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Ugarte DAB, Hanley A, Dusek JA, Martin S, Cumberland W, Young S. Feasibility and Acceptability of Online Recruitment and an Online Brief Mindfulness Intervention Among Patients With Sickle Cell Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e35073. [PMID: 36942188 PMCID: PMC10024608 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pain among young adult patients with sickle cell disease (PWSCD) is a highly significant public health problem associated with reduced quality of life. Due to issues uniquely affecting PWSCD, including distrust of research, challenging life situations, debilitating pain, stigma, and logistical challenges (e.g., child or elder care and transportation), SCD researchers often find it challenging to meet sample size and enrollment targets. To our knowledge, all known SCD studies have solely recruited participants in person (e.g., clinics and local organizations) and utilized lengthy interventions with suboptimal recruitment and retention results. Newer recruitment methods, such as online recruitment, need to be explored for research among PWSCD. In this pilot project, we sought to address these challenges by investigating: 1) a novel method of using online outreach to recruit/enroll young PWSCD and 2) a novel, brief online mindfulness intervention adapted from Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE): Mini-MORE designed to treat pain among PWSCD. Methods Participants (N = 32) were recruited online (e.g., paid advertisements on Facebook and NextDoor; free advertisements on Facebook groups and Reddit) and screened by phone from October 25 to November 8, 2022. Participants watched an online Mini-MORE video. Immediately before and after watching the video, participants rated their pain intensity and unpleasantness on an 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS). Afterward, participants were emailed an individualized link to additional audio recordings for ongoing practice. Immediately before and after accessing the additional recordings, participants rated their pain intensity, anxiety, and depression on an 11-point NRS. T-tests were used to examine the impact of Mini MORE on outcomes at two-time points. Results A total of 84 participants completed the self-screening. The majority of self-screeners resulted from free posts in Facebook groups (77%), Reddit (1%), and Craigslist (6%). Thirty-two (32) eligible participants agreed to join a Zoom meeting to watch the video. The entire Mini-MORE video was viewed by 31 of 32 participants (97%). Pain intensity decreased by 1.7 points (p<0.001, Cohen's d=2.19), and pain unpleasantness decreased by 2.1 points (p<0.001, Cohen's d=2.20). Listening to the supplemental recordings was associated with significant, immediate decreases in pain intensity by 1.3 points (p=0.015, Cohen's d=2.05), anxiety by 1.8 points (p=0.022, Cohen's d=3.10), and depression by 1.74 points (p=0.019, Cohen's d=2.94). Conclusions Results suggest that online methods are feasible in recruiting and enrolling young PWSCD, and the online Mini-MORE intervention is acceptable among PWSCD. Future research is needed to assess whether Mini-MORE is associated with decreased pain symptomology in young PWSCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Hanley
- Psychology, College of Social Work, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jeffery A Dusek
- Integrative/Complementary Medicine, Connor Whole Health, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - Sarah Martin
- Anesthesiology, University of California Irvine, Orange County, USA
| | | | - Sean Young
- Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange County, USA
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Beukes EW, Andersson G, Manchaiah V. Patient Uptake, Experiences, and Process Evaluation of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus in the United States. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:771646. [PMID: 34869490 PMCID: PMC8635963 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.771646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) offers a way to increase access to evidence-based tinnitus care. To increase the accessibility of this intervention, the materials were translated into Spanish to reach Spanish as well as English speakers. A clinical trial indicated favorable outcomes of ICBT for tinnitus for the population of the United States. In view of later dissemination, a way to increase the applicability of this intervention is required. Such understanding is best obtained by considering the perspectives and experiences of participants of an intervention. This study aimed to identify the processes that could facilitate or hinder the clinical implementation of ICBT in the United States. Methods: This study evaluated the processes regarding enrolment, allocation, intervention delivery, the outcomes obtained, and the trial implementation. The study sample consisted of 158 participants who were randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. Results: Although the recruitment was sufficient for English speakers, recruiting the Spanish participants and participants belonging to ethnic minority groups was difficult despite using a wide range of recruitment strategies. The allocation processes were effective in successfully randomizing the groups. The intervention was delivered as planned, but not all the participants chose to engage with the materials provided. Compliance for completing the outcome measures was low. The personal and intervention factors were identified as barriers for the implementation whereas the facilitators included the support received, being empowering, the accessibility of the intervention, and its structure. Conclusion: An understanding regarding the factors contributing to the outcomes obtained, the barriers and facilitators of the results, engagement, and compliance were obtained. These insights will be helpful in preparing for the future dissemination of such interventions. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04004260. Registered on 2 July 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldre W. Beukes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, School of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Virtual Hearing Lab, a Collaborative Initiative Between Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States, and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vinaya Manchaiah
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States
- Virtual Hearing Lab, a Collaborative Initiative Between Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States, and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Speech and Hearing, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Cook SK, Jerome RN, Dunagan J, Kennedy N, Edwards T, Minnix JA, Witmer L, Ferguson J, Cinciripini P, Wilkins C, Harris P. Engaging smokers in research: Utility of Facebook in facilitating recruitment to a smoking cessation study. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 107:106461. [PMID: 34098038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social media, including Facebook outreach, is increasingly being used as a participant recruitment tool, and may be particularly useful in tobacco and smoking cessation studies. The Recruitment Innovation Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center partnered with Project LUNA, a smoking cessation study, to conduct a pilot social media campaign aimed at increasing study recruitment. METHODS Two posts encouraging study participation were developed and promoted on Facebook to users with an interest in smoking-related topics, with a link to a study-specific webpage. Facebook and website analytics were collected, including impressions, clicks, click-through rates, website traffic, and clicks to the study screening form. Study screening and enrollment data were also collected. RESULTS The Facebook campaign ran in June 2019 in the greater Houston area. In total, the Facebook posts logged 1,179,844 impressions, 6490 clicks, and an overall click-through rate of 0.55%. There were no differences in response to the two different promotional posts. Approximately 3812 unique individuals visited an intermediary study page, with 473 expressing interest in the study. Forty-three potential participants contacted the study team, resulting in study enrollment and randomization of 23 participants, with an estimated cost per enrolled participant of $441. CONCLUSIONS The social media campaign was successful at increasing outreach and interest in the LUNA study. However, the price-per-participant enrolled was higher than in comparable tobacco cessation studies. These results and lessons learned may be beneficial to others considering social media as a recruitment method for their clinical research trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Cook
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Rebecca N Jerome
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Julia Dunagan
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Nan Kennedy
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Terri Edwards
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Jennifer A Minnix
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, Dan L. Duncan Building, 3rd floor, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leann Witmer
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, Dan L. Duncan Building, 3rd floor, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, Dan L. Duncan Building, 3rd floor, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul Cinciripini
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, Dan L. Duncan Building, 3rd floor, 1155 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Consuelo Wilkins
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Office of Health Equity, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd, Jr. Boulevard Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Paul Harris
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37203, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Bond MH, Bunge EL, Leykin Y, Barrera AZ, Wickham RE, Barlow MR, Reyes S, Pineda B, Ceja AM, Cano M, Muñoz RF. Development and usability of a Spanish/English smoking cessation website: lessons learned. Mhealth 2021; 7:30. [PMID: 33898599 PMCID: PMC8063005 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth-19-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cessation Internet interventions have been shown to be comparable in effectiveness to the nicotine patch. The aim of this study was to develop a Spanish/English smoking cessation web app using input from low-income smokers, and to evaluate modifications to the online intervention in terms of its ability to engage smokers. METHODS Three versions of a smoking cessation web app were developed and tested. Measures of engagement, such as completion of study registration, utilization of cigarette, mood, and craving trackers, and completion of follow-up assessments, were collected to determine whether changes in the website resulted in increased engagement. RESULTS The third version of the website, which featured improved look-and-feel and fewer barriers to engagement, markedly increased tracker engagement from the first two versions. However, follow-up rates remained low across all three versions. CONCLUSIONS The increase in engagement was attributed to the following modifications: A more inviting landing page with key intervention elements available immediately; an easily accessible dashboard with users' data; and tracking tools that were more user friendly. We conclude that in addition to adequate and functional elements, design principles are key factors in increasing engagement in online interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Leykin
- i4Health at Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - M Rose Barlow
- i4Health at Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sara Reyes
- i4Health at Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Blanca Pineda
- i4Health at Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Monique Cano
- i4Health at Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Sanchez C, Grzenda A, Varias A, Widge AS, Carpenter LL, McDonald WM, Nemeroff CB, Kalin NH, Martin G, Tohen M, Filippou-Frye M, Ramsey D, Linos E, Mangurian C, Rodriguez CI. Social media recruitment for mental health research: A systematic review. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 103:152197. [PMID: 32992073 PMCID: PMC7704547 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media holds exciting promise for advancing mental health research recruitment, however, the extent and efficacy to which these platforms are currently in use are underexplored. OBJECTIVE A systematic review was conducted to characterize the current use and efficacy of social media in recruiting participants for mental health research. METHOD A literature review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO. Only non-duplicative manuscripts written in the English language and published between 1/1/2004-3/31/2019 were selected for further screening. Data extracted included study type and design, participant inclusion criteria, social media platform, advertising strategy, final recruited sample size, recruitment location, year, monetary incentives, comparison to other recruitment methods if performed, and final cost per participant. RESULTS A total of 176 unique studies that used social media for mental health research recruitment were reviewed. The majority of studies were cross-sectional (62.5%) in design and recruited adults. Facebook was overwhelmingly the recruitment platform of choice (92.6%), with the use of paid advertisements being the predominant strategy (60.8%). Of the reviewed studies, substance abuse (43.8%) and mood disorders (15.3%) were the primary subjects of investigation. In 68.3% of studies, social media recruitment performed as well as or better than traditional recruitment methods in the number and cost of final enrolled participants. The majority of studies used Facebook for recruitment at a median cost per final recruited study participant of $19.47. In 55.6% of the studies, social media recruitment was the more cost-effective recruitment method when compared to traditional methods (e.g., referrals, mailing). CONCLUSION Social media appears to be an effective and economical recruitment tool for mental health research. The platform raises methodological and privacy concerns not covered in current research regulations that warrant additional consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne Grzenda
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Varias
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William M McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Glenn Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Maria Filippou-Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Drew Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleni Linos
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Mangurian
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn I Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Obamiro K, West S, Lee S. Like, comment, tag, share: Facebook interactions in health research. Int J Med Inform 2020; 137:104097. [PMID: 32092667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A key aspect of the Internet that facilitates research is social media, especially the meteoric rise in the use of Facebook as one of the primary applications for social connectivity. Facebook can be considered a rich source of data due to the high amounts of demographic information shared by users and stored in the system, as well as the way in which users share their thoughts and behaviour in their natural environment. This report focuses on one functionality that as yet remained under-discussed and perhaps under-utilised as a tool in health research - the ability for participants or interested parties to leave comments directly on Facebook posts relating to research projects. Further, this report provides some considerations for researchers intending to use Facebook in recruiting participants for research. METHODS The study was a Bowel Cancer Awareness Study conducted by the Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania to assess bowel cancer risk awareness in Tasmania. Participants were recruited to complete a survey on LimeSurveyTM via a Facebook page used to advertise the study. Several comments were made on the Facebook page over a three-month period, which were then further categorised and thematically analysed. Specifically, these comments were reviewed to determine how valuable Facebook comments can be for research. RESULTS The Facebook advertisement for the survey reached 136,640 people at a cost of $0.04 (4 cents) per person. From the range of comments received, four separate functions of these comments became apparent upon analysis - the capacity to ask questions, the ability to interact with others, promotion of the survey, and suggestions for future research. DISCUSSION From the bowel cancer awareness study, we found that Facebook comments on our study page allowed for an opportunity for ongoing contact with respondents, opportunity to receive feedback, address concerns and harness future research ideas. The ability to further utilize the potential for Facebook comments to enrich data collection and health research warrants a continuous and sustained interest, as research methodology progressively utilises the Internet and social media platforms as an effective and affordable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Obamiro
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania.
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Newcastle.
| | - Simone Lee
- Centre for Rural Health, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania
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Muñoz RF, Pineda BS, Llamas JA. Indigeneity, diversity, and equity in Internet interventions: Could ISRII contribute to making health care a universal human right? Internet Interv 2019; 18:100269. [PMID: 31890622 PMCID: PMC6926266 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2019.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a partially revised version of a keynote address presented at the 10th Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Research on Internet Interventions (ISRII) in Auckland, New Zealand. It addresses six points: 1) the meanings of indigeneity, diversity, and equity, 2) the strong emotional reactions elicited by the inequities experienced by indigenous groups throughout the world, 3) the aspirations of members of ISRII in terms of what we would like our field to accomplish to address these inequities, 4) the United Nations goal of making health care a universal human right, 5) the difficulties encountered by other health sciences in attempting to include diverse populations into major studies, and 6) ways in which the Internet interventions and digital health field could include indigeneity, diversity, and equity in our work, and by doing so, contribute to the United Nations goal of making health care a universal human right. The authors suggest that providing access to health care to all people, no matter where they are on the socioeconomic continuum, is a key strategy to pursue. The field of Internet interventions could contribute by creating digital apothecaries that would develop, evaluate, and disseminate evidence-based Massive Open Online Interventions to anyone in the world who needs them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F. Muñoz
- Institute for International Internet Interventions for Health (i4Health), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Blanca S. Pineda
- Institute for International Internet Interventions for Health (i4Health), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jazmin A. Llamas
- Institute for International Internet Interventions for Health (i4Health), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Pratap A, Allred R, Duffy J, Rivera D, Lee HS, Renn BN, Areán PA. Contemporary Views of Research Participant Willingness to Participate and Share Digital Data in Biomedical Research. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1915717. [PMID: 31747031 PMCID: PMC6902809 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Using social media to recruit participants is a common and cost-effective practice. Willingness to participate (WTP) in biomedical research is a function of trust in the scientific team, which is closely tied to the source of funding and institutional connections. OBJECTIVE To determine whether WTP and willingness to share social media data are associated with the type of research team and online recruitment platform. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This mixed-methods longitudinal survey and qualitative study was conducted over 2 points (T1 and T2) using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. Participants were US adults aged 18 years or older who use at least 1 social media platform. Recruitment was stratified to match race/ethnicity proportions of the 2010 US Census. The volunteer sample consisted of 914 participants at T1, and 655 participants completed the follow-up survey 5 months later (T2). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcomes were (1) past experience with online research and sharing social media data for research; (2) WTP in research advertised online; (3) WTP in a study sponsored by a pharmaceutical company, a university, or a federal agency; and (4) willingness to share social media data. Opinions were solicited regarding the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation statute, which came into effect between T1 and T2. RESULTS Of 914 participants completing the first survey (T1), 604 (66.1%) were aged 18 to 39 years and 494 (54.0%) were female. Of these, 655 participants (71.7%) responded at T2. While 680 participants (74.4%) indicated WTP in biomedical research, only 454 (49.3%) were willing to share their social media data. Participants were significantly less likely to participate in federally sponsored (odds ratio [OR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.51-0.64; P < .001) or pharmaceutical company (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.53-0.66; P < .001) research than university-led studies. They were also less likely to share their social medial data for federal (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.58-0.72; P < .001) or pharmaceutical company (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.44-0.56; P < .001) research compared with academic studies. Willingness to participate in pharmaceutical company-led research decreased 11.89% from T1 to T2 (OR for T2, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.54-0.77; P < .001). Reasons for WTP were interest in furthering science, financial incentives, trust in the organization, and data security. While 63.0% of respondents reported seeing new privacy policy emails related to the General Data Protection Regulation law, only 27.1% indicated this positively influenced their WTP. Thematic analysis of responses indicated that WTP may improve with stronger data security measures. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that researchers may see reduced online research participation and data sharing, particularly for research conducted outside academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Pratap
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan Allred
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jaden Duffy
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Donovan Rivera
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Heather Sophia Lee
- Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Brenna N. Renn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Patricia A. Areán
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
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