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Kou Y, Zhang S, Chen J, Shen Y, Zhang Z, Huang H, Ma Y, Xiang Y, Liao L, Zhou J, Cheng W, Zhou Y, Yang H, Liu Z, Wei Y, Wang H, Wang Y. A mouse protozoan boosts antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses in a specific lipid metabolism- and signaling-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7914. [PMID: 39256385 PMCID: PMC11387640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
IgA antibodies play an important role in mucosal immunity. However, there is still no effective way to consistently boost mucosal IgA responses, and the factors influencing these responses are not fully understood. We observed that colonization with the murine intestinal symbiotic protozoan Tritrichomonas musculis (T.mu) boosted antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. This enhancement was attributed to the accumulation of free arachidonic acid (ARA) in the intestinal lumen, which served as a signal to stimulate the production of antigen-specific mucosal IgA. When ARA was prevented from undergoing its downstream metabolic transformation using the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton or by blocking its downstream biological signaling through genetic deletion of the Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (Blt1), the T.mu-mediated enhancement of antigen-specific mucosal IgA production was suppressed. Moreover, both T.mu transfer and dietary supplementation of ARA augmented the efficacy of an oral vaccine against Salmonella infection, with this effect being dependent on Blt1. Our findings elucidate a tripartite circuit linking nutrients from the diet or intestinal microbiota, host lipid metabolism, and the mucosal humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shenghan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junru Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yusi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haohan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yulu Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longxiang Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junyang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanpeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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Hu H, Zhu H, Zhan W, Hao B, Yan T, Zhang J, Wang S, Xu X, Zhang T. Integration of multiomics analyses reveals unique insights into CD24-mediated immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of breast cancer. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1047-1068. [PMID: 38622285 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor immunotherapy brings new light and vitality to breast cancer patients, but low response rate and limitations of therapeutic targets become major obstacles to its clinical application. Recent studies have shown that CD24 is involved in an important process of tumor immune regulation in breast cancer and is a promising target for immunotherapy. METHODS In this study, singleR was used to annotate each cell subpopulation after t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) methods. Pseudo-time trace analysis and cell communication were analyzed by Monocle2 package and CellChat, respectively. A prognostic model based on CD24-related genes was constructed using several machine learning methods. Multiple quantitative immunofluorescence (MQIF) was used to evaluate the spatial relationship between CD24+PANCK+cells and exhausted CD8+T cells. RESULTS Based on the scRNA-seq analysis, 1488 CD24-related differential genes were identified, and a risk model consisting of 15 prognostic characteristic genes was constructed by combining the bulk RNA-seq data. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on the median risk score. Immune landscape analysis showed that the low-risk group showed higher infiltration of immune-promoting cells and stronger immune reactivity. The results of cell communication demonstrated a strong interaction between CD24+epithelial cells and CD8+T cells. Subsequent MQIF demonstrated a strong interaction between CD24+PANCK+ and exhausted CD8+T cells with FOXP3+ in breast cancer. Additionally, CD24+PANCK+ and CD8+FOXP3+T cells were positively associated with lower survival rates. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of CD24+breast cancer cells in clinical prognosis and immunosuppressive microenvironment, which may provide a new direction for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wendi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated HospitalH, engyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jingdi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology,The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Function, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Taolan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Rouers A, Wong N, Goh YS, Torres‐Ruesta A, Tay MZ, Chang ZW, Fong S, Neo V, Kam IKJ, Yeo NK, Huang Y, Loh CY, Hor PX, Wong JXE, Tan YJ, Macary PA, Qian X, Bei W, Ngoh EZX, Salleh SNM, Wang CI, Poh XY, Rao S, Chia PY, Ong SWX, Lee TH, Lin RJH, Lim C, Teo J, Ren EC, Lye DC, Young BE, Ng LFP, Renia L. Efficient recall of SARS-CoV-2 variant-reactive B cells and T responses in the elderly upon heterologous mRNA vaccines as boosters. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28258. [PMID: 36305052 PMCID: PMC9874655 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Waning antibody levels against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the emergence of variants of concern highlight the need for booster vaccinations. This is particularly important for the elderly population, who are at a higher risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. While studies have shown increased antibody responses following booster vaccination, understanding the changes in T and B cell compartments induced by a third vaccine dose remains limited. We analyzed the humoral and cellular responses in subjects who received either a homologous messenger RNA(mRNA) booster vaccine (BNT162b2 + BNT162b2 + BNT162b2; ''BBB") or a heterologous mRNA booster vaccine (BNT162b2 + BNT162b2 + mRNA-1273; ''BBM") at Day 0 (prebooster), Day 7, and Day 28 (postbooster). Compared with BBB, elderly individuals (≥60 years old) who received the BBM vaccination regimen display higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan and Delta strains along with a higher boost in immunoglobulin G memory B cells, particularly against the Omicron variant. Circulating T helper type 1(Th1), Th2, Th17, and T follicular helper responses were also increased in elderly individuals given the BBM regimen. While mRNA vaccines increase antibody, T cell, and B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 1 month after receiving the third dose booster, the efficacy of the booster vaccine strategies may vary depending on age group and regimen combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Rouers
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Nathan Wong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Anthony Torres‐Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Zi Wei Chang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Siew‐Wai Fong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Vanessa Neo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Isaac Kai Jie Kam
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Nicholas Kim‐Wah Yeo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yuling Huang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Chiew Yee Loh
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Pei Xiang Hor
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joel Xu En Wong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yong Jie Tan
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - COVID‐19 Study Group
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Paul A. Macary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore and National University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Xinlei Qian
- Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Wang Bei
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Eve Zi Xian Ngoh
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Siti Nazihah Mohd Salleh
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Suma Rao
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
| | - Po Ying Chia
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore,Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Sean W. X. Ong
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
| | - Tau Hong Lee
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
| | - Ray J. H. Lin
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
| | - Clarissa Lim
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore
| | - Jefanie Teo
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore
| | - Ee Chee Ren
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore,Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore,School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Barnaby E. Young
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore,Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore,Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore,National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK,Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore,Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore,School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
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4
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Xu L, Li Y, Wu X. IgA vasculitis update: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921864. [PMID: 36263029 PMCID: PMC9574357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), formerly known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterized by diverse clinical manifestations with a wide spectrum ranging from isolated cutaneous vasculitis to systemic involvement. The incidence of IgAV is geographically and ethnically variable, with a prevalence in autumn and winter, suggesting a driving role that genetic and environmental factors play in the disease. Although IgAV has a certain degree of natural remission, it varies widely among individuals. Some patients can suffer from severe renal involvement and even progress to end-stage renal disease. Its pathogenesis is complex and has not been fully elucidated. The formation of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) and related immune complexes plays a vital role in promoting the occurrence and development of IgAV nephritis. In addition, neutrophil activation is stimulated through the binding of IgA to the Fc alpha receptor I expressed on its surface, resulting in systemic vascular inflammation and tissue damage. Starting from the epidemiological characteristics, this article will review the role of immunological factors such as Gd-IgA1, autoantibodies, circulating immune complexes, complement system, cellular immunization, and the contributions of environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of IgAV, and conclude with the major biomarkers for IgAV.
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Simón R, Martín-Martín A, Morel E, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. Functional and Phenotypic Characterization of B Cells in the Teleost Adipose Tissue. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868551. [PMID: 35619704 PMCID: PMC9127059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of the adipose tissue (AT) has been neglected in most animal models until investigations in human and mice linked obesity to chronic inflammation, highlighting the immune nature of this tissue. Despite this, in teleost fish, only a few studies have addressed the immune role of the AT. These studies have mostly focused on reporting transcriptional changes in the AT in response to diverse intraperitoneally delivered stimuli. Although the presence of B cells within the AT was also previously revealed, these cells have never been phenotypically or functionally characterized and this is what we have addressed in the current study. Initially, the B cell populations present in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) AT were characterized in comparison to B cells from other sources. As occurs in other rainbow trout tissues, IgM+IgD+, IgM+IgD- and IgD+IgM- B cell subsets were identified in the AT. Interestingly, AT IgM+IgD- B cells showed a transcriptional profile that agrees with that of cells that have committed to plasmablasts/plasma cells, being this profile much more pronounced towards a differentiation state than that of blood IgM+IgD- B cells. Accordingly, the IgM-secreting capacity of AT B cells is significantly higher than that of blood B cells. Additionally, AT IgM+IgD+ B cells also showed specific phenotypic traits when compared to their counterparts in other tissues. Finally, we established how these B cell subsets responded when rainbow trout were intraperitoneally injected with a model antigen. Our results demonstrate that the AT hosts plasmablasts/plasma cells that secrete specific IgMs, as happens in the peritoneal cavity and systemic immune tissues. Although the presence of these antigen-specific IgM-secreting cells was more abundant in the peritoneal cavity, these specific differentiated B cells were detected in the AT for long time periods at levels similar to those of spleen and head kidney. Our results provide new evidence regarding the immune role of the teleost AT, indicating that it functions as a secondary lymphoid organ that promotes immunity to peritoneal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Martín-Martín
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Martín D, Perdiguero P, Morel E, Soleto I, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Ramón LA, Abós B, Wang T, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. CD38 Defines a Subset of B Cells in Rainbow Trout Kidney With High IgM Secreting Capacities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773888. [PMID: 34917087 PMCID: PMC8669677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional molecule that functions both as a transmembrane signaling receptor and as an ectoenzyme with important roles in cell adhesion, calcium regulation and signal transduction. Within the B cell linage, CD38 is expressed in diverse murine B cell subsets, with highest levels in innate B cell subpopulations such as marginal zone (MZ) B cells or B1 cells. In humans, however, CD38 is transiently expressed on early lymphocyte precursors, is lost on mature B cells and is consistently expressed on terminally differentiated plasma cells. In the present work, we have identified two homologues of mammalian CD38 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), designating them as CD38A and CD38B. Although constitutively transcribed throughout different tissues in homeostasis, both CD38A and CD38B mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in head kidney (HK) in response to a viral infection. In this organ, after the generation of a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD38A, the presence of CD38A+ populations among IgM+ B cells and IgM- leukocytes was investigated by flow cytometry. Interestingly, the percentage of IgM+CD38A+ B cells increased in response to an in vitro stimulation with inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida. Finally, we demonstrated that HK IgM+CD38A+ B cells had an increased IgM secreting capacity than that of cells lacking CD38A on the cell surface, also showing increased transcription levels of genes associated with B cell differentiation. This study strongly suggests a role for CD38 on the B cell differentiation process in teleosts, and provides us with novel tools to discern between B cell subsets in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martín
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Perdiguero
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Soleto
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J German Herranz-Jusdado
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Ramón
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Zhou Y, Murre C. Bursty gene expression and mRNA decay pathways orchestrate B cell activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabm0819. [PMID: 34860551 PMCID: PMC8641932 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the helix-loop-helix proteins, E2A and E2-2, promote B cell activation. Here, we examined how during the course of B cell activation E2A and E2-2 gene expression is regulated. We found that E2A and E2-2 mRNA abundance concomitantly increased in activated B cells. The increase in E2A and E2-2 mRNA abundance correlated with increased cell growth. Elevated E2A and E2-2 mRNA abundance was instructed by increased transcriptional bursting frequencies and elevated E2A and E2-2 mRNA half-lives. The increase in E2A and E2-2 bursting frequencies often occurred at shared interchromosomal transcriptional hubs. We suggest that in naïve B cells low E2A and E2-2 bursting frequencies and high E2A and E2-2 mRNA decay rates instruct noisy gene expression that allows a clonal and swift response to invading pathogens whereas in activated B cells increased transcriptional bursting and low mRNA decay rates dictate an activated B lineage gene program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
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8
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The Role of IgE in Upper and Lower Airway Disease: More Than Just Allergy! Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:200-215. [PMID: 34536215 PMCID: PMC8818003 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a well-known key factor in allergic airway disease; however, its central role in non-allergic airway inflammation is often underestimated. In some airway diseases, IgE is produced as a result of allergic sensitization. However, in others, IgE production occurs despite the lack of a specific allergen. Although multiple pathways contribute to the production of IgE in airway disease, it is its activity in mediating the inflammatory response that is associated with disease. Therefore, an understanding of IgE as the unifying component of upper and lower airway diseases has important implications for both diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the role of IgE in each upper and lower airway disease highlights its potential utility as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. Further classification of these diseases by whether they are IgE mediated or non–IgE mediated, rather than by the existence of an underlying allergic component, accounts for both systemic and localized IgE activity. Improvements in diagnostic methodologies and standardization of clinical practices with this classification in mind can help identify patients with IgE-mediated diseases. In doing so, this group of patients can receive optimal care through targeted anti-IgE therapeutics, which have already demonstrated efficacy across numerous IgE-mediated upper and lower airway diseases.
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9
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Bemark M, Angeletti D. Know your enemy or find your friend?-Induction of IgA at mucosal surfaces. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:83-102. [PMID: 34331314 PMCID: PMC7612940 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most antibodies produced in the body are of the IgA class. The dominant cell population producing them are plasma cells within the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract, but many IgA-producing cells are also found in the airways, within mammary tissues, the urogenital tract and inside the bone marrow. Most IgA antibodies are transported into the lumen by epithelial cells as part of the mucosal secretions, but they are also present in serum and other body fluids. A large part of the commensal microbiota in the gut is covered with IgA antibodies, and it has been demonstrated that this plays a role in maintaining a healthy balance between the host and the bacteria. However, IgA antibodies also play important roles in neutralizing pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and the upper airways. The distinction between the two roles of IgA - protective and balance-maintaining - not only has implications on function but also on how the production is regulated. Here, we discuss these issues with a special focus on gut and airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Eslami M, Schneider P. Function, occurrence and inhibition of different forms of BAFF. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:75-80. [PMID: 34182216 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF or BLyS), an important cytokine for B cell survival and humoral immune responses, is targeted in the clinic for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. This review focuses on the structure, function and inhibition profiles of membrane-bound BAFF, soluble BAFF 3-mer and soluble BAFF 60-mer, all of which have distinct properties. BAFF contains a loop region not required for receptor binding but essential for receptor activation via promotion of BAFF-to-BAFF contacts. This loop region additionally allows formation of BAFF 60-mer, in which epitopes of the BAFF inhibitor belimumab are inaccessible. If 60-mer forms in humans, it is predicted to be short-lived and to act locally because adult serum contains a BAFF 60-mer dissociating activity. Cord blood contains elevated levels of BAFF, part of which displays attributes of 60-mer, suggesting a role for this form of BAFF in the development of foetal or neonate B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Eslami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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11
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2021; 53:1136-1150. [PMID: 33326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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12
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Hara T, Yamamura K, Sakai Y. The up-to-date pathophysiology of Kawasaki disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1284. [PMID: 33981434 PMCID: PMC8109476 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of an unknown aetiology. A small proportion of children exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) or infected by Yersinia reproducibly develop principal symptoms of KD in various ethnic areas, but not in all studies. These microbes provoke a rapid cell‐damaging process, called ‘pyroptosis’, which is characterised by a subsequent release of proinflammatory cellular components from damaged endothelial and innate immune cells. In agreement with these molecular events, patients with KD show elevated levels of damage‐associated molecular patterns derived from cell death. In addition, an overwhelming amount of oxidative stress‐associated molecules, including oxidised phospholipids or low‐density lipoproteins, are generated as by‐products of inflammation during the acute phase of the disease. These molecules induce abnormalities in the acquired immune system and activate innate immune and vascular cells to produce a range of proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, proteases and reactive oxygen species. These responses further recruit immune cells to the arterial wall, wherein inflammation and oxidative stress closely interact and mutually amplify each other. The inflammasome, a key component of the innate immune system, plays an essential role in the development of vasculitis in KD. Thus, innate immune memory, or ‘trained immunity’, may promote vasculitis in KD. Hence, this review will be helpful in understanding the pathophysiologic pathways leading to the development of principal KD symptoms and coronary artery lesions in patients with KD, as well as in subsets of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 and Yersinia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hara
- Kawasaki Disease Center Fukuoka Children's Hospital Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yamamura
- Department of Perinatal and Pediatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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13
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Echeverry H, Alizadeh M, Yitbarek A, Slominski B, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC. Yeast cell wall polysaccharides enhanced expression of T helper type 1 and 2 cytokines profile in chicken B lymphocytes exposed to LPS challenge and enzyme treatment. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:125-130. [PMID: 32875814 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1817328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential immunomodulatory effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast-derived products treated with a cell wall lytic enzyme mixture on the gene expression of toll-like receptors and cytokines of chicken B cell line (DT 40) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. 2. The effect of brewer's yeast (Y), yeast cell wall (YCW), distilled dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and a processed yeast + nucleotide-rich product (PY/N) treated with a yeast cell wall lytic enzyme (E) was assessed using a chicken B cells and LPS challenge model. 3. Relative gene expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines was investigated. Treatment of cells with Y, YCW, YCW + E and PY/N upregulated the expression of TLR2b following LPS challenge. Gene expression of TLR4 was downregulated in E, YCW and YCW + E treatments compared to control, while adding DDGS and PY/N upregulated the expression of TLR4 either before or after enzyme treatment. Following LPS challenge, expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was upregulated in cells treated with YCW and PY/N, both pre and post enzyme incubation. Adding YCW and PY/N to the cells challenged with LPS upregulated the expression of IFN-γ and IL-12 before and after enzyme treatment. Treatment of cells with YCW, DDGS and PY/N increased the expression of IL-6 prior to LPS challenge. 4. In conclusion, the results suggested that yeast-derived products affected immunomodulatory activities by changing the expression of cytokines involved in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Echeverry
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB, USA
| | - M Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON, USA
| | - A Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON, USA
| | - B Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB, USA
| | - J C Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, PE, USA
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14
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Yoshino Y, Yamamoto A, Misu K, Wakabayashi Y, Kitazawa T, Ota Y. Exposure to low temperatures suppresses the production of B-cell activating factor via TLR3 in BEAS-2B cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100809. [PMID: 32923700 PMCID: PMC7474404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are commonly associated with cold weather; however, the mechanism behind this is still unclear. Secretory IgA (sIgA) mainly contributes to the immune response against pathogenic microorganisms in the respiratory tract. Certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce the expression of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. BAFF transforms B cells into plasma cells, which leads to the mass production of immunoglobulins, including IgA, on the mucosal epithelium. However, no studies have described the relationship between cold exposure and BAFF and/or sIgA in RTI. The aim of our study was to determine this relationship in vitro by investigating the effect of low temperature on BAFF production by BEAS-2B cells after the addition of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. We showed stimulation of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which led BEAS-2B to produce interferon (IFN)-β. IFN-β itself induced BEAS-2B cells to produce BAFF. Janus kinase inhibitor I decreased the amount of BAFF produced in BEAS-2B cells upon stimulation with IFN-β and poly I:C. Significantly less BAFF was produced post-poly I:C stimulation in low-temperature conditions than in normal-temperature conditions (mean ± SD: 41.2 ± 23.3 [33 °C] vs. 138.3 ± 7.1 pg/mL [37 °C], P = 0.05). However, the low-temperature condition itself was not cytotoxic. The stimulation of poly I:C produced BAFF from BEAS2B cells via IFN-β production and the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway played an important role in BAFF production in BEAS-2B cells. Cold exposure reduced BAFF production by BEAS2B cells after stimulation with the TLR3 ligand. Cold exposure may, therefore, suppress the production of BAFF, resulting in the inhibition of IgA secretion in the bronchial epithelium, which explains the increased frequency of RTIs in cold weather. Relationship between cold exposure and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) was assessed. BAFF produced post poly I:C stimulation was lesser under low-temperature conditions. Cold exposure may suppress BAFF production to inhibit IgA secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yoshino
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Keita Misu
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Wakabayashi
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ota
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan
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15
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Giltiay NV, Giordano D, Clark EA. The Plasticity of Newly Formed B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:3095-3104. [PMID: 31818922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly formed B cells (NF-B cells) that emerge from the bone marrow to the periphery have often been referred to as immature or transitional B cells. However, NF-B cells have several striking characteristics, including a distinct BCR repertoire, high expression of AID, high sensitivity to PAMPs, and the ability to produce cytokines. A number of findings do not support their designation as immature because NF-B cells have the potential to become Ab-producing cells and to undergo class-switch recombination. In this review, we provide a fresh perspective on NF-B cell functions and describe some of the signals driving their activation. We summarize growing evidence supporting a role for NF-B cells in protection against infections and as a potential source of autoantibody-producing cells in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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16
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Xu W, Lau ZWX, Fulop T, Larbi A. The Aging of γδ T Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1181. [PMID: 32397491 PMCID: PMC7290956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coming decades, many developed countries in the world are expecting the "greying" of their populations. This phenomenon poses unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems. Aging is one of the most important risk factors for infections and a myriad of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common denominator that is implicated in these diseases is the immune system. The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive arms that complement each other to provide the host with a holistic defense system. While the diverse interactions between multiple arms of the immune system are necessary for its function, this complexity is amplified in the aging immune system as each immune cell type is affected differently-resulting in a conundrum that is especially difficult to target. Furthermore, certain cell types, such as γδ T cells, do not fit categorically into the arms of innate or adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first introduce the human γδ T cell family and its ligands before discussing parallels in mice. By covering the ontogeny and homeostasis of γδ T cells during their lifespan, we will better capture their evolution and responses to age-related stressors. Finally, we will identify knowledge gaps within these topics that can advance our understanding of the relationship between γδ T cells and aging, as well as age-related diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Zandrea Wan Xuan Lau
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Anis Larbi
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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17
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Giordano D, Kuley R, Draves KE, Roe K, Holder U, Giltiay NV, Clark EA. BAFF Produced by Neutrophils and Dendritic Cells Is Regulated Differently and Has Distinct Roles in Antibody Responses and Protective Immunity against West Nile Virus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1508-1520. [PMID: 32034064 PMCID: PMC7357242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF) is essential for B cells to develop and respond to Ags. Dysregulation of BAFF contributes to the development of some autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Little is known about when, where, and how BAFF is produced in vivo and about which BAFF-producing cells contribute to B cell responses. To better understand BAFF functions, we created BAFF reporter (BAFF-RFP) mice and Baff floxed (Bafffl/fl ) mice. Splenic and bone marrow neutrophils (Nphs) from BAFF-RFP mice expressed the highest constitutive levels of BAFF; other myeloid subsets, including conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and monocyte (MO) subsets, expressed lower levels. Treatment of BAFF-RFP mice with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid increased BAFF expression in splenic Ly6Chi inflammatory MOs, CD11bhi activated NK subset, and in bone marrow myeloid precursors. Postinfection with West Nile virus (WNV), BAFF increased in CD8- cDCs and Nphs, and BAFF+ CD11bhi NK cells expanded in draining lymph nodes. The cell- and tissue-specific increases in BAFF expression were dependent on type I IFN signaling. MAVS also was required or contributed to BAFF expression in dendritic cell and MO subsets, respectively. Mice with deletion of Baff in either cDCs or Nphs had reduced Ab responses after NP-Ficoll immunization; thus, BAFF produced by both cDCs and Nphs contributes to T cell-independent Ab responses. Conversely, mice with a cDC Baff deficiency had increased mortality after WNV infection and decreased WNV-specific IgG and neutralizing Ab responses. BAFF produced by Nphs and cDCs is regulated differently and has key roles in Ab responses and protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Runa Kuley
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Kevin E Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Kelsey Roe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Ursula Holder
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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18
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Celebrating 20 Years of IGHV Mutation Analysis in CLL. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e334. [PMID: 32382709 PMCID: PMC7000474 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of CLL into 2 broad subsets with highly significant differences in clinical behavior was reported in 2 landmark papers in Blood in 1999.1,2 The simple analysis of the mutational status of the IGV regions provided both a prognostic indicator and an insight into the cellular origins. Derivation from B cells with very low or no IGV mutations generally leads to a more aggressive disease course than derivation from B cells with higher levels. This finding focused attention on surface Ig (sIg), the major B-cell receptor, and revealed dynamic antigen engagement in vivo as a tumor driver. It has also led to new drugs aimed at components of the intracellular activation cascades. After 20 years, the 2 senior authors of those papers have looked at the history of the observations and at the increasing understanding of the role of sIg in CLL that have emanated from them. As in the past, studies of CLL have provided a link between biology and the clinic, enabling more precise targeting which attacks critical pathways but minimizes side effects.
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19
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Granja AG, Perdiguero P, Martín-Martín A, Díaz-Rosales P, Soleto I, Tafalla C. Rainbow Trout IgM + B Cells Preferentially Respond to Thymus-Independent Antigens but Are Activated by CD40L. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2902. [PMID: 31921163 PMCID: PMC6927014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of class switch recombination and germinal centers, the mechanisms through which B cells from teleost fish mount extrafollicular immunoglobulin M (IgM) memory responses remains mostly unexplored. In this report, we demonstrate that teleost IgM+ B cells respond to CD40L, a thymus-dependent activation signal, similarly to mammalian B2 cells. However, when stimulated with different types of antigens, fish IgM+ B cells only reach a general activation state in response to antigens cataloged as thymus-independent 1 (TI-1) in mammals, as established through both functional assays and RNA sequencing. Interestingly, fish IgM+ B cells remained completely unresponsive to TI-2 antigens, suggesting that the engagement of innate receptors provided by TI-1 antigens is required for the activation of teleost B cells. Finally, a synergy between CD40L and TI-1 antigens was also demonstrated, further supporting that there is no clear dichotomy between thymus-dependent and TI responses in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor G Granja
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Irene Soleto
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Chen Z, Wholey WY, Hassani Najafabadi A, Moon JJ, Grigorova I, Chackerian B, Cheng W. Self-Antigens Displayed on Liposomal Nanoparticles above a Threshold of Epitope Density Elicit Class-Switched Autoreactive Antibodies Independent of T Cell Help. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:335-347. [PMID: 31836655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epitope density has a profound impact on B cell responses to particulate Ags, the molecular mechanisms of which remain to be explored. To dissect the role of epitope density in this process, we have synthesized a series of liposomal particles, similar to the size of viruses, that display a model self-antigen peptide at defined surface densities. Immunization of C57BL/6J mice using these particles elicited both IgM and class-switched IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 autoreactive Abs that depended on the epitope density. In C57BL/6 gene knockout mice lacking either functional TCRs or MHC class II molecules on B cells, the liposomal particles also elicited IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 responses that were comparable in magnitudes to wild-type mice, suggesting that this B cell response was independent of cognate T cell help. Notably, the titer of the IgG in wild-type animals could be increased by more than 200-fold upon replacement of liposomes with bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles that displayed the same self-antigen peptide at comparable epitope densities. This enhancement was lost almost completely in gene knockout mice lacking either TCRs or MHC class II molecules on B cells. In conclusion, epitope density above a threshold on particulate Ags can serve as a stand-alone signal to trigger secretion of autoreactive and class-switched IgG in vivo in the absence of cognate T cell help or any adjuvants. The extraordinary immunogenicity of Qβ viral-like particles relies, in large part, on their ability to effectively recruit T cell help after B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wei-Yun Wholey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Irina Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; .,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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21
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Ruprecht RM, Marasini B, Thippeshappa R. Mucosal Antibodies: Defending Epithelial Barriers against HIV-1 Invasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040194. [PMID: 31771162 PMCID: PMC6963197 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The power of mucosal anti-HIV-1 envelope immunoglobulins (Igs) to block virus transmission is underappreciated. We used passive immunization, a classical tool to unequivocally prove whether antibodies are protective. We mucosally instilled recombinant neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) of different Ig classes in rhesus macaques (RMs) followed by mucosal simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. We gave anti-HIV-1 IgM, IgG, and dimeric IgA (dIgA) versions of the same human nmAb, HGN194 that targets the conserved V3 loop crown. Surprisingly, dIgA1 with its wide-open, flat hinge protected 83% of the RMs against intrarectal R5-tropic SHIV-1157ipEL-p challenge, whereas dIgA2, with its narrow hinge, only protected 17% of the animals—despite identical epitope specificities and in vitro neutralization curves of the two dIgA isotypes (Watkins et al., AIDS 2013 27(9):F13-20). These data imply that factors in addition to neutralization determine in vivo protection. We propose that this underlying protective mechanism is immune exclusion, which involves large nmAb/virion aggregates that prevent virus penetration of mucosal barriers. Future studies need to find biomarkers that predict effective immune exclusion in vivo. Vaccine development strategies against HIV-1 and/or other mucosally transmissible pathogens should include induction of strong mucosal Abs of different Ig classes to defend epithelial barriers against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Ruprecht
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bishal Marasini
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA;
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22
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Ghirotto B, Terra FF, Câmara NOS, Basso PJ. Sirtuins in B lymphocytes metabolism and function. World J Exp Med 2019; 9:1-13. [PMID: 30705866 PMCID: PMC6354076 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases and play a role in virtually all cell biological processes. As SIRTs functions vary according to their subtypes, they can either activate or inhibit signaling pathways upon different conditions or tissues. Recent studies have focused on metabolic effects performed by SIRTs in several cell types since specific metabolic pathways (e.g., aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, β-oxidation, glutaminolysis) are used to determine the cell fate. However, few efforts have been made to understand the role of SIRTs on B lymphocytes metabolism and function. These cells are associated with humoral immune responses by secreting larger amounts of antibodies after differentiating into antibody-secreting cells. Besides, both the SIRTs and B lymphocytes are potential targets to treat several immune-mediated disorders, including cancer. Here, we provide an outlook of recent studies regarding the role of SIRTs in general cellular metabolism and B lymphocytes functions, pointing out the future perspectives of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ghirotto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Terra
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology (LIM 16), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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23
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Hermida MDR, de Melo CVB, Lima IDS, Oliveira GGDS, Dos-Santos WLC. Histological Disorganization of Spleen Compartments and Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:394. [PMID: 30483481 PMCID: PMC6243053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ responsible for immune surveillance against blood-circulating pathogens. Absence of the spleen is associated with increased susceptibility to systemic spread and fatal infection by different pathogens. Severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis are associated with disorganization of spleen compartments where cell interactions essential for splenic immunological function take place. White pulp atrophies, secondary lymphoid follicles and marginal zones vanish, and the boundaries separating white and red pulp blur. Leukocyte populations are reduced or disappear or are replaced by plasma cells. In this paper, we review the published data on spleen disorganization in severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis and propose a histological classification to help the exchange of information among research groups.
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24
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Glinton K, DeBerge M, Yeap XY, Zhang J, Forbess J, Luo X, Thorp EB. Acute and chronic phagocyte determinants of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:593-603. [PMID: 30141073 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant immunosuppression has reduced the incidence of T cell-mediated acute rejection, yet long-term cardiac graft survival rates remain a challenge. An important determinant of chronic solid organ allograft complication is accelerated vascular disease of the transplanted graft. In the case of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), the precise cellular etiology remains inadequately understood; however, histologic evidence hints at the accumulation and activation of innate phagocytes as a causal contributing factor. This includes monocytes, macrophages, and immature dendritic cell subsets. In addition to crosstalk with adaptive T and B immune cells, myeloid phagocytes secrete paracrine signals that directly activate fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, both of which contribute to fibrous intimal thickening. Though maladaptive phagocyte functions may promote CAV, directed modulation of myeloid cell function, at the molecular level, holds promise for tolerance and prolonged cardiac graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofor Glinton
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xin-Yi Yeap
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joseph Forbess
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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25
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Fong R, Kajihara K, Chen M, Hotzel I, Mariathasan S, Hazenbos WL, Lupardus PJ. Structural investigation of human S. aureus-targeting antibodies that bind wall teichoic acid. MAbs 2018; 10:979-991. [PMID: 30102105 PMCID: PMC6204806 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1501252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a growing health threat worldwide. Efforts to identify novel antibodies that target S. aureus cell surface antigens are a promising direction in the development of antibiotics that can halt MRSA infection. We biochemically and structurally characterized three patient-derived MRSA-targeting antibodies that bind to wall teichoic acid (WTA), which is a polyanionic surface glycopolymer. In S. aureus, WTA exists in both α- and β-forms, based on the stereochemistry of attachment of a N-acetylglucosamine residue to the repeating phosphoribitol sugar unit. We identified a panel of antibodies cloned from human patients that specifically recognize the α or β form of WTA, and can bind with high affinity to pathogenic wild-type strains of S. aureus bacteria. To investigate how the β-WTA specific antibodies interact with their target epitope, we determined the X-ray crystal structures of the three β-WTA specific antibodies, 4462, 4497, and 6078 (Protein Data Bank IDs 6DWI, 6DWA, and 6DW2, respectively), bound to a synthetic WTA epitope. These structures reveal that all three of these antibodies, while utilizing distinct antibody complementarity-determining region sequences and conformations to interact with β-WTA, fulfill two recognition principles: binding to the β-GlcNAc pyranose core and triangulation of WTA phosphate residues with polar contacts. These studies reveal the molecular basis for targeting a unique S. aureus cell surface epitope and highlight the power of human patient-based antibody discovery techniques for finding novel pathogen-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Fong
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Kajihara
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Chen
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isidro Hotzel
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wouter L.W. Hazenbos
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick J. Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA,CONTACT Patrick J. Lupardus Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Yiwen Z, Shilin G, Yingshi C, Lishi S, Baohong L, Chao L, Linghua L, Ting P, Hui Z. Efficient generation of antigen-specific CTLs by the BAFF-activated human B Lymphocytes as APCs: a novel approach for immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77732-77748. [PMID: 27780916 PMCID: PMC5363617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient antigen presentation is indispensable for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunotherapy. B-lymphocytes propagated with CD40L have been developed as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), but this capacity needs further optimization. Here, we aimed to expand human B-lymphocytes on a large scale while maintaining their antigen-presenting ability by using both CD40L and B-cell activating factor (BAFF). The addition of BAFF enhanced the expansion efficiency and prolonged the culture time without causing apoptosis of the expanded B-cells. This method thus provided an almost unlimited source of cellular adjuvant to achieve sufficient expansion of CTLs in cases where several rounds of stimulation are required. We also showed that the addition of BAFF significantly enhanced the expression of major costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86. Subsequently, the antigen-presenting ability of the B-lymphocytes also increased. Consequently, these B-lymphocytes showed robust CTL responses to inhibit tumor growth after tumor-specific peptide pulses. A similar method induced potent antigen-specific CTL responses, which effectively eradicated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency in CD4 T-lymphocytes isolated from patients receiving suppressive anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Together, our findings indicate that potent antigen-specific CTLs can be generated using BAFF-activated B-lymphocytes as APCs ex vivo. This approach can be applied for CTL-mediated immunotherapy in patients with cancers or chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yiwen
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Gao Shilin
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Yingshi
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Su Lishi
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Luo Baohong
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Liu Chao
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Li Linghua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Pan Ting
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhang Hui
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
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27
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The Role of Costimulation Blockade in Solid Organ and Islet Xenotransplantation. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8415205. [PMID: 29159187 PMCID: PMC5660816 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8415205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig-to-human xenotransplantation offers a potential bridge to the growing disparity between patients with end-stage organ failure and graft availability. Early studies attempting to overcome cross-species barriers demonstrated robust humoral immune responses to discordant xenoantigens. Recent advances have led to highly efficient and targeted genomic editing, drastically altering the playing field towards rapid production of less immunogenic porcine tissues and even the discussion of human xenotransplantation trials. However, as these humoral immune barriers to cross-species transplantation are overcome with advanced transgenics, cellular immunity to these novel xenografts remains an outstanding issue. Therefore, understanding and optimizing immunomodulation will be paramount for successful clinical xenotransplantation. Costimulation blockade agents have been introduced in xenotransplantation research in 2000 with anti-CD154mAb. Most recently, prolonged survival has been achieved in solid organ (kidney xenograft survival > 400 days with anti-CD154mAb, heart xenograft survival > 900 days, and liver xenograft survival 29 days with anti-CD40mAb) and islet xenotransplantation (>600 days with anti-CD154mAb) with the use of these potent experimental agents. As the development of novel genetic modifications and costimulation blocking agents converges, we review their impact thus far on preclinical xenotransplantation and the potential for future application.
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28
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Mavroudi I, Eliopoulos AG, Pontikoglou C, Pyrovolaki K, Damianaki A, Koutala H, Zervou MI, Ximeri M, Mastrodemou S, Kanellou P, Goulielmos GN, Papadaki HA. Immunoglobulin and B-cell disturbances in patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:75-81. [PMID: 28732781 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is a granulocytic disorder associated with presence of activated, myelosuppressive T-lymphocytes. In the present study we have evaluated constituents of humoral immunity in CIN patients (n=48) compared to healthy controls (n=52). CIN patients displayed lower serum IgG levels due to a reduction in IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 but not IgG2, lower IgA and increased IgM levels compared to controls. The proportion of CD19+ cells did not differ between patients and controls; however the proportion of the naïve IgD+/CD27- B-cells was increased and the proportion of class-switched memory IgD-/CD27+ B-cells was decreased in the patients. The percentage of CD40+ B-cells did not differ between patients and controls and no aberrations in the CD40-meadiated signal transduction pathway or in CD40-gene polymorphisms were identified. These data provide further evidence that immune disturbances are associated with the pathophysiology of CIN and point out for the first time the implication of the B-cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mavroudi
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Athina Damianaki
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Helen Koutala
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Maria I Zervou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Ximeri
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Semeli Mastrodemou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Peggy Kanellou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - George N Goulielmos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Helen A Papadaki
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
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29
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Tafalla C, González L, Castro R, Granja AG. B Cell-Activating Factor Regulates Different Aspects of B Cell Functionality and Is Produced by a Subset of Splenic B Cells in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2017; 8:295. [PMID: 28360916 PMCID: PMC5350146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, B cell functionality is greatly influenced by cytokines released by innate cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, upon the early recognition of common pathogen patterns through invariant receptors. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is one of these innate B cell-helper signals and plays a key role in the survival and differentiation of B cells. Although, evolutionarily, teleost fish constitute the first animal group in which adaptive immunity based on Ig receptors is present, fish still rely greatly on innate responses. In this context, we hypothesized that BAFF would play a key role in the control of B cell responses in fish. Supporting this, our results show that teleost BAFF recapitulates mammalian BAFF stimulating actions on B cells, upregulating the expression of membrane MHC II, improving the survival of fish naïve B cells and antibody-secreting cells, and increasing the secretion of IgM. Surprisingly, we also demonstrate that BAFF is not only produced in fish by myeloid cells but is also produced by a subset of splenic B cells. Thus, if this B cell-produced BAFF proves to be actively regulating this same B cell subset, our findings point to an ancient mechanism to control B cell differentiation and survival in lower vertebrates, which has been silenced in mammals in physiological conditions, but reemerges under pathological conditions, such as B cell lymphomas and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tafalla
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Pathology, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Lucia González
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Pathology, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rosario Castro
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Pathology, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Pathology, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA) , Madrid , Spain
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30
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Guo X, Wu N, Shang Y, Liu X, Wu T, Zhou Y, Liu X, Huang J, Liao X, Wu L. The Novel Toll-Like Receptor 2 Agonist SUP3 Enhances Antigen Presentation and T Cell Activation by Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:158. [PMID: 28270814 PMCID: PMC5318439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells that play crucial roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Previous studies suggested that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists could be used as potential adjuvants, as activation of TLRs can boost DC-induced immune responses. TLR2 agonists have been shown to enhance DC-mediated immune responses. However, classical TLR2 agonists such as Pam3CSK4 are not stable enough in vivo, which limits their clinical applications. In this study, a novel structurally stable TLR2 agonist named SUP3 was designed. Functional analysis showed that SUP3 induced much stronger antitumor response than Pam3CSK4 by promoting cytotoxic T lymphocytes activation in vivo. This effect was achieved through the following mechanisms: SUP3 strongly enhanced the ability of antigen cross-presentation by DCs and subsequent T cell activation. SUP3 upregulated the expression of costimulatory molecules on DCs and increased antigen deposition in draining lymph nodes. More interestingly, SUP3 induced less amount of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in vivo compared to other TLR agonists such as lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, SUP3 could serve as a novel promising immune adjuvant in vaccine development and immune modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueheng Guo
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Wu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Xin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jiaoyan Huang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
| | - Xuebin Liao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine , Beijing , China
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31
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Liu XL, Wang LJ, Zhang S, Li MG, Yu H, Jiang YY, Wang XB, Yang ZY. Characteristics of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in peripheral blood of patients with HBV-related primary liver cancer of Qi-Yin deficiency type. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4264-4271. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i31.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome distribution in the occurrence and progression of hepatitis B virus-related primary liver cancer (HBV-PLC) and compare the changes of T and B cells among different HBV-PLC syndromes.
METHODS The laboratory characteristics and TCM syndromes of 67 HBV-PLV patients, 55 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients and 40 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients were collected at Beijing Ditan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University. The distributions of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T and CD3-CD19+ B cells in peripheral blood of all patients were detected by flow cytometry.
RESULTS Compared with CHB and LC patients, the percentage of HBV-PLC patients of Qi and Yin deficiency type increased, but that of liver depression and spleen deficiency type declined. In terms of Child, Okuda, and BCLC stages of liver cancer, the early stage was mostly associated with liver depression and spleen deficiency, while the advanced stage was mainly associated with Qi and Yin deficiency. Compared with HBV-PLC patients with liver depression and spleen deficiency type, TBIL, DBIL, PT, PTA and the percentage of B cells increased in patients with Qi and Yin deficiency (P < 0.001), while A/G, CHE, the numbers and percentages of T and CD8+ cells, and the number of CD4+ cells significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in patients with Qi and Yin deficiency. The numbers of T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B cells were less in the LC and HBV-PLC patients of Qi and Yin deficiency type than in CHB patients of the same type (P < 0.05) .
CONCLUSION The TCM syndrome changes from liver depression and spleen deficiency to Qi and Yin deficiency in the occurrence and progression of HBV-PLC. HBV-PLC patients with Qi and Yin deficiency have worse liver function, lower anti-tumor immune response and poorer prognosis compared with patients with other types.
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B cell activating factor is induced by toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor-ligands and plays critical role in IgM synthesis in Labeo rohita. Mol Immunol 2016; 78:9-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ohtola JA, Khaskhely NM, Saul-Mcbeth JL, Iyer AS, Leggat DJ, Khuder SA, Westerink MAJ. Alterations in serotype-specific B cell responses to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in aging HIV-infected adults. Vaccine 2015; 34:451-457. [PMID: 26707220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced age and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are associated with increased pneumococcal disease risk. The impact of these factors on cellular responses to vaccination is unknown. METHODS HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals 50-65 years old with CD4(+) Tcells/μl (CD4) >200 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) ≥1 year received either the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PCV/PPV) or PPV only. HIV-uninfected (HIV-) controls received PCV/PPV. Phenotype distribution and surface expression of complement receptor CD21 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors (TNFRs) were compared on serotype-specific B cells postvaccination. RESULTS Postvaccination serotype-specific B cell percentages were significantly lower in HIV+ PCV/PPV compared to PPV groups, but similar between HIV+ or HIV- PCV/PPV groups. Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI)(+) serotype-specific B cell percentages were significantly decreased in HIV+ PCV/PPV compared to PPV groups. CD21(+) serotype-specific B cells were significantly higher in HIV- compared to HIV+ PCV/PPV groups. CONCLUSIONS An initial dose of PCV reduced the frequency, but not phenotype distribution, of serotype-specific B cells and also lowered TACI expression in aging HIV+ subjects postvaccination with PPV. These findings suggest that PCV does not enhance cellular responses to revaccination with PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Ohtola
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Noor M Khaskhely
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L Saul-Mcbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Anita S Iyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - David J Leggat
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Sadik A Khuder
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States; Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - M A Julie Westerink
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
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Voon DCC, Hor YT, Ito Y. The RUNX complex: reaching beyond haematopoiesis into immunity. Immunology 2015; 146:523-36. [PMID: 26399680 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among their diverse roles as transcriptional regulators during development and cell fate specification, the RUNX transcription factors are best known for the parts they play in haematopoiesis. RUNX proteins are expressed throughout all haematopoietic lineages, being necessary for the emergence of the first haematopoietic stem cells to their terminal differentiation. Although much progress has been made since their discoveries almost two decades ago, current appreciation of RUNX in haematopoiesis is largely grounded in their lineage-specifying roles. In contrast, the importance of RUNX to immunity has been mostly obscured for historic, technical and conceptual reasons. However, this paradigm is likely to shift over time, as a primary purpose of haematopoiesis is to resource the immune system. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests a role for RUNX in the innate immunity of non-haematopoietic cells. This review takes a haematopoiesis-centric approach to collate what is known of RUNX's contribution to the overall mammalian immune system and discuss their growing prominence in areas such as autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases and mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Biology Programme, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Botanical Drugs as an Emerging Strategy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:179616. [PMID: 26576073 PMCID: PMC4630406 DOI: 10.1155/2015/179616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two most common categories of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which are characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestine that comprises the patients' life quality and requires sustained pharmacological and surgical treatments. Since their aetiology is not completely understood, nonfully efficient drugs have been developed and those that show effectiveness are not devoid of quite important adverse effects that impair their long-term use. Therefore, many patients try with some botanical drugs, which are safe and efficient after many years of use. However, it is necessary to properly evaluate these therapies to consider a new strategy for human IBD. In this report we have reviewed the main botanical drugs that have been assessed in clinical trials in human IBD and the mechanisms and the active compounds proposed for their beneficial effects.
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Pone EJ, Lou Z, Lam T, Greenberg ML, Wang R, Xu Z, Casali P. B cell TLR1/2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 interact in induction of class switch DNA recombination: modulation by BCR and CD40, and relevance to T-independent antibody responses. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:1-12. [PMID: 25536171 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.993027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ig class switch DNA recombination (CSR) in B cells is crucial to the maturation of antibody responses. It requires IgH germline IH-CH transcription and expression of AID, both of which are induced by engagement of CD40 or dual engagement of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Here, we have addressed cross-regulation between two different TLRs or between a TLR and CD40 in CSR induction by using a B cell stimulation system involving lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS-mediated long-term primary class-switched antibody responses and memory-like antibody responses in vivo and induced generation of class-switched B cells and plasma cells in vitro. Consistent with the requirement for dual TLR and BCR engagement in CSR induction, LPS, which engages TLR4 through its lipid A moiety, triggered cytosolic Ca2+ flux in B cells through its BCR-engaging polysaccharidic moiety. In the presence of BCR crosslinking, LPS synergized with a TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4) in CSR induction, but much less efficiently with a TLR7 (R-848) or TLR9 (CpG) ligand. In the absence of BCR crosslinking, R-848 and CpG, which per se induced marginal CSR, virtually abrogated CSR to IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and/or IgA, as induced by LPS or CD154 (CD40 ligand) plus IL-4, IFN-γ or TGF-β, and reduced secretion of class-switched Igs, without affecting B cell proliferation or IgM expression. The CSR inhibition by TLR9 was associated with the reduction in AID expression and/or IgH germline IH-S-CH transcription, and required co-stimulation of B cells by CpG with LPS or CD154. Unexpectedly, B cells also failed to undergo CSR or plasma cell differentiation when co-stimulated by LPS and CD154. Overall, by addressing the interaction of TLR1/2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in the induction of CSR and modulation of TLR-dependent CSR by BCR and CD40, our study suggests the complexity of how different stimuli cross-regulate an important B cell differentiation process and an important role of TLRs in inducing effective T-independent antibody responses to microbial pathogens, allergens and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J Pone
- Institute for Immunology, University of California , Irvine, CA , USA
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Arai Y, Yamashita K, Kuriyama K, Shiokawa M, Kodama Y, Sakurai T, Mizugishi K, Uchida K, Kadowaki N, Takaori-Kondo A, Kudo M, Okazaki K, Strober W, Chiba T, Watanabe T. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Activation and IFN-α Production Are Prominent Features of Murine Autoimmune Pancreatitis and Human IgG4-Related Autoimmune Pancreatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3033-44. [PMID: 26297761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal immune response accompanying IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is presently unclear. In this study, we examined the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) activation and IFN-α production in this disease as well as in a murine model of AIP (MRL/Mp mice treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid). We found that the development of AIP in treated MRL/Mp mice occurred in parallel with pancreatic accumulation of pDCs producing IFN-α, and with pDC depletion and IFN-α-blocking studies, we showed that such accumulation was necessary for AIP induction. In addition, we found that the pancreas of treated MRL/Mp mice contained neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) shown previously to stimulate pDCs to produce IFN-α. Consistent with these findings, we found that patients with IgG4-related AIP also exhibited pancreatic tissue localization of IFN-α-expressing pDCs and had significantly higher serum IFN-α levels than healthy controls. In addition, the inflamed pancreas of these patients but not controls also contained NETs that were shown to be capable of pDC activation. More importantly, patient pDCs cultured in the presence of NETs produced greatly increased levels of IFN-α and induced control B cells to produce IgG4 (but not IgG1) as compared with control pDCs. These data suggest that pDC activation and production of IFN-α is a major cause of murine AIP; in addition, the increased pDC production of IFN-α and its relation to IgG4 production observed in IgG4-related AIP suggest that this mechanism also plays a role in the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Arai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamashita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Katsutoshi Kuriyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Mizugishi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazushige Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Kadowaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I, Clement F, Ofori-Anyinam O, Lievens M, Jongert E, Moris P, Ballou WR, Cohen J. Evaluation of the immune response to RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 adjuvanted vaccines: randomized, double-blind study in malaria-naïve adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2211-9. [PMID: 25424924 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This phase II, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the immunogenicity of RTS,S vaccines containing Adjuvant System AS01 or AS02 as compared with non-adjuvanted RTS,S in healthy, malaria-naïve adults (NCT00443131). Thirty-six subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to receive RTS,S/AS01, RTS,S/AS02, or RTS,S/saline at months 0, 1, and 2. Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) and hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigens were assessed and cell-mediated immune responses evaluated by flow cytometry using intracellular cytokine staining on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anti-CS antibody avidity was also characterized. Safety and reactogenicity after each vaccine dose were monitored. One month after the third vaccine dose, RTS,S/AS01 (160.3 EU/mL [95%CI: 114.1-225.4]) and RTS,S/AS02 (77.4 EU/mL (95%CI: 47.3-126.7)) recipients had significantly higher anti-CS antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) than recipients of RTS,S/saline (12.2 EU/mL (95%CI: 4.8-30.7); P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0011, respectively). The anti-CS antibody GMT was significantly higher with RTS,S/AS01 than with RTS,S/AS02 (P = 0.0135). Anti-CS antibody avidity was in the same range in all groups. CS- and HBs-specific CD4(+) T cell responses were greater for both RTS,S/AS groups than for the RTS,S/saline group. Reactogenicity was in general higher for RTS,S/AS compared with RTS,S/saline. Most grade 3 solicited adverse events (AEs) were of short duration and grade 3 solicited general AEs were infrequent in the 3 groups. No serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, in comparison with non-adjuvanted RTS,S, both RTS,S/AS vaccines exhibited better CS-specific immune responses. The anti-CS antibody response was significantly higher with RTS,S/AS01 than with RTS,S/AS02. The adjuvanted vaccines had acceptable safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Leroux-Roels
- a Centre for Vaccinology (CEVAC); Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital; Ghent, Belgium
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Poudrier J, Soulas C, Chagnon-Choquet J, Burdo T, Autissier P, Oskar K, Williams KC, Roger M. High expression levels of BLyS/BAFF by blood dendritic cells and granulocytes are associated with B-cell dysregulation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131513. [PMID: 26107380 PMCID: PMC4479440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) modulate B-cell survival and differentiation, mainly through production of growth factors such as B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS/BAFF). In recent longitudinal studies involving HIV-1-infected individuals with different rates of disease progression, we have shown that DCs were altered in number and phenotype in the context of HIV-1 disease progression and B-cell dysregulations were associated with increased BLyS/BAFF expression in plasma and by blood myeloid DCs (mDCs) in rapid and classic progressors but not in HIV-1-elite controllers (EC). Suggesting that the extent to which HIV-1 disease progression is controlled may be linked to BLyS/BAFF expression status and the capacity to orchestrate B-cell responses. Herein, longitudinal analyses of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques also revealed increased expression of BLyS/BAFF by blood mDCs as soon as day 8 and throughout infection. Strikingly, granulocytes presented the highest BLyS/BAFF expression profile in the blood of SIV-infected macaques. BLyS/BAFF levels were also increased in plasma and correlated with viral loads. Consequently, these SIV-infected animals had plasma hyperglobulinemia and reduced blood B-cell numbers with altered population frequencies. These data underscore that BLyS/BAFF is associated with immune dysregulation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques and suggest that BLyS/BAFF is a key regulator of immune activation that is highly conserved among primates. These findings emphasize the potential importance of this SIV-infected primate model to test whether blocking excess BLyS/BAFF has an effect on the overall inflammatory burden and immune restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d’immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (JP); (MR)
| | | | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Laboratoire d’immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tricia Burdo
- Boston College, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Kathryn Oskar
- Boston College, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d’immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail: (JP); (MR)
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Islam AD, Selmi C, Datta-Mitra A, Sonu R, Chen M, Gershwin ME, Raychaudhuri SP. The changing faces of IgG4-related disease: Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:914-22. [PMID: 26112170 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the earliest reports in 2001, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease has been defined as an autoimmune systemic disease characterized by the lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of affected tissues leading to fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis along with elevated serum IgG4 levels. Prior to this unifying hypothesis, a plethora of clinical manifestations were considered as separate entities despite the similar laboratory profile. The pathology can be observed in virtually all organs and may thus be a challenging diagnosis, especially when the adequate clinical suspicion is not present or when obtaining a tissue biopsy is not feasible. Nonetheless, the most frequently involved organs are the pancreas and exocrine glands but these may be spared. Immunosuppressants lead to a prompt clinical response in virtually all cases and prevent histological sequelae and, as a consequence, an early differential diagnosis from other conditions, particularly infections and cancer, as well as an early treatment should be pursued. We describe herein two cases in which atypical disease manifestations were observed, i.e., one with recurrent neck lymph node enlargement and proptosis, and one with jaundice. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease is largely incomplete but data support a significant role for Th2 cytokines with the contribution of innate immunity factors such as Toll-like receptors, macrophages and basophils. Further, macrophages activated by IL4 overexpress B cell activating factors and contribute to chronic inflammation and the development of fibrosis. We cannot rule out the possibility that the largely variable disease phenotypes reflect different pathogenetic mechanisms and the tissue microenvironment may then contribute to the organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Duza Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rebecca Sonu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Siba P Raychaudhuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; VA Medical Center Sacramento, Mather, CA, USA.
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Prechel MM, Walenga JM. Complexes of platelet factor 4 and heparin activate Toll-like receptor 4. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:665-70. [PMID: 25604035 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some patients, the anticoagulant heparin elicits formation of antibodies that can cause the life and/or limb-threatening syndrome known as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). HIT antibodies target complexes formed at specific molar ratios of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). The unpredictable occurrence and the mechanism of this atypical immune response to PF4:heparin complexes are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether complexes formed at specific PF4:heparin ratios (PHRs) might resemble molecular patterns associated with host defense responses. METHODS We used an in vitro cytokine release assay to determine whether defined PHRs caused cytokine release from human whole blood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive assay control, and some experiments included antibodies to block Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). RESULTS PF4:heparin complexes caused release of the biomarker interleukin 8 in whole blood, and the level of response varied with the stoichiometric ratio of PF4 to heparin. The profile of response to LPS and to PF4:heparin complexes varied among blood donors, and the interleukin 8 response to both LPS and PF4:heparin was inhibited by TLR4-blocking antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Specific PF4-heparin complexes can elicit a TLR4-mediated response, suggesting that these complexes can mimic a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and supporting the suggestion that the HIT immune response represents a misdirected host defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Prechel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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Wang J, Li Q, Xie J, Xu Y. Cigarette smoke inhibits BAFF expression and mucosal immunoglobulin A responses in the lung during influenza virus infection. Respir Res 2015; 16:37. [PMID: 25849069 PMCID: PMC4364338 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is incompletely understood how cigarette smoke (CS) exposure affects lung mucosal immune responses during viral respiratory infections. B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) plays an important role in the induction of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) which is the main effector of the mucosal immune system. We therefore investigated the effects of CS exposure on BAFF expression and S-IgA responses in the lung during influenza virus infection. METHODS Mice were exposed to CS and/or infected with influenza virus. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung compartments were analyzed for BAFF expression, influenza-specific S-IgA level and histological changes. Lung B cells were isolated and the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) expression was determined. BEAS-2B cells were treated with CS extract (CSE), influenza virus, interferon beta or N-acetylcysteine and BAFF expression was measured. RESULTS CS inhibited BAFF expression in the lung, particularly after long-term exposure. BAFF and S-IgA levels were increased during influenza virus infection. Three-month CS exposure prior to influenza virus infection resulted in reduced BAFF and S-IgA levels in the lung as well as augmented pulmonary inflammation on day 7 after infection. Prior CS exposure also caused decreased Aicda expression in lung B cells during infection. Neutralization of BAFF in the lung resulted in reduced S-IgA levels during influenza virus infection. CSE inhibited virus-mediated BAFF induction in a dose-dependent manner in BEAS-2B cells, while this inhibition of BAFF by CSE was prevented by pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that CS may hinder early mucosal IgA responses in the lung during influenza virus infection through oxidative inhibition of BAFF, which might contribute to the increased incidence and severity of viral infections in smokers.
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Abós B, Castro R, González Granja A, Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR, Tafalla C. Early activation of teleost B cells in response to rhabdovirus infection. J Virol 2015; 89:1768-80. [PMID: 25410870 PMCID: PMC4300759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03080-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To date, the response of teleost B cells to specific pathogens has been only scarcely addressed. In this work, we have demonstrated that viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus, has the capacity to infect rainbow trout spleen IgM-positive (IgM(+)) cells, although the infection is not productive. Consequently, we have studied the effects of VHSV on IgM(+) cell functionality, comparing these effects to those elicited by a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand, poly(I·C). We found that poly(I·C) and VHSV significantly upregulated TLR3 and type I interferon (IFN) transcription in spleen and blood IgM(+) cells. Further effects included the upregulated transcription of the CK5B chemokine. The significant inhibition of some of these effects in the presence of bafilomycin A1 (BAF), an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, suggests the involvement of an intracellular TLR in these responses. In the case of VHSV, these transcriptional effects were dependent on viral entry into B cells and the initiation of viral transcription. VHSV also provoked the activation of NF-κB and the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) cell surface expression on IgM(+) cells, which, along with the increased transcription of the costimulatory molecules CD80/86 and CD83, pointed to VHSV-induced IgM(+) cell activation toward an antigen-presenting profile. Finally, despite the moderate effects of VHSV on IgM(+) cell proliferation, a consistent effect on IgM(+) cell survival was detected. IMPORTANCE Innate immune responses to pathogens established through their recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been traditionally ascribed to innate cells. However, recent evidence in mammals has revealed that innate pathogen recognition by B lymphocytes is a crucial factor in shaping the type of immune response that is mounted. In teleosts, these immediate effects of viral encounter on B lymphocytes have not been addressed to date. In our study, we have demonstrated that VHSV infection provoked immediate transcriptional effects on B cells, at least partially mediated by intracellular PRR signaling. VHSV also activated NF-κB and increased IgM(+) cell survival. Interestingly, VHSV activated B lymphocytes toward an antigen-presenting profile, suggesting an important role of IgM(+) cells in VHSV presentation. Our results provide a first description of the effects provoked by fish rhabdoviruses through their early interaction with teleost B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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DNA vaccine molecular adjuvants SP-D-BAFF and SP-D-APRIL enhance anti-gp120 immune response and increase HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. J Virol 2015; 89:4158-69. [PMID: 25631080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02904-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) specific for conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope (Env) are believed to be essential for protection against multiple HIV-1 clades. However, vaccines capable of stimulating the production of bNAbs remain a major challenge. Given that polyreactivity and autoreactivity are considered important characteristics of anti-HIV bNAbs, we designed an HIV vaccine incorporating the molecular adjuvants BAFF (B cell activating factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) with the potential to facilitate the maturation of polyreactive and autoreactive B cells as well as to enhance the affinity and/or avidity of Env-specific antibodies. We designed recombinant DNA plasmids encoding soluble multitrimers of BAFF and APRIL using surfactant protein D as a scaffold, and we vaccinated mice with these molecular adjuvants using DNA and DNA-protein vaccination strategies. We found that immunization of mice with a DNA vaccine encoding BAFF or APRIL multitrimers, together with interleukin 12 (IL-12) and membrane-bound HIV-1 Env gp140, induced neutralizing antibodies against tier 1 and tier 2 (vaccine strain) viruses. The APRIL-containing vaccine was particularly effective at generating tier 2 neutralizing antibodies following a protein boost. These BAFF and APRIL effects coincided with an enhanced germinal center (GC) reaction, increased anti-gp120 antibody-secreting cells, and increased anti-gp120 functional avidity. Notably, BAFF and APRIL did not cause indiscriminate B cell expansion or an increase in total IgG. We propose that BAFF and APRIL multitrimers are promising molecular adjuvants for vaccines designed to induce bNAbs against HIV-1. IMPORTANCE Recent identification of antibodies that neutralize most HIV-1 strains has revived hopes and efforts to create novel vaccines that can effectively stimulate HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. However, the multiple immune evasion properties of HIV have hampered these efforts. These include the instability of the gp120 trimer, the inaccessibility of the conserved sequences, highly variable protein sequences, and the loss of HIV-1-specific antibody-producing cells during development. We have shown previously that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily ligands, including BAFF and APRIL, can be multitrimerized using the lung protein SP-D (surfactant protein D), enhancing immune responses. Here we show that DNA or DNA-protein vaccines encoding BAFF or APRIL multitrimers, IL-12p70, and membrane-bound HIV-1 Env gp140 induced tier 1 and tier 2 neutralizing antibodies in a mouse model. BAFF and APRIL enhanced the immune reaction, improved antibody binding, and increased the numbers of anti-HIV-1 antibody-secreting cells. Adaptation of this vaccine design may prove useful in designing preventive HIV-1 vaccines for humans.
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45
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Lycke N, Bemark M, Spencer J. Mucosal B Cell Differentiation and Regulation. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Chagnon-Choquet J, Gauvin J, Roger J, Fontaine J, Poudrier J, Roger M. HIV Nef promotes expression of B-lymphocyte stimulator by blood dendritic cells during HIV infection in humans. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1229-40. [PMID: 25378636 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) modulate B-cell survival and differentiation, mainly through production of growth factors such as B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also known as "B-cell factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family" [BAFF]). We have recently shown that, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals with rapid and those with classic disease progression, B-cell dysregulations were associated with increased BLyS expression in plasma and by blood myeloid DCs (mDCs), in contrast to aviremic HIV-infected individuals with slow disease progression (also known as "elite controllers"). In previous work with transgenic mice expressing HIV genes, B-cell dysregulations were concomitant with altered mDCs and dependent on HIV negative factor (Nef). We now report that HIV Nef is detected early after infection and despite successful therapy in plasma and BLyS-overexpressing blood mDCs of HIV-infected rapid and classic progressors, whereas it is low to undetectable in aviremic slow progressors. In vitro, HIV Nef drives monocyte-derived DCs toward BLyS overexpression through a process involving STAT1. Importantly, this is counteracted in the presence of all-trans retinoic acid. Nef thus contributes to high BLyS proinflammatory profiles in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Julie Gauvin
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Julien Roger
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier
| | - Julie Fontaine
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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Mann ER, Li X. Intestinal antigen-presenting cells in mucosal immune homeostasis: Crosstalk between dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9653-9664. [PMID: 25110405 PMCID: PMC4123356 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system maintains a delicate balance between immunogenicity against invading pathogens and tolerance of the commensal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a breakdown in tolerance towards the microbiota. Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages (MΦ) and B-cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) due to their specialization in presenting processed antigen to T-cells, and in turn shaping types of T-cell responses generated. Intestinal DC are migratory cells, unique in their ability to generate primary T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches, whilst MΦ and B-cells contribute to polarization and differentiation of secondary T-cell responses in the gut lamina propria. The antigen-sampling function of gut DC and MΦ enables them to sample bacterial antigens from the gut lumen to determine types of T-cell responses generated. The primary function of intestinal B-cells involves their secretion of large amounts of immunoglobulin A, which in turn contributes to epithelial barrier function and limits immune responses towards to microbiota. Here, we review the role of all three types of APC in intestinal immunity, both in the steady state and in inflammation, and how these cells interact with one another, as well as with the intestinal microenvironment, to shape mucosal immune responses. We describe mechanisms of maintaining intestinal immune tolerance in the steady state but also inappropriate responses of APC to components of the gut microbiota that contribute to pathology in IBD.
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Cellular signaling and production of galactose-deficient IgA1 in IgA nephropathy, an autoimmune disease. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:197548. [PMID: 25152896 PMCID: PMC4134797 DOI: 10.1155/2014/197548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN), the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis, is characterized by IgA1-containing immunodeposits in the glomeruli. IgAN is a chronic disease, with up to 40% of patients progressing to end-stage renal disease, with no disease-specific treatment. Multiple studies of the origin of the glomerular immunodeposits have linked elevated circulating levels of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 (galactose-deficient in some O-glycans; Gd-IgA1) with formation of nephritogenic Gd-IgA1-containing immune complexes. Gd-IgA1 is recognized as an autoantigen in susceptible individuals by anti-glycan autoantibodies, resulting in immune complexes that may ultimately deposit in the kidney and induce glomerular injury. Genetic studies have revealed that an elevated level of Gd-IgA1 in the circulation of IgAN patients is a hereditable trait. Moreover, recent genome-wide association studies have identified several immunity-related loci that associated with IgAN. Production of Gd-IgA1 by IgA1-secreting cells of IgAN patients has been attributed to abnormal expression and activity of several key glycosyltransferases. Substantial evidence is emerging that abnormal signaling in IgA1-producing cells is related to the production of Gd-IgA1. As Gd-IgA1 is the key autoantigen in IgAN, understanding the genetic, biochemical, and environmental aspects of the abnormal signaling in IgA1-producing cells will provide insight into possible targets for future disease-specific therapy.
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