1
|
Norton AM, Buchmann G, Ashe A, Watson OT, Beekman M, Remnant EJ. Deformed wing virus genotypes A and B do not elicit immunologically different responses in naïve honey bee hosts. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39072811 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Iflavirus aladeformis (Picornavirales: Iflaviridae), commonly known as deformed wing virus(DWV), in association with Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Mesostigmata: Varroidae), is a leading factor associated with honey bee (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) deaths. The virus and mite have a near global distribution, making it difficult to separate the effect of one from the other. The prevalence of two main DWV genotypes (DWV-A and DWV-B) has changed over time, leading to the possibility that the two strains elicit a different immune response by the host. Here, we use a honey bee population naïve to both the mite and the virus to investigate if honey bees show a different immunological response to DWV genotypes. We examined the expression of 19 immune genes by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and analysed small RNA after experimental injection with DWV-A and DWV-B. We found no evidence that DWV-A and DWV-B elicit different immune responses in honey bees. RNA interference genes were up-regulated during DWV infection, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) responses were proportional to viral loads yet did not inhibit DWV accumulation. The siRNA response towards DWV was weaker than the response to another honey bee pathogen, Triatovirus nigereginacellulae (Picornavirales: Dicistroviridae; black queen cell virus), suggesting that DWV is comparatively better at evading host antiviral defences. There was no evidence for the production of virus-derived Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in response to DWV. In contrast to previous studies, and in the absence of V. destructor, we found no evidence that DWV has an immunosuppressive effect. Overall, our results advance our understanding of the immunological effect that DWV in isolation elicits in honey bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Norton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gabriele Buchmann
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alyson Ashe
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Owen T Watson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Madeleine Beekman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily J Remnant
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Green DR. Health and Fitness at the Single-Cell Level. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:130-135. [PMID: 33536268 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetically identical cells in a tissue can respond differently to perturbations in their environment or "stress." Such stresses can be physicochemical, mechanical, or infectious or may come from competition with other cells in the tissue. Here, I discuss how the varying responses to stress influence the decision of a cell to repair or die, and how one cell's response can have effects on surrounding cells. Such responses control the health and fitness of single cells and how they compete with other genetically identical cells.See related article on p. 129.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jackson JA, Friberg IM, Hablützel PI, Masud N, Stewart A, Synnott R, Cable J. Partitioning the environmental drivers of immunocompetence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141152. [PMID: 32799018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By determining susceptibility to disease, environment-driven variation in immune responses can affect the health, productivity and fitness of vertebrates. Yet how the different components of the total environment control this immune variation is remarkably poorly understood. Here, through combining field observation, experimentation and modelling, we are able to quantitatively partition the key environmental drivers of constitutive immune allocation in a model wild vertebrate (three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus). We demonstrate that, in natural populations, thermal conditions and diet alone are sufficient (and necessary) to explain a dominant (seasonal) axis of variation in immune allocation. This dominant axis contributes to both infection resistance and tolerance and, in turn, to the vital rates of infectious agents and the progression of the disease they cause. Our results illuminate the environmental regulation of vertebrate immunity (given the evolutionary conservation of the molecular pathways involved) and they identify mechanisms through which immunocompetence and host-parasite dynamics might be impacted by changing environments. In particular, we predict a dominant sensitivity of immunocompetence and immunocompetence-driven host-pathogen dynamics to host diet shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Jackson
- Ecoimmunology Laboratory, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ida M Friberg
- Ecoimmunology Laboratory, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Pascal I Hablützel
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK; Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende, Belgium; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Numair Masud
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Synnott
- Ecoimmunology Laboratory, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ordovas-Montanes J, Beyaz S, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Shalek AK. Distribution and storage of inflammatory memory in barrier tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:308-320. [PMID: 32015472 PMCID: PMC7547402 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Memories of previous immune events enable barrier tissues to rapidly recall distinct environmental exposures. To effectively inform future responses, these past experiences can be stored in cell types that are long-term residents or essential constituents of tissues. There is an emerging understanding that, in addition to antigen-specific immune cells, diverse haematopoietic, stromal, parenchymal and neuronal cell types can store inflammatory memory. Here, we explore the impact of previous immune activity on various cell lineages with the goal of presenting a unified view of inflammatory memory to environmental exposures (such as allergens, antigens, noxious agents and microorganisms) at barrier tissues. We propose that inflammatory memory is distributed across diverse cell types and stored through shifts in cell states, and we provide a framework to guide future experiments. This distribution and storage may promote adaptation or maladaptation in homeostatic, maintenance and disease settings - especially if the distribution of memory favours cellular cooperation during storage or recall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wale N, Jones MJ, Sim DG, Read AF, King AA. The contribution of host cell-directed vs. parasite-directed immunity to the disease and dynamics of malaria infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22386-22392. [PMID: 31615885 PMCID: PMC6825298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908147116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hosts defend themselves against pathogens by mounting an immune response. Fully understanding the immune response as a driver of host disease and pathogen evolution requires a quantitative account of its impact on parasite population dynamics. Here, we use a data-driven modeling approach to quantify the birth and death processes underlying the dynamics of infections of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi, and the red blood cells (RBCs) it targets. We decompose the immune response into 3 components, each with a distinct effect on parasite and RBC vital rates, and quantify the relative contribution of each component to host disease and parasite density. Our analysis suggests that these components are deployed in a coordinated fashion to realize distinct resource-directed defense strategies that complement the killing of parasitized cells. Early in the infection, the host deploys a strategy reminiscent of siege and scorched-earth tactics, in which it both destroys RBCs and restricts their supply. Late in the infection, a "juvenilization" strategy, in which turnover of RBCs is accelerated, allows the host to recover from anemia while holding parasite proliferation at bay. By quantifying the impact of immunity on both parasite fitness and host disease, we reveal that phenomena often interpreted as immunopathology may in fact be beneficial to the host. Finally, we show that, across mice, the components of the host response are consistently related to each other, even when infections take qualitatively different trajectories. This suggests the existence of simple rules that govern the immune system's deployment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| | - Matthew J Jones
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Derek G Sim
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Andrew F Read
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Aaron A King
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferreting out viral pathogenesis. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:384-385. [PMID: 30787477 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
7
|
Shaw DK, Tate AT, Schneider DS, Levashina EA, Kagan JC, Pal U, Fikrig E, Pedra JHF. Vector Immunity and Evolutionary Ecology: The Harmonious Dissonance. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:862-873. [PMID: 30301592 PMCID: PMC6218297 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific breakthroughs have significantly expanded our understanding of arthropod vector immunity. Insights in the laboratory have demonstrated how the immune system provides resistance to infection, and in what manner innate defenses protect against a microbial assault. Less understood, however, is the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on microbial-vector interactions and the impact of the immune system on arthropod populations in nature. Furthermore, the influence of genetic plasticity on the immune response against vector-borne pathogens remains mostly elusive. Herein, we discuss evolutionary forces that shape arthropod vector immunity. We focus on resistance, pathogenicity and tolerance to infection. We posit that novel scientific paradigms should emerge when molecular immunologists and evolutionary ecologists work together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Shaw
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Ann T Tate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David S Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Parasites and Host Species Barriers in Animal Hybrid Zones. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 34:19-30. [PMID: 30348471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species barriers are tested in hybrid zones when gene flow occurs between hybridizing species. Hybridization can erode species barriers, lead to the introgression of adaptive traits, or remain stable through time. Outcomes in hybrid zones are influenced by divergence between the hybridizing taxa, behavior, ecology, and geography. Parasites and pathogens play a major role in host fitness and appear to have varied impacts on species barriers in hybrid zones. We comprehensively reviewed the literature on parasitism in animal hybrid zones and present an evolutionary framework within which to consider parasite-hybrid interactions. Parasites most frequently show potential to contribute to species barrier breakdown in hybrid zones, but also frequently show potential to facilitate the maintenance of species barriers. Incorporating eco-immunology, parasite community theory, and spatiotemporal approaches will be important as genomic tools allow researchers to examine parasites and hybrid zones at greater resolution and in a diversity of natural habitats.
Collapse
|
9
|
McMahon DP, Wilfert L, Paxton RJ, Brown MJF. Emerging Viruses in Bees: From Molecules to Ecology. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:251-291. [PMID: 29908591 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases arise as a result of novel interactions between populations of hosts and pathogens, and can threaten the health and wellbeing of the entire spectrum of biodiversity. Bees and their viruses are a case in point. However, detailed knowledge of the ecological factors and evolutionary forces that drive disease emergence in bees and other host-pathogen communities is surprisingly lacking. In this review, we build on the fundamental insight that viruses evolve and adapt over timescales that overlap with host ecology. At the same time, we integrate the role of host community ecology, including community structure and composition, biodiversity loss, and human-driven disturbance, all of which represent significant factors in bee virus ecology. Both of these evolutionary and ecological perspectives represent major advances but, in most cases, it remains unclear how evolutionary forces actually operate across different biological scales (e.g., from cell to ecosystem). We present a molecule-to-ecology framework to help address these issues, emphasizing the role of molecular mechanisms as key bottom-up drivers of change at higher ecological scales. We consider the bee-virus system to be an ideal one in which to apply this framework. Unlike many other animal models, bees constitute a well characterized and accessible multispecies assemblage, whose populations and interspecific interactions can be experimentally manipulated and monitored in high resolution across space and time to provide robust tests of prevailing theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lena Wilfert
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mark J F Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|