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Chun KS, Kim EH, Kim DH, Song NY, Kim W, Na HK, Surh YJ. Targeting cyclooxygenase-2 for chemoprevention of inflammation-associated intestinal carcinogenesis: An update. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116259. [PMID: 38705538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that persistent inflammation functions as a driving force in the journey to cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme involved in inflammatory signaling. While being transiently upregulated upon inflammatory stimuli, COX-2 has been found to be consistently overexpressed in human colorectal cancer and several other malignancies. The association between chronic inflammation and cancer has been revisited: cancer can arise when inflammation fails to resolve. Besides its proinflammatory functions, COX-2 also catalyzes the production of pro-resolving as well as anti-inflammatory metabolites from polyunsaturated fatty acids. This may account for the side effects caused by long term use of some COX-2 inhibitory drugs during the cancer chemopreventive trials. This review summarizes the latest findings highlighting the dual functions of COX-2 in the context of its implications in the development, maintenance, and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42691, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Wonki Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Santiso A, Heinemann A, Kargl J. Prostaglandin E2 in the Tumor Microenvironment, a Convoluted Affair Mediated by EP Receptors 2 and 4. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:388-413. [PMID: 38697857 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) system in cancer progression has long been recognized. PGE2 functions as an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule with pleiotropic effects in the human body. High levels of intratumoral PGE2 and overexpression of the key metabolic enzymes of PGE2 have been observed and suggested to contribute to tumor progression. This has been claimed for different types of solid tumors, including, but not limited to, lung, breast, and colon cancer. PGE2 has direct effects on tumor cells and angiogenesis that are known to promote tumor development. However, one of the main mechanisms behind PGE2 driving cancerogenesis is currently thought to be anchored in suppressed antitumor immunity, thus providing possible therapeutic targets to be used in cancer immunotherapies. EP2 and EP4, two receptors for PGE2, are emerging as being the most relevant for this purpose. This review aims to summarize the known roles of PGE2 in the immune system and its functions within the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has long been known to be a signaling molecule in cancer. Its presence in tumors has been repeatedly associated with disease progression. Elucidation of its effects on immunological components of the tumor microenvironment has highlighted the potential of PGE2 receptor antagonists in cancer treatment, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. Adjuvant treatment could increase the response rates and the efficacy of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santiso
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Liang M, Zhan W, Wang L, Bei W, Wang W. Ginsenoside Rb1 Promotes Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis to Ameliorate T2DM Through 15-PGDH/PGE 2/EP4 Signaling Pathway. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:3223-3234. [PMID: 37867629 PMCID: PMC10590136 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s431423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), one of the crucial bioactive constituents in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., possesses anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) property. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism, particularly the impact of Rb1 on hepatic glycogen production, a crucial process in the advancement of T2DM, remains poorly understood. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is responsible for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inactivation. A recent study has reported that inhibition of 15-PGDH promoted hepatic glycogen synthesis and improved T2DM. Therefore, herein, we aimed to investigate whether Rb1 ameliorated T2DM through 15-PGDH/PGE2-regulated hepatic glycogen synthesis. Methods By combining streptozotocin with a high-fat diet, we successfully established a mouse model for T2DM. Afterward, these mice were administered Rb1 or metformin for 8 weeks. An insulin-resistant cell model was established by incubating LO2 cells with palmitic acid. Liver glycogen and PGE2 levels, the expression levels of 15-PGDH, serine/threonine kinase AKT (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) were measured. Molecular docking was used to predict the binding affinity between 15-PGDH and Rb1. Results Rb1 administration increased the phosphorylation levels of AKT and GSK3β to enhance glycogen synthesis in the liver of T2DM mice. Molecular docking indicated that Rb1 had a high affinity for 15-PGDH. Moreover, Rb1 treatment resulted in the suppression of elevated 15-PGDH levels and the elevation of decreased PGE2 levels in the liver of T2DM mice. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that Rb1 administration might enhance glycogen production by modulating the 15-PGDH/PGE2/PGE2 receptor EP4 pathway. Conclusion Our findings indicate that Rb1 may enhance liver glycogen production through a 15-PGDH-dependent pathway to ameliorate T2DM, thereby offering a new explanation for the positive impact of Rb1 on T2DM and supporting its potential as an effective therapeutic approach for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lexun Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixuan Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Lu Q, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Zhang Z. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: genetics, clinical features and management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1235040. [PMID: 37705574 PMCID: PMC10497106 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1235040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a genetic disorder mainly characterized by clubbing fingers, pachydermia and periostosis. Mutations in the HPGD or SLCO2A1 gene lead to impaired prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) degradation, thus elevating PGE2 levels. The identification of the causative genes has provided a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. PHO can be divided into three subtypes according to its pathogenic gene and inheritance patterns. The onset age, sex ratio and clinical features differ among subtypes. The synthesis and signaling pathways of PGE2 are outlined in this review. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is the key enzyme that acts as the rate-limiting step for prostaglandin production, thus COX-2 inhibitors have been used to treat this disease. Although this treatment showed effective results, it has side effects that restrain its use. Here, we reviewed the genetics, clinical features, differential diagnosis and current treatment options of PHO according to our many years of clinical research on the disease. We also discussed probable treatment that may be an option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Beccacece L, Abondio P, Bini C, Pelotti S, Luiselli D. The Link between Prostanoids and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044193. [PMID: 36835616 PMCID: PMC9962914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global deaths, and many risk factors contribute to their pathogenesis. In this context, prostanoids, which derive from arachidonic acid, have attracted attention for their involvement in cardiovascular homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Prostanoids are the target of several drugs, but it has been shown that some of them increase the risk of thrombosis. Overall, many studies have shown that prostanoids are tightly associated with cardiovascular diseases and that several polymorphisms in genes involved in their synthesis and function increase the risk of developing these pathologies. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms linking prostanoids to cardiovascular diseases and we provide an overview of genetic polymorphisms that increase the risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Beccacece
- Computational Genomics Lab, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Paolo Abondio
- aDNA Lab, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Carla Bini
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Susi Pelotti
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- aDNA Lab, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
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Prostanoid Metabolites as Biomarkers in Human Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080721. [PMID: 36005592 PMCID: PMC9414732 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) together form the prostanoid family of lipid mediators. As autacoids, these five primary prostanoids propagate intercellular signals and are involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, alterations in their biosynthesis accompany a wide range of pathological conditions, which leads to substantially increased local levels during disease. Primary prostanoids are chemically instable and rapidly metabolized. Their metabolites are more stable, integrate the local production on a systemic level, and their analysis in various biological matrices yields valuable information under different pathological settings. Therefore, prostanoid metabolites may be used as diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers in human disease. Although their potential as biomarkers is great and extensive research has identified major prostanoid metabolites that serve as target analytes in different biofluids, the number of studies that correlate prostanoid metabolite levels to disease outcome is still limited. We review the metabolism of primary prostanoids in humans, summarize the levels of prostanoid metabolites in healthy subjects, and highlight existing biomarker studies. Since analysis of prostanoid metabolites is challenging because of ongoing metabolism and limited half-lives, an emphasis of this review lies on the reliable measurement and interpretation of obtained levels.
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Moraes Holst L, Halfvarson J, Carlson M, Hedin C, Kruse R, Lindqvist CM, Bergemalm D, Almér S, Bresso F, Ling Lundström M, Repsilber D, D’Amato M, Keita Å, Hjortswang H, Söderholm J, Sundin J, Törnblom H, Simrén M, Strid H, Magnusson MK, Öhman L. Downregulated Mucosal Autophagy, Alpha Kinase-1 and IL-17 Signaling Pathways in Active and Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2022; 15:129-144. [PMID: 35928254 PMCID: PMC9343467 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s368040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved mucosal immune profiling in active and quiescent colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is needed to develop therapeutic options for treating and preventing flares. This study therefore aimed to provide a comprehensive mucosal characterization with emphasis on immunological host response of patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC active), UC during remission (UC remission) and active colonic Crohn’s disease (CD active). Methods Colonic biopsies from 47 study subjects were collected for gene expression and pathway analyses using the NanoString host-response panel, including 776 genes and 56 immune-related pathways. Results The majority of mucosal gene expression and signaling pathway scores were increased in active IBD (n=27) compared to healthy subjects (n=10). However, both active IBD and UC remission (n=10) demonstrated decreased gene expression and signaling pathway scores related to autophagy, alpha kinase-1 and IL-17 signaling pathways compared to healthy subjects. Further, UC remission was characterized by decreased scores of several signaling pathways linked to homeostasis along with increased mononuclear cell migration pathway score as compared to healthy subjects. No major differences in the colonic mucosal gene expression between CD active (n=7) and UC (n=20) active were observed. Conclusion This study indicates that autophagy, alpha kinase-1 and IL-17 signaling pathways are persistently downregulated in UC irrespective of disease activity. Further, UC patients in remission present a unique mucosal environment, potentially preventing patients from reaching and sustaining true homeostasis. These findings may enable better comprehension of the remitting and relapsing pattern of colonic IBD and guide future treatment and prevention of flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Moraes Holst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Hedin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl Mårten Lindqvist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daniel Bergemalm
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sven Almér
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Bresso
- Karolinska University Hospital, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatovenereology and Rheumatology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Dirk Repsilber
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE - BRTA, Derio, Spain
| | - Åsa Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hjortswang
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Söderholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sundin
- Department of Internal Medicine & Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hans Strid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: Lena Öhman, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Tel +46703616499, Email
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