Berberine suppresses LPS-induced inflammation through modulating Sirt1/NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells

Bioinformatic analysis of hippocampal histopathology in Alzheimer's disease and the therapeutic effects of active components of traditional Chinese medicine

Background and aim

Pathological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) begin before the clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) manifest, with the hippocampus being one of the first affected structures. Current treatments fail to alter AD progression. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown potential in improving AD pathology through multi-target mechanisms. This study investigates pathological changes in AD hippocampal tissue and explores TCM active components that may alleviate these changes.

Methods

GSE5281 and GSE173955 datasets were downloaded from GEO and normalized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Key functional modules and hub genes were analyzed using Cytoscape and R. Active TCM components were identified from literature and the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Enrichment analyses were performed on target genes overlapping with DEGs.

Result

From the datasets, 76 upregulated and 363 downregulated genes were identified. Hub genes included SLAMF, CD34, ELN (upregulated) and ATP5F1B, VDAC1, VDAC2, HSPA8, ATP5F1C, PDHA1, UBB, SNCA, YWHAZ, PGK1 (downregulated). Literature review identified 33 active components from 23 herbal medicines. Target gene enrichment and analysis were performed for six components: dihydroartemisinin, berberine, naringenin, calycosin, echinacoside, and icariside II.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial to synaptic vesicle dysfunction pathways were enriched in downregulated genes. Despite downregulation, UBB and SNCA proteins accumulate in AD brains. TCM studies suggest curcumin and echinacoside may improve hippocampal pathology and cognitive impairment in AD. Further investigation into their mechanisms is needed.

Development of Proniosome Gel Formulation for CHIKV Infection

Given the increasing aging population and the rising prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases due to obesity and injury, urgent research is needed to formulate new treatment alternatives, as current options remain inadequate. Viruses can exacerbate arthritis and worsen symptoms in patients with pre-existing osteoarthritis. Over the past decade, the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged as a significant public health concern, especially in Asia and South America. Exploring natural products, such as berberine, has shown promise due to its anticatabolic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, berberine's low stability and bioavailability limit its efficacy. We hypothesized that encapsulating berberine into a proniosome gel, known for its ease of preparation and stability, could enhance its bioavailability and efficacy when applied topically, potentially treating CHIKV infection. Our investigation focused on how varying berberine loads and selected excipients in the proniosome gel influenced its physical properties, stability, and skin permeability. We also examined the biological half-life of berberine in plasma upon topical administration in mice to assess the potential for controlled and sustained drug release. Additionally, we analyzed the antioxidant stress activity and cell viability of HaCaT keratinocytes and developed a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cell culture model to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects using pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, the research aims to transform the treatment landscape for arthritis by leveraging berberine's therapeutic potential.

Avocado-derived extracellular vesicles loaded with ginkgetin and berberine prevent inflammation and macrophage foam cell formation

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of aorta, remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular disease patients. Macrophage foam cell formation and inflammation are critically involved in early stages of atherosclerosis, hence chemopreventive targeting of foam cell formation by nutraceuticals may be a promising approach to curbing the progression of atherosclerosis. However, many nutraceuticals including berberine and ginkgetin have low stability, tissue/cell penetration and bioavailability resulting in inadequate chemotherapeutic effects of these nutraceuticals. We have used avocado-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) isolated from avocado (EVAvo ) as a novel carrier of nutraceuticals, in a strategy to alleviate the build-up of macrophage foam cells and expression of inflammatory genes. Our key findings are: (i) Avocado is a natural source of plant-derived EVs as shown by the results from transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and NanoBrook Omni analysis and atomic force microscopy; (ii) EVAvo are taken up by macrophages, a critical cell type in atherosclerosis; (iii) EVAvo can be loaded with high amounts of ginkgetin and berberine; (iv) ginkgetin plus berberine-loaded EVAvo (EVAvo(B+G) ) suppress activation of NFκB and NLRP3, and inhibit expression of pro-inflammatory and atherogenic genes, specifically Cd36, Tnfα, Il1β and Il6; (v) EVAvo(B+G) attenuate oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced macrophage foam cell formation and (vi) EVAvo(B+G) inhibit oxLDL uptake but not its cell surface binding during foam cell formation. Overall, our results suggest that using EVAvo as a natural carrier of nutraceuticals may improve strategies to curb the progression of atherosclerosis by limiting inflammation and pro-atherogenic responses.

Sirtuins in macrophage immune metabolism: A novel target for cardiovascular disorders

Sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7), as a family of NAD+-dependent protein modifying enzymes, have various catalytic functions, such as deacetylases, dealkalylases, and deribonucleases. The Sirtuins family is directly or indirectly involved in pathophysiological processes such as glucolipid metabolism, oxidative stress, DNA repair and inflammatory response through various pathways and assumes an important role in several cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension and heart failure. A growing number of studies supports that metabolic and bioenergetic reprogramming directs the sequential process of inflammation. Failure of homeostatic restoration leads to many inflammatory diseases, and that macrophages are the central cells involving the inflammatory response and are the main source of inflammatory cytokines. Regulation of cellular metabolism has emerged as a fundamental process controlling macrophage function, but its exact signaling mechanisms remain to be revealed. Understanding the precise molecular basis of metabolic control of macrophage inflammatory processes may provide new approaches for targeting immune metabolism and inflammation. Here, we provide an update of studies in cardiovascular disease on the function and role of sirtuins in macrophage inflammation and metabolism, as well as drug candidates that may interfere with sirtuins, pointing to future prospects in this field.

Protein-protein interactions and related inhibitors involved in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway

NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) receptor serves as the central node of immune sensing in the innate immune system, and plays an important role in the initiation and progression of chronic diseases. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has provided insights into the conformation of various oligomers within the NLRP3 activation pathway, significantly advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Despite the extensive network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) involved in the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, the utilization of protein-protein interactions has been relatively overlooked in the development of NLRP3 inhibitors. This review focuses on summarizing PPIs within the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway and small molecule inhibitors capable of interfering with PPIs to counteract the NLRP3 overactivation. Small molecule NLRP3 inhibitors have been gained significant attention owing to their remarkable efficacy, excellent safety profiles, and unique mechanisms of action.

Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome in acne vulgaris: Pathogenetic connections and potential role of dietary supplements and phytochemicals

Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent skin condition caused by androgen-induced elevated sebum secretion, abnormal keratinization, bacterial colonization, and inflammation. Current research indicates a link between acne vulgaris and the metabolic syndrome, a group of disorders that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. This link is thought to be modulated by excessive concentrations of oxidative stress markers and chronic inflammation, which are included in the pathophysiological mechanisms shared by both conditions. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species damages cellular components and initiates an inflammatory response, hence promoting the development of both disorders. The current narrative review focuses on the molecular implications of inflammatory, hormonal, and environmental factors in the acne-metabolic syndrome correlation. Furthermore, it outlines the current state of knowledge related to the phyto-therapeutic approach to these conditions as an adjuvant strategy to allopathic treatment, but future multicenter and larger-scale research studies are needed establish new algorithms to be included in the future management of patients with these conditions.

Acetylation of p65Lys310 by p300 in macrophages mediates anti-inflammatory property of berberine

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB plays a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory response in macrophages. Berberine (BBR), which is an active constituent isolated from Coptis rhizome, possesses a prominent anti-inflammatory activity. Here we show that BBR changes the global acetylation landscape in LPS-induced protein acetylation of macrophages and reduces the acetylation of NF-κB subunit p65 at site Lys310(p65^Lys310), leading to the inhibition of NF-κB translocation and transcriptional activity to suppress the expressions of inflammatory factors. BBR resists the inflammatory response in acute LPS-stimulated mice through downregulation of p65^Lys310 acetylation in peritoneal macrophages. In obese mice, BBR alleviates the metabolic disorder and inflammation with the reduced acetylation of p65^Lys310 in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BBR acts as a regulator of p65^Lys310 by inhibiting the expression of p300 in macrophages. Our findings elucidate a new molecular mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of BBR via the p300/p65^Lys310 axis.

Glycolytic reprogramming controls periodontitis-associated macrophage pyroptosis via AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway

Glycolysis has been demonstrated as a crucial metabolic process in bacteria infected diseases via modulating the activity of pyroptosis. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells that infiltrated in the infected periodontal tissues, which significantly influence the outcome of periodontitis (PD). However, the effect of glycolysis in regulating macrophage pyroptosis during PD development remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of glycolysis in PD-associated macrophage pyroptosis and periodontal degeneration. Clinical specimens were used to determine the emergence of macrophage pyroptosis and glycolysis in periodontal tissues by immunohistochemical analysis and western blot. For an in-depth understanding of the regulatory effect of glycolysis in the progression of macrophage pyroptosis associated periodontitis, both in vivo PD model and in vitro PD model were treated with 2-DG (2-Deoxy-d-glucose), a glycolysis inhibitor. The data showed that the blockade of glycolysis could significantly suppress the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced macrophage pyroptosis, resulting in an attenuation of the inflammatory response and bone resorption in periodontal lesions. Furthermore, we revealed that the regulatory effect of glycolysis on macrophage pyroptosis can be mediated via AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study unveiled that suppressed glycolysis restrains the activity of PD-associated macrophage pyroptosis, osteoclastogenesis, and subsequent periodontal tissue destruction. These findings extend our knowledge of glycolysis in regulating PD-associated macrophage pyroptosis and provide a potential novel target for PD therapy.

Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of sepsis and related multi-organ injury

Sepsis is a common but critical illness in patients admitted to the intensive care unit and is associated with high mortality. Although there are many treatments for sepsis, specific and effective therapies are still lacking. For over 2,000 years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a vital role in the treatment of infectious diseases in Eastern countries. Both anecdotal and scientific evidence show that diverse TCM preparations alleviate organ dysfunction caused by sepsis by inhibiting the inflammatory response, reducing oxidative stress, boosting immunity, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. This review reports on the efficacy and mechanism of action of various TCM compounds, herbal monomer extracts, and acupuncture, on the treatment of sepsis and related multi-organ injury. We hope that this information would be helpful to better understand the theoretical basis and empirical support for TCM in the treatment of sepsis.

Resistance exercise promotes the resolution and recanalization of deep venous thrombosis in a mouse model via SIRT1 upregulation

BACKGROUND

Early exercise for acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) improves the patient's symptoms and does not increase the risk of pulmonary embolism. However, information about its effect on thrombus resolution is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of resistance exercise (RE) in thrombus resolution and recanalization and determine its underlying mechanisms.  METHODS: Ninety-six C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control group (C, n = 24); DVT group (D, n = 24); RE + DVT group (ED, n = 24); and inhibitor + RE + DVT group (IED, n = 24). A DVT model was induced by stenosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC). After undergoing IVC ultrasound within 24 h post-operation to confirm DVT formation, mice without thrombosis were excluded. Other mice were sacrificed and specimens were obtained 14 or 28 days after operation. Thrombus-containing IVC was weighed, and the thrombus area and recanalization rate were calculated using HE staining. Masson's trichrome staining was used to analyze the collagen content. RT-PCR and ELISA were performed to examine IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and VEGF expression levels. SIRT1 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR. VEGF-A protein expression and CD-31-positive microvascular density (MVD) in the thrombus were observed using immunohistochemistry.  RESULTS: RE did not increase the incidence of pulmonary embolism. It reduced the weight and size of the thrombus and the collagen content. Conversely, it increased the recanalization rate. It also decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α and increased the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. RE enhanced VEGF and SIRT1 expression levels and increased the MVD in the thrombosis area. After EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) was applied, the positive effects of exercise were suppressed.

CONCLUSIONS

RE can inhibit inflammatory responses, reduce collagen deposition, and increase angiogenesis in DVT mice, thereby promoting thrombus resolution and recanalization. Its underlying mechanism may be associated with the upregulation of SIRT1 expression.

Phytantriol-Based Berberine-Loaded Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles Attenuate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages

Inflammation and oxidative stress are interrelated processes that represent the underlying causes of several chronic inflammatory diseases that include asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergies, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages are key initiators of inflammatory processes in the body. When triggered by a stimulus such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), these cells secrete inflammatory cytokines namely TNF-α that orchestrate the cellular inflammatory process. Simultaneously, pro-inflammatory stimuli induce the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which catalyzes the generation of high levels of nitric oxide (NO). This, together with high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by macrophages, mediate oxidative stress which, in turn, exacerbates inflammation in a feedback loop, resulting in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. Berberine is a phytochemical embedded with potent in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, whose therapeutic application is hindered by poor solubility and bioavailability. For this reason, large doses of berberine need to be administered to achieve the desired pharmacological effect, which may result in toxicity. Encapsulation of such a drug in liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNs) represents a viable strategy to overcome these limitations. We encapsulated berberine in phytantriol-based LCNs (BP-LCNs) and tested the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BP-LCNs in vitro on LPS-induced mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. BP-LCNs showed potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, with significant reduction in the gene expressions of TNF-α and iNOS, followed by concomitant reduction of ROS and NO production at a concentration of 2.5 µM, which is lower than the concentration of free berberine concentration required to achieve similar effects as reported elsewhere. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the suitability for BP-LCNs both as an antioxidant and as an anti-inflammatory agent with potential application in the therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Cytokine storm-calming property of the isoquinoline alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide and its effects have been more devastating than any other infectious disease. Importantly, patients with severe COVID-19 show conspicuous increases in cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1, IL-18, and IL-17, with characteristics of the cytokine storm (CS). Although recently studied cytokine inhibitors are considered as potent and targeted approaches, once an immunological complication like CS happens, anti-viral or anti-inflammation based monotherapy alone is not enough. Interestingly, certain isoquinoline alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch. (CCFIAs) exerted a multitude of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory etc, revealing a great potential for calming CS. Therefore, in this timeline review, we report and compare the effects of CCFIAs to attenuate the exacerbation of inflammatory responses by modulating signaling pathways like NF-ĸB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, JAK/STAT, and NLRP3. In addition, we also discuss the role of berberine (BBR) in two different triggers of CS, namely sepsis and viral infections, as well as its clinical applications. These evidence provide a rationale for considering CCFIAs as therapeutic agents against inflammatory CS and this suggestion requires further validation with clinical studies.

Effects of ALA-PDT on the macrophages in wound healing and its related mechanisms in vivo and in vitro

BACKGROUND

Several studies have suggested the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for wound healing. Macrophages are critical immune cells necessary for regulated inflammation during wound repair. However, the available information regarding the effects of PDT on macrophages during cutaneous wound healing remains insufficient. This study aimed to further investigate these aspects in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

Mouse full-thickness wound models were used as the study samples to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) PDT. Wound healing rate, granulation tissue formation, local inflammation, M1/M2 macrophages differentiation, were measured at different time points treated by ALA-PDT. The polarization of macrophages induced by ALA-PDT was further evaluated in vitro using PCR and western blot analysis.

RESULTS

ALA-PDT could promote formation of granulation tissue, increase inflammatory infiltration and activate M1 macrophages in the early stage of injury. While, ALA-PDT could also facilitate absorption of granulation tissue, inhibit inflammatory infiltration and enhance M2 macrophages polarization in the later stage of wound repair. In vitro, ALA-PDT could modulate the ratio of M2 polarization to M1 polarization via NF-κB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

ALA-PDT topical application stimulates wound healing by regulating formation of granulation tissue, inflammatory process and M1/M2 macrophages differentiation. The study places a preliminary theoretical basis for topical ALA-PDT to be administered clinically in cutaneous wounds healing.

Berberine alleviates LPS-induced apoptosis, oxidation, and skewed lineages during mouse preimplantation development†

Female infertility is a heterogeneous disorder with a variety of complex causes, including inflammation and oxidative stress, which are also closely associated with the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). As a new treatment for PCOS, berberine (BER), a natural compound from Berberis, has been clinically applied recently. However, the mechanisms underlying the association between BER and embryogenesis are still largely unknown. In this study, effects of BER on preimplantation development were evaluated under both normal and inflammatory culture conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. Our data first suggest that BER itself (25 nM) does not affect embryo quality or future developmental potency; however, it can effectively alleviate LPS-induced embryo damage by mitigating apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-/caspase-3-dependent pathways and by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway during preimplantation embryonic development. In addition, skewed cell lineage specification in the inner cell mass (ICM) and primitive endoderm (PE) caused by LPS can also be successfully rescued with BER. In summary, these findings for the first time demonstrate the nontoxicity of low doses of BER and its antiapoptotic and antioxidative properties on embryonic cells during mammalian preimplantation development.

Emerging roles of Sirtuins in alleviating alcoholic liver Disease: A comprehensive review

Sirtuins (SIRTs), a NAD⁺ family of dependent deacetylases, are involved in the regulation of various human diseases. Recently, accumulating evidence has uncovered number of substrates and crucial roles of SIRTs in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, systematic reports are still lacking, so this review provides a comprehensive profile of the crucial physiological functions of SIRTs and its role in attenuating ALD, including alcoholic liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. SIRTs play beneficial roles in energy/lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial homeostasis, autophagy and necroptosis of ALD via regulating multiple signaling transduction pathways such as AMPK, LKB1, SREBP1, Lipin1, PGC-1α, PPARα/γ, FoxO1/3a, Nrf2/p62, mTOR, TFEB, RIPK1/3, HMGB1, NFATc4, NF-κB, TLR4, NLRP3, P2X7R, MAPK, TGF1β/Smads and Wnt/β-catenin. In addition, the mechanism and clinical application of natural/ synthetic SIRTs agonists in ALD are summarized, which provide a new idea for the treatment of ALD and basic foundation for further studies into target drugs.

Three new compounds isolated from the whole plants of Salsola collina pall

One new alkaloid, 6, 7-dimethoxyisoquinoline-N-oxide (1), one new benzofuran derivative, 3,7-dimethyl-6-acetyl-8-benzofuranol (2) and one new lignan, salsolains A (3), along with seven known compounds (4-10), were isolated from the whole plant of Salsola collina Pall. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data (IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, 1 D and 2 D NMR), and their absolute configurations were determined by the X-ray crystallography and ECD calculation. The activities of compounds 1-10 against inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α levels on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages were assessed, especially, compound 5 (50 μM) exhibited the most significant anti-inflammatory activity with the secretion levels of IL-6 and TNF-α at 3.87% and 4.03%, respectively.

Ovatodiolide protects ischemia-reperfusion-induced neuronal injury via microglial neuroinflammation via mediating SIRT1/NF-κB pathway

BACKGROUND

Ovatodiolide (OVA), a bioactive substance extracted from the bioactive component of Anisomeles indica, is reported to be endowed with anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, its function in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced neurological deficits and microglial inflammation remains unclear.

METHOD

A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was set up in SD rats, which were then dealt with varying doses of OVA. The rats' neurological functions were estimated at diverse periods postoperatively. The dry and wet method, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and Nissl's staining were conducted to measure brain edema, cerebral infarction area and neuronal damage, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect neuronal apoptosis and microglial activation, and the profiles of inflammatory factors in the cerebral tissues were estimated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In-vitro assays were implemented on HT22 neuronal cells and BV2 microglia to elaborate the effect of OVA against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-mediated effects.

RESULTS

OVA relieved HT22 cell apoptosis and eased inflammation in BV2 microglia, which were induced by OGD. OVA mitigated NF-κB phosphorylation in BV2 cells, whereas boosted SIRT1 expression. However, inhibiting SIRT1 abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of OVA in BV2 microglia under OGD stimulation. The condition medium (CM) of OGD-treated BV2 cells enhanced HT22 cell apoptosis and damage. OVA treatment in BV2 cells relieved BV2-mediated injury on HT22 cells, which was reversed by SIRT1 inhibitor. In-vivo results revealed that OVA dose-dependently attenuated I/R rats' neurological deficits, reduced brain edema, cerebral infarction area, neuronal apoptosis and microglial overactivation. Additionally, OVA inactivated the NF-κB pathway and up-regulated SIRT1 in the I/R rat model.

CONCLUSION

OVA prevented rats from brain I/R damage by hampering neuronal apoptosis and microglial inflammation via the SIRT1-NF-κB pathway.

DATA AVAILABILITY

The data sets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Berberine Ameliorates Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury via NF-κB/Nlrp3 Signaling Pathway

The inflammatory response is the key pathophysiological character of acute lung injury (ALI). Berberine (BBR), a natural quaternary ammonium alkaloid, plays a functional role in anti-inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism between BBR and ALI has not been expounded. Here, we found that BBR improved the permeability of pulmonary and repressed the inflammatory factors in the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)-induced ALI model. We demonstrated that BBR could suppress the expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and further restrain the downstream gene nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (Nlrp3). Moreover, we also revealed that BBR could directly interact with Nlrp3 protein. After knocked down of Nlrp3 by using siRNA, the protective role of BBR was abrogated in vitro. The expression of IL-1β and IL-18 was downregulated by BBR via the two signaling pathways. Notably, in Nlrp3 deficient mice, the protective effect of BBR was abolished. These findings demonstrate that BBR has a depressant effect on inflammatory response caused by LPS via regulating NF-κB/Nlrp3 signaling pathway, providing a potential therapeutic strategy in ALI.

Modulation of neutrophil (dys)function by Ayurvedic herbs and its potential influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection

For centuries, traditional medicines of Ayurveda have been in use to manage infectious and non-infectious diseases. The key embodiment of traditional medicines is the holistic system of approach in the management of human diseases. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection is an ongoing pandemic, which has emerged as the major health threat worldwide and is causing significant stress, morbidity and mortality. Studies from the individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection have shown significant immune dysregulation and cytokine overproduction. Neutrophilia and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio has been correlated to poor outcome due to the disease. Neutrophils, component of innate immune system, upon stimulation expel DNA along with histones and granular proteins to form extracellular traps (NETs). Although, these DNA lattices possess beneficial activity in trapping and eliminating pathogens, NETs may also cause adverse effects by inducing immunothrombosis and tissue damage in diseases including Type 2 Diabetes and atherosclerosis. Tissues of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects showed microthrombi with neutrophil-platelet infiltration and serum showed elevated NETs components, suggesting large involvement and uncontrolled activation of neutrophils leading to pathogenesis and associated organ damage. Hence, traditional Ayurvedic herbs exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may act in a manner that might prove beneficial in targeting over-functioning of neutrophils and there by promoting normal immune homeostasis. In the present manuscript, we have reviewed and discussed pathological importance of NETs formation in SARS-CoV-2 infections and discuss how various Ayurvedic herbs can be explored to modulate neutrophil function and inhibit NETs formation in the context of a) anti-microbial activity to enhance neutrophil function, b) immunomodulatory effects to maintain neutrophil mediated immune homeostasis and c) to inhibit NETs mediated thrombosis.

l-Arginine Alleviates LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Activating SIRT1-AKT-Nrf2 and SIRT1-FOXO3a Signaling Pathways in C2C12 Myotube Cells

l-arginine (l-Arg) has been reported to possess a wide range of functions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptosis. However, the role of l-Arg in LPS-induced muscle injury and its potential protective mechanism has not been well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of l-Arg on the LPS-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in differentiated C2C12 myotube cells. Our results demonstrated that myotube cells treated with 0.2 mg/mL LPS significantly decreased cell viability. l-Arg treatment significantly suppressed LPS induced ROS accumulation and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, l-Arg improved antioxidant-related enzymes’ activities; increased antioxidant ability via Akt-Nrf2 signaling pathway; maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); and enhanced FOXO3a expression, leading to a decrease in the mitochondrial-associated apoptotic proteins. In addition, l-Arg exposure dramatically increased the mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1. The cytoprotective effect of l-Arg was restricted by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527, which led to an increase in ROS level, apoptosis rate, and decreased cell MMP. The results also demonstrated that EX527 treatment significantly eliminated the effect of l-Arg on LPS-induced oxidative damage and mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis. Our findings revealed that l-Arg could be used as a potential nutraceutical in reducing muscle injury via regulating SIRT1-Akt-Nrf2 and SIRT1-FOXO3a-mitochondria apoptosis signaling pathways.

Atheroprotective Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Berberine

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of cardiovascular diseases and it is closely associated with hyperlipidemia, endothelial injury, macrophage-derived foam cells formation, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), platelet aggregation, and altered gut microbiota. Various symptomatic treatments, that are currently used to inhibit atherosclerosis, need to be administered in long term and their adverse effects cannot be ignored. Berberine (BBR) has beneficial effects on atherosclerosis through regulating multiple aspects of its progression. This review highlights the recent advances in understanding the anti-atherosclerosis mechanism of BBR. BBR alleviated atherosclerosis by attenuation of dyslipidemia, correction of endothelial dysfunction, inhibition of macrophage inflammation and foam cell formation, activation of macrophage autophagy, regulation of the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, attenuation of platelet aggregation, and modulation of gut microbiota. This review would provide a modern scientific perspective to further understanding the molecular mechanism of BBR attenuating atherosclerosis and supply new ideas for atherosclerosis management.

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction Attenuates Atherosclerosis and Increases Plaque Stability in High-Fat Diet-Induced ApoE-/- Mice by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization and Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization

Macrophage polarization plays a vital impact in triggering atherosclerosis (AS) progression and regression. Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD), a famous traditional Chinese decoction, displays notable anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects in different animal models. However, its effects and mechanisms on AS have not been clearly defined. We determined whether HLJDD attenuated atherosclerosis and plaques vulnerability by regulating macrophage polarization in ApoE^−/− mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of HLJDD on macrophage polarization in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced RAW264.7 cells. For in vivo assay, compared with the model group, HLJDD ameliorated lipid metabolism, with significantly decreased levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol (CHOL), and lipid density lipoprotein. HLJDD suppressed serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-1β levels with increased serum IL-10 level, and inhibited mRNA level of NLRP3 inflammasome in carotid tissues. HLJDD enhanced carotid lesion stability by decreasing macrophage infiltration together with increased expression of collagen fibers and α-SMA. Moreover, HLJDD inhibited M1 macrophage polarization, which decreased the expression and mRNA levels of M1 markers [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and CD86]. HLJDD enhanced alternatively activated macrophage (M2) activation, which increased the expression and mRNA levels of M2 markers (Arg-1 and CD163). For in vitro assay, HLJDD inhibited foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages disturbed by ox-LDL. Besides, groups with ox-LDL plus HLJDD drug had a lower expression of CD86 and mRNA levels of iNOS, CD86, and IL-1β, but higher expression of CD163 and mRNA levels of Arg-1, CD163, and IL-10 than ox-LDL group. Collectively, our results revealed that HLJDD alleviated atherosclerosis and promoted plaque stability by suppressing M1 polarization and enhancing M2 polarization.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacological Activities of Berberine in Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has good clinical application prospects in diabetes treatment. In addition, TCM is less toxic and/or has fewer side effects and provides various therapeutic effects. Berberine (BBR) is isolated as the main component in many TCM kinds (e.g., Rhizoma Coptidis and Berberidis Cortex). Furthermore, BBR can reduce blood sugar and blood fat, alleviate inflammation, and improve the state of patients. Based on the recent study results of BBR in diabetes treatment, the BBR pharmacokinetics and mechanism on diabetes are mainly studied, and the specific molecular mechanism of related experimental BBR is systematically summarized and analyzed. Clinical studies have proved that BBR has a good therapeutic effect on diabetes, suggesting that BBR may be a promising drug candidate for diabetes. More detailed BBR mechanisms and pathways of BBR need to be studied further in depth, which will help understand the BBR pharmacology in diabetes treatment.

Two methoxy derivatives of resveratrol, 3,3',4,5'-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene and 3,4',5-trimethoxy-trans-stilbene, suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through inactivation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways in RAW 264.7 cells

Background

3,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene (3,3′,4,5′-TMS) and 3,4′,5-trimethoxy-trans-stilbene (3,4′,5-TMS) are two methoxy derivatives of resveratrol. Previous researches have proved that resveratrol and its analogues have anti-inflammatory effect through suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. This study aims to study whether 3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS alleviate inflammation and the underlying mechanism.

Methods

RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and pretreated with 3,3′,4,5′-TMS or 3,4′,5-TMS. Cell viability was measured with the 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Nitric oxide (NO) release was detected by Griess reagent. The secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed by ELISA kits. Protein expressions of signaling molecules were determined by Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was detected by fluorescence staining and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay.

Results

3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS suppressed LPS-induced NO release and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) secretions in a dose-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells. 3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS significantly down-regulated the LPS-induced expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and partially suppressed the activation of MAPK (phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK), and NF-κB (phosphorylation of IKKα/β, p65 and IκBα) signaling pathways; where phosphorylation of ERK and p65 was mildly but not significantly decreased by 3,3′,4,5′-TMS. LPS-induced NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation was inhibited by both 3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS. Moreover, both resveratrol derivatives decreased the ROS levels.

Conclusions

3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS significantly suppress LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways and also provide anti-oxidative effect. This study reveals potential therapeutic applications of 3,3′,4,5′-TMS and 3,4′,5-TMS for inflammatory diseases.

Mechanisms and Effect of Coptidis Rhizoma on Obesity-Induced Inflammation: In Silico and In Vivo Approaches

Obesity is characterized as a chronic, low-grade inflammation state accompanied by the infiltration of immune cells into adipose tissue and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms and effects of Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) on obesity and its associated inflammation. First, we applied a network pharmacology strategy to search the target genes and pathways regulated by CR in obesity. Next, we performed in vivo experiments to confirm the antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects of CR. Mice were assigned to five groups: normal chow (NC), control (high-fat diet (HFD)), HFD + CR 200 mg/kg, HFD + CR 400 mg/kg, and HFD + metformin 200 mg/kg. After 16 weeks of the experimental period, CR administration significantly reduced the weight of the body, epididymal fat, and liver; it also decreased insulin resistance, as well as the area under the curve of glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test and triglyceride in the oral fat tolerance test. We observed a decrease in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and inflammatory M1 ATMs, as well as an increase in anti-inflammatory M2 ATMs. Gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, F4/80, and C-C motif chemokine (CCL)-2, CCL4, and CCL5, were suppressed in adipose tissue in the CR groups than levels in the control group. Additionally, histological analyses suggested decreased fat accumulation in the epididymal fat pad and liver in the CR groups than that in the control group. Taken together, these results suggest that CR has a therapeutic effect on obesity-induced inflammation, and it functions through the inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammation in adipose tissue.

SOD3 deficiency induces liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cell activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is suggested to potentially promote HSC activation. Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) is an extracellular antioxidant defense against oxidative damage. Here, we found downregulation of SOD3 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). SOD3 deficiency induced spontaneous liver injury and fibrosis with increased collagen deposition, and further aggravated CCl4 -induced liver injury in mice. Depletion of SOD3 enhanced HSC activation marked by increased α-smooth muscle actin and subsequent collagen synthesis primarily collagen type I in vivo, and promoted transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced HSC activation in vitro. SOD3 deficiency accelerated EMT process in the liver and TGF-β1-induced EMT of AML12 hepatocytes, as evidenced by loss of E-cadherin and gain of N-cadherin and vimentin. Notably, SOD3 expression and its pro-fibrogenic effect were positively associated with sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. SOD3 deficiency inhibited adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling to downregulate SIRT1 expression and thus involving in liver fibrosis. Enforced expression of SIRT1 inhibited SOD3 deficiency-induced HSC activation and EMT, whereas depletion of SIRT1 counteracted the inhibitory effect of SOD3 in vitro. These findings demonstrate that SOD3 deficiency contributes to liver fibrogenesis by promoting HSC activation and EMT process, and suggest a possibility that SOD3 may function through modulating SIRT1 via the AMPK pathway in liver fibrosis.

Berberine modulates hyper-inflammation in mouse macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid via calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway

Berberine is a well-known quaternary ammonium salt that is usually found in the roots of such plants as Phellodendron amurense and Coptis chinensis. However, the effects of berberine on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages have not been fully reported. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of berberine on dsRNA [polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; poly I:C]-induced macrophages. Levels of nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas; CD95), cytokines, intracellular calcium, phosphorylated I-kappa-B-alpha (IkB-α), phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated signal transducer and activated transcription 3 (STAT3), and mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were evaluated. Berberine significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, Fas, GM-CSF, LIF, LIX, RANTES, and MIP-2 as well as calcium release in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of up to 50 μM. Berberine also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, IkB-α, and STAT3 in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, berberine significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of Chop (GADD153), Stat1, Stat3, and Fas in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, berberine has anti-inflammatory properties related to its inhibition of NO, PGE2, Fas, GM-CSF, LIF, LIX, RANTES, and MIP-2 in dsRNA-induced macrophages via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway.

Berberine ameliorates the LPS-induced imbalance of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from oral pathogenic bacteria is an important factor leading to alveolar bone absorption and the implant failure. The present study aimed to evaluate the modulation of berberine hydrochloride (BBR) on the LPS-mediated osteogenesis and adipogenesis imbalance in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Cell viability, osteoblastic and adipogenic differentiation levels were measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and content assay, and oil red O staining, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were used to detect the related gene and protein expression levels. In undifferentiated cells, BBR increased the mRNA expression levels of the osteoblastic genes (Alp, RUNX family transcription factor 2, osteocalcin and secreted phosphoprotein 1) but not the adipogenic genes (fatty acid binding protein 4, Adipsin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ). LPS-induced osteoblastic gene downregulation, adipogenic gene enhancement and NF-κB activation were reversed by BBR treatment. In osteoblastic differentiated cells, decreased ALP production by LPS treatment was recovered with BBR co-incubation. In adipogenic differentiated cells, LPS-mediated lipid accumulation was decreased by BBR administration. The mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) were increased by LPS under both adipogenic and osteoblastic conditions, which were effectively ameliorated by BBR. The actions of BBR were attenuated by compound C, suggesting that the role of BBR may be partly due to AMP-activated protein kinase activation. The results demonstrated notable pro-osteogenic and anti-adipogenic actions of BBR in a LPS-stimulated inflammatory environment. This indicated a potential role of BBR for bacterial infected-related peri-implantitis medication.

microRNA-145 Inhibition Upregulates SIRT1 and Attenuates Autophagy in a Mouse Model of Lung Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via NF-κB-dependent Beclin 1

BACKGROUND

MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) has been shown to play a critical role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the expression and function of miR-145 in lung I/R injury have not been reported yet. This study aimed to elucidate the potential effects of miR-145 in lung I/R injury.

METHODS

Lung I/R mice models and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell models were established. The expression of miR-145 and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was measured with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis in mouse lung tissue and cells. Artificial modulation of miR-145 and SIRT1 (downregulation) was done in I/R mice and H/R cells. Additionally, Pao2/FiO2 ratio, wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, and cell apoptosis in mouse lung tissues were determined by blood gas analyzer, electronic balance, and deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling assay, respectively. Autophagy marker Beclin 1 and LC3 expression, NF-κB acetylation levels, and autophagy bodies were detected in cell H/R and mouse I/R models by Western blot analysis. pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry.

RESULTS

miR-145 was abundantly expressed in the lung tissue of mice and PMVECs following I/R injury. In addition, miR-145 directly targeted SIRT1, which led to significantly decreased Pao2/FiO2 ratio and increased wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, elevated acetylation levels and transcriptional activity of NF-κB, upregulated expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-6, and Beclin 1, autophagy bodies, cell apoptosis, as well as LC3-II/LC3I ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, miR-145 enhances autophagy and aggravates lung I/R injury by promoting NF-κB transcriptional activity via SIRT1 expression.

SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of NF-κB inhibits the MLCK/MLC2 pathway and the expression of ET-1, thus alleviating the development of coronary artery spasm

Coronary artery spasm (CAS) is an intense vasoconstriction of coronary arteries that causes total or subtotal vessel occlusion. The cardioprotective effect of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) has been extensively highlighted in coronary artery diseases. The aims within this study include the investigation of the molecular mechanism by which SIRT1 alleviates CAS. SIRT1 expression was first determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis in an endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced rat CAS model. Interaction among SIRT1, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), myosin light chain kinase/myosin light chain-2 (MLCK/MLC2), and ET-1 was analyzed using luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis. After ectopic expression and depletion experiments in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), contraction and proliferation of VSMCs and expression of contraction-related proteins (α-SMA, calponin, and SM22α) were measured by collagen gel contraction, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis. The obtained results showed that SIRT1 expression was reduced in rat CAS models. However, overexpression of SIRT1 inhibited the contraction and proliferation of VSMCs in vitro. Mechanistic investigation indicated that SIRT1 inhibited NF-κB expression through deacetylation. Moreover, NF-κB could activate the MLCK/MLC2 pathway and upregulate ET-1 expression by binding to their promoter regions, thus inducing VSMC contraction and proliferation in vitro. In vivo experimental results also revealed that SIRT1 alleviated CAS through regulation of the NF-κB/MLCK/MLC2/ET-1 signaling axis. Collectively, our data suggested that SIRT1 could mediate the deacetylation of NF-κB, disrupt the MLCK/MLC2 pathway, and inhibit the expression of ET-1 to relieve CAS, providing a theoretical basis for the prospect of CAS treatment and prevention.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rat coronary artery spasm models exhibit reduced expression of SIRT1. Overexpression of SIRT1 inhibits contraction and proliferation of VSMCs. SIRT1 inhibits NF-κB through deacetylation to modulate VSMC contraction and proliferation. NF-κB activates the MLCK/MLC2 pathway. NF-κB upregulates ET-1 to modulate VSMC contraction and proliferation.

Adipose Tissue SIRT1 Regulates Insulin Sensitizing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Berberine

Berberine (BBR), which is an active component of Coptis chinensis Franch, has been reported to improve glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in animal and human studies, predominantly via activation of the 5′-adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) pathway and suppression of the inflammation response. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of BBR on AMPK and inflammation remain unclear. In this present study, we found that BBR upregulated SIRT1 expression in 3T3L-1 adipocytes and adipose tissue. Inhibition of SIRT1 blunted the BBR-induced increase in glucose consumption and uptake in adipocytes. The BBR-induced activation of the AMPK pathway and AKT phosphorylation in adipocytes and adipose tissue were also attenuated by inhibition or knockout of Sirt1. The BBR-induced improvement of systemic insulin sensitivity was impaired by Sirt1 knockout in HFD-induced obese mice. The suppressing effects of BBR on systemic and local inflammatory responses, such as serum concentrations and expression of inflammatory cytokines, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and IKKβ, and the accumulation of F4/80-positive macrophages in adipose tissue were also attenuated in Sirt1 knockout mice. The BBR-induced decrease in PGC-1α acetylation was reversed by inhibition or knockout of Sirt1 in adipocytes and adipose tissue. Together, these results indicate that adipose tissue SIRT1 is a key regulator of the insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of BBR, which contributes to the improvement of metabolic dysregulation.

Berberine Directly Targets the NEK7 Protein to Block the NEK7-NLRP3 Interaction and Exert Anti-inflammatory Activity

Berberine (BBR), a traditional Chinese medicine, has therapeutic effects on a variety of inflammation-related diseases, but its direct proteomic targets remain unknown. Using activity-based protein profiling, we first demonstrated that BBR directly targets the NEK7 protein via the hydrogen bond between the 2,3-methylenedioxy and 121-arginine (R121) residues. The fact that R121 is located precisely within the key domain involved in the NEK7-NLRP3 interaction allows BBR to specifically block the NEK7-NLRP3 interaction and successively inhibit IL-1β release, independent of the NF-κB and TLR4 signaling pathways. Moreover, BBR displays in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy in a NEK7-dependent manner. Therefore, we consider NEK7 to be a key target of BBR in the treatment of NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases, and the development of novel NEK7-NLRP3 interaction inhibitors might be easily achieved using NEK7 as a target.

Anti‑inflammatory mechanism of berberine on lipopolysaccharide‑induced IEC‑18 models based on comparative transcriptomics

Intestinal surface epithelial cells (IECs) have long been considered as an effective barrier for maintaining water and electrolyte balance, and are involved in the mechanism of nutrient absorption. When intestinal inflammation occurs, it is often accompanied by IEC malfunction. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in numerous types of medicinal plants, which has been clinically used in China to treat symptoms of gastrointestinal pathogenic bacterial infection, especially bacteria‑induced diarrhea and inflammation. In the present study, IEC‑18 rat intestinal epithelial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an in vitro model of epithelial cell inflammation, and the cells were subsequently treated with BBR in order to elucidate the anti‑inflammatory mechanism. Transcriptome data were then searched to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared between two of the treatment groups (namely, the LPS and LPS+BBR groups), and DEGs were analyzed using Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis and Interactive Pathways Explorer to identify the functions and pathways enriched with DEGs. Finally, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was used to verify the transcriptome data. These experiments revealed that, comparing between the LPS and LPS+BBR groups, the functions and pathways enriched in DEGs were 'DNA replication', 'cell cycle', 'apoptosis', 'leukocyte migration' and the 'NF‑κB and AP‑1 pathways'. The results revealed that BBR is able to restrict DNA replication, inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. It can also inhibit the classic inflammatory pathways, such as those mediated by NF‑κB and AP‑1, and the expression of various chemokines to prevent the migration of leukocytes. According to transcriptomic data, BBR can exert its anti‑inflammatory effects by regulating a variety of cellular physiological activities, including cell cycle, apoptosis, inflammatory pathways and leukocyte migration.

Dehydrocorydaline Accounts the Majority of Anti-Inflammatory Property of Corydalis Rhizoma in Cultured Macrophage

Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for its potency in activating blood circulation and analgesia. In clinic, CR extracts or components are commonly used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, rheumatism, and dysmenorrhea with different types of inflammation. However, due to different mechanism of pain and inflammation, the anti-inflammatory property of CR has not been fully revealed. Here, the major chromatographic peaks of CR extracts in different extracting solvents were identified, and the anti-inflammatory activities of CR extracts and its major alkaloids were evaluated in LPS-treated macrophages by determining expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, IκBα and NF-κB. The most abundant alkaloid in CR extract was dehydrocorydaline, having >50% of total alkaloids. Besides, the anti-inflammatory activities of dehydrocorydaline and its related analogues were demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory roles were revealed in LPS-treated cultured macrophages, including (i) inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines release, for example, TNF-α, IL-6; (ii) suppressing mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines; (iii) promoting IκBα expression and suppressing activation of NF-κB transcriptional element; and (iv) reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The results supported that dehydrocorydaline was the major alkaloid in CR extract, which, together with its analogous, accounted the anti-inflammatory property of CR.

Biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids covering 2014-2018

Isoquinoline alkaloids, an important class of N-based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide since the early 19th century. Over the past 200 years, many compounds from this class were isolated, and most of them and their analogs possess various bioactivities. In this review, we survey the updated literature on bioactive alkaloids and highlight research achievements of this alkaloid class during the period of 2014-2018. We reviewed over 400 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antidiabetic and its complications, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and other activities. This review should provide new indications or directions for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloids.

In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activity of Berberine Chloride against Uropathogenic E. coli Strains Using Galleria mellonella as a Host Model

Berberine is an alkaloid of the protoberberine type used in traditional oriental medicine. Its biological activities include documented antibacterial properties against a wide variety of microorganisms; nonetheless, its use against Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary infections has not yet been widely investigated in vivo. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance requires new therapeutic approaches to ensure the continued effectiveness of antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of urinary infections. Moreover, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has developed several virulence factors and resistance to routine antibiotic therapy. To this end, several in vitro and in vivo tests were conducted to assess the activity of berberine on uropathogenic E. coli strains. Galleria mellonella as an infection model was employed to confirm the in vivo translatability of in vitro data on berberine activity and its influence on adhesion and invasion proprieties of E. coli on human bladder cells. In vitro pre-treatment with berberine was able to decrease the adhesive and invasive UPEC ability. In vivo treatment increased the larvae survival infected with UPEC strains and reduced the number of circulating pathogens in larvae hemolymph. These preliminary findings demonstrated the efficacy and reliability of G. mellonella as in vivo model for pre-clinical studies of natural substances.

Moderate SIRT1 overexpression protects against brown adipose tissue inflammation

OBJECTIVE

Metainflammation is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state induced by obesity and associated comorbidities, including peripheral insulin resistance. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a therapeutic target against obesity, is an insulin target tissue sensitive to inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to find strategies to protect BAT against the effects of inflammation in energy balance. In this study, we explored the impact of moderate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) overexpression on insulin sensitivity and β-adrenergic responses in BAT and brown adipocytes (BA) under pro-inflammatory conditions.

METHODS

The effect of inflammation on BAT functionality was studied in obese db/db mice and lean wild-type (WT) mice or mice with moderate overexpression of SIRT1 (SIRT1^Tg+) injected with a low dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic endotoxemia. We also conducted studies on differentiated BA (BA-WT and BA-SIRT1^Tg+) exposed to a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory conditioned medium (CM) to evaluate the protection of SIRT1 overexpression in insulin signaling and glucose uptake, mitochondrial respiration, fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and norepinephrine (NE)-mediated-modulation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) expression.

RESULTS

BAT from the db/db mice was susceptible to metabolic inflammation manifested by the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, increased pro-inflammatory gene expression, tissue-specific insulin resistance, and reduced UCP-1 expression. Impairment of insulin and noradrenergic responses were also found in the lean WT mice upon LPS injection. In contrast, BAT from the mice with moderate overexpression of SIRT1 (SIRT1^Tg+) was protected against LPS-induced activation of pro-inflammatory signaling, insulin resistance, and defective thermogenic-related responses upon cold exposure. Importantly, the decline in triiodothyronine (T₃) levels in the circulation and intra-BAT after exposure of the WT mice to LPS and cold was markedly attenuated in the SIRT1^Tg+ mice. In vitro BA experiments in the two genotypes revealed that upon differentiation with a T₃-enriched medium and subsequent exposure to a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory CM, only BA-SIRT1^Tg+ fully recovered insulin and noradrenergic responses.

CONCLUSIONS

This study has ascertained the benefit of the moderate overexpression of SIRT1 to confer protection against defective insulin and β-adrenergic responses caused by BAT inflammation. Our results have potential therapeutic value in combinatorial therapies for BAT-specific thyromimetics and SIRT1 activators to combat metainflammation in this tissue.

Treadmill exercise mitigates neuroinflammation and increases BDNF via activation of SIRT1 signaling in a mouse model of T2DM

Although previous studies showed that exercise can improve cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been shown to play a role in regulating inflammatory responses in the brain and increasing BDNF expression. This study investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on the hippocampal inflammatory response and BDNF expression in a T2DM mice model. We also tested whether these effects are SIRT1-dependent. In this study, C57BL/ 6 mice were used to construct T2DM model by a high-fat diet and STZ injection. We found that treadmill exercise for 8 weeks can significantly improve the cognitive dysfunction, alleviate activation of proinflammatory microglia M1 (Iba1 labeling) in the hippocampus of T2DM mice, and reduce the levels of proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, increase the expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10, TGF-β1, and promote the release of BDNF. We also found that exercise activate the signaling pathway of SIRT1/ NF-κB and SIRT1/ PGC-1α/ FNDC5/ BDNF. After the application of nicotinamide (NAM, SIRT1 inhibitor), the positive effects of exercise were remarkably suppressed. Our results showed that long-term moderate intensity treadmill exercise can alleviate inflammatory response in the hippocampus and increase BDNF expression in T2DM mice by activating SIRT1.

miR-138-5p targets sirtuin1 to regulate acute lung injury by regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI), a disease with a high mortality rate, is a noncardiogenic pulmonary inflammatory response and characterized by damage to the pulmonary system. In this study, we explored the mechanism of the occurrence and development of ALI. It was firstly found that miR-138-5p could inhibit the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1), and we further demonstrated that miR-138-5p targets directly SIRT1 through the luciferase assay, while the latter negatively regulated the expression of NF-κB. A549 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro to simulate ALI cells and induce ALI in the model mice. The results showed that inhibiting the expression of miR-138-5p could effectively increase the viability of damaged cells, promote cell proliferation, reduce apoptosis, inhibit the inflammatory response, reduce oxidative stress, and then relieve ALI symptoms. Collectively, our results suggested that miR-138-5p can inhibit SIRT1 expression and indirectly activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus regulating the development of ALI.

Berberine attenuates severity of chronic pancreatitis and fibrosis via AMPK-mediated inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling and M2 polarization

Berberine (BR) acts as an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator which possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we have investigated the effects of BR against cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis (CP) via inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling and M2 macrophages polarization in AMPK dependent manner. Cerulein-induced CP mice were treated with BR (3 and 10 mg/kg), intraperitoneally every day for 21 days. Our results indicated that, BR treatment (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced oxidative-nitrosative stress, histological alterations, inflammatory cells infiltration and collagen deposition in pancreatic tissue. BR treatment also prevented cerulein-induced pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition via downregulation of α-SMA, collagen1a, collagen3a and fibronectin expression. Mechanistically, treatment with BR significantly activated AMPK signaling as compared to cerulein-challenged mice. Further, administration of BR also inhibited TGF-β/Smad signaling and macrophages polarization in cerulein-induced CP in-vivo models and TGF-β1 stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in-vitro. Together, our results strongly suggest that BR treatment protected against cerulein-induced CP and associated fibrosis progression by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling and M2 macrophages polarization in an AMPK dependent manner.

Development of 13-Cys-BBR as an Agent Having Dual Action of Anti-Thrombosis and Anti-Inflammation

Background

There is a correlation between tumor and inflammation. The activity of 13-[CH₂CO-Cys(Bzl)-OBzl]-berberine (13-Cys-BBR) slowing tumor growth is higher than that of BBR. Whether the anti-inflammation activity of 13-Cys-BBR is higher than that of BBR remains unknown. There is a correlation between thrombosis and inflammation. Whether 13-Cys-BBR is an inhibitor of thrombosis remains unknown.

Purpose

The object of this investigation is to compare the activities of 13-Cys-BBR inhibiting thrombosis and inflammation to those of BBR.

Methods

In vivo anti-thrombosis assay was performed on rat model of arterial and venous thrombosis. In vivo anti-inflammation assay was performed on mouse model of xylene induced ear edema.

Results

At oral dose of 66.7 nmol/kg, 13-Cys-BBR, but not BBR, inhibited the rats to form both venous thrombus and arterial thrombus. At oral dose of 2 μmol/kg, 13-Cys-BBR, but not BBR, inhibited the ears of the mice to occur edema.

Conclusion

The anti-venous thrombosis activity, anti-arterial thrombosis activity and anti-inflammation activity of 13-Cys-BBR were significantly higher than those of BBR. 13-Cys-BBR is a promising preclinical candidate.

Anti-Inflammatory and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitory Metabolites from the Antarctic Marine-Derived Fungal Strain Penicillium glabrum SF-7123

A chemical investigation of the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium glabrum (SF-7123) revealed a new citromycetin (polyketide) derivative (1) and four known secondary fungal metabolites, i.e, neuchromenin (2), asterric acid (3), myxotrichin C (4), and deoxyfunicone (5). The structures of these metabolites were identified primarily by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data, including NMR and MS data. Results from the initial screening of anti-inflammatory effects showed that 2, 4, and 5 possessed inhibitory activity against the excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, with IC₅₀ values of 2.7 µM, 28.1 µM, and 10.6 µM, respectively. Compounds 2, 4, and 5 also inhibited the excessive production of NO, with IC₅₀ values of 4.7 µM, 41.5 µM, and 40.1 µM, respectively, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, these compounds inhibited LPS-induced overproduction of prostaglandin E₂ in both cellular models. Further investigation of the most active compound (2) revealed that these anti-inflammatory effects were associated with a suppressive effect on the over-expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Finally, we showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of compound 2 were mediated via the downregulation of inflammation-related pathways such as those dependent on nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in LPS-stimulated BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. In the evaluation of the inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on protein tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B) activity, compound 4 was identified as a noncompetitive inhibitor of PTP1B, with an IC₅₀ value of 19.2 µM, and compound 5 was shown to inhibit the activity of PTP1B, with an IC₅₀ value of 24.3 µM, by binding to the active site of the enzyme. Taken together, this study demonstrates the potential value of marine-derived fungal isolates as a bioresource for bioactive compounds.

Reduction of Silent Information Regulator 1 Activates Interleukin-33/ST2 Signaling and Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Induced by Spared Nerve Injury in Rats

Emerging studies have demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor ST2 act as key factors in inflammatory diseases. Moreover, accumulating evidence has suggested that cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β, trigger an inflammatory cascade. SIRT1 has been shown to suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines. However, the effects of SIRT1 on IL-33/ST2 signaling and initiation of the inflammatory cascade via modulation of TNF-α and IL-1β by IL-33 remain unclear. In the present study, we found that the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) IL-33 and ST2 were upregulated in a rat model of spared nerve injury (SNI) and intrathecal injection of either IL-33 or ST2 antibodies alleviated mechanical allodynia and downregulated TNF-α and IL-1β induced by SNI. In addition, activation of SIRT1 decreased enhanced DRG IL-33/ST2 signaling in SNI rats. Artificial inactivation of SIRT1 via intrathecal injection of an SIRT1 antagonist could induce mechanical allodynia and upregulate IL-33 and ST2. These results demonstrated that reduction in SIRT1 could induce upregulation of DRG IL-33 and ST2 and contribute to mechanical allodynia induced by SNI in rats.

MicroRNA-506 Is Involved in Regulation of the Occurrence of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-Induced Pulpitis by Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)

Background

Toothache often occurs with pulpitis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is produced by gram-negative bacteria, and its accumulation is related to clinical symptoms of pain. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) display anti-inflammatory potential due to their direct regulation of cellular protein expression, which can promote inflammatory changes in dental pulp tissues. However, the mechanism of LPS-induced pulpitis is still unclear.

Material/Methods

In this study, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were separated and cultured from rat dental pulp tissues; then, LPS was administered to induce inflammation and activate the TLR4 pathway.

Results

It was found that miR-506 was upregulated following LPS treatment in DPSCs. The inhibition of miR-506 in LPS-treated DPSCs led to attenuated inflammation and deactivation of the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, the bioinformatic analysis and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay indicated that miR-506 could target the 3′-UTR of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Additionally, SIRT1 decreased in LPS-treated DPSCs, and miR-506 transfection resulted in SIRT1 upregulation. SIRT1 overexpression showed a similar inhibitory effect as that of miR-506 downregulation on inflammation and TLR4 activation in DPSCs.

Conclusions

In brief, miR-506 can protect dental pulp in LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the SIRT1-mediated TLR4 pathway.

13-[CH2CO-Cys-(Bzl)-OBzl]-Berberine: Exploring The Correlation Of Anti-Tumor Efficacy With ROS And Apoptosis Protein

Background

The discovery of novel derivative of berberine (BBR) having higher anti-tumor activity in vivo is of clinical importance. In this profile, 13-[CH₂CO-Cys-(Bzl)-OBzl]-berberine (13-Cys-BBR) was prepared for related assays.

Purpose

The object of preparation and evaluation is to show the advantages of 13-Cys-BBR over BBR in both in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor actions, furthermore to correlate the proliferation of cancer cells with ROS formation and anti-apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression inside cancer cells.

Methods

Transwell chamber was used to simulate the intestinal and cell wall for bioavailability evaluation; MTT assay was used to evaluate the in vitro anti-proliferation activity; fluorescein isothiocyanate content was used to represent ROS level in HCT-8 cells; Western blot assay was used to quantify the expression of XIAP, caspase-3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase in HCT-8 cells; and S180 mouse model was used to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor activity.

Results

In vitro the IC₅₀ values (~15–40 μM) of 13-Cys-BBR against the proliferation of eight cancer cell lines were significantly lower than those of BBR (~25–140 μM); the content of ROS formed inside HCT-8 cells treated by 13-Cys-BBR was ~3.44-folds higher than that inside HCT-8 cells treated by BBR; the expression of XIAP in HCT-8 cells treated by 13-Cys-BBR was ~1.21-folds lower than that in HCT-8 cells treated by BBR; the tumor weight of S180 mice orally treated by 2 μmol/kg/day of 13-Cys-BBR (~1.5 g) was significantly lower than that of S180 mice orally treated by 2 μmol/kg/day of BBR (~2.5 g); and the active pocket of XIAP was more suitable for 13-Cys-BBR than for BBR.

Conclusion

The anti-tumor action correlates with ROS and apoptosis protein, which suggests 13-Cys-BBR is a promising candidate for preclinical study.