevention. In addition, DOE significantly inhibited LPS-induced formation of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner. These effects of DOE were accompanied by suppression of HMGB1 release triggered by LPS, suggesting a possible mechanism by which DOE modulates HMGB1 release through NO signaling. Isoriquiritigenin, a constituent of DOE, also attenuated LPS-triggered NO formation and HMGB1 release in RAW264.7 cells, indicating that isoriquiritigenin is an indexing molecule for the anti-inflammatory properties of DOE. Furthermore, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38, mediated DOE-dependent inhibition of HMGB1 release and NO/iNOS induction in RAW 264.7 cells exposed to LPS. Notably, administration of DOE ameliorated survival rates in a mouse model of endotoxemia induced by LPS, where decreased level of circulating HMGB1 was observed. Conclusion These results suggest that DOE confers resistance to LPS-triggered inflammation through NO-mediated inhibitory effects on HMGB1 release.
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Lee DU, Ko YS, Kim HJ, Chang KC. 13-Ethylberberine reduces HMGB1 release through AMPK activation in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and protects endotoxemic mice from organ damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Coleman LG, Zou J, Crews FT. Microglial-derived miRNA let-7 and HMGB1 contribute to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity via TLR7. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28118842 PMCID: PMC5264311 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is emerging as an important component of neurodegeneration. TLR7 senses viral RNA and certain endogenous miRNAs to initiate innate immune responses leading to neurodegeneration. Alcoholism is associated with hippocampal degeneration, with preclinical studies linking ethanol-induced neurodegeneration with central innate immune induction and TLR activation. The endogenous miRNA let-7b binds TLR7 to cause neurodegeneration. METHODS TLR7 and other immune markers were assessed in postmortem human hippocampal tissue that was obtained from the New South Wales Tissue Bank. Rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slice culture was used to assess specific effects of ethanol on TLR7, let-7b, and microvesicles. RESULTS We report here that hippocampal tissue from postmortem human alcoholic brains shows increased expression of TLR7 and increased microglial activation. Using HEC slice culture, we found that ethanol induces TLR7 and let-7b expression. Ethanol caused TLR7-associated neuroimmune gene induction and initiated the release let-7b in microvesicles (MVs), enhancing TLR7-mediated neurotoxicity. Further, ethanol increased let-7b binding to the danger signaling molecule high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in MVs, while reducing let-7 binding to classical chaperone protein argonaute (Ago2). Flow cytometric analysis of MVs from HEC media and analysis of MVs from brain cell culture lines found that microglia were the primary source of let-7b and HMGB1-containing MVs. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify that ethanol induces neuroimmune pathology involving the release of let-7b/HMGB1 complexes in microglia-derived microvesicles. This contributes to hippocampal neurodegeneration and may play a role in the pathology of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 104 Manning Drive, 1007 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB# 7178 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jian Zou
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Glycyrrhizin ameliorates experimental colitis through attenuating interleukin-17-producing T cell responses via regulating antigen-presenting cells. Immunol Res 2017; 65:666-680. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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