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Wang WT, Xue YJ, Zhou JK, Zhang Z, Guo SY, Zhao CF, Bai Y, Zhu YT, Zhang LZ, Guo S, Ren GX. Exploring the antimicrobial activity of rare ginsenosides and the progress of their related pharmacological effects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 133:155904. [PMID: 39151265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng C. A. Mey is a precious medicinal resource that could be used to treat a variety of diseases. Saponins are the most important bioactive components of, and rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, Rk1 and Rg5, etc.) refer to the chemical structure changes of primary ginsenosides through dehydration and desugarization reactions, to obtain triterpenoids that are easier to be absorbed by the human body and have higher activity. PURPOSE At present, the research of P. ginseng. is widely focused on anticancer related aspects, and there are few studies on the antibacterial and skin protection effects of rare ginsenosides. This review summarizes the rare ginsenosides related to bacterial inhibition and skin protection and provides a new direction for P. ginseng research. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were searched for English-language studies on P. ginseng published between January 2002 and March 2024. Selected manuscripts were evaluated manually for additional relevant references. This review includes basic scientific articles and related studies such as prospective and retrospective cohort studies. CONCLUSION This paper summarizes the latest research progress of several rare ginsenosides, discusses the antibacterial effect of rare ginsenosides, and finds that ginsenosides can effectively protect the skin and promote wound healing during use, so as to play an efficient antibacterial effect, and further explore the other medicinal value of ginseng. It is expected that this review will provide a wider understanding and new ideas for further research and development of P. ginseng drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Wang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ya-Jie Xue
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhou
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Guo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Chao-Fan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li-Zhen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Shang Guo
- Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Gui-Xing Ren
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
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Naseri S, Asgarpanah J, Ziai SA. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effect of liposomal auraptene against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in BALB/c mice. Exp Gerontol 2024; 195:112552. [PMID: 39173782 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclophosphamide (CP), which is a commonly used chemotherapy drug, can lead to a range of side effects such as immunosuppression, bone marrow suppression, leukopenia, and oxidative stress. This study aims to explore the effects of Auraptene (AUR), which has immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, on immune function in mice that are experiencing suppression induced by CP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment involved 60 male BALB/c mice that underwent a 10-day treatment. On days 1, 3, and 9, CP was given at 80 mg/kg IP doses to induce immunosuppression. The mice were divided into five groups: Control group, CP group, CP + liposomal AUR 0.2 mg/kg (AUR 0.2), CP + liposomal AUR 0.25 mg/kg (AUR 0.25), and liposomal vehicle group. Various parameters were measured, including mouse weight, immune organ weight index (spleen and thymus), spleen and thymus histopathology, levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL2, IL10, IL4, IFN-γ), TH1/TH2 balance ratio, IgG and IgM immunoglobulin levels, white blood cell count, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and oxidative activity measured by MDA, SOD, and Total Antioxidant. RESULTS In the group treated with CP, the mice showed a significant decrease in weight compared to the control group. In contrast, the group treated with AUR maintained their weight and did not show a significant difference from the control group. AUR 0.25 reduced the damage to the spleen and thymus caused by CP. Additionally, AUR 0.25 demonstrated a significant decrease in IL4 and IL10 levels compared to the CP group (p = 0.04), approaching the levels of the control group. Furthermore, IL2 and IFN-γ levels in the AUR 0.25 group significantly increased (p = 0.04) compared to the CP group, reaching levels similar to the control group. AUR also increased serum IgM and IgG levels two to three times compared to the CP group, approaching the levels of the control group. MDA levels in the AUR 0.25 group decreased to normal and control levels. AUR 0.25 also showed increased SOD and Total Antioxidant levels. Additionally, white blood cells, platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the AUR group significantly increased compared to the CP group, reaching normal levels similar to the control group. The TH1/TH2 ratio in the AUR group exhibited a significant increase of two and a half times (p = 0.002) compared to the CP group. CONCLUSION These results show that AUR protects against the side effects of CP by increasing the function of the humoral and cellular immune system through the balance of TH1/TH2 and increasing the level of immunoglobulins, as well as increasing the antioxidant activity and the protective role of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Naseri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jinous Asgarpanah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Ziai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nataraj BH, Ranveer SA, K J, Nagpal R, Behare PV. Immune and microbiome modulatory effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCDC 400 in an immunocompromised mouse model. Microb Pathog 2024; 196:106927. [PMID: 39265811 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess and validate the safety and functional efficacy of an indigenous probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCDC 400 (hereafter, LFN400) in an immunocompromised murine model. The study included four groups; a normal control (NC) group without immune suppression; an experimental model control (MC) with immune suppression induced via intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide (Cy) administration; and two MC groups orally administered with either low dose (LD) or high dose (HD) of LFN400 at dose 108 and 1010 CFU/mouse/day, respectively, for 15-days. Both control groups received normal saline as placebo control. LFN400 improved specific experimental characteristics including hematological and serum biochemical markers. Compared to MC group, LFN400-fed groups showed markedly (P < 0.05) decreased arrays of detrimental caecal enzymes. We did not observe instances of bacterial translocation of LFN400 from gut to bloodstream or extra-intestinal organs. LFN400 intake significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced spleen cell differentiation, immune and oxidative stress markers, and restored Cy-induced histopathological changes in multiple tissues, including the spleen. There was no genotoxic effect of LFN400 on bone marrow cells. Although not statistically significant, LFN400 feeding moderately increased gut microbiome diversity, supporting the growth of beneficial saccharolytic microorganisms and reducing the presence of pathobionts. The findings demonstrate that the probiotic strain LFN400 possesses in vivo safety and immunomodulatory potency and thus should be considered a potential candidate for future human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaprabhu Haranahalli Nataraj
- Techno-functional Starter Lab, National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India; Dairy Bacteriology Section, Southern Regional Station (SRS), ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bengaluru, 560 030, Karnataka, India.
| | - Soniya A Ranveer
- Techno-functional Starter Lab, National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Jeevan K
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Aamkho, Gwalior, 474009, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- The Gut Biome Lab, Department of Health, Nutrition, and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Pradip V Behare
- Techno-functional Starter Lab, National Collection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC), Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
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Hu Y, Li Y, Cao Y, Shen Y, Zou X, Liu J, Zhao J. Advancements in enzymatic biotransformation and bioactivities of rare ginsenosides: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:78-89. [PMID: 38945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside, the principal active constituent of ginseng, exhibits enhanced bioavailability and medicinal efficacy in rare ginsenosides compared to major ginsenosides. Current research is focused on efficiently and selectively removing sugar groups attached to the major ginsenoside sugar chains to convert them into rare ginsenosides that meet the demands of medical industry and functional foods. The methods for preparing rare ginsenosides encompass chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches. Among these, the enzyme conversion method is highly favored by researchers due to its exceptional specificity and robust efficiency. This review summarizes the biological activities of different rare ginsenosides, explores the various glycosidases used in the biotransformation of different major ginsenosides as substrates, and elucidates their respective corresponding biotransformation pathways. These findings will provide valuable references for the development, utilization, and industrial production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuzhu Shen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianjun Zou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Liu D, Mueed A, Ma H, Wang T, Su L, Wang Q. Pleurocinus ostreatus Polysaccharide Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression through the Gut Microbiome, Metabolome, and JAK/STAT1 Signaling Pathway. Foods 2024; 13:2679. [PMID: 39272445 PMCID: PMC11394083 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the structure of Pleurocinus ostreatus polysaccharide (POP-1) and its effect on immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CY). Novel POP-1 was α- and β-glucopyranose, its molecular weight was 4.78 × 104 Da, it was mainly composed of glucose (88.9%), and it also contained galactose (2.97%), mannose (5.02%), fucose (0.3%), arabinose (0.21%), ribose (0.04%), galactose acid (0.17%), and glucose acid (1.45%). After POP-1 was administered to immunosuppressed mice, results showed that POP-1 increased the body weight, spleen, and thymus index and enhanced T lymphocyte proliferation in mice. POP-1 up-regulated the expression of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in the mouse spleen to increase immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG, and IgA) and secrete cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) through activation of the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway. Moreover, POP-1 remarkably reversed the gut-microbiota dysbiosis in immunosuppressed mice by increasing the abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Blautia, and Ligilactobacillus and altered the fecal metabolites by increasing hexahomomethionine, DG(8:0/20:4(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-OH(20)/0:0, 2-((3-aminopyridin-2-yl)methylene)hydrazinecarbothioamide, Ginkgoic acid, and carboxy-ethyl-hydroxychroman, which is closely related to the immunity function. This study indicates that P. ostreatus polysaccharide effectively restores immunosuppressive activity and can be a functional ingredient in food and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Abdul Mueed
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - He Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tianci Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ling Su
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Wang W, Kong M, Shen F, Li P, Chen C, Li Y, Li C, Qian Z, Zhong A, Wang Y, Yang L, He F, Li W. Ginsenoside Rg3 targets glycosylation of PD-L1 to enhance anti-tumor immunity in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434078. [PMID: 39247194 PMCID: PMC11377313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Reactivate the T cell immunity by PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade is widely used in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, while the post-translational modification of Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is commonly existed in various cancer cells, thus increases the complexity and difficulty in therapy development. Ginsenoside Rg3 is an active component of traditional Chinese herb Ginseng with multiple pharmacological effects including immune regulation. However, the effect on the glycosylation of PD-L1 is unknown. Methods NSCLC cell lines were tested for glycosylation of PD-L1, and the potential mechanisms were investigated. Tumor cell-T cell coculture experiment was conducted and the activation of T cells and cytotoxicity were measured by flow cytometry. In vivo xenograft mouse tumor model was used to investigate the effects of Rg3 on PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression and tumor growth. Results Here, we identified PD-L1 is widely N-linked glycosylated in NSCLC cell lines, while Rg3 could inhibit the glycosylation of PD-L1 by downregulating the EGFR signaling and further activate GSK3b-mediated degradation, thus resulted in reduced PD-L1 expression. Moreover, the inhibition of PD-L1 glycosylation promoted the activation and cytotoxicity of T cells under coculture condition. In addition, Rg3 could decrease the tumor volume and enhance anti-tumor T cell immunity as evidence by the upregulated expression of Granzyme B and perforin in CD8+T cells, along with elevated serum IL-2, IFN-g and TNF-a level in Rg3-treated mice. Conclusions These results suggest that Rg3 inhibits PD-L1 glycosylation and thus enhance anti-tumor immunity, which provide new therapeutic insight into drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu Shen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueqin Li
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qian
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Zhong
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangkai He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weichun Li
- Taizhou Jiangyan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangyan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
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Yang C, Qu L, Wang R, Wang F, Yang Z, Xiao F. Multi-layered effects of Panax notoginseng on immune system. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107203. [PMID: 38719196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting its significance in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the complex immune activity of various components has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the immune-regulating properties of Panax notoginseng, impeding its broader utilization. This review evaluates the effect of Panax notoginseng to various types of white blood cells, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and compares the immunomodulatory effects of different Panax notoginseng active fractions, aiming to provide the theory basis for future immunomodulatory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Fengkun Xiao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China.
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Zhang S, Zheng B, Wei Y, Liu Y, Yang L, Qiu Y, Su J, Qiu M. Bioinspired ginsenoside Rg3 PLGA nanoparticles coated with tumor-derived microvesicles to improve chemotherapy efficacy and alleviate toxicity. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2672-2688. [PMID: 38596867 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer, a pervasive malignancy affecting women, demands a diverse treatment approach including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions. However, the effectiveness of doxorubicin (DOX), a cornerstone in breast cancer therapy, is limited when used as a monotherapy, and concerns about cardiotoxicity persist. Ginsenoside Rg3, a classic compound of traditional Chinese medicine found in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., possesses diverse pharmacological properties, including cardiovascular protection, immune modulation, and anticancer effects. Ginsenoside Rg3 is considered a promising candidate for enhancing cancer treatment when combined with chemotherapy agents. Nevertheless, the intrinsic challenges of Rg3, such as its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability, necessitate innovative solutions. Herein, we developed Rg3-PLGA@TMVs by encapsulating Rg3 within PLGA nanoparticles (Rg3-PLGA) and coating them with membranes derived from tumor cell-derived microvesicles (TMVs). Rg3-PLGA@TMVs displayed an array of favorable advantages, including controlled release, prolonged storage stability, high drug loading efficiency and a remarkable ability to activate dendritic cells in vitro. This activation is evident through the augmentation of CD86+CD80+ dendritic cells, along with a reduction in phagocytic activity and acid phosphatase levels. When combined with DOX, the synergistic effect of Rg3-PLGA@TMVs significantly inhibits 4T1 tumor growth and fosters the development of antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. Most notably, this delivery system effectively mitigates the toxic side effects of DOX, particularly those affecting the heart. Overall, Rg3-PLGA@TMVs provide a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of DOX while simultaneously mitigating its associated toxicities and demonstrate promising potential for the combined chemo-immunotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yiqi Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yujiao Qiu
- The Wharton School and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Chen B, Vijayakumar A, Park C, Choi U, Nah SY, Kim JH. Gintonin upregulates cytokine production and expression of NKp30, NKp44 and NKp44 related to natural killer cell activity on immunosuppressive rat. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:341-345. [PMID: 38707639 PMCID: PMC11068941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study is to estimate the potential of gintonin, as an immune enhancing agent through natural killer cell (NK cell) activity in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive animals. Accumulated results reveals that, gintonin attenuated CY-induced immunosuppression and it might modulate NK cell activity to boost the immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaiCheng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajay Vijayakumar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulsoo Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
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Zhou H, Yan J, Zhou K, Ji P, Wei Y, Hua Y. Effects of Huangqi Gancao Decoction on intestinal immunity and microbiota in immunocompromised mice models. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1390170. [PMID: 38756377 PMCID: PMC11097664 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1390170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The classical medicinal formula Huangqi Gancao Decoction (HQGCD), originating from the medical book" Yi Lin Gai Cuo". Up to now, the studies focusing on the immunoenhancement effects of HQGCD are few, and the actionpathway is not yet clear. Method In this study, SPF male KM mice were utilized as a model for immunosuppression. Comprehensive observations were made regarding the general behavior and condition of the mice, in addition to monitoring fluctuations in body weight and food intake. The blood routine index was measured, and morphological changes in the ileum and colon tissues were examined. The level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in ileum and colon tissues were quantified. Additionally, the bone marrow total DNA index was assessed. Flow cytometry analyzed the proportions of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T lymphocytes in small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Lastly, the composition and diversity of the cecal microbiota were evaluated using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. Results After HQGCD intervention, there were no significant changes in the mice's feed intake and body weight. However, the tissue structures of the ileum and colon showed recovery. In the blood routine index, there was an increase in the total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content. Additionally, the bone marrow total DNA index was elevated. Level of SOD and sIgA in ileum and colon tissues increased, while the level of MDA decreased. The proportions of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes within IELs increased, along with an increase in DP T lymphocytes in IELs (DP IELs), whereas the proportion of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes decreased. The cecal microbiota underwent changes, with an increase in the variety and number of beneficial microbiota. Conclusion HQGCD could restore the intestinal immune function of immunocompromised mice, and had a certain positive effect on cecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhou
- Tranditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianpeng Yan
- Tranditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou Animal Disease Control Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Tranditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Tranditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- Tranditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongli Hua
- Tranditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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11
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Yue Y, Yang HJ, Zhang T, Li C, Kim MJ, Kim KN, Park S. Porcine Brain Enzyme Hydrolysate Enhances Immune Function and Antioxidant Defense via Modulation of Gut Microbiota in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunodeficiency Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:476. [PMID: 38671923 PMCID: PMC11047735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined how consuming porcine brain enzyme hydrolysate (PBEH) affects the immune function and composition of the gut microbiota in an immunodeficient animal model. Male Wistar rats aged 6 weeks were fed casein (control), 100 mg/kg body weight (BW), red ginseng extract (positive-control), and 6, 13, and 26 mg PBEH per kg BW (PBEH-L, PBEH-M, and PBEH-H, respectively) daily for 4 weeks. At 30 min after consuming assigned compounds, they were orally administered cyclophosphamide (CTX; 5 mg/kg BW), an immunosuppressive agent, to suppress the immune system by inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes. The normal-control rats were fed casein and water instead of CTX. Natural killer cell activity and splenocyte proliferation induced by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide were lower in the control group than the normal-control group, and they significantly increased with PBEH consumption, particularly at high doses. The PBEH consumption increased dose-dependently in the Th1/Th2 ratio compared to the control. The lipid peroxide contents were lower in the PBEH group than in the control group. Moreover, PBEH m and PBEH-H consumption mitigated white pulp cell damage, reduced red pulp congestion, and increased spleen mast cells in the histological analysis. Intestinal microbiota composition demonstrated differences between the groups at the genus levels, with Akkermansia being more abundant in the control group than the normal-control group and the PBEH-H group showing a decrease. However, Bifidobacterium decreased in the control group but increased in the PBEH-H group. The β-diversity revealed distinct microbial communities of PBEH and positive-control groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The metagenome predictions revealed that PBEH-H influenced amino acid metabolism, antioxidant defense, insulin sensitivity, and longevity pathways. In conclusion, PBEH-H intake boosted immune responses and reduced lipid peroxides by modulating gut microbiota composition. These findings suggest that PBEH-H has the potential as a dietary supplement for improving immune function and gut health in individuals with immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yue
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (H.J.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (H.J.Y.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Keun-Nam Kim
- Department of R&D, UNIMED PHARM Inc., Seoul 05567, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (C.L.)
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12
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Liu Y, Li G, Ning J, Zhao Y. Unveiling the experimental proof of the anticancer potential of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:182. [PMID: 38476209 PMCID: PMC10928969 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 (GS-Rg3), a sterol molecule isolated from ginseng, has demonstrated various immunological properties, including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, reversal of drug resistance and enhancement of chemotherapy sensitivity. The recent surge in attention towards GS-Rg3 can be attributed to its potential as an antitumor angiogenesis agent and as a therapeutic candidate for immunotherapy. The development of GS-Rg3 as an agent for these purposes has accelerated research on its mechanisms of action. The present review summarizes recent studies investigating the antitumor activity of GS-Rg3 and its underlying mechanisms, as well as providing essential information for future studies on GS-Rg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Guanchu Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jinyue Ning
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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13
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Yang L, Chen Y, Liu K, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Li H. Investigating the immune mechanism of natural products in the treatment of lung cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1289957. [PMID: 38420194 PMCID: PMC10899684 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1289957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
With the deepening of people's understanding of lung cancer, the research of lung cancer immunotherapy has gradually become the focus of attention. As we all know, the treatment of many diseases relies on the rich sources, complex and varied compositions and wide range of unique biological properties of natural products. Studies have shown that natural products can exert anticancer effects by inducing tumor cell death, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, and enhancing tumor cell autophagy. More notably, natural products can adjust and strengthen the body's immune response, which includes enhancing the function of NK cells and promoting the differentiation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. In addition, these natural products may enhance their anticancer effects by affecting inhibitory factors in the immune system, hormone levels, enzymes involved in biotransformation, and modulating other factors in the tumor microenvironment. The importance of natural products in lung cancer immunotherapy should not be underestimated. However, the specific links and correlations between natural products and lung cancer immunity are not clear enough, and further studies are urgently needed to clarify the relationship between the two. In this paper, we will focus on the correlation between natural products and lung cancer immune responses, with a view to providing new research perspectives for immunotherapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yang
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kaile Liu
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanxia Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hegen Li
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Kim H, Hong JY, Lee J, Yeo C, Jeon WJ, Lee YJ, Ha IH. Immune-boosting effect of Yookgong-dan against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24033. [PMID: 38293434 PMCID: PMC10826668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses must be strictly regulated to prevent autoimmune and infectious diseases and to protect against infectious agents. As people age, their immunity wanes, leading to a decrease in lymphocyte production in bone marrow and thymus and a decline in the efficacy of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs. This study explores the immune-boosting potential of Yookgong-dan (YGD) in enhancing the immune system by activating immune cells. In our in vitro experiments, cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment led to a significant decrease in primary splenocyte viability. However, subsequent treatment with YGD significantly improved cell viability, with doses ranging between 1 and 25 μg/mL in Cy-treated splenocytes. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the Cy group exhibited reduced positivity of CD3+ T cells and CD45+ leukocytes compared to the blank group. In contrast, treatment with YGD led to a notable, dose-responsive increase in these immune cell types. In our in vivo experiments, YGD was orally administered to Cy-induced immunosuppressed mice at 20 and 100 mg/kg doses for 10 days. The results indicated a dose-dependent elevation in immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM levels in the serum, emphasizing the immunostimulatory effect of YGD. Furthermore, the Cy-treated group showed decreased T cells, B (CD19+) cells, and leukocytes in the total splenocyte population. Yet, YGD treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reversal of this pattern, suggesting its ability to counter immunosuppression. Notably, YGD was found to effectively stimulate T (CD4+ and CD8+) lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells, along with enhancing Th1/Th2 cytokines in immunosuppressed conditions. These outcomes correlated with the modulation of BCL-2 and BAX expression, which are critical for apoptosis. In conclusion, YGD has the potential to bolster immune functionality through the activation of immune cells, thereby enhancing the immune system's capacity to combat diseases and improve overall health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseong Kim
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Hong
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Junseon Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Changhwan Yeo
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Wan-Jin Jeon
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Ha
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul, 135-896, South Korea
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15
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Kim ME, Lee JS. The Potential of Korean Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods for Immune Enhancement. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1334. [PMID: 38279334 PMCID: PMC10816026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore the immunomodulatory properties of Korean foods, focusing on ginseng and fermented foods. One notable example is Korean red ginseng, known for its immune system-regulating effects attributed to the active ingredient, ginsenoside. Ginsenoside stimulates immune cells, enhancing immune function and suppressing inflammatory responses. With a long history, Korean red ginseng has demonstrated therapeutic effects against various diseases. Additionally, Korean fermented foods like kimchi, doenjang, chongkukjang, gochujang, vinegar, and jangajji provide diverse nutrients and bioactive substances, contributing to immune system enhancement. Moreover, traditional Korean natural herbs such as Cirsium setidens Nakai, Gomchwi, Beak-Jak-Yak, etc. possess immune-boosting properties and are used in various Korean foods. By incorporating these foods into one's diet, one can strengthen their immune system, positively impacting their overall health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Immunology Research Lab & BK21-Four Educational Research Group for Age-Associated Disorder Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
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16
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Mei Y, Liu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00003-1. [PMID: 38195040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing or metabolic transformation in gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing to the primary ginsenosides, which lead to a high concern in both the research and development of ginseng and ginsenoside-related nutraceutical and natural products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on these promising compounds is not available yet. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, recent advances of Rare ginsenosides (RGs) were summarized dealing with the structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, the stereochemistry properties, and production strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW A total of 144 RGs with diverse skeletons and bioactivities were isolated from Panax species. RGs acted as natural ligands on some specific receptors, such as bile acid receptors, steroid hormone receptors, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The RGs showed promising bioactivities including immunoregulatory and adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging effect, anti-tumor effect, as well as their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, central nervous system, obesity and diabetes, and interaction with gut microbiota. Clinical trials indicated the potential of RGs, while high quality data remains inadequate, and no obvious side effects was found. The stereochemistry properties induced by deglycosylation at C (20) were also addressed including pharmacodynamics behaviors, together with the state-of-art analytical strategies for the identification of saponin stereoisomers. Finally, the batch preparation of targeted RGs by designated strategies including heating or acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, and enzymatic biotransformation and biosynthesis were discussed. Hopefully, the present review can provide more clues for the extensive understanding and future in-depth research and development of RGs, originated from the worldwide well recognized ginseng plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Song Z, Liu Q, Fan D, Song X. Ginsenosides: a potential natural medicine to protect the lungs from lung cancer and inflammatory lung disease. Food Funct 2023; 14:9137-9166. [PMID: 37801293 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest morbidity and mortality. Additionally, pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis (PF), also have high mortality rates and can promote the development and progression of lung cancer. Unfortunately, available treatments for them are limited, so it is critical to search for effective drugs and treatment strategies to protect the lungs. Ginsenosides, the main active components of ginseng, have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, we focus on the beneficial effects of ginsenosides on lung diseases and their molecular mechanisms. Firstly, the molecular mechanism of ginsenosides against lung cancer was summarized in detail, mainly from the points of view of proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and immunity. In in vivo and in vitro lung cancer models, ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2 and CK were reported to have strong anti-lung cancer effects. Then, in the models of pneumonia and acute lung injury, the protective effect of Rb1 was particularly remarkable, followed by Rg3 and Rg1, and its molecular mechanism was mainly associated with targeting NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, ginsenosides may also have a potential health-promoting effect in the improvement of COPD, asthma and PF. Furthermore, to overcome the low bioavailability of CK and Rh2, the development of nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and other nanomedicine delivery systems can significantly improve the efficacy of targeted lung cancer treatment. To conclude, ginsenosides can be used as both anti-lung cancer and lung protective agents or adjuvants and have great potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Zhimin Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Qingchao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
- Biotechnology & Biomedicine Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Wang Y, Han Q, Zhang S, Xing X, Sun X. New perspective on the immunomodulatory activity of ginsenosides: Focus on effective therapies for post-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115154. [PMID: 37454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported globally, and 10-60% of patients are expected to exhibit "post-COVID-19 symptoms," which will continue to affect human life and health. In the absence of safer, more specific drugs, current multiple immunotherapies have failed to achieve satisfactory efficacy. Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as an immunomodulator and has been used in COVID-19 treatment as a tonic to increase blood oxygen saturation. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. In this review, we summarize the multiple ways in which ginsenosides affect post-COVID-19 symptoms, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor signaling, modulation of chemokine receptors and inflammasome activation, induction of macrophage polarization, effects on Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, lymphocytes, intestinal flora, and epigenetic regulation. Ginsenosides affect virus-mediated tissue damage, local or systemic inflammation, immune modulation, and other links, thus alleviating respiratory and pulmonary symptoms, reducing the cardiac burden, protecting the nervous system, and providing new ideas for the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, we analyzed its role in strengthening body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors from the perspective of ginseng-epidemic disease and highlighted the challenges in clinical applications. However, the benefit of ginsenosides in modulating organismal imbalance post-COVID-19 needs to be further evaluated to better validate the pharmacological mechanisms associated with their traditional efficacy and to determine their role in individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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Lv M, Liu M, Zou S, Yin D, Lv C, Li F, Wei Y. Immune Enhancement of Clam Peptides on Immunosuppressed Mice Induced by Hydrocortisone. Molecules 2023; 28:5709. [PMID: 37570679 PMCID: PMC10420899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clam peptides, marine-derived biological peptides, have been broadly investigated and applied as health foods, among which immunomodulation is one of their biological activities that cannot be ignored in vivo. In this study, we concentrated on exploring the effects of Ruditapes philippinarum peptides (RPPs) on immunomodulation and the balance of intestinal microbiota in hydrocortisone (HC)-induced immunosuppressed mice. The results revealed that RPPs could increase the thymus and spleen indices and number of white blood cells, promote the secretion level of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and INF-γ), repair the morphology of the spleen and thymus, and enhance the proliferation of T-lymphocyte subsets in immunosuppressed mice. Moreover, RPPs improved the abundance of beneficial bacteria and preserved the ecological equilibrium of the gut microbiota. In conclusion, RPPs have significant immunomodulatory effects on immunosuppressed mice and may be developed as immunomodulators or immune adjuvants in functional foods and drugs; they are also beneficial to the utilization of the high value of marine shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meibin Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengyue Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shengcan Zou
- Qingdao Chenlan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266105, China; (S.Z.); (D.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Dongli Yin
- Qingdao Chenlan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266105, China; (S.Z.); (D.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenghan Lv
- Qingdao Chenlan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266105, China; (S.Z.); (D.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuxi Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.L.); (M.L.)
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Zhang H, Xiao F, Li J, Han R, Li G, Wan Z, Shao S, Zhao D, Yan M. Immunomodulatory activity of semen Ziziphi Spinosae protein: a potential plant protein functional food raw material. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:32. [PMID: 37336871 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae protein (SZSP) is a new plant protein resource with good food functional properties and health care function. However, the biological activity of SZSP has not been further studied, which greatly limits the development and utilization of SZSP in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of SZSP on immunosuppressed mice and its inhibitory effect on immune-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that SZSP remarkably improved the immunomodulatory secretion in serum (interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interferon-γ, immunoglobulin-A, immunoglobulin-G, immunoglobulin-M) and primary macrophages (nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, TNF-α) and promoted the NK-cell killing activity of primary splenocytes in CTX-induced immunosuppression mice. Immunohistochemical analysis results indicated that the secretion of CD4+ and CD8+ in the spleen and thymus can be regulated by SZSP, leading to inhibition of the damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. Meanwhile, in order to clarify the immunomodulatory mechanism of SZSP, we showed that SZSP significantly inhibited the secretion of NO, interleukin-6, and TNF-α and reduced the phosphorylation expression of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-IκBα in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, the immunomodulatory effect of SZSP may be related to the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. Based on the above studies, the preliminary purification of SZSP was continued, and S1F2G1 with immunomodulatory activity was obtained. Taken together, SZSP has an immunoregulatory effect in vivo and in vitro and may be a favorable candidate of functional food raw material for regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengqin Xiao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rongxin Han
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangzhe Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jinlin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jinlin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jinlin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Jinlin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Mingming Yan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Jinlin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Valdés-González JA, Sánchez M, Moratilla-Rivera I, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093863. [PMID: 37175273 PMCID: PMC10180039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts a rich historical record of usage that dates back to the Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, in Western countries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a remedy for fatigue and asthenia. This review provides an update on current research pertaining to ginseng and its isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The primary focus is on three crucial pharmacological activities, namely, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The review encompasses studies on both isolated compounds and various ginseng extracts obtained from the root, leaves, and berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Valdés-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moratilla-Rivera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yao J, Liu J, He Y, Liu L, Xu Z, Lin X, Liu N, Kai G. Systems pharmacology reveals the mechanism of Astragaloside IV in improving immune activity on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116533. [PMID: 37100262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Myelosuppression, also known as bone marrow suppression (BMS), is a pathological phenomenon of the decrease in the production of blood cells and further lead to immune homeostasis disorder. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (AM, checked with The World Flora Online, http://www.worldfloraonline.org, updated on January 30, 2023) is a traditional Chinese medicine with efficacy of tonifying Qi and strengthening body immunity in thousands of years of clinical practice in China. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a major active ingredient of AM, which plays an important role in regulating immune system through different ways. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of AS-IV on macrophages in vitro and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressive mice in vivo, and to provide experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of AS-IV in myelosuppression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology, the core targets and signaling pathways of saponins of AM against myelosuppression were screened. And then, the immunoregulatory effect of AS-IV on RAW264.7 cells was investigated by cellular immune activity and cellular secretion analysis in vitro. In this way, the effects of AS-IV on the main potential targets of HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot methods. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis of the effects of AS-IV against CTX-induced mice were conducted on the basis of immune organs indices analysis, histopathological analysis, hematological analysis, natural killer cell activity analysis and spleen lymphocyte transformation activity analysis. In order to further verify the relationship between active ingredients and action targets, drug inhibitor experiments were finally conducted. RESULTS AS-IV, as a potential anti-myelosuppressive compound, was screened by systematic pharmacological methods to act on target genes including HIF1A and RELA together with the HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway. Further studies by molecular docking technology showed that AS-IV had good binding activity with HIF1A, RELA, TNF, IL6, IL1B and other core targets. Besides, cellular and animal experiments validation results showed that AS-IV could enhance the migration and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells, and protect the immune organs such as spleen and thymus together with bone tissues from damage. By this means, immune cell function including spleen natural killer cell and lymphocyte transformation activity were also enhanced. In addition, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets and bone marrow cells were also significantly improved in the suppressed bone marrow microenvironment (BMM). In kinetic experiments, the secretion of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were increased, and IL-10, TGF-β1 were decreased. The key regulatory proteins such as HIF-1α, NF-κB, PHD3 in HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway were also regulated in the results of upregulated expression of HIF-1α, p-NF-κB p65 and PHD3 at the protein or mRNA level. Finally, the inhibition experiment results suggested that AS-IV could significantly improve protein response in immunity and inflammation such as HIF-1α, NF-κB and PHD3. CONCLUSION AS-IV could significantly relieve CTX-induced immunosuppressive and might improve the immune activity of macrophages by activating HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway, and provide a reliable basis for the clinical application of AS-IV as a potentially valuable regulator of BMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiong Yao
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Yining He
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Zonghui Xu
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, 400021, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Key TCM Laboratory for Chinese Resource Innovation and Transformation, Jinhua Academy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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Tian B, Liu R, Xu T, Cai M, Mao R, Huang L, Yang K, Zeng X, Peilong S. Modulating effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides on the immune response by regulating gut microbiota in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3050-3064. [PMID: 36546454 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota (GM) is recognized as a significant contributor to the immune system. In the present study, the effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEP) on immunoregulation and GM in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated mice were investigated to elucidate the attenuate of immunosuppression by modulating GM. RESULTS The results revealed that HEP significantly improved the body weight and immune organ index in immunodeficient mice (P < 0.05). They significantly increased operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (P < 0.05), adjusted the α and β diversity of the GM, and the bacterial community structure was more similar to that of control group. Taxonomic composition analysis found that HEP increased the abundance of Alistipse, uncultured_bacterium_f_Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiracea, uncultured_bacterium_f_Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and decreased Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Alloprevotella, suggesting that HEP can improve the GM structure and inhibit CTX-induced GM dysregulation. Moreover, HEP increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, recovered SCFA levels, alleviated immunosuppression caused by CTX, enhanced the serum immune cytokine factors, and upregulated TLR4/NF-κB pathway key proteins (TLR4, NF-κB p65) at mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSION Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides effectively regulated GM and enhancement of intestinal immune function, so they have the potential to be developed as functional ingredients or foods to modulate immune responses. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
- China Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resource Processing Technology for Light Industry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Renjian Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Tianrui Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
- China Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resource Processing Technology for Light Industry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Rongliang Mao
- Changshan Haofeng Agricultural Development Co. LTD, Quzhou, China
| | - Liangshui Huang
- Research Institute of Changshan Tianle Edible Fungus, Quzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
- China Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resource Processing Technology for Light Industry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sun Peilong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
- China Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resource Processing Technology for Light Industry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
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Tian B, Wang P, Xu T, Cai M, Mao R, Huang L, Sun P, Yang K. Ameliorating effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides on intestinal barrier injury in immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Food Funct 2023; 14:2921-2932. [PMID: 36892225 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03769f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus is a kind of large fungus with rich nutrition and its polysaccharides exhibit various biological activities. In recent years, widespread interest has been focused on maintaining or improving intestinal health through the consumption of edible fungi. Studies have shown that hypoimmunity can damage the intestinal barrier, which in turn seriously affects human health. The aim of this work was to investigate the ameliorative effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs) on intestinal barrier damage in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunocompromised mice. The results showed that the HEP effectively increased the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver tissues of mice. In addition, the HEP restored the immune organ index, increased the serum levels of IL-2 and IgA, augmented the mRNA expression levels of intestinal Muc2, Reg3γ, occludin and ZO-1, and reduced intestinal permeability in mice. It was further confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay that the HEP enhanced the expression level of intestinal tight junction proteins to protect the intestinal mucosal barrier. These results suggested that the HEP could reduce intestinal permeability and enhance intestinal immune functions by increasing antioxidant capacity, tight junction proteins and immune-related factors in CTX-induced mice. In conclusion, the HEP effectively ameliorated CTX-induced intestinal barrier damage in immunocompromised mice, which provides a new application direction for the HEP as a natural immunopotentiator with antioxidant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, China.
| | - Peiyi Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, China.
| | - Tianrui Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, China.
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, China.
| | - Rongliang Mao
- Changshan Haofeng Agricultural Development Co. Ltd, Quzhou 324207, China
| | - Liangshui Huang
- Research Institute of Changshan Tianle Edible Fungus, Quzhou 324200, China
| | - Peilong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, China.
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, China.
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Tang M, Deng H, Zheng K, He J, Yang J, Li Y. Ginsenoside 3β-O-Glc-DM (C3DM) suppressed glioma tumor growth by downregulating the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and modulating the tumor microenvironment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 460:116378. [PMID: 36641037 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the main bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, which have been broadly studied in cancer treatment. Our previous studies have demonstrated that 3β-O-Glc-DM (C3DM), a biosynthetic ginsenoside, exhibited antitumor effects in several cancer cell lines with anti-colon cancer activity superior to ginsenoside 20(R)-Rg3 in vivo. However, the efficacy of C3DM on glioma has not been proved yet. In this study, the antitumor activities and underlying mechanisms of C3DM on glioma were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration, FCM, IHC, RT-qPCR, quantitative proteomics, and western blotting were conducted to evaluate the effect of C3DM on glioma cells. ADP-Glo™ kinase assay was used to validate the interaction between C3DM and EGFR. Co-cultured assays, lactic acid kit, and spatially resolved metabolomics were performed to study the function of C3DM in regulating glioma microenvironment. Both subcutaneously transplanted syngeneic models and orthotopic models of glioma were used to determine the effect of C3DM on tumor growth in vivo. We found that C3DM dose-dependently induced apoptosis, and inhibited the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of glioma cells. C3DM significantly inhibited tumor growth in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse glioma models. Moreover, C3DM attenuated the acidified glioma microenvironment and enhanced T-cell function. Additionally, C3DM inhibited the kinase activity of EGFR and influenced the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in glioma. Overall, C3DM might be a promising candidate for glioma prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kailu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Zhang T, Liu H, Ma P, Huang J, Bai X, Liu P, Zhu L, Min X. Immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharides isolated from Lonicera japonica Thunb. in cyclophosphamide-treated BALB/c mice. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Feng Y, Ma F, Wu E, Cheng Z, Wang Z, Yang L, Zhang J. Ginsenosides: Allies of gastrointestinal tumor immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:922029. [PMID: 36386161 PMCID: PMC9659574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.922029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, immunotherapy has been the most promising treatment for gastrointestinal tumors. But the low response rate and drug resistance remain major concerns. It is therefore imperative to develop adjuvant therapies to increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy and prevent drug resistance. Ginseng has been used in Traditional Chinese medicine as a natural immune booster for thousands of years. The active components of ginseng, ginsenosides, have played an essential role in tumor treatment for decades and are candidates for anti-tumor adjuvant therapy. They are hypothesized to cooperate with immunotherapy drugs to improve the curative effect and reduce tumor resistance and adverse reactions. This review summarizes the research into the use of ginsenosides in immunotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors and discusses potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lv S, Chen X, Chen Y, Gong D, Mao G, Shen C, Xia T, Cheng J, Luo Z, Cheng Y, Li W, Zeng J. Ginsenoside Rg3 induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation by down-regulating TIGAR in rats with gastric precancerous lesions. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:188. [PMID: 35840932 PMCID: PMC9284801 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) is one of the main active ingredients in Chinese ginseng extract and has various biological effects, such as immune-enhancing, antitumour, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of GRg3 on gastric precancerous lesion (GPL) induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and the potential mechanism of action. METHODS The MNNG-ammonia composite modelling method was used to establish a rat model of GPL. Histopathological changes in the rat gastric mucosa were observed by pathological analysis using haematoxylin-eosin staining to assess the success rate of the composite modelling method. Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff staining was used to observe intestinal metaplasia in the rat gastric mucosa. Apoptosis was detected in rat gastric mucosal cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling staining. The production level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by the dihydroethidium fluorescent probe method, and that of TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) protein was determined by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. The production levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and that of glutathione (GSH) was determined by microanalysis. RESULTS GRg3 significantly alleviated the structural disorganization and cellular heteromorphism in the form of epithelial glands in the gastric mucosa of rats with GPL and retarded the progression of the disease. Overexpression of TIGAR and overproduction of NADP, GSH and G6PDH occurred in the gastric mucosal epithelium of rats with GPL, which in turn led to an increase in the ROS concentration. After treatment with GRg3, the expression of TIGAR and production of NADP, GSH G6PDH decreased, causing a further increase in the concentration of ROS in the gastric mucosal epithelium, which in turn induced apoptosis and played a role in inhibiting the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Grg3 can induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation in MNNG-induced GPL rats. The mechanism may be related to down-regulating the expression levels of TIGAR and production levels of GSH, NADP and G6PD, and up-regulating the concentration of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbin Lv
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Mao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caifei Shen
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xia
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoliang Luo
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Ganzi Hospital, Ganzi, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Lepidium meyenii Walp. Polysaccharides on an Immunosuppression Model Induced by Cyclophosphamide. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1210890. [PMID: 35832646 PMCID: PMC9273403 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1210890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Maca) has emerged as a functional plant food and traditional herb owing to its biological activities; Maca polysaccharides as an important active component of Maca have good immunomodulatory effect; however, studies on the immunomodulatory effect of Maca polysaccharides are mainly focused on macrophages; little attention has been devoted to the mechanisms and other immune cells. This study is aimed at investigating the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Maca polysaccharides. Methods Sixty mice were divided into five groups, and the mice were injected with cyclophosphamide to establish an immunosuppression model except for those in the common group. The body weights were measured, as well as immune-related indices, such as organ indices, haematological parameters, lymphocyte cycle, and proliferation, cytokine, and protein expression levels. Results The weight loss and immune organ index decline caused by cyclophosphamide could be reversed by MP. Furthermore, MP increased WBC and HGB counts and reduced the ratio of G0/G1 phase obviously, increased the proportion of S phase and G2/M phase in peripheral blood lymphocytes, increased the counts of CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and reduced the inhibition rate of splenic lymphocytes. MP affected the production of cytokines by increasing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 levels and by decreasing IL-4 levels. MP increased the mRNA expression of T-bet and the protein expression of Bcl-2 in the spleen and decreased the protein expression of caspase-3 and Bax. Conclusions Maca polysaccharides might be the basic material for Maca's immunomodulatory effect. The mechanism was perhaps related to inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and promoting the balance of Th1/Th2 cell subsets.
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Dong YJ, Lin MQ, Fang X, Xie ZY, Luo R, Teng X, Li B, Li B, Li LZ, Jin HY, Yu QX, Lv GY, Chen SH. Modulating effects of a functional food containing Dendrobium officinale on immune response and gut microbiota in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zhu D, Xu Y, Feng F, Wang Z, Han D, Zhou X. Effect of kangai injection combined with platinum-based chemotherapy on the immune function of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154088. [PMID: 35397286 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kangai injection (KAI) is a well-known Chinese patent medicine applied for several different types of cancers in the clinic as an auxiliary therapeutic approach, which is refined from three herbal extracts (Astragalus, Ginseng and Matrine). PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the effect of combination treatment of platinum-based chemotherapy and KAI on patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). STUDY DESIGN A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ NSCLC using KAI combined platinum-based chemotherapy were electronically retrieved from eight electronic databases up to July 2021. We applied RevMan 5.4, Stata 16.0, TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta and GRADE Pro-GDT to evaluate the quality of the included RCTs and perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS 19 RCTs were included, consisting a total sample size of 1,389 cases. Meta-analysis revealed that compared with chemotherapy alone, KAI combined with platinum-based chemotherapy was associated with significantly higher objective response rate (ORR) [RR = 1.36, 95%CI (1.21,1.54), p< 0.00001], higher disease control rate (DCR) [RR = 1.15, 95%CI (1.09,1.21), p< 0.00001], greater Karnofsky performance status (KPS) [RR = 1.75, 95%CI (1.41,2.18), p< 0.00001], lower white blood cell toxicity [RR = 0.67, 95%CI (0.55,0.82), p = 0.0001], lower platelet toxicity [RR = 0.60, 95%CI (0.47,0.75), P < 0.0001], and lower incidence of vomiting [RR = 0.66, 95%CI (0.57,0.76), p< 0.00001]. In terms of the immune function, KAI united with chemotherapy significantly raised the ratio of CD3+ cells [MD = 10.65, 95%CI (8.21,13.09), p< 0.00001], CD4+ cells [MD = 7.67, 95%CI (6.31,9.03), p< 0.00001], NK cells [MD = 4.97, 95%CI (3.03,6.92), p< 0.00001], and CD4+/ CD8+ [MD = 0.32, 95%CI (0.19,0.45), p< 0.00001], and decreased the percentage of CD8+ cells [MD = -5.56, 95%CI (-7.51,-3.61), p< 0.00001]. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis identified that the combination treatment of KAI and platinum-based chemotherapy was more beneficial to patients with advanced NSCLC when compared to chemotherapy alone, which could significantly improve the clinical efficacy, enhance the immune function, and reduce chemotherapy toxicity. Our study provides a theoretical basis and treatment guidance for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fanchao Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Di Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xianmei Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Yang H, Choi K, Kim KJ, Park SY, Jeon JY, Kim BG, Kim JY. Immunoenhancing Effects of Euglena gracilis on a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mouse Model. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:228-237. [PMID: 35001010 PMCID: PMC9628845 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the immune stimulator Euglena gracilis (Euglena) in cyclophosphamide (CCP)-induced immunocompromised mice were assessed. The key component β-1,3-glucan (paramylon) constitutes 50% of E. gracilis. Mice were orally administered Euglena powder (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)) or β-glucan powder (250 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days. In a preliminary immunology experiment, ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg of CCP/kg B.W. during the final 3 consecutive days. In the main experiment, BALB/c mice were treated with CCP for the final 5 days. To evaluate the enhancing effects of Euglena on the immune system, mouse B.W., the spleen index, natural killer (NK) cell activity and mRNA expression in splenocytes lungs and livers were determined. To detect cytokine and receptor expression, splenocytes were treated with 5 μg/ml concanavalin A or 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide. The B.W. and spleen index were significantly increased and NK cell activity was slightly enhanced in all the experimental groups compared to the CCP group. In splenocytes, the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and IL-12 receptor were increased in the E. gracilis and β-glucan groups compared to the CCP group, but there was no significant difference. Treatment with 500mg of Euglena/kg B.W. significantly upregulated dectin-1 mRNA expression in the lung and liver compared to the CCP group. These results suggest that Euglena may enhance the immune system by strengthening innate immunity through immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanyong Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-yeon Park
- Lab of Nanobio, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeon
- BIO R&D center, Daesang Corp., Icheon 17384, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Kim
- BIO R&D center, Daesang Corp., Icheon 17384, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea,Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-970-6740 E-mail:
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Zhao X, Wu J, Zhang K, Guo D, Hong L, Chen X, Wang B, Song Y. The synthesis of a nanodrug using metal-based nanozymes conjugated with ginsenoside Rg3 for pancreatic cancer therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 4:190-199. [PMID: 36132964 PMCID: PMC9419118 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes have limited applications in clinical practice due to issues relating to their safety, stability, biocompatibility, and relatively low catalytic activity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vivo. Herein, we report a synergistic enhancement strategy involving the conjugation of metal-based nanozymes (Fe@Fe3O4) with natural bioactive organic molecules (ginsenoside Rg3) to establish a new nanodrug. Importantly, this metal-organic nanocomposite drug ensured the stability and biosafety of the nanozyme cores and the cellular uptake efficiency of the whole nanodrug entity. This nanodrug is based on integrating the biological characteristics and intrinsic physicochemical properties of bionics. The glycoside chain of Rg3 forms a hydrophilic layer on the outermost layer of the nanodrug to improve the biocompatibility and pharmacokinetics. Additionally, Rg3 can activate apoptosis and optimize the activity and status of normal cells. Internal nanozymes enter the TME and release Fe3+ and Fe2+, and the central metal Fe(0) continuously generates highly active Fe2+ under the conditions of the TME and in the presence of Fe3+, maintaining the catalytic activity. Therefore, these nanozymes can effectively produce reactive oxygen species and oxygen in the TME, thereby promoting the apoptosis of cancer cells. Thus, we propose the use of a new type of metal-organic nanocomposite material as a synergistic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Zhao
- Center for Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology Translational Medicine Hangzhou 310000 China
| | - Jicheng Wu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Danjing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Liangjie Hong
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology Translational Medicine Hangzhou 310000 China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China
| | - Yujun Song
- Center for Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Pulsed Power Technology Translational Medicine Hangzhou 310000 China
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You L, Cha S, Kim MY, Cho JY. Ginsenosides are active ingredients in Panax ginseng with immunomodulatory properties from cellular to organismal levels. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:711-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Wan Y, Wang J, Xu JF, Tang F, Chen L, Tan YZ, Rao CL, Ao H, Peng C. Panax ginseng and its ginsenosides: potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:617-630. [PMID: 34764717 PMCID: PMC8569258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced side effects affect the quality of life and efficacy of treatment of cancer patients. Current approaches for treating the side effects of chemotherapy are poorly effective and may cause numerous harmful side effects. Therefore, developing new and effective drugs derived from natural non-toxic compounds for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects is necessary. Experiments in vivo and in vitro indicate that Panax ginseng (PG) and its ginsenosides are undoubtedly non-toxic and effective options for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hematopoietic inhibition. The mechanism focus on anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis, as well as the modulation of signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), P62/keap1/Nrf2, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/P53/caspase 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)/JNK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Since a systemic review of the effect and mechanism of PG and its ginsenosides on chemotherapy-induced side effects has not yet been published, we provide a comprehensive summarization with this aim and shed light on the future research of PG.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- ADM, Adriamycin
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMO, Atractylodes macrocephala volatile oil
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BMNC, bone marrow nucleated cells
- CIA, chemotherapy-induced hair loss
- CK, compound K
- CP, cisplatin
- CY, cyclophosphamide
- CYP2E1, Cytochrome P450 E1
- Chemotherapy
- DAC, doses of docetaxel, doxorubicin as well as cyclophosphamide
- ERG, enzyme-treated eRG
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- FBG, fermented black ginseng
- FRG, probiotic-fermented eRG
- FRGE, fermented red ginseng extract
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- Ginsenosides
- HEI-OC1, House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- HSPCS, haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
- IL, interleukin
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KG-KH, the mixture of ginsenosides Rk3 and Rh4
- LLC-PK1, porcine renal proximal epithelial tubular
- LSK, Lin−Sca-1+c-kit+
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDA, malonaldehyde
- MEK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MKK4, mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 4
- Mechanism
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B p65
- NQO, NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2
- PG
- PG, Panax ginseng
- PGFR, PG flower
- PGLF, PG leaf
- PGRT, PG root
- PGS, PG total saponins
- PGSD, PG seeds
- PGSM, PG stem
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- Pharmacological effects
- RG, red ginseng
- RGE, red ginseng extract
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SREBP-1, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1
- Side effects
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- eRG, 50% ethanol-extracted RG
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- wRG, water-extracted RG
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-zhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao-long Rao
- College of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- R&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- R&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Zhang J, Gao S, Li H, Cao M, Li W, Liu X. Immunomodulatory effects of selenium-enriched peptides from soybean in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6322-6334. [PMID: 34760262 PMCID: PMC8565224 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, selenium-enriched soybean peptides (<3 kDa, named Se-SPep) was isolated and purified from the selenium-enriched soybean protein (Se-SPro) hydrolysate by ultrafiltration. The in-vivo immunomodulatory effects of Se-SPep were investigated in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Se-SPep treatment could alleviate the atrophy of immune organs and weight loss observed in immunosuppressive mice. Besides, Se-SPep administration could dramatically improve total protein, albumin, white blood cell, immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and IgA levels in blood. Moreover, Se-SPep strongly stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate productions by up-regulating mRNA expressions of IL-2, IFN-γ, and inducible NO synthase in spleen tissue. Furthermore, Se-SPep exhibits more effective immunomodulatory activity compared to Se-SPro and SPep. In conclusion, Se-SPep could effectively enhance the immune capacity of immunosuppressive mice. These findings confirm Se-SPep is an effective immunomodulator with potential application in functional foods or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation CenterBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Siwei Gao
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation CenterBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - He Li
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation CenterBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mengdi Cao
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijingChina
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation CenterBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinqi Liu
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation CenterBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food AdditivesBeijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijingChina
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Zhao J, Yan T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Geng W, Wang J, Jia L, Wang Y. Lactobacillus plantarum
BC299 can alleviate dextran sulphate sodium‐induced colitis by regulating immune response and modulating gut microbiota. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Ting Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Yanrui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Weitao Geng
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Jinju Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Longgang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300457 China
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Li Y, Yu P, Fu W, Cai L, Yu Y, Feng Z, Wang Y, Zhang F, Yu X, Xu H, Sui D. Ginseng-Astragalus-oxymatrine injection ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice and enhances the immune activity of RAW264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114387. [PMID: 34216728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Ginseng quinquefolium (L.), Astragalus membranaceus, and Sophora flavescens Aiton are popular folk medicines in many Asian countries and regions. These three traditional Chinese herbs and their extracts have been reported to considerably enhance the immune function. G. quinquefolium (L.) is considered the king of herbs in China. Traditionally, G. quinquefolium (L.) is believed to replenish vitality, which is considered as immune enhancement in modern Chinese pharmacy. One of the main uses of Astragalus is immunity enhancement; S. flavescens and oxymatrine obtained from its extract have been used to treat leukopenia. Considering the pharmacological properties of Ginseng, Astragalus, and oxymatrine, we evaluated the immunopotentiation effects of their combination, Ginseng-Astragalus-oxymatrine (GAO), in the present study. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to expand the clinical application of GAO and to preliminarily explore its mechanism of action by determining whether GAO injection can enhance immunity in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Overall, 17 major chemical components in GAO were analysed using HPLC and LC-MS. The immunity-enhancing effect of GAO was studied in the cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressive mouse model and RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS Quantitative analysis showed that the potential active components of GAO include at least ginsenosides, astragaloside IV, and oxymatrine. GAO could significantly improve the nonspecific immunity including the indices of the thymus and spleen, number of peripheral blood leukocytes, levels of TNF-α and IL-6, phagocytic function of macrophages, and cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Additionally, GAO enhanced the humoural immunity, characterised by the antibody production ability of B cells, and cellular immunity, characterised by the activity of T cells, in immunosuppressed mouse. Moreover, GAO could enhance the phagocytic and adhesion functions of RAW 264.7 cells, which may be related to the activation of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signalling pathway. CONCLUSION GAO could dramatically ameliorate CTX-induced immunosuppression in mouse and stimulate the immune activity in RAW 264.7 cells possibly by activating the NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lijian Cai
- Changbaishan Pharmaceutical CO. LTD, Jiaohe, China.
| | - Ying Yu
- Changbaishan Pharmaceutical CO. LTD, Jiaohe, China.
| | | | - Yaozhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Fuyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Wang H, Zheng Y, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Zhao M, Peng C, Shi S. Ginsenosides emerging as both bifunctional drugs and nanocarriers for enhanced antitumor therapies. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:322. [PMID: 34654430 PMCID: PMC8518152 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main components isolated from Panax ginseng, can play a therapeutic role by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and reducing proliferation, invasion, metastasis; by enhancing immune regulation; and by reversing tumor cell multidrug resistance. However, clinical applications have been limited because of ginsenosides' physical and chemical properties such as low solubility and poor stability, as well as their short half-life, easy elimination, degradation, and other pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. In recent years, developing a ginsenoside delivery system for bifunctional drugs or carriers has attracted much attention from researchers. To create a precise treatment strategy for cancer, a variety of nano delivery systems and preparation technologies based on ginsenosides have been conducted (e.g., polymer nanoparticles [NPs], liposomes, micelles, microemulsions, protein NPs, metals and inorganic NPs, biomimetic NPs). It is desirable to design a targeted delivery system to achieve antitumor efficacy that can not only cross various barriers but also can enhance immune regulation, eventually converting to a clinical application. Therefore, this review focused on the latest research about delivery systems encapsulated or modified with ginsenosides, and unification of medicines and excipients based on ginsenosides for improving drug bioavailability and targeting ability. In addition, challenges and new treatment methods were discussed to support the development of these new tumor therapeutic agents for use in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Shariatinia Z, Pourzadi N. Designing novel anticancer drug release vehicles based on mesoporous functionalized MCM-41 nanoparticles. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Han Y, Wang T, Li C, Wang Z, Zhao Y, He J, Fu L, Han B. Ginsenoside Rg3 exerts a neuroprotective effect in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice via its anti-oxidative properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174413. [PMID: 34391769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been shown to possess neuroprotective properties. The present study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice. Rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, leads to the augmentation of reactive oxygen species production in cells. Male C57/BL6 mice were intragastrically administered rotenone (30 mg/kg) and then treated with ginsenoside Rg3 (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg). Pole, rotarod, and open field tests were performed to evaluate motor function. Ginsenoside Rg3 decreased the climbing time in the pole test (p < 0.01), whereas it increased the latency in the rotarod test (p < 0.01) and the total distance (p < 0.01) and mean speed in the open field test (p < 0.01). Ginsenoside Rg3 treatment augmented the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (p < 0.01), mean density of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve fibers (p < 0.01), and dopamine content (p < 0.01) in the striatum and reduced the reactive oxygen species level in the substantia nigra (p < 0.01). Glutathione cysteine ligase regulatory subunit and glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit expression levels were elevated in the ginsenoside Rg3 groups. Ginsenoside Rg3 also improved motor function in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice. The neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg3 are at least partly associated with its anti-oxidative properties via regulation of glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit and glutathione cysteine ligase regulatory subunit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Han
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, PR China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jie He
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Li Fu
- Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicine Development Co., Ltd, Dalian, 116600, PR China.
| | - Bing Han
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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Wang X, Yang Q, Zhou X, Chen T, Dou L, Wang F, Wang W. Shenling Baizhu Powder Inhibits RV-SA11-Induced Inflammation and Rotavirus Enteritis via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:642685. [PMID: 33897431 PMCID: PMC8062900 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.642685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus enteritis (RVE) is a common acute intestinal infectious disease caused by rotavirus infection. It is an important cause of death in children younger than 5 years worldwide. Shenling baizhu powder (SBP), a classic traditional Chinese formulation, is one of the most popularly prescribed medicines for digestive diseases. Clinical studies have revealed the protective effects of SBP on RVE. However, the potential mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-rotavirus effect of SBP and its mechanism, focusing on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated that, based on the inhibition of the virus-induced cytopathic effect in Caco-2 cells, the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) and selectivity index (SI) of SBP for RV-SA11 in the serum were 5.911% and 11.63, respectively. A total of 219 active compounds with oral bioavailability ≥30% and drug-likeness ≥ 0.18 were selected from the 10 ingredients present in the formulation of SBP, which acted on 471 potential targets. A total of 226 target genes of RVE were obtained from the GeneCards database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network showed that there was a close interaction between 44 common targets of SBP and RVE. The results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that SBP acted on RVE through various inflammatory pathways and the intestinal immune network. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of SBP on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. After infection with RV- SA11, the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA and protein increased significantly, which could be abolished by SBP treatment. In addition, the IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-β levels increased markedly in Caco-2 cells infected with RV-SV11. Treatment with SBP partly reversed the changes of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, while further increased the level of IFN-β. In conclusion, our study revealed that SBP can significantly inhibit rotavirus replication and proliferation in vitro. The antiviral effect may be related to the regulation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, followed by the down regulation of inflammatory cytokines and up regulation of IFN-β induced by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Linyi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital-Endoscopic Centre, Linyi, China
| | - Ting Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Dou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Furong Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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He M, Wang N, Zheng W, Cai X, Qi D, Zhang Y, Han C. Ameliorative effects of ginsenosides on myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113581. [PMID: 33189841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and ethnopharmacological relevance: As the major side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, myelosuppression usually leads to anemia, hemorrhage, immunosuppression, and even fatal infections, which may discontinue the process of cancer treatment. As a result, more and more attention is paid to the treatment of myelosuppression. Ginseng, root of Panax ginseng Meyer (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey), is considered as the king of herbs in the Orient, particularly in China, Korea and Japan. Ginsenosides, the most important active ingredients of ginseng, have been shown to have a variety of therapeutic effects, such as neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties. Considering that ginsenosides are closely associated with the pathogenesis of myelosuppression, researchers have carried out a few experiments on ginsenosides to attenuate myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy in recent years. AIM OF THE STUDY To summarize previous studies about the effects of ginsenosides on alleviating myelosuppression and the mechanisms of action. METHODS Literatures in this review were searched in PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. RESULTS Ginsenosides play an important role in relieving myelosuppression predominantly by restoring hematopoiesis and immunity. CONCLUSION Ginsenosides might be potential candidates for the treatment of myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao He
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China.
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, PR China.
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, PR China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, PR China.
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Ali SA, Singh G, Datusalia AK. Potential therapeutic applications of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators: Pre-clinical and clinical evidences. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3702-3731. [PMID: 33734511 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and infectious diseases are the major public health issues and have gained great attention in the last few years for the search of new agents with therapeutic benefits on the host immune functions. In recent years, natural products (NPs) have been studied broadly for their multi-targeted activities under pathological conditions. Interestingly, several attempts have been made to outline the immunomodulatory properties of NPs. Research on in-vitro and in-vivo models have shown the immunomodulatory activity of NPs, is due to their antiinflammatory property, induction of phagocytosis and immune cells stimulation activity. Moreover, studies on humans have suggested that phytomedicines reduce inflammation and could provide appropriate benefits either in single form or complex combinations with other agents preventing disease progression, subsequently enhancing the efficacy of treatment to combat multiple malignancies. However, the exact mechanism of immunomodulation is far from clear, warranting more detailed investigations on their effectiveness. Nevertheless, the reduction of inflammatory cascades is considered as a prime protective mechanism in a number of inflammation regulated autoimmune diseases. Altogether, this review will discuss the biological activities of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides and so forth, against various diseases and their potential use as an immunomodulatory agent under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
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Liu Z, Liu T, Li W, Li J, Wang C, Zhang K. Insights into the antitumor mechanism of ginsenosides Rg3. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2639-2652. [PMID: 33661439 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng, an ancient herb, belonging to Chinese traditional medicine, is an important herb that has a remarkable impact on various diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3, one of the most abundant ginsenosides, exerts significant functions in the prevention of various types of cancers with few side effects. In the present review, its functional molecular mechanisms are explored, including the improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties, immune regulation, induction of tumor apoptosis, prevention of tumor invasion and metastasis, tumor proliferation and angiogenesis, and reduction of chemoresistance and radioresistance. On the other hand, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and clinical indications of Rg3 are also discussed. The biological functional role of ginsenoside Rg3 may be associated with that it is a steroid glycoside with diverse biological activities and many signaling pathway can be regulated. Many clinical trials are highly needed to confirm the functions of ginsenoside Rg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- Department of New Drug Research Office, College of Pharmacy of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Immunomodulatory effects of fermented fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit extracts on cyclophosphamide-treated mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Zhang B, Pan W, Deng Y, He H, Gou J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yin T, Liu D, Tang X. Panax quinquefolium saponin liposomes prepared by passive drug loading for improving intestinal absorption. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1684-1694. [PMID: 32996345 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) composed of 45% pseudo-ginsenoside F11 (PF11), is a natural mixture of sterol compounds obtained from the American ginseng plant, having numerous promising benefits for health. However, low solubility and permeability limit the development of PQS as a therapeutic agent for oral administration. In this study, PQS liposomes (PQS-Lips) were prepared by thin layer hydration, an in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model was used to verify the improvement of membrane permeability of PQS-Lips. PQS-Lips had a high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 65%∼70%, a particle size about 100.0 nm, and a zeta potential of -60 mV with regular spherical surface. FTIR and DSC showed the PQS in liposomes were amorphous, indicating that hydrogen bonds formed between one or several hydroxyl groups in PQS and C-O group at the phospholipid polar terminal. In addition, PQS-Lips showed sustained release in vitro than PQS at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, and PQS-Lips had good stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. Then, the absorption rate (K a) and effective permeability coefficient (P eff) of PQS-Lips in the whole small intestine were significantly higher than those in PQS solution (PQS-Sol), which proved that the PQS-Lips could significantly increase the membrane permeability of PQS and promote its absorption in the small intestine. From the experimental results, it could be known that liposome technology could effectively improve the absorption of PQS in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Wenli Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yaxin Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Dongchun Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Differences in Intestinal Metabolism of Ginseng Between Normal and Immunosuppressed Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 46:93-104. [PMID: 32894450 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ginseng is usually consumed as a dietary supplement for health care in the normal state or prescribed as a herbal medicine in pathologic conditions. Although metabolic studies of ginseng are commonly performed on healthy organisms, the metabolic characteristics in pathologic organisms remain unexplored. This study aimed to uncover the difference in intestinal metabolism of ginseng between normal and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats and further discuss the potential mechanisms involved. METHODS Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old) were randomly divided into two groups: the normal group (NG) and immunosuppressed group (ISG). Rats in the NG and ISG groups were intraperitoneally administered normal saline and cyclophosphamide injections (40 mg/kg) on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 10th days; on the 12th day, all rats were intragastrically administered ginseng water extract (900 mg/kg). The difference in intestinal metabolism of ginseng was compared using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, and the diversities of gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing between the two groups. RESULTS The intestinal metabolomic characteristics of ginseng were significantly different between the normal and immunosuppressed rats, with the ginsenoside F2 (F2), 20S-ginsenoside Rg3 (20(S)-Rg3), pseudo-ginsenoside Rt5 (Pseudo-Rt5), ginsenoside Rd (Rd), ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1), 20S-ginsenoside Rg1 (20(S)-Rg1), ginsenoside compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2) and 20S-panaxatriol (S-PPT) more abundant in immunosuppressed ones (P < 0.05). Additionally, the composition of gut microbiota was remarkably altered in the two groups, with some specific bacterial communities such as Bacteroides spp., Eubacterium spp. and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010 spp. increased and Bifidobacterium spp. decreased in immunosuppressed rats compared with normal ones. CONCLUSION The intestinal metabolism of ginseng in immunosuppressed rats was significantly different from that in normal ones, which might be partly attributed to the changes in the intensity of specific gut bacteria. The outcomes of this study could provide scientific data for rationalization of ginseng use as both a dietary supplement and herbal medicine.
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Park JW, Park JH, Han JW. Fermented Ginseng Extract, BST204, Suppresses Tumorigenesis and Migration of Embryonic Carcinoma through Inhibition of Cancer Stem Cell Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143128. [PMID: 32650569 PMCID: PMC7397298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of BST204—a fermented ginseng extract—on several types of cancers have been reported. However, the effects of ginseng products or single ginsenosides against cancer stem cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we identified the anti-tumorigenic and anti-invasive activities of BST204 through the suppression of the cancer stem cell marker, CD133. The treatment of embryonic carcinoma cells with BST204 induced the expression of the tumor suppressor protein, p53, which decreased the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and downregulated the expression of CD133 and several stemness transcription factors. These changes resulted in both the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The knockdown of CD133 suggests that it has a role in tumorigenesis, but not in cancer cell proliferation or cell cycle arrest. Treatment with BST204 resulted in the reduced expression of the mesenchymal marker, N-cadherin, and the increased expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, leading to the suppression of tumor cell migration and invasion. The knockdown of CD133 also exhibited an anti-invasive effect, indicating the role of CD133 in tumor invasion. The single ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2—major components of BST204—exhibited limited effects against cancer stem cells compared to BST204, suggesting possible synergism among several ginsenoside compounds.
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Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes regression from hepatic fibrosis through reducing inflammation-mediated autophagy signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:454. [PMID: 32532964 PMCID: PMC7293224 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and autophagy occur during hepatic fibrosis development caused by various pathogens, and effectively curbing of autophage may delay the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis. The current study aimed to unravel the inhibitory effects of Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) on inflammation-mediated hepatic autophagy to curb hepatic fibrosis caused by thioacetamide (TAA)-induced subacute and chronic hepatic injury. TAA is mainly metabolized in the liver to cause liver dysfunction. After intraperitoneal injection of TAA for 4 or 10 weeks (TAA-chronic mouse models), severe inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis occurred in the liver. Treatment with G-Rg3 alleviated hepatic pathological changes and reversed hepatic fibrosis in the TAA-chronic models with decreased deposition of collagen fibers, reduced expression of HSCs activation marker (α-SMA), and reduced secretion of profibrogenic factors (TGF-β1). G-Rg3 decreased expressions of autophagy-related proteins in mice of TAA-chronic models. Notably, G-Rg3 inhibited the survival of activated rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6), but had no cytotoxicity on human hepatocytes (L02 cell lines). G-Rg3 dose-dependently inhibited autophagy in vitro with less expression of p62 and fewer LC3a transformation into LC3b in inflammatory inducer lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, G-Rg3 enhanced the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) in vivo and in vitro. Besides, mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin and PI3K inhibitors LY294002 were employed in LPS-treated HSC-T6 cell cultures to verify that Rg3 partially reversed the increase in autophagy in hepatic fibrosis in vitro. Taken together, G-Rg3 exerted anti-fibrosis effect through the inhibition of autophagy in TAA-treated mice and LPS-stimulated HSC-T6 cells. These data collectively unravel that G-Rg3 may serve a promising anti-hepatic fibrosis drug.
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