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Mills JA, Mendez E, Strawn JR. The Impact of Development on Antidepressant and Placebo Response in Anxiety Disorders: A Bayesian Hierarchical Meta-Analytic Examination of Randomized Controlled Trials in Children, Adolescents, and Adults. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38800869 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2024.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background: Understanding how development influences medication and placebo responses in anxiety disorders could inform treatment decisions, including age-specific first- versus second-line psychopharmacological interventions. Objective: To meta-analytically compare the trajectory of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and placebo response in youth and adults with anxiety disorders. Methods: Weekly symptom severity data were extracted from prospective, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trials of SSRIs and SNRIs in children, adolescents, and adults with anxiety disorders (generalized, separation, and social anxiety disorders as well as panic disorder). Treatment response was modeled for the standardized change in continuous measures of anxiety using a Bayesian hierarchical model. Change in symptom severity was evaluated as a function of time, and post hoc analyses were conducted to determine the sensitivity of these results across sample heterogeneity and alternative functional forms. Results: Data were included from 11 trials of youth (SSRI, κ = 7; SNRI, κ = 4) and 71 studies of adults (SSRI, κ = 46; SNRI, κ = 25). In total, 1067 youth participated in SSRI trials and 1024 in SNRI trials. In total, 10,826 adults participated in SSRI trials (placebo, n = 5367; SSRI n = 5,459) and 6232 in SNRI trials (placebo, n = 3,128; SNRI n = 3,094). A logarithmic model best described the response. Placebo response was similar in youth and adults (mean difference = -1.98 ± 6.21, 95% credible interval [CrI]: -10.2 to 14.2, p = 0.750), and statistically significant improvement from baseline emerged by week 2 in both adults (mean difference: -18.34 + 1.017, 95% CrI: -20.3 to 16.3, p < 0.001) and youth (mean difference: -23.74 + 3.736, 95% CrI: -31.1 to -16.4, p < 0.001). SSRIs produced similar improvements for youth and adults (p = 0.129), but SNRIs produced slower improvement in youth than adults (p = 0.018). Conclusions: Antidepressant-related improvement occurs early in youth and adults with anxiety disorders. SSRI response is similar in adults and youth; however, SNRIs produce greater responses in adults than youth, potentially representing a developmental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Mills
- Department of Economics, Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Mendez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Divisions of Clinical and Translational Pharmacology and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Poweleit EA, Taylor ZL, Mizuno T, Vaughn SE, Desta Z, Strawn JR, Ramsey LB. Escitalopram and Sertraline Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis in Pediatric Patients. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:1621-1637. [PMID: 37755681 PMCID: PMC11003701 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Escitalopram and sertraline are commonly prescribed for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of these medications have been evaluated in adults and demonstrate extensive variability, but studies in pediatric patients are limited. Therefore, we performed a population PK analysis for escitalopram and sertraline in children and adolescents to characterize the effects of demographic, clinical, and pharmacogenetic factors on drug exposure. METHODS A PK dataset was generated by extracting data from the electronic health record and opportunistic sampling of escitalopram- and sertraline-treated psychiatrically hospitalized pediatric patients aged 5-18 years. A population PK analysis of escitalopram and sertraline was performed using NONMEM. Concentration-time profiles were simulated using MwPharm++ to evaluate how covariates included in the final models influence medication exposure and compared to adult therapeutic reference ranges. RESULTS The final escitalopram cohort consisted of 315 samples from 288 patients, and the sertraline cohort consisted of 265 samples from 255 patients. A one-compartment model with a proportional residual error model best described the data for both medications. For escitalopram, CYP2C19 phenotype and concomitant CYP2C19 inhibitors affected apparent clearance (CL/F), and normalizing CL/F and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) to body surface area (BSA) improved estimations. The final escitalopram model estimated CL/F and V/F at 14.2 L/h/1.73 m2 and 428 L/1.73 m2, respectively. For sertraline, CYP2C19 phenotype and concomitant CYP2C19 inhibitors influenced CL/F, and empirical allometric scaling of patient body weight on CL/F and V/F was significant. The final sertraline model estimated CL/F and V/F at 124 L/h/70 kg and 4320 L/70 kg, respectively. Normalized trough concentrations (Ctrough) for CYP2C19 poor metabolizers taking escitalopram were 3.98-fold higher compared to normal metabolizers (151.1 ng/mL vs 38.0 ng/mL, p < 0.0001), and normalized Ctrough for CYP2C19 poor metabolizers taking sertraline were 3.23-fold higher compared to normal, rapid, and ultrarapid metabolizers combined (121.7 ng/mL vs 37.68 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). Escitalopram- and sertraline-treated poor metabolizers may benefit from a dose reduction of 50-75% and 25-50%, respectively, to normalize exposure to other phenotypes. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the largest population PK analysis of escitalopram and sertraline in pediatric patients. Significant PK variability for both medications was observed and was largely explained by CYP2C19 phenotype. Slower CYP2C19 metabolizers taking escitalopram or sertraline may benefit from dose reductions given increased exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Poweleit
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 6018, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zachary L Taylor
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Mizuno
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samuel E Vaughn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zeruesenay Desta
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura B Ramsey
- Division of Research in Patient Services, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 6018, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Walter HJ, Abright AR, Bukstein OG, Diamond J, Keable H, Ripperger-Suhler J, Rockhill C. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:479-502. [PMID: 36273673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enhance the quality of care and clinical outcomes for children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and persistent depressive disorder (PDD). The aims are as follows: (1) to summarize empirically based guidance about the psychosocial and psychopharmacologic treatment of MDD and PDD in children and adolescents; and (2) to summarize expert-based guidance about the assessment of these disorders as an integral part of treatment, and the implementation of empirically based treatments for these disorders in clinical practice. METHOD Statements about the treatment of MDD and PDD are based upon empirical evidence derived from a critical systematic review of the scientific literature conducted by the Research Triangle Institute International-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (RTI-UNC) Evidence-based Practice Center under contract with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Evidence from meta-analyses published since the AHRQ/RTI-UNC review is also presented to support or refute the AHRQ findings. Guidance about the assessment and clinical implementation of treatments for MDD and PDD is informed by expert opinion and consensus as presented in previously published clinical practice guidelines, chapters in leading textbooks of child and adolescent psychiatry, the DSM-5-TR, and government-affiliated prescription drug information websites. RESULTS Psychotherapy (specifically, cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapies) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication have some rigorous (randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses) empirical support as treatment options. Because effective treatment outcomes are predicated in part upon accuracy of the diagnosis, depth of the clinical formulation, and breadth of the treatment plan, comprehensive, evidence-based assessment may enhance evidence-based treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION Disproportionate to the magnitude of the problem, there are significant limitations in the quality and quantity of rigorous empirical support for the etiology, assessment, and treatment of depression in children and adolescents. In the context of a protracted severe shortage of child and adolescent-trained behavioral health specialists, the demonstration of convenient, efficient, cost-effective, and user-friendly delivery mechanisms for safe and effective treatment of MDD and PDD is a key research need. Other research priorities include the sequencing and comparative effectiveness of depression treatments, delineation of treatment mediators and moderators, effective approaches to treatment nonresponders and disorder relapse/recurrence, long-term effects and degree of suicide risk with SSRI use, and the discovery of novel pharmacologic or interventional treatments.
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Wu S, Lin M, Rice T, Coffey BJ. Case Report: When Time is of the Essence-Benefits of Mirtazapine in an Adolescent with Major Depressive Disorder and Insomnia, Suicidal Thoughts, and Catatonic Features. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2022; 32:194-198. [PMID: 35441526 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.29219.bjc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan Lin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Rice
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara J Coffey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Jackson Behavioral Health Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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Sørensen JØ, Rasmussen A, Roesbjerg T, Verhulst FC, Pagsberg AK. Suicidality and self-injury with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in youth: Occurrence, predictors and timing. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:209-222. [PMID: 34374070 PMCID: PMC9292826 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meta-analyses have established a heightened risk of suicidality for youth treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The present study investigates the risk and possible predictors of suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) associated with SSRI treatment in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. METHODS An observational, longitudinal, retrospective study using a within-subject study design including in- and outpatients aged 0-17 years treated with SSRIs. Data were obtained from digital medical records and prescription software. RESULTS N = 365 patients were included (64.1% female), mean (SD) age 14.5 (2.04) years, with primary depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder. No suicides occurred. When comparing the 6-week period immediately prior to versus following SSRI initiation, the patient proportion with broadly defined suicidality decreased (38.5% vs. 24.2%, p < 0.001) while the proportion with suicide attempts was stable (2.8% vs. 2.8%, p = 1.000). The proportion with NSSI decreased statistically non-significantly (12.4% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.067). Results from individually standardized observation periods were similar; however, the proportion with suicide attempts decreased statistically non-significantly and the proportion with NSSI decreased significantly. Suicidality during SSRI treatment was associated with previous suicidality (OR[CI] = 6.0 [2.4-14.8], p < 0.001), depression as indication for SSRI treatment (OR[CI] = 2.1 [1.2-3.7], p = 0.01), female sex (OR[CI] = 2.1 [1.1-4.1], p = 0.02) and previous NSSI (OR[CI] = 2.0 [1.2-3.5], p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Suicidality was common in youth treated with SSRIs. The patient proportion with overall suicidality decreased, and the proportion with attempted suicide was stable in the weeks following SSRI initiation. Previous suicidality, depression, female sex and previous NSSI are important predictors for suicidality during SSRI treatment in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Østerby Sørensen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterMental Health ServicesCapital Region of DenmarkHellerupDenmark
| | - Annette Rasmussen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterMental Health ServicesCapital Region of DenmarkHellerupDenmark
| | - Troels Roesbjerg
- Mental Health ServicesCapital Region of DenmarkCopenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Frank C. Verhulst
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterMental Health ServicesCapital Region of DenmarkHellerupDenmark,Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Anne Katrine Pagsberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health CenterMental Health ServicesCapital Region of DenmarkHellerupDenmark,Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Mills JA, Strawn JR. Antidepressant Tolerability in Pediatric Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling Meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:1240-1251. [PMID: 31682918 PMCID: PMC8028746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare adverse events (AEs), suicidality, and AE-related discontinuation in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). METHOD MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Embase were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language articles from inception through March 1, 2019. We identified prospective, randomized SSRI and SNRI studies in patients <18 years of age with OCD or generalized, separation, or social anxiety disorders. AE rates were extracted and medication-placebo differences were examined using Bayesian hierarchical models, then posterior estimates of relative risk (RR) were determined for each AE by medication class and disorder. RESULTS Data were included from 18 trials (2,631 patients) and 7 medications (16 SSRI and 4 SNRI trials). Compared with placebo, SSRIs were associated with a greater likelihood of AE-related discontinuation (RR 3.59, credible interval [CrI] 0.019-0.067, p = .0003), activation (RR 2.39, CrI 0.048-0.125, p = .003), sedation (RR 1.94, CrI 0.035-0.157, p = .002), insomnia (RR 1.93, CrI 0.040-0.149, p = .001), abdominal pain (RR 1.53, CrI 0.032-0.164, p = .005), and headache (RR 1.24, CrI 0.003-0.139, p = .04). Activation was more common with SSRIs (versus SNRIs, RR 1.32, CrI 0.018-0.114, p = .007). Neither SSRIs nor SNRIs were associated with treatment-emergent suicidality. CONCLUSION In pediatric OCD and anxiety disorders, SSRIs (compared with placebo) are associated with distinct AEs and greater AE-related discontinuation, although their tolerability does not differ between anxiety disorders and OCD. Compared with SNRIs, SSRIs are more likely to produce activation. Class-related AEs are important for clinicians to consider, particularly in light of data suggesting differences in class-related efficacy. Whereas SSRIs are superior to SNRIs and the treatment of choice for anxiety, for youths who become activated on SSRIs, SNRIs might represent a good second choice given their reported efficacy and lower risk of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Mills
- Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio.
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7
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Suresh V, Mills JA, Croarkin PE, Strawn JR. What next? A Bayesian hierarchical modeling re-examination of treatments for adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:926-934. [PMID: 32579280 PMCID: PMC7595266 DOI: 10.1002/da.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatrists frequently struggle with how to sequence treatment for depressed adolescents who do not respond to an adequate trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). This study leveraged recent statistical and computational advances to create Bayesian hierarchal models (BHMs) of response in the treatment of SSRI-resistant depression in adolescents study to inform treatment planning. METHODS BHMs of individual treatment trajectories were developed and estimated using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo no u-turn sampling. From the Monte Carlo pseudorandom sample, 95% credible intervals, means, posterior tail probabilities, and so forth, were determined. Then, for the random effects model, posterior tail probabilities were used to create Bayesian two-tailed p values to evaluate the null hypotheses: no difference in efficacy between SSRIs and venlafaxine. The robustness of the results was examined using the fixed effects model of treatment comparisons. RESULTS In patients not receiving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; n = 168), SSRIs produced greater and faster improvement in depressive symptoms compared to venlafaxine (p = .015). No differences in response or trajectory of response for symptoms of anxiety were detected between SSRIs and venlafaxine (p = .168). For patients receiving CBT (n = 162), SSRIs and venlafaxine produced similar improvements in symptoms of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this novel computational approach suggest that a second trial of an SSRI is warranted for depressed adolescents who fail to respond to initial SSRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Suresh
- Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
| | - Jeffrey A. Mills
- Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Rochester, MN
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Lukmanji A, Pringsheim T, Bulloch AG, Stewart DG, Chan P, Tehrani A, Patten SB. Antidepressant Prescriptions, Including Tricyclics, Continue to Increase in Canadian Children. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2020; 30:381-388. [PMID: 31895595 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Few studies have longitudinally followed trends in antidepressant prescribing for Canadian children following the Black Box warning issued in 2004. Using a national data source, we aim to describe trends in antidepressant recommendations for Canadian children ages 1-18 during 2012 to 2016. Methods: A database called the Canadian Disease and Therapeutic Index (CDTI), provided by IQVIA, was used to conduct analyses. The CDTI dataset collects a quarterly sample of pediatric antidepressant recommendations, projected using a weight procedure from a dynamic sample of 652 Canadian office-based physicians. The term "recommendations" is used because nonprescription drugs may be recommended and there is no confirmation in the database that the prescriptions were filled or medications taken. The data were collected from 2012 to 2016 and the sample population was projected by IQVIA to be representative of the entire Canadian pediatric population. Results: The total number of projected antidepressant recommendations for children increased from 2012 to 2016. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most recommended class of antidepressants. Analysis indicated that fluoxetine was the most frequently recommended drug. Findings also suggest that recommendations for tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are increasing, but predominantly for reasons other than treatment of depression. Conclusions: Overall, antidepressant use in Canadian children increased over the study period. Unsurprisingly, fluoxetine was the most recommended antidepressant for Canadian children. However, the observed increase in TCA use for a pediatric population is unexpected. The data source is descriptive and lacks detailed measures supporting comprehensive explanation of the findings, therefore, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Lukmanji
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tamara Pringsheim
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Mathison Center for Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew G Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Mathison Center for Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Mathison Center for Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wei ZX, Xie GJ, Mao X, Zou XP, Liao YJ, Liu QS, Wang H, Cheng Y. Exosomes from patients with major depression cause depressive-like behaviors in mice with involvement of miR-139-5p-regulated neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1050-1058. [PMID: 31986519 PMCID: PMC7162931 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to participate in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases, but their role in major depressive disorder (MDD) is unknown. We performed a genome-wide miRNA expression profiling of blood-derived exosomes from MDD patients and control subjects and revealed the top differentially expressed exosomal miRNA, i.e. hsa-miR-139-5p (upregulation), had good performance to differentiate between MDD patients and controls. Tail vein injection of blood exosomes isolated from MDD patients into normal mice caused their depressive-like behaviors as determined by the forced swimming, tail suspension, and novelty suppressed feeding tests, and injection of blood exosomes isolated from healthy volunteers into unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-treated mice alleviated their depressive-like behaviors. CUMS mice also showed significantly increased blood and brain levels of exosomal miR-139-5p. Furthermore, the depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-treated mice were rescued by intranasal injection of miR-139-5p antagomir, suggesting that increased exosomal miR-139-5p levels may mediate stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice. Both exosome treatment and miR-139-5p antagomir treatment increased hippocampal neurogenesis in the CUMS-treated mice, and treatment of exosome from MDD patients decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in the normal mice. The role of miR-139-5p in neurogenesis was validated by in vitro experiments, demonstrating that miR-139-5p is a negative regulator for neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our findings together suggest that exosomes from patients with major depression caused depressive-like behaviors in mice with involvement of miR-139-5p-regulated neurogenesis. Therefore, exosomal miRNAs are promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xu Wei
- 0000 0004 0369 0529grid.411077.4Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong China
| | - Xiao Mao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Peng Zou
- 0000 0004 0369 0529grid.411077.4Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jin Liao
- 0000 0004 0369 0529grid.411077.4Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Shan Liu
- 0000 0004 0369 0529grid.411077.4Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine for Ministry of Education, Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Prevention and Treatment (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Changsha, China.
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10
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Boylan K, MacQueen G, Kirkpatrick R, Lee J, Santaguida PL. A systematic review of interventions for treatment resistant major depressive disorder in adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:433-443. [PMID: 31165921 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To update a comparative effectiveness review (1980-2011) of treatments for adolescents whose depressive episode or disorder (MDE/MDD) did not respond to one or more trials of SSRI antidepressants. MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, PsychINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, CINAHL, and AMED were searched in addition to the grey literature. We spanned May 2011 to September 1, 2017 and included only articles in English. 11 new studies were reviewed based on the criteria of having tested a comparative treatment in adolescents with MDD or MDE who were confirmed to have failed one or more SSRI trials. Data were extracted using standardized forms and a reference guide in DistillerSR; a second reviewer verified the accuracy of the data fields and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. One trial (N = 29) found a small benefit of escalating doses of fluoxetine and the treatment of adolescent depression study (TORDIA, N = 334) found significant benefits of combined SSRI or venlafaxine treatment with CBT for most outcomes. No new studies were identified since the previous review (2012). One trial is currently registered that will be a cross over trial of rTMS; other registered trials are open label. Multiple secondary data analyses of TORDIA have identified important predictors of treatment response and relapse. No new comparative studies were identified since the original review. Trials are desperately needed to identify new treatments for youth with SSRI resistant MDD. These youth should not be deemed as treatment resistant until completing one or two failed trials of SSRI combined with evidence-based psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khrista Boylan
- McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Dwyer JB, Stringaris A, Brent DA, Bloch MH. Annual Research Review: Defining and treating pediatric treatment-resistant depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:312-332. [PMID: 32020643 PMCID: PMC8314167 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant health problem, associated with substantial morbidity, cost, and mortality. Depression is a significant risk factor for suicide, which is now the second leading cause of death in young people. Up to twenty per cent of adolescents will experience MDD before adulthood, and while a substantial proportion will improve with standard-of-care treatments (psychotherapy and medication), roughly one third will not. METHODS Here, we have reviewed the literature in order to discuss the concept of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in adolescence, examine risk factors, diagnostic difficulties, and challenges in evaluating symptom improvement, and providing guidance on how to define adequate medication and psychotherapy treatment trials. RESULTS We propose a staging model for adolescent TRD and review the treatment literature. The evidence base for first- and second-line treatments primarily derives from four large pediatric clinical trials (TADS, TORDIA, ADAPT, and IMPACT). After two medications and a trial of evidence-based psychotherapy have failed to alleviate depressive symptoms, the evidence becomes quite thin for subsequent treatments. Here, we review the evidence for the effectiveness of medication switches, medication augmentation, psychotherapy augmentation, and interventional treatments (i.e., transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and ketamine) for adolescent TRD. Comparisons are drawn to the adult TRD literature, and areas for future pediatric depression research are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS As evidence is limited for treatments in this population, a careful consideration of the known risks and side effects of escalated treatments (e.g., mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics) is warranted and weighed against potential, but often untested, benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Dwyer
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Yale Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Mood Brain and Development Unit, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A. Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Yale Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Lai LL, Alvarez G, Dang L, Vuong D, Ngo V, Jo Y, Koh L. Prevalence and trend of potential drug–drug interaction among children with depression in U.S. outpatient settings. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Leanne Lai
- Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Goar Alvarez
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Linh Dang
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Dung Vuong
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Vy Ngo
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Yailin Jo
- College of Pharmacy Nova Southeastern University Ft. Lauderdale FL USA
| | - Leroy Koh
- Department of Pharmacy Houston Methodist Hospital Houston TX USA
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13
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Driot D, Nguyen-Soenen J, Costes M, Pomier M, Birebent J, Oustric S, Dupouy J. [Management of child and adolescent depression in primary care: A systematic meta-review]. Encephale 2019; 46:41-54. [PMID: 31561940 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a practical guide for the management of child and adolescent depression for general practitioners (GPs), suited to their practice frame, that can be implemented on a website aimed to help GPs to manage the main mental disorders encountered in primary care. METHOD A systematic meta-review was performed as recommended by the PRISMA statement. Each step, articles' selection, inclusion, methodological assessment and data extraction for the narrative synthesis was independently performed by two researchers. A study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (number CRD42016042710). The databases Pubmed, Cochrane and Web of Science were explored. Each step was performed independently by two researchers following PRISMA. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews (including guidelines based on a systematic review), published between 2002 and 2015, in English or French, dealing with the therapeutic management, in primary care, of patients aged 6 to 18 years old with a major depressive disorder (MDD) were included. Grey literature was explored searching the websites of national and international health agencies, learned societies, and article references. The methodological and report qualities were assessed using the AGREE II, PRISMA checklist and R-AMSTAR grid. A narrative synthesis was performed to produce the practical guide, prioritizing data from the best evaluated articles. An expert group of GPs' and one child psychiatrist validated the guide in its final form. RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included: 12 recommendations, 5 systematic reviews and 21 meta-analyses. The best evaluated guideline had an AGREE-II assessment of 81%, and the best evaluated meta-analysis had an assessment of 86% for R-AMSTAR and 96% for PRISMA. The average scores of the R-AMSTAR and PRISMA assessments were 65% and 72% respectively. The average score of the AGREE II grid assessment was 57%. The data were synthesized into a practical guide for the GPs' practice, corresponding to the different consultation times. MDD diagnosis should be done on the DSM or ICD basis. The Childrens' Depression Rating Scale-revised or the Revised Beck Depression Inventory are useful in primary care for MDD appraisal in children and adolescents. For mild MDD a supportive psychotherapy and surveillance for 4 to 6 weeks is preconized in primary care. In the absence of improvement, a specific and structured psychotherapy is recommended, and the patient should be addressed to a child psychiatrist. For moderate to severe MDD, the young patient should be addressed to a specialist in child psychiatry. A psychotherapy, which can be associated with fluoxetine, especially in adolescents, is indicated with a revaluation of the pharmacological treatment between 4 to 8 weeks. A weekly follow-up by the GP is recommended during the first month, especially after the initiation of an antidepressant to assess the suicidal risk. Beyond the first month, a consultation should be scheduled every two weeks. CONCLUSION A clinical guide was created from the best evidence-based data to help GPs in the management of child and adolescent MDD. A French-language website, aimed to assist GPs in mental disease management and available during their consultation, will be created based on the compilation of this meta-review with other similar meta-reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Driot
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France; UMR 1027 Inserm, université Paul-Sabatier, 37, allées Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - J Nguyen-Soenen
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - M Costes
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - M Pomier
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - J Birebent
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - S Oustric
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France; UMR 1027 Inserm, université Paul-Sabatier, 37, allées Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - J Dupouy
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, 133, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex, France; UMR 1027 Inserm, université Paul-Sabatier, 37, allées Jules Guesde, 31000 Toulouse, France
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14
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De Bellis MD, Nooner KB, Scheid JM, Cohen JA. Depression in Maltreated Children and Adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019; 28:289-302. [PMID: 31076108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maltreatment affects 9.1 to 17.1 of every 1000 US children and adolescents. Maltreated youth are at high risk for depression. Clinicians should screen young patients for maltreatment history. Depressed maltreated youth are at high risk for treatment resistance. Combination treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with a trauma-informed approach should be considered for depressed maltreated youth. Behavioral management can be integrated with trauma-focused CBT to treat the externalizing disorders that commonly occur in maltreated depressed youth. If one approach is unsuccessful, a change to another medication or type of evidence-based psychotherapy or intervention is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D De Bellis
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development and Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 104360, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kate B Nooner
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, TL 2074, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Jeanette M Scheid
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, 909 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Judith A Cohen
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, 4 Allegheny Center, 8th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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Jakubovski E, Johnson JA, Nasir M, Müller-Vahl K, Bloch MH. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Dose-response curve of SSRIs and SNRIs in anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:198-212. [PMID: 30479005 DOI: 10.1002/da.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for anxiety disorders examining overall symptom improvement, likelihood of treatment response, time course of treatment response, individual pharmacological agent, diagnostic indication dose, and tolerability. METHODS We searched PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We included randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of SSRIs/SNRIs in adult patients with anxiety disorders that provided data at three or more time points. Extracted data included trial duration, weekly/biweekly anxiety scores for 12 weeks. RESULTS Meta-analysis included 57 trials (N = 16,056). A linear mixed model analysis based on weekly outcome data suggested that for SNRI a logarithmic model offered the best fit compared to placebo (indicating the greatest incremental improvement from baseline occurred early in treatment); whereas for SSRI a linear model provided the best fit (indicating a similar improvement over the duration of the acute treatment phase). There were no significant differences in efficacy between pharmacological agents within each class or when comparing SSRIs to SNRIs. The greatest treatment benefits were observed for social anxiety disorder for both medication classes. Higher doses of SSRIs, but not SNRIs, were associated with significantly greater symptom improvement and likelihood of treatment response. For both medical classes, higher doses were associated with an increased likelihood of dropout due to side effects. CONCLUSIONS SSRIs and SNRIs are effective in treating anxiety disorders. Higher doses of SSRIs within the therapeutic range are associated with greater treatment benefit, whereas higher doses of SNRIs are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewgeni Jakubovski
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica A Johnson
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Madeeha Nasir
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kirsten Müller-Vahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael H Bloch
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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16
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Inflammatory Profiles in Depressed Adolescents Treated with Fluoxetine: An 8-Week Follow-up Open Study. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4074051. [PMID: 30662368 PMCID: PMC6312587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4074051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cytokine levels in major depression and during treatment have been reported in adults. However, few studies have examined cytokine levels in an adolescent sample despite this being a common age of onset. Methods. We measured proinflammatory (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-15) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1Ra, and IL-10) cytokine serum levels in 22 adolescents with major depression and 18 healthy volunteers. Cytokines were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays at baseline, and 4 and 8 weeks after commencement of fluoxetine administration in the clinical group. Results. Compared to healthy volunteers, adolescents with major depression at baseline showed significant increases in all pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, except IL-1Ra and IL-10. Significant changes were observed in fluoxetine treatment compared to baseline: proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-15 were decreased only at week 4 whereas IL-2 was increased only at week 8; anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were increased at week 8 while IL-1Ra was reduced only at week 4. There were no significant correlations between cytokine levels and symptomatic improvement in HDRS. Discussion. The results suggest a significant interplay between cytokine levels, the depressive state, and the stage of treatment with an SSRI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in depressed adolescents with elevated IL-12, IL-13, and IL-15 levels. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role and mechanisms of altered cytokine levels in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of major depressive disorder.
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17
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de Vries YA, Roest AM, Bos EH, Burgerhof JGM, van Loo HM, de Jonge P. Predicting antidepressant response by monitoring early improvement of individual symptoms of depression: individual patient data meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 214:4-10. [PMID: 29952277 PMCID: PMC7557872 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement in depression within the first 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment predicts good outcomes, but non-improvers can still respond or remit, whereas improvers often do not.AimsWe aimed to investigate whether early improvement of individual depressive symptoms better predicts response or remission. METHOD We obtained individual patient data of 30 trials comprising 2184 placebo-treated and 6058 antidepressant-treated participants. Primary outcome was week 6 response; secondary outcomes were week 6 remission and week 12 response and remission. We compared models that only included improvement in total score by week 2 (total improvement model) with models that also included improvement in individual symptoms. RESULTS For week 6 response, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and negative and positive predictive values of the total improvement model were 0.73, 0.67 and 0.74 compared with 0.77, 0.70 and 0.71 for the item improvement model. Model performance decreased for week 12 outcomes. Of predicted non-responders, 29% actually did respond by week 6 and 43% by week 12, which was decreased from the baseline (overall) probabilities of 51% by week 6 and 69% by week 12. In post hoc analyses with continuous rather than dichotomous early improvement, including individual items did not enhance model performance. CONCLUSIONS Examining individual symptoms adds little to the predictive ability of early improvement. Additionally, early non-improvement does not rule out response or remission, particularly after 12 rather than 6 weeks. Therefore, our findings suggest that routinely adapting pharmacological treatment because of limited early improvement would often be premature.Declaration of interestNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ymkje Anna de Vries
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands,Correspondence: Ymkje Anna de Vries, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Annelieke M. Roest
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H. Bos
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. M. Burgerhof
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hanna M. van Loo
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter de Jonge
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Division of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Neavin DR, Joyce J, Swintak C. Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Pediatric Populations. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020048. [PMID: 29866991 PMCID: PMC6023496 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe illness that afflicts about 16.6% of people over their lifetime. MDD is highly correlated with suicidality, and often first presents in adolescence. Unfortunately, many pediatric patients suffering from MDD go undiagnosed, and current evidence-based treatment options in the U.S. are limited to psychotherapy and two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Molecular mechanisms have been shown to play a role in MDD pathogenesis, progression, and response to medication, yet few studies have explored the role of these pathways in pediatric MDD. In this review, we outline the gravity and importance of MDD in pediatric patients, some challenges in diagnosis and treatment, current treatments available for pediatric patients, and research to investigate differences between pediatric and adult MDD. We hope that this review will provide an outline of the current understanding and treatment of MDD in pediatric patients, and provide thoughtful insights for future work that could advance our understanding of MDD in pediatric populations, and also identify new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Neavin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Jeremiah Joyce
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Cosima Swintak
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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19
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The Impact of Antidepressant Dose and Class on Treatment Response in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:235-244.e2. [PMID: 29588049 PMCID: PMC5877120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the trajectory and magnitude of antidepressant response as well as the effect of antidepressant class and dose on symptomatic improvement in pediatric anxiety disorders. METHOD Weekly symptom severity data were extracted from randomized, parallel group, placebo-controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pediatric anxiety disorders. Treatment response was modeled for the standardized change in continuous measures of anxiety using Bayesian updating. Posterior distributions for each study served as informative conjugate prior to distributions update subsequent study posteriors. Change in symptom severity was evaluated as a function of time, class and, for SSRIs, standardized dose. RESULTS Data from 9 trials (SSRIs: n = 5; SNRIs, n = 4) evaluating 7 medications in 1,673 youth were included. In the logarithmic model of treatment response, statistically, but not clinically, significant treatment effects emerged within 2 weeks of beginning treatment (standardized medication-placebo difference = -0.054, credible interval [CI] = -0.076 to -0.032, p = .005, approximate Cohen's d ≤ 0.2) and by week 6, clinically significant differences emerged (standardized medication-placebo difference = -0.120, CI = -0.142 to -0.097, p = .001, approximate Cohen's d = 0.44). Compared to SNRIs, SSRIs resulted in significantly greater improvement by the second week of treatment (p = .0268), and this advantage remained statistically significant through week 12 (all p values <.03). Improvement occurred earlier with high-dose SSRI treatment (week 2, p = .002) compared to low-dose treatment (week 10, p = .025), but SSRI dose did not have an impact on overall response trajectory (p > .18 for weeks 1-12). CONCLUSIONS In pediatric patients with generalized, separation, and/or social anxiety disorders, antidepressant-related improvement occurred early in the course of treatment, and SSRIs were associated with more rapid and greater improvement compared to SNRIs.
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20
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Klimes-Dougan B, Westlund Schreiner M, Thai M, Gunlicks-Stoessel M, Reigstad K, Cullen KR. Neural and neuroendocrine predictors of pharmacological treatment response in adolescents with depression: A preliminary study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:194-202. [PMID: 29100972 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Typically, about 30 to 50% of adolescents with depression fail to respond to evidence-based treatments, including antidepressant medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Efforts for identifying predictors and moderators of treatment response are needed to begin to address critical questions relevant to personalized care in adolescent depression. In this pilot study, we aim to identify biological predictors of response to antidepressant treatment. METHOD We used a multiple levels of analysis approach to evaluate threat system functioning (fronto-limbic system and the associated hormonal cascade) to determine if key biological indexes at baseline could predict improvement in depressive symptoms after eight weeks of antidepressant treatment in adolescents with depression. RESULTS Neural predictors of favorable treatment response included lower amygdala connectivity with left supplementary motor area and with right precentral gyrus, and greater amygdala connectivity with right central opercular cortex and Heschl's gyrus connectivity during rest. During an emotion task, neural predictors of treatment response were greater activation of the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and left medial frontal gyrus. Additionally, different patterns of salivary cortisol obtained in the context of a modified Trier Social Stress Test were associated with those whose depressive symptoms remitted as compared to those whose symptoms persisted. CONCLUSIONS This approach shows significant promise for identifying predictors of treatment response in adolescents with depression. Future work is needed that incorporates sufficiently powered, randomized control trials to provide the basis by which both predictors and moderators of treatment response are identified. The hope is that this work will inform the development of methods that can guide clinician decision-making in assigning beneficial treatments for adolescents who are suffering from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Melinda Westlund Schreiner
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michelle Thai
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Kristina Reigstad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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21
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Strawn JR, Dobson ET, Giles LL. Primary Pediatric Care Psychopharmacology: Focus on Medications for ADHD, Depression, and Anxiety. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2017; 47:3-14. [PMID: 28043839 PMCID: PMC5340601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The evidence base for psychopharmacologic interventions in youth with depressive and anxiety disorders as well as attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has dramatically increased over the past two decades. Psychopharmacologic interventions commonly utilized in the pediatric primary care setting-selective serotonin (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SSNRIs), stimulants and α2 agonists-are reviewed. General pharmacologic principles are summarized along with class-related side effects and tolerability concerns (e.g., suicidality and activation in antidepressant-treated youth as well as insomnia, irritability, anorexia in stimulant-treated pediatric patients). Selected landmark trials of antidepressant medications in youth with depressive disorders [Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study (TADS) and the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression Study (TADS)] and anxiety disorders [Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study (CAMS) and Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Extended Long-term Study (CAMELS)] are described in addition to the Multimodal Treatment of ADHD Study. Finally, available data are presented that are related to prediction of treatment outcomes in youth with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric T Dobson
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lisa L Giles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Primary Children׳s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT
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22
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Madsen MB, Kogelman LJA, Kadarmideen HN, Rasmussen HB. Systems genetics analysis of pharmacogenomics variation during antidepressant treatment. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2016; 18:144-152. [PMID: 27752142 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely used antidepressants, but the efficacy of the treatment varies significantly among individuals. It is believed that complex genetic mechanisms play a part in this variation. We have used a network based approach to unravel the involved genetic components. Moreover, we investigated the potential difference in the genetic interaction networks underlying SSRI treatment response over time. We found four hub genes (ASCC3, PPARGC1B, SCHIP1 and TMTC2) with different connectivity in the initial SSRI treatment period (baseline to week 4) compared with the subsequent period (4-8 weeks after initiation), suggesting that different genetic networks are important at different times during SSRI treatment. The strongest interactions in the initial SSRI treatment period involved genes encoding transcriptional factors, and in the subsequent period genes involved in calcium homeostasis. In conclusion, we suggest a difference in genetic interaction networks between initial and subsequent SSRI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - L J A Kogelman
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H N Kadarmideen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H B Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
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Vitiello B, Ordóñez AE. Pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:2273-2279. [PMID: 27690663 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1244530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite an increasing number of studies, there is debate whether antidepressants have a favorable benefit/risk balance in depressed youth. Areas covered: A systematic search identified 23 systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2010-2016. More than 30 controlled clinical trials were conducted in adolescents, but only a few in pre-pubertal patients. About one-third of the trials were severely statistically underpowered. Most studies failed to detect differences from placebo, but a few found fluoxetine effective. Although no suicide occurred in these studies, antidepressants increased suicidality risk (including suicidal ideation and behavior) versus placebo (OR = 2.39). Only two placebo-controlled trials with acceptable statistical power were publicly funded: both showed efficacy of fluoxetine, and one found a higher incidence of suicidality (OR = 3.7, 95% C.I. 1.00-13.7). Expert opinion: In youth, antidepressants have, on average, a small therapeutic effect. The high placebo response is exacerbated by the large number of sites in many industry-funded studies. There is evidence that fluoxetine leads to greater and faster improvement than placebo or psychotherapy in adolescents. Considering both the high response to non-specific interventions and safety concerns, antidepressants should be used cautiously in youth, and limited to patients with moderate-to-severe depression for whom psychosocial interventions are either ineffective or not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Vitiello
- a Treatment and Preventive Intervention Research Branch, Division of Services and Intervention Research , National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Anna E Ordóñez
- b Office of Clinical Research , National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Varigonda AL, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Early Treatment Responses of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Clomipramine in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:851-859.e2. [PMID: 27663940 PMCID: PMC6944467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the following: the time course of response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and clomipramine in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); whether higher doses of SSRIs are associated with an improved response in pediatric OCD; differences in efficacy among SSRI agents; differences in efficacy between SSRIs and clomipramine; and whether the time course and magnitude of response to SSRIs are different in pediatric and adult patients with OCD. METHOD We searched PubMed and CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials comparing SSRIs (or clomipramine) to placebo for the treatment of pediatric OCD and using the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale as an outcome. We extracted weekly symptom data from trials to characterize the trajectory of pharmacological response to SSRIs. Pooled estimates of treatment effect were calculated based on weighted mean differences between the treatment and placebo groups. RESULTS Nine trials involving 801 children with OCD were included in this meta-analysis. A logarithmic model indicating that the greatest benefits occurred early in treatment best fit the longitudinal data for both clomipramine and SSRIs. Clomipramine was associated with a greater measured benefit compared to placebo than SSRIs. There was no evidence for a relationship between SSRI dosing and treatment effect, although data were limited. Adults and children with OCD demonstrated a similar degree and time course of response to SSRIs in OCD. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the greatest incremental treatment gains in pediatric OCD occur early in SSRI treatment (similar to adults with OCD and children and adults with major depression).
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Chauhan V, Chauhan A. Effects of methylmercury and alcohol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster: Potential risks in neurodevelopmental disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 51:36-41. [PMID: 27151262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests the role of oxidative stress in autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we investigated whether methylmercury (MeHg) and/or alcohol exposure has deleterious effects in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). A diet containing different concentrations of MeHg in Drosophila induced free radical generation and increased lipid peroxidation (markers of oxidative stress) in a dose-dependent manner. This effect of MeHg on oxidative stress was enhanced by further exposure to alcohol. It was observed that alcohol alone could also induce free radical generation in flies. After alcohol exposure, MeHg did not affect the immobilization of flies, but it increased the recovery time in a concentration-dependent manner. MeHg significantly inhibited the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in a dose-dependent manner. Linear regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between ADH activity and recovery time upon alcohol exposure in the flies fed a diet with MeHg. This relationship between ADH activity and recovery time after alcohol exposure was confirmed by adding 4-methyl pyrazole (an inhibitor of ADH) to the diet for the flies. These results suggest that consumption of alcohol by pregnant mothers who are exposed to MeHg may lead to increased oxidative stress and to increased length of time for alcohol clearance, which may have a direct impact on the development of the fetus, thereby increasing the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.
| | - Abha Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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26
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Henje Blom E, Ho TC, Connolly CG, LeWinn KZ, Sacchet MD, Tymofiyeva O, Weng HY, Yang TT. The neuroscience and context of adolescent depression. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:358-65. [PMID: 26663379 PMCID: PMC4779656 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adolescent depression is a growing public health concern with an increased risk of negative health outcomes, including suicide. The use of antidepressants and psychotherapy has not halted its increasing prevalence, and there is a critical need for effective prevention and treatment. We reviewed the neuroscience of adolescent depression, with a focus on the neurocircuitry of sustained threat and summarised contextual factors that have an impact on brain development and the pathophysiology of depression. We also reviewed novel treatment models. CONCLUSION Attention to the relevant neurocircuitry and contextual factors implicated in adolescent depression is necessary to advance prevention and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henje Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Program and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olga Tymofiyeva
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen Y Weng
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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