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Han Y, Zhao J, Li Z, Zhu L. Distribution, traceability, and risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in agricultural soils along the Yangtze River Delta in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41013-41024. [PMID: 38842776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Severe pollution threatens the ecosystem and human health in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China because of the rapid development of industry in this area. This study examines the types, distribution, concentration, and origin of fourteen typical organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in agricultural soils within the YRD region to offer insights for pollutant control and policy-making. The total concentration of OPFRs (ΣOPFRs) varied between 79.19 and 699.58 μg/kg dry weight (dw), averaging at 209.61 μg/kg dw. Among the OPFRs detected, tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) was identified as the main congener, followed by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP). Source analysis, conducted through correlation coefficients and PCA, indicated that OPFRs in agricultural soils within the YRD region mainly originate from emissions related to plastic products and transportation. The health risk exposure to ΣOPFRs in agricultural soil was considered negligible for farmers, with values below 1.24 × 10-2 and 1.76 × 10-9 for noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. However, the ecological risk of ΣOPFRs in all the samples ranged from 0.08-1.08, indicating a medium to high risk level. The results offer a comprehensive understanding of OPFR pollution in agricultural soils in the YRD region and can be useful for pollution control that mitigates ecological and health risks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Han
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Song S, Huang T, Xu Y, Ling Z, Gou L, Mao X, Zhao Y, Chen K, Liu Y, Wei Z, Wang J, Gao H, Ma J. Tracking and optimizing toxic chemical exposure pathways through food trade: A case study in SCCPs contaminated seafood in China. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae205. [PMID: 38846777 PMCID: PMC11154648 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is related to human health and sustainable development. International food trade poses food safety risks through the collateral transport of toxic chemicals that are detrimental to human health. Domestic interprovincial trade has similar effects within countries but has not been comprehensively investigated previously. Here, we assessed the effects of interprovincial trade on food safety and human dietary exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), a group of emerging persistent toxic chemicals, in seafood across China by synthesizing data from field observation and various models. Our findings indicate that there is a higher level of SCCPs exposure risk in coastal provinces compared to inland provinces. Approximately, 70.3% of human exposure to SCCPs through seafood consumption in China was embodied in the interprovincial seafood trade in 2021. Specifically, the domestic trade led to a remarkable increase in SCCPs exposure in the coastal provinces in South China, attributable to low SCCPs pollution in these provinces and imported seafood from those provinces with high SCCPs pollution. In contrast, human exposure to SCCPs decreased in those coastal provinces in East China due to importing seafood from those provinces with low SCCPs concentrations. The interprovincial seafood trade routes were optimized by linear programming to minimize human exposure to SCCPs considering both shipping cost and health risk constraints. The optimized trade routes reduced the national per capita SCCPs exposure through seafood consumption by over 12%. This study highlights the importance of interprovincial food trade in the risk assessment of toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zaili Ling
- College of Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou 730101, P. R. China
| | - Ling Gou
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Wei
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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Ma H, He J, Fan H, Zhang N, Wu Q, Zhang S, Zhang C, Huang T, Gao H, Ma J, Xie Z. The influence of emerging atmospheric organophosphorus flame retardants from land source emissions on the East China Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133404. [PMID: 38218037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pose a new challenge to the marine environment due to their toxicity and persistence. This study explores the contributions of OPFR emissions from different land sources and sectors to its contamination of the East China Sea (ECS) using a novel atmospheric transport model(ChnMETOP)for POPs and a marine food web model. The results show that the major land sources causing OPFR pollution in the ECS were situated in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and middle reach areas of China's Yangtze River, confirming that source proximity made most significant contributions to OPFR pollution in the ECS. Among those OPFR emission sectors, industrial emissions accounted for the highest modeled OPFR levels in the seawaters, followed by the OPFR usage process in textile, plastic, and rubber products. Assessment of bioaccumulation of OPFR in the marine food web of the ECS and the potential risk in commercial fish consumers reveals lower exposure risk via dietary fish ingestion. However, the risk might increase if OPFRs are continuously bioaccumulated in the biotic and released into the abiotic marine environment. This study simultaneously identified both the source locations and emission sectors, thereby providing important policy implications in mitigating OPFR pollution in the ECS marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Haoyue Fan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qingyi Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Shulian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chengsi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate esters in the urban atmosphere of Thessaloniki city, Greece. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141125. [PMID: 38185429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the atmosphere of the urban area of Thessaloniki city, Greece was studied. OPEs were determined in particulate matter (PM2.5) and precipitation during the period 2020-2021. ∑OPEs in rainwater ranged from 520 to 4719 ng L-11 (mean: 1662 ng L-1) with tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TClPP) being the most abundant compounds. TBOEP and TClPP as well as triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tris (chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the dominant OPEs in PM2.5. Concentrations of ∑OPEs in PM2.5ranged from 2.82 to 13.3 ng m-3 (mean: 5.93 ng m-3). Wet deposition fluxes of OPEs were estimated and air mass back trajectories were used to elucidate possible source profiles. An overall low health risk for local population via inhalation of OPEs was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Huang QY, Hou R, Xu R, Lin L, Li HX, Liu S, Qian PY, Cheng YY, Xu XR. Organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites in the Pearl River Estuary: Occurrence, influencing factors, and ecological risk control strategies based on a mass balance model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108478. [PMID: 38330749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Estuaries serve as crucial filters for land-based pollutants to the open sea, but there is a lack of information on the migration and fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) within estuaries. This study focused on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) by examining the co-occurrence of OPFRs and their metabolites and quantifying their transport fluxes using a mass balance model. The seawater concentrations of OPFRs and their metabolites exhibited significant seasonal variations (p < 0.01), while the sediment concentrations of OPFRs reflected the long-term distributional equilibrium in the PRE. The concentration of Σ9OPFRs in seawater showed a relentless dilution from the entrance to the offshore region in the normal and wet seasons, which was significantly in accordance with the gradients of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, horizontal migration dominated the transport of OPFRs, and the inventory assessment revealed that both the water column and sediment were important reservoirs in the PRE. According to the estimated fluxes from the mass balance model, riverine input emerged as the principal pathway for OPFR entry into the PRE (1.55 × 105, 6.28 × 104, and 9.00 × 104 kg/yr in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively), whereas outflow to the open sea predominantly determined the main fates of the OPFRs. The risk quotient (RQ) results showed that EHDPHP (0.835) in water posed medium ecological risk, while other OPFRs and metabolites presented relatively lower risk (RQ < 0.1). The risk control effects were evaluated through scenario simulations of mathematical fitting between controllable source factors and the RQ of risky OPFR. The risk of EHDPHP in the PRE could be effectively reduced by restricting its concentrations in entrance region (<9.31, 8.67, and 12.7 ng/L in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively) of the PRE. This research offers foundational insights into environmental management and pollution control strategies for emerging pollutants in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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