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Ciardullo S, Morieri ML, Daniele G, Fiorentino TV, Mezza T, Tricò D, Consoli A, Del Prato S, Giorgino F, Piro S, Solini A, Avogaro A. GLP1-GIP receptor co-agonists: a promising evolution in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:941-950. [PMID: 38831203 PMCID: PMC11329401 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes represents a growing challenge for global public health. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide, and, like obesity, it affects progressively younger populations compared to the past, with potentially greater impact on chronic complications. Dual glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor agonists are among the new pharmacological strategies recently developed to address this challenge. Tirzepatide, characterized by its ability to selectively bind and activate receptors for the intestinal hormones GIP and GLP-1, has been tested in numerous clinical studies and is already currently authorized in several countries for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this context, the aim of the present document is to summarize, in the form of a narrative literature review, the currently available data on the main mechanisms of action of GIP/GLP-1 co-agonists and the clinical effects of tirzepatide evaluated in various clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ciardullo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza, Via Modigliani 10, 20900, Monza, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppe Daniele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Center for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Department of Medicine and Translational Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Consoli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST, Ex CeSIMet) G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Pescara Health Service, Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Unit of Metabolic Disease, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Go CY, Shin J, Choi MK, Jung IH, Kim KC. Switchable Design of Redox-Enhanced Nonaromatic Quinones Enabled by Conjugation Recovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311155. [PMID: 38117071 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An innovative switchable design strategy for modulating the electronic structures of quinones is proposed herein, leading to remarkably enhanced intrinsic redox potentials by restoring conjugated but nonaromatic backbone architectures. Computational validation of two fundamental hypotheses confirms the recovery of backbone conjugation and optimal utilization of the inductive effect in switched quinones, which affords significantly improved redox chemistry and overall performance compared to reference quinones. Geometric and electronic analyses provide strong evidence for the restored backbone conjugation and nonaromaticity in the switched quinones, while highlighting the reinforcement of the inductive effect and suppression of the resonance effect. This strategic approach facilitates the development of an exceptional quinone, viz. 2,6-naphthoquinone, with outstanding performance parameters (338.9 mAh g-1 and 912.9 mWh g-1). Furthermore, 2,6-anthraquinone with superior cyclic stability, demonstrates comparable performance (257.4 mAh g-1 and 702.8 mWh g-1). These findings offer valuable insights into the design of organic cathode materials with favorable redox chemistry in secondary batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Young Go
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Shin
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, The Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyu Choi
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwan Jung
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, The Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chul Kim
- Computational Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, The Republic of Korea
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Prosper A, Pasqualetti M, Morrone MC, Lunghi C. The duration effect of short-term monocular deprivation measured by binocular rivalry and binocular combination. Vision Res 2023; 211:108278. [PMID: 37352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The ocular dominance shift observed after short-term monocular deprivation is a widely used measure of visual homeostatic plasticity in adult humans. Binocular rivalry and binocular combination techniques are used interchangeably to characterize homeostatic plasticity, sometimes leading to contradictory results. Here we directly compare the effect of short-term monocular deprivation on ocular dominance measured by either binocular rivalry or binocular combination and its dependence on the duration of deprivation (15 or 120 min) in the same group of participants. Our results show that both binocular rivalry and binocular combination provide reliable estimates of ocular dominance, which are strongly correlated across techniques both before and after deprivation. Moreover, while 15 min of monocular deprivation induce a larger shift of ocular dominance when measured using binocular combination compared to binocular rivalry, for both techniques, the shift in ocular dominance exhibits a strong dependence on the duration of monocular deprivation, with longer deprivation inducing a larger and longer-lasting shift in ocular dominance. Taken together, our results indicate that both binocular rivalry and binocular combination offer very consistent and reliable measurements of both ocular dominance and the effect short-term monocular deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Prosper
- Laboratoire Des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martina Pasqualetti
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Lunghi
- Laboratoire Des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.
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Rebelos E, Malloggi E, Parenti M, Dardano A, Tura A, Daniele G. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Free-Living Neuroscience Tool to Better Understand Diabetes and Obesity. Metabolites 2023; 13:814. [PMID: 37512521 PMCID: PMC10384622 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is the least accessible of all organs and attempts to study it in vivo rely predominantly on neuroimaging. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) allows for the study of cortical neural activity in a non-invasive manner that may resemble free-living conditions. Moreover, compared to other neuroimaging tools, fNIRS is less expensive, it does not require the use of ionizing radiation, and can be applied to all study populations (patients suffering from claustrophobia, or neonates). In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the available research performed using fNIRS in patients with diabetes and obesity. The few studies conducted to date have presented controversial results regarding patients with diabetes, some reporting a greater hemodynamic response and others reporting a reduced hemodynamic response compared to the controls, with an unclear distinction between types 1 and 2. Subjects with obesity or a binge eating disorder have reduced prefrontal activation in response to inhibitory food or non-food stimuli; however, following an intervention, such as cognitive treatment, prefrontal activation is restored. Moreover, we discuss the potential of future applications of fNIRS for a better understanding of cortical neural activity in the context of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Rebelos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malloggi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Parenti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Dardano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Center for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Daniele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Center for Instrument Sharing, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Nguyen BN, Srinivasan R, McKendrick AM. Short-term homeostatic visual neuroplasticity in adolescents after two hours of monocular deprivation. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:419-427. [PMID: 37388492 PMCID: PMC10300437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy adults with normal vision, temporary deprivation of one eye's visual experience produces transient yet robust homeostatic plasticity effects, where the deprived eye becomes more dominant. This shift in ocular dominance is short-lived and compensatory. Previous work shows that monocular deprivation decreases resting state gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA; inhibitory neurotransmitter) levels in visual cortex, and that those with the greatest reduction in GABA have stronger shifts due to monocular deprivation. Components of the GABAergic system in visual cortex vary with age (early childhood, early teen years, ageing); hence if GABA is critical to homeostatic plasticity within the visual system, adolescence may be a key developmental period where differences in plasticity manifest. Here we measured short-term visual deprivation effects on binocular rivalry in 24 adolescents (aged 10-15 years) and 23 young adults (aged 20-25 years). Despite differences in baseline features of binocular rivalry (adolescents showed more mixed percept p < 0.001 and a tendency for faster switching p = 0.06 compared to adults), deprived eye dominance increased (p = 0.01) similarly for adolescents and adults after two hours of patching. Other aspects of binocular rivalry - time to first switch (heralding the onset of rivalry) and mixed percept - were unaltered by patching. These findings suggest that binocular rivalry after patching can be used as a behavioral proxy for experience-dependent visual cortical plasticity in adolescents in the same way as adults, and that homeostatic plasticity to compensate for temporarily reduced visual input is established and effective by adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao N. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rekha Srinivasan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison M. McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Optometry, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Caramelo B, Monteiro-Alfredo T, Martins J, Sereno J, Castelhano J, Manadas B, Castelo-Branco M, Matafome P. Functional imaging and neurochemistry identify in vivo neuroprotection mechanisms counteracting excitotoxicity and neurovascular changes in the hippocampus and visual cortex of obese and type 2 diabetic animal models. J Neurochem 2023; 165:892-906. [PMID: 37026518 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) with 1 H-MRS was combined on the hippocampus and visual cortex of animal models of obesity (high-fat diet, HFD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) to identify the involved mechanisms and temporal evolution of neurometabolic changes in these disorders that could serve as potentially reliable clinical biomarkers. HFD rats presented elevated levels of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) (p = 0.0365 vs. standard diet, SD) and glutathione (GSH) (p = 0.0494 vs. SD) in the hippocampus. NAAG and GSH levels in this structure proved to be correlated (r = 0.4652, p = 0.0336). This mechanism was not observed in diabetic rats. Combining MRS and fMRI-evaluated blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response, elevated taurine (p = 0.0326 vs. HFD) and GABA type A receptor (GABAA R) (p = 0.0211 vs. SD and p = 0.0153 vs. HFD) were observed in the visual cortex of only diabetic rats, counteracting the elevated BOLD response and suggesting an adaptative mechanism against hyperexcitability observed in the primary visual cortex (V1) (p = 0.0226 vs. SD). BOLD amplitude was correlated with the glutamate levels (r = 0.4491; p = 0.0316). Therefore, here we found evidence for several biological dichotomies regarding excitotoxicity and neuroprotection in different brain regions, identifying putative markers of their different susceptibility and response to the metabolic and vascular insults of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Caramelo
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tamaeh Monteiro-Alfredo
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Sereno
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Castelhano
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) and Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center, Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Chen Y, Gao Y, He Z, Sun Z, Mao Y, Hess RF, Zhang P, Zhou J. Internal neural states influence the short-term effect of monocular deprivation in human adults. eLife 2023; 12:83815. [PMID: 36705563 PMCID: PMC9910827 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult human visual system maintains the ability to be altered by sensory deprivation. What has not been considered is whether the internal neural states modulate visual sensitivity to short-term monocular deprivation. In this study we manipulated the internal neural state and reported changes in intrinsic neural oscillations with a patched eye open or closed. We investigated the influence of eye open/eye closure on the unpatched eye's contrast sensitivity and ocular dominance (OD) shifts induced by short-term monocular deprivation. The results demonstrate that internal neural states influence not only baseline contrast sensitivity but also the extent to which the adult visual system can undergo changes in ocular dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yige Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhifen He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Zhouyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Robert F Hess
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science CenterHefeiChina
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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Animali S, Steinwurzel C, Dardano A, Sancho-Bornez V, Del Prato S, Morrone MC, Daniele G, Binda P. Effect of fasting on short-term visual plasticity in adult humans. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:148-162. [PMID: 36437778 PMCID: PMC10108283 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity and function is impaired in conditions of metabolic dysregulation, such as obesity. Less is known on whether brain function is also affected by transient and physiological metabolic changes, such as the alternation between fasting and fed state. Here we asked whether these changes affect the transient shift of ocular dominance that follows short-term monocular deprivation, a form of homeostatic plasticity. We further asked whether variations in three of the main metabolic and hormonal pathways affected in obesity (glucose metabolism, leptin signalling and fatty acid metabolism) correlate with plasticity changes. We measured the effects of 2 h monocular deprivation in three conditions: post-absorptive state (fasting), after ingestion of a standardised meal and during infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin physiologically released upon meal ingestion that plays a key role in glucose metabolism. We found that short-term plasticity was less manifest in fasting than in fed state, whereas GLP-1 infusion did not elicit reliable changes compared to fasting. Although we confirmed a positive association between plasticity and supraphysiological GLP-1 levels, achieved by GLP-1 infusion, we found that none of the parameters linked to glucose metabolism could predict the plasticity reduction in the fasting versus fed state. Instead, this was selectively associated with the increase in plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (B-OH) levels during fasting, which suggests a link between neural function and energy substrates alternative to glucose. These results reveal a previously unexplored link between homeostatic brain plasticity and the physiological changes associated with the daily fast-fed cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Animali
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Steinwurzel
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Dardano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Daniele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Chen X, Hall K, Bobier WR, Thompson B, Chakraborty A. Transcranial random noise stimulation and exercise do not modulate ocular dominance plasticity in adults with normal vision. J Vis 2022; 22:14. [PMID: 36107124 PMCID: PMC9483237 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kennedy Hall
- Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - William R. Bobier
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17W Science Park, Hong Kong
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Chicago College of Optometry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
- College of Health Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Brain effect of bariatric surgery in people with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1671-1677. [PMID: 35729365 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The link between obesity and brain function is a fascinating but still an enigmatic topic. We evaluated the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on peripheral glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, brain glucose utilization and cognitive abilities in people with obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS Thirteen subjects with obesity (F/M 11/2; age 44.4 ± 9.8 years; BMI 46.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2) underwent 75-g OGTT during a [18F]FDG dynamic brain PET/CT study at baseline and 6 months after RYGB. At the same timepoints, cognitive performance was tested with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail making test (TMT) and Token test (TT). Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1, GIP, and VIP levels were measured during OGTT. Leptin and BDNF levels were measured before glucose ingestion. RESULTS RYGB resulted in significant weight loss (from 46.1 ± 4.9 to 35.3 ± 5.0 kg/m2; p < 0.01 vs baseline). Insulin sensitivity improved (disposition index: from 1.1 ± 0.2 to 2.9 ± 1.1; p = 0.02) and cerebral glucose metabolic rate (CMRg) declined in various brain areas (all p ≤ 0.01). MMSE and MoCA score significantly improved (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). TMT and TT scores showed a slight improvement. A positive correlation was found between CMRg change and HOMA-IR change in the caudate nucleus (ρ = 0.65, p = 0.01). Fasting leptin decreased (from 80.4 ± 13.0 to 16.1 ± 2.4 ng/dl; p = 0.001) and correlated with CMRg change in the hippocampus (ρ = 0.50; p = 0.008). CMRg change was correlated with cognitive scores changes on the TMT and TT (all p = 0.04 or less). CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery improves CMRg directly related to a better cognitive testing result. This study highlights the potential pleiotropic effects of bariatric surgery. TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT03414333.
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Virathone L, Nguyen BN, Dobson F, Carter OL, McKendrick AM. Exercise alone impacts short-term adult visual neuroplasticity in a monocular deprivation paradigm. J Vis 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 34668930 PMCID: PMC8543434 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult homeostatic visual plasticity can be induced by short-term patching, heralded by a shift in ocular dominance in favor of the deprived eye after monocular occlusion. The potential to boost visual neuroplasticity with environmental enrichment such as exercise has also been explored; however, the results are inconsistent, with some studies finding no additive effect of exercise. Studies to date have only considered the effect of patching alone or in combination with exercise. Whether exercise alone affects typical outcome measures of experimental estimates of short-term visual neuroplasticity is unknown. We therefore measured binocular rivalry in 20 healthy young adults (20–34 years old) at baseline and after three 2-hour interventions: patching (of the dominant eye) only, patching with exercise, and exercise only. Consistent with previous work, the patching interventions produced a shift in ocular dominance toward the deprived (dominant) eye. Mild- to moderate-intensity exercise in the absence of patching had several effects on binocular rivalry metrics, including a reduction in the dominant eye percept. The proportion of mixed percept and the time to first switch (onset rivalry) did not change from baseline across all interventions. Thus, we demonstrate that exercise alone can impact binocular rivalry outcomes measures. We did not observe a synergistic effect between patching and exercise in our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Virathone
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,
| | - Bao N Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,
| | - Fiona Dobson
- Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,
| | - Olivia L Carter
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,
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Nguyen BN, Malavita M, Carter OL, McKendrick AM. Neuroplasticity in older adults revealed by temporary occlusion of one eye. Cortex 2021; 143:1-11. [PMID: 34365199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Occluding one eye for several hours alters visual experience. Specifically, occluding one eye shifts the balance of ocular dominance to favour the recently deprived eye, which can be measured using binocular rivalry. This ocular dominance shift demonstrates homeostatic neuroplasticity within the visual system and has been explored in detail in younger adults. Here we measure whether the strength and general features of neuroplasticity revealed by monocular patching are maintained in older adults. Thirty younger (18-35 years) and 30 older adults (60-81 years) participated. Binocular rivalry features were measured before and after 2 h of occlusion. Post-patching, perceptual dominance of the non-patched eye decreased (p < .001) in both age groups. The effect of occlusion on all features of binocular rivalry did not significantly differ between groups. The older visual system maintains the ability to rapidly adjust to changes in perceptual experience induced by eye occlusion. This preservation of neuroplasticity suggests that visual training methods designed to improve visual performance based on eye occlusion should maintain effectiveness into older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao N Nguyen
- C/O Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Menaka Malavita
- C/O Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivia L Carter
- C/O School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison M McKendrick
- C/O Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Bariatric surgery restores visual cortical plasticity in nondiabetic subjects with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1821-1829. [PMID: 34002040 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity leads to changes in synaptic plasticity. We aimed at investigating the impact of bariatric surgery (RYGB) on visual neural plasticity (NP) and its relationship with the main gut peptides, leptin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). SUBJECTS/METHODS NP was assessed testing binocular rivalry before and after 2 h of monocular deprivation (index of visual brain plasticity) in 15 subjects with obesity (age 42.3 ± 9.8 years; BMI 46.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2) before and after RYGB. Gut peptides, leptin, and BDNF were obtained at baseline and 6 months after surgery in 13 subjects. RESULTS A significant reduction in BMI (p < 0.001 vs. baseline) and a significant increase of disposition index (DI, p = 0.02 vs baseline) were observed after RYGB. Total and active GLP-1 release in response to glucose ingestion significantly increased after RYGB, while no changes occurred in VIP, GIP, and BDNF levels. Fasting leptin concentration was lower after RYGB (p = 0.001 vs. baseline). Following RYGB, NP was progressively restored (p < 0.002). NP was correlated with DI and fasting glucose at baseline (r = 0.75, p = 0.01; r = -0.7, p = 0.02; respectively), but not with BMI. A positive correlation between post-pre-RYGB changes in AUCactive GLP-1 and NP was observed (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). Leptin was inversely correlated with NP 6 months after surgery (r = -0.63, p = 0.02). No correlation was observed between GIP, VIP, BDNF, and NP. CONCLUSIONS Visual plasticity is altered in subjects with obesity, and it can be restored after RYGB. The improvement may be mediated by amelioration of insulin sensitivity, increased GLP-1 levels, and reduced leptin levels.
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Guicciardi M, Fadda D, Fanari R, Doneddu A, Crisafulli A. Affective Variables and Cognitive Performances During Exercise in a Group of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Psychol 2021; 11:611558. [PMID: 33424722 PMCID: PMC7785934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has documented that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cognitive impairment. Psychological variables were repeatedly investigated to understand why T2DM patients are poorly active, despite standards of medical care recommends performing aerobic and resistance exercise regularly and reducing the amount of time spent sitting. This exploratory study aims to investigate how affective variables as thoughts, feelings, and individuals’ stage of exercise adoption can modulate low cognitive performances during an experimental procedure based on exercise. The Exercise Thoughts Questionnaire (ETQ), Exercise-Induced Feeling Scale (EFI), and Physical Activity Stage of Change were administered to a sample of 12 T2DM patients. The Bivalent Shape Task (BST) alone (BST), BST with exercise [control exercise recovery (CER) + BST], and BST with metaboreflex [post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) + BST] were used as mental task, and response time to congruent, incongruent, and neutral stimuli was recorded. Concomitant cerebral oxygenation (COX) was evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). As expected, T2DM patients performed significantly better when the stimulus was presented in congruent trials (followed by neutral and incongruent). In the CER + BST session, T2DM patients showed longer reaction time to incongruent trials than in the PEMI + BST and BST alone sessions. Positive feelings toward exercise seem to modulate cognitive performances in high challenging task only if T2DM patients were conscious to play exercise. These results could provide some insights for health intervention targeting exercise for patients with T2DM in order to enhance cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guicciardi
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fadda
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rachele Fanari
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Azzurra Doneddu
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Opoku-Baah C, Wallace MT. Brief period of monocular deprivation drives changes in audiovisual temporal perception. J Vis 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 32761108 PMCID: PMC7438662 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.8.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain retains a striking degree of plasticity into adulthood. Recent studies have demonstrated that a short period of altered visual experience (via monocular deprivation) can change the dynamics of binocular rivalry in favor of the deprived eye, a compensatory action thought to be mediated by an upregulation of cortical gain control mechanisms. Here, we sought to better understand the impact of monocular deprivation on multisensory abilities, specifically examining audiovisual temporal perception. Using an audiovisual simultaneity judgment task, we discovered that 90 minutes of monocular deprivation produced opposing effects on the temporal binding window depending on the eye used in the task. Thus, in those who performed the task with their deprived eye there was a narrowing of the temporal binding window, whereas in those performing the task with their nondeprived eye there was a widening of the temporal binding window. The effect was short lived, being observed only in the first 10 minutes of postdeprivation testing. These findings indicate that changes in visual experience in the adult can rapidly impact multisensory perceptual processes, a finding that has important clinical implications for those patients with adult-onset visual deprivation and for therapies founded on monocular deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T Wallace
- ,.,,.,,.,,.,,.,,
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Baroncelli L, Lunghi C. Neuroplasticity of the visual cortex: in sickness and in health. Exp Neurol 2020; 335:113515. [PMID: 33132181 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brain plasticity refers to the ability of synaptic connections to adapt their function and structure in response to experience, including environmental changes, sensory deprivation and injuries. Plasticity is a distinctive, but not exclusive, property of the developing nervous system. This review introduces the concept of neuroplasticity and describes classic paradigms to illustrate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synapse modifiability. Then, we summarize a growing number of studies showing that the adult cerebral cortex retains a significant degree of plasticity highlighting how the identification of strategies to enhance the plastic potential of the adult brain could pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at treating amblyopia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, we analyze how the visual system adjusts to neurodegenerative conditions leading to blindness and we discuss the crucial role of spared plasticity in the visual system for sight recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baroncelli
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, I-56128 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Claudia Lunghi
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Steinwurzel C, Animali S, Cicchini GM, Morrone MC, Binda P. Using psychophysical performance to predict short-term ocular dominance plasticity in human adults. J Vis 2020; 20:6. [PMID: 32634225 PMCID: PMC7424141 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Binocular rivalry has become an important index of visual performance, both to measure ocular dominance or its plasticity, and to index bistable perception. We investigated its interindividual variability across 50 normal adults and found that the duration of dominance phases in rivalry is linked with the duration of dominance phases in another bistable phenomenon (structure from motion). Surprisingly, it also correlates with the strength of center-surround interactions (indexed by the tilt illusion), suggesting a common mechanism supporting both competitive interactions: center-surround and rivalry. In a subset of 34 participants, we further investigated the variability of short-term ocular dominance plasticity, measured with binocular rivalry before and after 2 hours of monocular deprivation. We found that ocular dominance shifts in favor of the deprived eye and that a large portion of ocular dominance variability after deprivation can be predicted from the dynamics of binocular rivalry before deprivation. The single best predictor is the proportion of mixed percepts (phases without dominance of either eye) before deprivation, which is positively related to ocular dominance unbalance after deprivation. Another predictor is the duration of dominance phases, which interacts with mixed percepts to explain nearly 50% of variance in ocular dominance unbalance after deprivation. A similar predictive power is achieved by substituting binocular rivalry dominance phase durations with tilt illusion magnitude, or structure from motion phase durations. Thus, we speculate that ocular dominance plasticity is modulated by two types of signals, estimated from psychophysical performance before deprivation, namely, interocular inhibition (promoting binocular fusion, hence mixed percepts) and inhibition for perceptual competition (promoting longer dominance phases and stronger center-surround interactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Steinwurzel
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Animali
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella-Maris, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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