Extracutaneous manifestations and complications of inherited epidermolysis bullosa: part I. Epithelial associated tissues

Systematic review on antipruritic therapies for patients with Epidermolysis bullosa

INTRODUCTION

Itch is one of the most burdensome symptoms in epidermolysis bullosa (EB), indicating a hitherto unmet therapeutic need. This review leverages existing data on efficacy of itch treatment in EB to support sound decision making.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed on 29 March 2022. Studies written later than 1991 and reporting outcomes in patients with EB treated for itch were considered.

RESULTS

Of the 3,099 articles screened, 21 studies met eligibility criteria, comprising 353 patients (65.9%) diagnosed for recessive dystrophic EB. Only two studies (9.5%) evaluated itch as primary endpoint, of which solely one revealed a significant relief of self-reported itch upon topical skin care. In those studies assessing itch as secondary endpoint (19/21, 90.5%), only 36.8% studies (n = 7/19) revealed a statistically significant itch reduction of up to 42%. Methodological limitations (heterogeneity of outcomes, inconsistent data assessment) in addition to limited superiority over control were implicated to account for low treatment efficacy observed in most studies.

CONCLUSION

Current data quality impairs comparative efficacy analyses of itch treatments in EB. Large scale randomized clinical trials and more personalized approaches applying validated measurement instruments for core outcomes are needed to substantiate evidence-based treatment approaches for EB-associated itch.

Bone marrow transplantation and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in epidermolysis bullosa: A systematic review

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a genodermatosis that lacks effective treatments and requires supportive care for its severe, life-threatening manifestations. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and its derived cells have been suggested to improve clinical symptoms and quality of life. A comprehensive search was conducted for publications evaluating BMT and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) therapy for EB in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases from inception until June 2023. A total of 55 participants with severe forms of EB had BMT and/or BM-MSCs, with recessive dystrophic EB as the most common EB type; 53 (96.4%) patients had better wound healing, and 3 (5.5%) patients died of sepsis. The most common adverse events reported were graft failure, sepsis, graft-versus-host disease, and renal insufficiency. Allogeneic BMT is a high-risk procedure with possible benefits and adverse events. BM-MSCs revealed favorable outcomes to improve the safety of EB cell-based therapy by minimizing the risk of serious adverse events, reducing blisters, and accelerating wound healing. Further studies are needed to assess the treatment's long-term effects and clarify the risk/benefit ratio of procedure versus conventional therapy.

Reconstruction with free jejunal flap in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa complicated with hypopharyngeal cancer: A case report

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) encompasses a range of rare genetic dermatological conditions characterized by mucocutaneous fragility and a predisposition to blister formation, often triggered by minimal trauma. Blisters in the pharynx and esophagus are well-documented, particularly in dystrophic EB (DEB). However, there have been few reports of mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the head and neck region, for which surgery is usually avoided. This report presents the first case of free jejunal flap reconstruction after total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer in a 57-year-old patient with DEB. The patient with a known diagnosis of DEB had a history of SCC of the left hand and esophageal dilatation for esophageal stricture. PET-CT imaging during examination of systemic metastases associated with the left-hand SCC revealed abnormal accumulation in the hypopharynx, which was confirmed as SCC by biopsy. Total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy was performed, followed by reconstruction of the defect using a free jejunal flap. A segment of the jejunum, approximately 15 cm in length, was transplanted with multiple vascular pedicles. The patient made an uneventful recovery postoperatively and was able to continue oral intake 15 months later with no complications and no recurrence of SCC in the head and neck region. While cutaneous SCC is common in DEB, extracutaneous SCC is relatively rare. In most previous cases, non-surgical approaches with radiotherapy and chemotherapy were chosen due to skin fragility and multimorbidity. In the present case, vascular fragility and mucosal damage of the intestinal tract were not observed, and routine vascular and enteric anastomoses could be performed, with an uneventful postoperative course. Our findings suggest that highly invasive surgery, including free tissue transplantation such as with a free jejunal flap, can be performed in patients with DEB.

The impact, perceptions and needs of parents of children with epidermolysis bullosa

BACKGROUND

 Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare, incurable genodermatosis that presents with blistering and skin fragility. Complications can be localised or generalised, limited to the skin or have systemic effects resulting in death. Caring for a child with this painful condition can have a profound effect on the quality of life of parents and the family. There is currently no published research on the lived experience of parents caring for a child with EB in a resource-limited environment in Africa.

METHOD

 This qualitative research used interpretative phenomenological analysis with the aim of understanding the lived experiences of parents caring for children with EB. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 participants between May 2022 and October 2023. Guba's framework of trustworthiness was used to ensure rigour.

RESULTS

 Seven experiential themes with associated sub-themes were identified. The themes were (1) grappling with understanding EB, (2) the psychological experience, (3) living with the responsibility, (4) barriers to feeling supported, (5) changing relational dynamics, (6) experience of healthcare professionals and (7) parental needs.

CONCLUSION

 Parents caring for children with EB face emotional, physical, psychosocial and financial challenges. Addressing parents' needs and concerns will go a long way in decreasing this burden. A biopsychosocial approach with an awareness of cultural context is essential for family-centred holistic EB care.Contribution: This is the first study in Africa that focussed on the lived experiences of parents caring for a child with EB.

Exploring the Impact of Epidermolysis Bullosa on Parents and Caregivers: A Cross-Cultural Validation of the Epidermolysis Bullosa Burden of Disease Questionnaire

Purpose

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of genetically inherited skin and mucosal fragility disorders. EB may have a profound impact on parental physical and psychosocial health. This study was designed to evaluate the disease burden in parents of patients with EB and identify out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for EB care in Saudi Arabia.

Patients and Methods

Thirty-eight caregivers of patients with EB were recruited from the Saudi EB registry to participate. All participants completed the EB Burden of Disease (EB-BoD) questionnaire. Data were collected between May 2020 and December 2020. The sample included 10 patients with EB simplex (EBS), 10 with junctional EB (JEB), 14 with dystrophic EB (DEB), and 4 with an unknown type.

Results

Mothers were the primary caregivers in 89.5% of cases. The mean EB-BoD score was 53 ± 21.5. The family-life and child's life dimensions had the higher burden. The mean EB-BoD score observed in patients with DEB was 62.4±16.8 versus 45.7 ± 19.42 for EBS. The EB-BoD score was correlated with the patient's family income. Most caregivers (97.4%) reported OOP expenditure, with a mean monthly OOP expenditure of $575.5± $701.1. OOP expenses increased with the severity of the condition.

Conclusion

This study highlights the need for support services for parents caring for patients with EB.

Osteoporosis and bone health in pediatric patients with epidermolysis bullosa: A scoping review

Nutritional compromise, low levels of vitamin D, chronic inflammation, abnormal growth, and physical inactivity affect bone metabolism and compromise long-term bone health in individuals with epidermolysis bullosa (EB). The result is a high risk for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and pathologic fractures, but this important consequence of EB has been the focus of few investigations. Our scoping review found 21 publications that assessed the current understanding and clinical practices for monitoring of osteoporosis and its treatment in EB. Recommendations summarized from 13 of these publications include early nutritional and weight assessments before 2 years of age; bloodwork every 6-12 months starting at birth; Tanner stage assessments every 6 months to detect any pubertal delay; DEXA scans starting at age 6 years with repeated scans every 1-2 years, except in mild cases; and vitamin D supplementation of 80-320 IU daily for children 0-7 years and 720 IU for patients >8 years.

Lentiviral expression of wild-type LAMA3A restores cell adhesion in airway basal cells from children with epidermolysis bullosa

The hallmark of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is fragile attachment of epithelia due to genetic variants in cell adhesion genes. We describe 16 EB patients treated in the ear, nose, and throat department of a tertiary pediatric hospital linked to the United Kingdom's national EB unit between 1992 and 2023. Patients suffered a high degree of morbidity and mortality from laryngotracheal stenosis. Variants in laminin subunit alpha-3 (LAMA3) were found in 10/15 patients where genotype was available. LAMA3 encodes a subunit of the laminin-332 heterotrimeric extracellular matrix protein complex and is expressed by airway epithelial basal stem cells. We investigated the benefit of restoring wild-type LAMA3 expression in primary EB patient-derived basal cell cultures. EB basal cells demonstrated weak adhesion to cell culture substrates, but could otherwise be expanded similarly to non-EB basal cells. In vitro lentiviral overexpression of LAMA3A in EB basal cells enabled them to differentiate in air-liquid interface cultures, producing cilia with normal ciliary beat frequency. Moreover, transduction restored cell adhesion to levels comparable to a non-EB donor culture. These data provide proof of concept for a combined cell and gene therapy approach to treat airway disease in LAMA3-affected EB.

Stop codon readthrough as a treatment option for epidermolysis bullosa-Where we are and where we are going

In the context of rare genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations, the concept of induced stop codon readthrough (SCR) represents an attractive avenue in the ongoing search for improved treatment options. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB)-exemplary for this group of diseases-describes a diverse group of rare, blistering genodermatoses. Characterized by extreme skin fragility upon minor mechanical trauma, the most severe forms often result from nonsense mutations that lead to premature translation termination and loss of function of essential proteins at the dermo-epidermal junction. Since no curative interventions are currently available, medical care is mainly limited to alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Complementary to attempts of gene, cell and protein therapy in EB, SCR represents a promising medical alternative. While gentamicin has already been examined in several clinical trials involving EB, other potent SCR inducers, such as ataluren, may also show promise in treating the hitherto non-curative disease. In addition to the extensively studied aminoglycosides and their derivatives, several other substance classes-non-aminoglycoside antibiotics and non-aminoglycoside compounds-are currently under investigation. The extensive data gathered in numerous in vitro experiments and the perspectives they reveal in the clinical setting will be discussed in this review.

Elevated expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in the skin and the serum of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: Skin as a possible source of IL-6 through Toll-like receptor ligands and SAA

The effect of persistent skin inflammation on extracutaneous organs and blood is not well studied. Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a severe form of the inherited blistering skin disorder, have widespread and persistent skin ulcers, and they develop various complications including anaemia, hyperglobulinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and secondary amyloidosis. These complications are associated with the bioactivities of IL-6, and the development of secondary amyloidosis requires the persistent elevation of serum amyloid A (SAA) level. We found that patients with RDEB had significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 and SAA compared to healthy volunteers and patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Both IL-6 and SAA were highly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts of the skin ulcer lesions. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts surrounding the ulcer lesions are continuously exposed to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. In vitro, TLR ligands induced IL-6 expression via NF-κB in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). SAA further induced the expression of IL-6 via TLR1/2 and NF-κB in NHEKs and NHDFs. The limitation of this study is that NHEKs and NHDFs were not derived from RDEB patients. These observations suggest that TLR-mediated persistent skin inflammation might increase the risk of IL-6-related systemic complications, including RDEB.

Dystrophic epidermolysis with dilation of esophageal stricture: A case report

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a rare disease and the associated esophageal stricture is frequently complicated by the lack of clinical experience. The present study reported a very rare case of DEB in a 37-year-old male, who was admitted to Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China) due to an esophageal stricture. The patient received esophageal dilation under digital subtraction angiography. In this patient, dilation therapy was effective and safe. The patient underwent skin biopsies, and histological examination of the resected tissue specimens confirmed DEB diagnosis. The patient was followed up in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, for 2 years without any recurrence of esophageal stricture. This is the first case report of dilation therapy in a very rare case of DEB with a satisfactory outcome, but the long-term efficacy needs further observation. In addition, the latest relevant literature was reviewed and it was found that this treatment is uncommonly reported, as is the condition.

Costs of UK community care for individuals with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: Findings of the Prospective Epidermolysis Bullosa Longitudinal Evaluation Study

Background

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a rare inherited skin fragility disorder requiring multidisciplinary management. Information regarding costs of current standard treatment is scant.

Objectives

As part of a longitudinal natural history study, we explored the community care costs of UK patients with different forms of RDEB.

Methods

Fifty-nine individuals with RDEB provided detailed information on multiple facets of RDEB including disease severity scores (iscorEB, BEBS) and patient reported outcomes (quality of life evaluation in epidermolysis bullosa, iscorEB patient questionnaire). Costs data included time spent doing dressings, frequency of dressing changes, details of materials used, and paid and unpaid care.

Results

Overall costs of dressing materials and associated care were high in RDEB. Median annual costs across all subtypes for those using dressings (n = 51) were over £26 000. For severe RDEB (RDEB-S), median costs were almost £90 000 per annum, with a median of 18 h per week spent on dressing changes. Half of working-age adults with RDEB were unemployed and 39% of carers were unable to take on full-time or part-time paid employment, adding to indirect costs and the financial burden from RDEB on families and society.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate the high costs of care of RDEB, particularly for RDEB-S. The current expense supports the drive to develop new therapies which accelerate wound healing and diminish total wound burden, thereby reducing costs of dressings and care. While costly to bring to market, these might ultimately reduce the overall cost of treatment and also the impact on individuals living with this rare disease. The data also highlight the need for adequate reimbursement for EB care which can place significant financial strain on families.

Oleogel-S10 in Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Case Series Evaluating the Impact on Wound Burden Over Two Years

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare, difficult-to-treat, inherited multisystem diseases affecting epithelial integrity. Impaired wound healing is central and can lead to serious clinical complications, deformities, and symptoms with a devastating impact on quality of life (QoL). Dressing changes and wound care are central to the management of EB. Recently Oleogel-S10 (also known as birch bark extract or birch triterpenes) was approved in Europe and the UK for treating EB wounds. This approval was based on data from the EASE phase 3 study, which demonstrated Oleogel-S10 accelerated wound healing, reduced total wound burden, and decreased the frequency of dressing changes in patients with EB. A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted for up to 24 months in 13 patients with EB treated with Oleogel-S10 through an early access programme in Colombia. Effectiveness was assessed by measuring body surface area percentage (BSAP) and total body wound burden (EBDASI). Tolerability and safety were monitored throughout. This is the first report to evaluate the effectiveness of Oleogel-S10 in clinical practice. The results showed a reduction in percentage of BSA affected, from a mean of 27.3% at baseline to 10.4% at 24-month follow-up, despite treatment interruptions. A reduction in EBDASI skin activity score of - 16.2 (24 months) together with a reduced skin damage index score of - 15.4 (18 months) was also observed. Physicians, patients, and caregivers perceived faster wound closure. Adherence with therapy by patients was good, and patients expressed satisfaction with treatment and reported improvements in self-esteem, productivity, and social interaction. Oleogel-S10 was well tolerated; however, two patients reported worsening wounds related to gauze adherence. Two deaths during treatment interruption were reported and was not considered related to Oleogel-S10. This study supports the effectiveness of Oleogel-S10 in a real-world scenario in a country with scarce resources for the treatment of EB.

Skin Microbial Composition and Genetic Mutation Analysis in Precision Medicine for Epidermolysis Bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an inherited skin disease representing a spectrum of rare genetic disorders. These conditions share the common trait that causes fragile skin, resulting in the development of blisters and erosions. The inheritance follows an autosomal pattern, and the array of clinical presentations leads to significant physical suffering, considerable morbidity, and mortality. Despite EB having no cure, effectively managing EB remains an exceptional challenge due to its rarity and complexity, occasionally casting a profound impact on the lives of affected individuals. Considering that EB management requires a multidisciplinary approach, this sometimes worsens the condition of patients with EB due to inappropriate handling. Thus, more appropriate and precise treatment management of EB is essentially needed. Advanced technology in medicine and health comes into the bioinformatics era. Including treatment for skin diseases, omics-based approaches aim to evaluate and handle better disease management and treatment. In this work, we review several approaches regarding the implementation of omics-based technology, including genetics, pathogenic mutation, skin microbiomics, and metagenomics analysis for EB. In addition, we highlight recent updates on the potential of metagenomics analysis in precision medicine for EB.

Health-related quality of life and clinical severity in people with epidermolysis bullosa - A proposal for assessing nutritional compromise by body mass index (Birmingham Epidermolysis Bullosa Severity Score)

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic disease characterised by skin fragility with blisters and erosions on the skin and/or mucous membranes. People with EB often experience several extracutaneous manifestations, including clinical and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) complications. Herein, we evaluate their HRQoL and clinical severity and propose an objective criterion for estimating nutritional compromise using the Birmingham Epidermolysis Bullosa Severity Score (BEBS) tool.

METHODS

this series of cases included people with EB, monitored by a multi-professional team. Clinical severity was assessed with the BEBS, using body mass index ranges by age, as an objective proposal, to estimate the degree of nutritional compromise. To assess HRQoL, the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (individuals aged 4-16 years) and the Quality of Life Evaluation in Epidermolysis Bullosa - Brazilian Portuguese (individuals 17 years and over) were used.

RESULTS

of the nine individuals with recessive dystrophic EB (88.9 % female and 12.91 (SD = 11.71) years), the mean total BEBS score was 24.47 (SD = 12.80) points on a scale of 0 to 100 points. Six participants had significant nutritional compromise according to the proposed criteria. Five of the six participants evaluated for HRQoL reported experiencing some impact, with individuals aged 17 and over being more affected and with greater clinical severity.

CONCLUSIONS

individuals with greater clinical severity of EB experience a more significant impact on their HRQoL. The proposed quantitative criteria for assessing nutritional compromise may help standardise assessments by professionals monitoring the nutritional status of individuals with EB.

'It breaks my heart': Healthcare practitioners' caring for families with epidermolysis bullosa

Background

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a painful genodermatosis presenting with skin fragility and blisters. There is no cure; the prognosis is guarded and depends on the subtype of the disease. Managing these patients can be emotionally challenging for healthcare practitioners.

Aim

To determine the perceptions, impact, and needs of healthcare practitioners (HCP) caring for patients and their families with EB.

Setting

Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, Durban and Grey's Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal.

Methods

The study was guided by interpretative phenomenological analysis. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 healthcare practitioners. Guba's trustworthiness framework was used to ensure rigour.

Results

Six global themes were identified, each related primarily to the perceptions, impact, and needs of healthcare practitioners. The experiences and perceptions of healthcare practitioners were that caring for patients with an incurable disease such as EB could negatively impact healthcare practitioners. There were divergent views among the disciplines of HCPs regarding the extent of care in a resource-limited environment. This resulted in negative emotions, ethical concerns, and a need for continued medical education and the application of coping strategies. Healthcare practitioners observed that patients and their families were vulnerable, requiring comprehensive biopsychosocial care.

Conclusion

Healthcare practitioners should be aware of their emotional challenges, seek support where necessary, and use effective coping strategies and self-care.

Contribution

The concerns and needs of healthcare practitioners are highlighted and interventional strategies to assist healthcare practitioners are suggested which will ultimately improve patient care.

Itch in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: findings of PEBLES, a prospective register study

BACKGROUND

Itch is common and distressing in epidermolysis bullosa (EB) but has not previously been studied in depth in different recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) subtypes.

OBJECTIVES

As part of a prospective register study of the natural history of RDEB we explored features of itch, medications used, and correlation with disease severity and quality of life.

METHODS

Fifty individuals with RDEB aged 8 years and above completed the Leuven Itch Scale (LIS) (total 243 reviews over a 7-year period). Data included itch frequency, severity, duration, distress, circumstances, consequences, itch surface area and medications for itch. The iscorEB disease severity score and the validated EB quality of life tool, QOLEB, were compared to LIS domains and analysed by RDEB subtype.

RESULTS

Itch was frequent, present in the preceding month in 93% of reviews. Itch severity and distress were significantly greater in severe (RDEB-S) and pruriginosa (RDEB-Pru) subtypes compared to intermediate RDEB (RDEB-I). Itch medications were reported in just over half of reviews including emollients, topical corticosteroids and antihistamines; the proportion of participants not using medication despite frequent pruritus suggests limited efficacy. In inversa RDEB (RDEB-Inv) and RDEB-I, LIS domains correlated with iscorEB and QOLEB. In contrast to previous studies, correlations were lacking in RDEB-S suggesting that global disease burden relatively reduces the contribution of itch.

CONCLUSIONS

This comprehensive study of RDEB-associated itch highlights differences between RDEB subtypes, suggests an unmet need for effective treatments and could serve as control data for future clinical trials incorporating itch as an endpoint.

Heterogeneity of reported outcomes in epidermolysis bullosa clinical research: a scoping review as a first step towards outcome harmonization

BACKGROUND

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare, genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of skin fragility disorders. No cure is currently available, but many novel and repurposed treatments are upcoming. For adequate evaluation and comparison of clinical studies in EB, well-defined and consistent consensus-endorsed outcomes and outcome measurement instruments are necessary.

OBJECTIVES

To identify previously reported outcomes in EB clinical research, group these outcomes by outcome domains and areas and summarize respective outcome measurement instruments.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO and trial registries covering the period between January 1991 and September 2021. Studies were included if they evaluated a treatment in a minimum of three patients with EB. Two reviewers independently performed the study selection and data extraction. All identified outcomes and their respective instruments were mapped onto overarching outcome domains. The outcome domains were stratified according to subgroups of EB type, age group, intervention, decade and phase of clinical trial.

RESULTS

The included studies (n = 207) covered a range of study designs and geographical settings. A total of 1280 outcomes were extracted verbatim and inductively mapped onto 80 outcome domains and 14 outcome areas. We found a steady increase in the number of published clinical trials and outcomes reported over the past 30 years. The included studies mainly focused on recessive dystrophic EB (43%). Wound healing was reported most frequently across all studies and referred to as a primary outcome in 31% of trials. Great heterogeneity of reported outcomes was observed within all stratified subgroups. Moreover, a diverse range of outcome measurement instruments (n = 200) was identified.

CONCLUSIONS

We show substantial heterogeneity in reported outcomes and outcome measurement instruments in EB clinical research over the past 30 years. This review is the first step towards harmonization of outcomes in EB, which is necessary to expedite the clinical translation of novel treatments for patients with EB.

Trametinib-Induced Epidermal Thinning Accelerates a Mouse Model of Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) patients experience skin and epithelial fragility due to a pathological deficiency in genes associated with epidermal adhesion. Disease severity ranges from post-natal lethality to localized skin involvement with persistent blistering followed by granulation tissue formation and atrophic scarring. We evaluated the potential of utilizing Trametinib, an MEK inhibitor previously shown to target fibrosis, with and without the documented EB-anti-fibrotic Losartan for reducing disease severity in a mouse model of JEB; Lamc2^jeb mice. We found that Trametinib treatment accelerated disease onset and decreased epidermal thickness, which was in large part ameliorated by Losartan treatment. Interestingly, a range of disease severity was observed in Trametinib-treated animals that tracked with epidermal thickness; those animals grouped with higher disease severity had thinner epidermis. To examine if the difference in severity was related to inflammation, we conducted immunohistochemistry for the immune cell markers CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD45 as well as the fibrotic marker αSMA in mouse ears. We used a positive pixel algorithm to analyze the resulting images and demonstrated that Trametinib caused a non-significant reduction in CD4 expression that inversely tracked with increased fibrotic severity. With the addition of Losartan to Trametinib, CD4 expression was similar to control. Together, these data suggest that Trametinib causes a reduction in both epidermal proliferation and immune cell infiltration/proliferation, with concurrent acceleration of skin fragility, while Losartan counteracts Trametinib's adverse effects in a mouse model of JEB.

Assessment of nutrient intakes of children and adolescents with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bllosa, severe subtype

Introduction

Background and aims: epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare disease presenting with skin fragility and formation of blisters. Constant presence of skin lesions, loss of blood, wastage of heat through the open skin, increased turnover of proteins and infections, result in increased energy, protein, and micronutrient needs. This study investigated the intake adequacy of energy, protein, zinc, iron, and dietary fiber in children with epidermolysis bullosa. Methods: this cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted with children and adolescents of up to 18 years of age with recessive dystrophic EB, severe subtype. Demographic data and clinical manifestations affecting food consumption were collected. Nutritional assessment was performed through anthropometric data. We used a formula to estimate specific energy needs for EB, and ratio of skin lesions was also evaluated to assist in estimating energy needs. A protein adequacy of 115 % to 200 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowance was considered for the adequacy of protein intake. And the Dietary Reference Intake tables according to sex and age were used as a reference for micronutrients. Intake assessment was performed using seven consecutive daily food records. Sip feed consumption was considered for intake assessment. Results: all patients showed undernutrition and presented at least three clinical symptoms that affect food consumption: pseudosyndactyly, microstomy, and blisters in the oral cavity. Sip feed constituted between 20 % and 50 % of the patients' energy intake. Intake of iron and zinc was adequate for most patients (confidence of adequacy ≥ 0.85), while fiber intake was below the reference value. Conclusions: this study underscores the importance of nutritional monitoring for EB patients, which is often interpreted as a skin disease but has enormous nutritional repercussions.

The Fraser Complex Proteins (Frem1, Frem2, and Fras1) Can Form Anchoring Cords in the Absence of AMACO at the Dermal–Epidermal Junction of Mouse Skin

AMACO (VWA2 protein), secreted by epithelial cells, is strongly expressed at basement membranes when budding or invagination occurs in embryos. In skin, AMACO associates with proteins of the Fraser complex, which form anchoring cords. These, during development, temporally stabilize the dermal–epidermal junction, pending the formation of collagen VII-containing anchoring fibrils. Fraser syndrome in humans results if any of the core members of the Fraser complex (Fras1, Frem1, Frem2) are mutated. Fraser syndrome is characterized by subepidermal blistering, cryptophthalmos, and syndactyly. In an attempt to determine AMACO function, we generated and characterized AMACO-deficient mice. In contrast to Fraser complex mutant mice, AMACO-deficient animals lack an obvious phenotype. The mutually interdependent basement membrane deposition of the Fraser complex proteins, and the formation of anchoring cords, are not affected. Furthermore, hair follicle development in newborn AMACO-deficient mice showed no gross aberration. Surprisingly, it appears that, while AMACO is a component of the anchoring cords, it is not essential for their formation or function.

Consensus guidelines for diagnosis and management of anemia in epidermolysis bullosa

BACKGROUND

Anemia is a common complication of severe forms of epidermolysis bullosa (EB). To date, there are no guidelines outlining best clinical practices to manage anemia in the EB population. The objective of this manuscript is to present the first consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of anemia in EB.

RESULTS

Due to the lack of high-quality evidence, a consensus methodology was followed. An initial survey exploring patient preferences, concerns and symptoms related to anemia was sent to EB patients and their family members. A second survey was distributed to EB experts and focused on screening, diagnosis, monitoring and management of anemia in the different types of EB. Information from these surveys was collated and used by the panel to generate 26 consensus statements. Consensus statements were sent to healthcare providers that care for EB patients through EB-Clinet. Statements that received more than 70% approval (completely agree/agree) were adopted.

CONCLUSIONS

The end result was a series of 6 recommendations which include 20 statements that will help guide management of anemia in EB patients. In patients with moderate to severe forms of EB, the minimum desirable level of Hb is 100 g/L. Treatment should be individualized. Dietary measures should be offered as part of management of anemia in all EB patients, oral iron supplementation should be used for mild anemia; while iron infusion is reserved for moderate to severe anemia, if Hb levels of > 80-100 g/L (8-10 g/dL) and symptomatic; and transfusion should be administered if Hb is < 80 g/L (8 g/dL) in adults and < 60 g/L (6 g/dL) in children.

Validation and Repeatability of the Epidermolysis Bullosa Eye Disease Index in Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

PURPOSE

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a devastating condition that causes painful corneal abrasions and vision loss. Epidermolysis Bullosa Eye Disease Index (EB-EDI) for the first time captures and quantifies EB-specific assessment of ocular symptoms and activities of daily living scales. This survey will become critical in developing new interventions on patients' quality of life.

METHODS

Three-part set of the EB-EDI baseline, EB-EDI interval, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) survey was distributed to 92 patients with DEB who previously reported eye symptoms on previous surveys. It was then posted online through several EB patient organizations. We compared the EB-EDI with the gold standard OSDI and examined the repeatability of the EB-EDI over a 7- to 15-day interval.

RESULTS

Of the 45 individuals who initially responded, 30 of 45 (67%) completed the surveys sent 7 to 15 days later. The age of participants ranged from 6 to 51 years (mean 21 ± 15 years), and 60% (18 of 30) of participants were younger than 18 years. The overall Cronbach alpha values for the subscales of EB-EDI baseline and interval tools presented a good internal consistency (≥0.7). From 2 visits, the domain scores of EB-EDI baseline (0.94) and interval tools (0.83) were shown to have excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.8). By comparison, OSDI had the intraclass correlation coefficient score of 0.72 ± 0.11. The convergent validation analysis showed that correlations between the domain scores of EB-EDI baseline and interval tools and the subscales of the OSDI reached the hypothesized strength.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on a 30-person repeated-measures study, we found that the EB-EDI has excellent reliability and validity specifically in patients with DEB.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB): Oral manifestation and management rules in oral surgery: A case report

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE

The recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a severe form of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa characterized by deformities of the skin, blisters and erosions on the mucous membranes. Oral manifestations are frequent and extensive vary from small discrete vesicles to large bullae, associated with microstomia, ankyloglossia and a depapilled tongue. The purpose of this case report is to describe oral health status of patient with recessive-dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and the measures that dentists should adopt with the purpose of provide an effective dental treatment.

CASE PRESENTATION

We present a clinical case of a patient with recessive-dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa who underwent a bone regularization and whose follow-up was carried out until healing.

CLINICAL DISCUSSION

The management of patients with RDEB in oral surgery requires the adoption of an atraumatic technique and certain precautions to limit the formation of bullae and promote mucosal healing.

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that oral management of patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa presents a challenge for the oral surgeon and the management is generally multidisciplinary and relies essentially on the adoption of a preventive and atraumatic approach.

Targeted NGS in Diagnostics of Genodermatosis Characterized by the Epidermolysis Bullosa Symptom Complex in 268 Russian Children

The pathogenic variants of genes encoding proteins, participating in the formation and functioning of epidermis and dermo-epidermal junctions, create a large variety of clinical phenotypes from: small localized to severe generalized dermatitis, as well as early, or even, prenatal death due to extensive epidermis loss. The diagnostic panel in this study was developed for the purposes of identifying these pathogenic genetic variants in 268 Russian children, who possessed the epidermolysis bullosa symptom complex in a selection of 247 families. This panel included the targeted areas of 33 genes, which are genetic variants that can lead to the development of the phenotype mentioned above. The usage of next generation sequencing allowed the revelation of 192 various altered alleles (of which 109 alleles were novel, i.e., had not been described previously). In addition, it allowed the definition of the genetic variants that are both typical for most of the examined children and for the separate ethnic groups inhabiting modern Russia. We found that the most characteristic mutations for the Dargin and Chechen ethnic groups are the c.3577del deletion in the COL7A1 gene and the c.2488G>A missense mutation in the COL17A1 gene, respectively. In addition, the study of haplotypes of microsatellite markers, which we managed to conduct in the Dargin population, confirmed the presence of the founder effect.

Identification of a novel homozygous LAMB3 mutation in a Chinese male with junctional epidermolysis bullosa and severe urethra stenosis: A case report

Introduction: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a skin fragility disorder that is caused by molecular aberrations in the epidermal basement membrane zone. Based primarily on the cleavage plane within the skin, EB is classified into four major subtypes: EB simplex; junctional EB (JEB); dystrophic EB; and Kindler EB. The junctional form (JEB) can lead to blistering and a variety of extracutaneous complications, including genitourinary tract involvement. Despite therapeutic progress, treatment modalities for urological complications of JEB are currently limited.

Results: We present the case of a Chinese male with intermediate JEB and profound urinary tract stenosis. Due to the progression of the urinary tract stenosis, he presented with repeated urological symptoms, such as high frequency of urination, painful urination, and difficult voiding. After birth, multiple blisters on the fingers, feet, and limbs, as well as nail dystrophies and spare hair were noted. Mutation analysis revealed that the patient carried a homozygous frameshift mutation in the LAMB3 gene [c.1172_1179delinsTGTGTGTGCAAGGAG/p. (P391Lfs*23)]. After receiving treatment for urethral dilatation, lingual mucosa for anterior urethroplasty, and repair of urethral stricture using a ventral onlay penile skin flap, the patient still experienced a relapse of urinary tract stenosis. Finally, the patient underwent perineal urethrostomy. In contrast, his older brother with similar urological symptoms received regular urethral dilatation, and the curative effect was positive.

Conclusion: Here we report on a case with a novel LAMB3 mutation that led to JEB with profound urinary tract stenosis, which has expanded our experience in the treatment of EB urological complications.

A single-centre study on predictors and determinants of pubertal delay and growth impairment in Epidermolysis Bullosa

Background

Delayed puberty is a possible complication of Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB), though the actual incidence is still unknown. In chronic illnesses delayed puberty should be correctly managed since, if untreated, can have detrimental effects on adult height attainment, peak bone mass achievement and psychological health.

Aims and methods

This is a single-centre study on pubertal development, growth and bone status in EB. Auxological, densitometric (areal Bone Mineral Density-aBMD Z-score, Bone Mineral Apparent Density-BMAD Z-score, Trabecular Bone Score-TBS and Bone Strain Index-BSI at Lumbar spine) and body composition data (Total Body DXA scans) were collected. Disease severity was defined according to Birmingham Epidermolysis Bullosa Severity (BEBS) score.

Results

Twenty-one patients (12 Recessive Dystrophic EB-RDEB, 3 Dominant Dystrophic EB, 3 Junctional EB-JEB, 2 EB Simplex and one Kindler EB) aged 13 years (females) or 14 years (males) and above were enrolled (age 16.2±2.5 years, M/F 11/10). Short stature was highly prevalent (57%, mean height -2.12±2.05 SDS) with 55% patients with height <-2SD their mid-parental height. 7/21 patients (33%, 6 RDEB and 1 JEB) had delayed puberty with a median BEBS of 50 (range 29 to 63), a height SDS of -2.59 SDS (range -5.95 to -2.22) and a median lumbar BMAD Z-score of -4.0 SDS (range -5.42 to -0.63 SDS). Pubertal status was negatively associated with BEBS, skin involvement, inflammatory state and positively with height SDS and BMI SDS.

Conclusions

Pubertal delay is highly prevalent in EB, especially in patients with RDEB and JEB, high severity score and inflammatory state. Moreover, pubertal delay worsens growth impairment and bone health. A study on pubertal induction is ongoing to enlighten possible beneficial effects on adult height attainment and peak bone mass accrual.

Understanding the socioeconomic costs of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa in Europe: a costing and health-related quality of life study

Background

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a family of rare genetic dermatological conditions. Recent evidence indicated that in addition to its detrimental implications on patient health-related quality of life (HRQoL), there are substantial socioeconomic cost implications, especially regarding direct non-medical costs. This study aims to understand the burden of dystrophic EB (DEB) in Europe, using a primary EB patient-level dataset.

Methods

A bottom-up, cross-sectional, study design was adopted for non-institutionalised patients diagnosed with EB who received outpatient care across EU5 countries: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A prevalence-based approach was used to estimate resource utilisation from a societal perspective, including direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect costs for patients and caregivers. Patient and caregiver outcomes were obtained using the EQ-5D questionnaire.

Results

A sample of 91 DEB patients was analysed. Overall, average EU5 annual cost per patient was estimated at €53,359, ranging from €18,783 (France) to €79,405 (Germany). Average EU5 annual direct medical costs were estimated at €8357 (15.7% of total), ranging from €5658 (France) to €12,576 (Germany); average direct non-medical costs were estimated at €41,353 (77.5% of total), ranging from €11,961 (France) to €57,000 (Germany); and average indirect costs were estimated at €3649 (6.8% of total), ranging from €1025 (Italy) to €9930 (United Kingdom). Costs varied across patients with different disability but also between children and adults. The mean EQ-5D index score for adult DEB patients ranged between 0.304 (United Kingdom) and 0.541 (Germany), with an EU5 average of 0.456, whereas the mean EQ-5D visual analogue scale score ranged between 47.5 (Germany) and 70.0 (France), with an EU5 average of 61.9. Limitations included potential patient selection bias, recall bias, and exclusion of bandaging and related costs.

Conclusions

The study revealed a substantial socioeconomic burden for DEB in Europe, attributable mostly to high direct non-medical costs, with the majority of patients requiring support from caregivers at home. Compared to the average economic burden of the overall EB patient population, costs for DEB patients are higher across all components of direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02419-1.

A prospective short-term study to evaluate methodologies for the assessment of disease extent, impact, and wound evolution in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

BACKGROUND

Standardized assessments for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) are needed. This prospective, multicenter, 4-week, observational study was designed to evaluate DEB assessments for suitability as clinical trial endpoints.

METHODS

Patients with confirmed DEB diagnosis and ≥ 5 measurable wounds were included. The primary outcome was change from baseline in wound surface area (WSA) of 5 selected wounds by 3-dimensional imaging. Secondary endpoints were change from baseline in clinician global assessment (CGA) of WSA, wound characteristics, disease-related questionnaires and instruments (disease severity, quality of life [QoL], pain and disability, and itch), and tolerability of procedures.

RESULTS

Of 30 enrolled patients, 29 completed the study (of whom, 28 had recessive DEB). Median age was 17.8 years (range, 3.8-58.7). All patients developed new or recurrent wounds during the 4-week study. Of the wounds selected at baseline, 45/150 (30.0%) healed by week 2; an additional 38 healed by week 4, while 8 of those healed at week 2 had recurred by week 4 for a total of 75/150 (50.0%) healed wounds at week 4. Mean values for WSA, CGA, and disease-related questionnaire and instrument scores remained steady during this 4-week observational study. Of the 10 disease-related questionnaires and instruments assessed, the scores for the Epidermolysis Bullosa Disease Activity and Scarring Index (EBDASI) and the Instrument for Scoring Clinical Outcomes for Research of Epidermolysis Bullosa (iscorEB) did not substantially overlap between moderate and severe disease. Between mild and moderate disease, only the EBDASI scores did not substantially overlap.

CONCLUSIONS

These results stress the dynamic nature of wounds, even during a 4-week period of observation, and suggest that a combination of clinician-assessed outcomes and patient-/caregiver-reported outcomes is needed to provide a comprehensive assessment of DEB severity and impact. In addition, these results support the use of EBDASI and iscorEB to monitor disease severity as both produced scores that did not substantially overlap between disease severity strata. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02178969 . Registered 4 June 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02178969 .

Pseudopterygium: An Algorithm Approach Based on the Current Evidence

Pseudopterygium is a non-progressive conjunctival adhesion to the peripheral cornea secondary to a corneal-limbus damage. According to the literature, the main etiology is a previous eye trauma. Nevertheless, this could be biased by the existence of other underdiagnosed causes of pseudopterygium, some of which may have severe consequences for the integrity of the eye and patient’s life. This comprehensive literature review was performed based on a search on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases of relevant pseudopterygium published papers according to our current knowledge and seeks to gather the existing evidence about its diverse etiologies and clinical features, as well as to propose a diagnostic algorithm to simplify its correct approach.

Detection of Novel Biallelic Causative Variants in COL7A1 Gene by Whole-Exome Sequencing, Resulting in Congenital Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa in Three Unrelated Families

Background: Dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is a rare, severe subtype of epidermolysis bullosa (EB), characterized by blisters and miliary rashes of the skin. Dystrophic EB (DEB) includes variants inherited both in an autosomal-dominant or autosomal-recessive manner. Recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) is divided into many subtypes and prevails as a result of biallelic genetic mutations in COL7A1 gene encoding type VII collagen, a major stabilizing molecule of the dermo-epidermal junction. The blister formation is mainly due to the variable structural and functional impairment of anchoring fibrils in VII collagen (COLVII), responsible for the adhesion of the epidermis to the dermis. Method: Three Pakistani families (A, B and C) affected with congenital dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa were recruited in the present study. The whole-exome sequencing (WES) approach was utilized for the detection of the pathogenic sequence variants in probands. The segregation of these variants in other participants was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results: This study identified a novel missense variant c.7034G>A, p. Gly2345Asp in exon 91, a novel Frameshift mutation c.385del (p. His129MetfsTer18) in a homozygous form in exon no 3, and a previously known nonsense variation (c.1573 C>T; p. Arg525Ter) in exon 12 of COL7A1 gene in families A, B, and C, respectively, as causative mutations responsible for dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa in these families. Conclusion: Our study validates the involvement of the COL7A1 gene in the etiology of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. It further expands the COL7A1 gene mutation database and provides an additional scientific basis for diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prognosis purposes for EB patients.

Multidisciplinary care for patients with epidermolysis bullosa from birth to adolescence: experience of one Italian reference center

BACKGROUND

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a disabling and chronic genodermatosis characterized by mucocutaneous fragility with blister formation after minimal trauma. Severity ranges between very mild forms to extremely severe or lethal subtypes. Depending on disease subtypes, blisters may be localized also in larynx, bladder, esophagus, and most frequent disease complications are malnutrition, chronic anemia, osteoporosis, limb contracture and early development of squamous cell carcinomas. EB is classified into four major groups: EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), dystrophic EB (DEB) and Kindler EB (KEB). No specific treatment is available; however, a multidisciplinary management is mandatory in order to treat the lesions, to prevent complication, and to give a psychological support to the patient and family members.

OBJECTIVE

To report the experience on a therapeutic education plan of an Italian reference center for epidermolysis bullosa in the last 30 years.

METHODS

In our study we included all patients with EB from 1990 to the present, dividing them into three age groups (< 5 years, > 5-12 years and > 12-18 years). The therapeutic plan involved all multidisciplinary team members, since born until adolescence. The multidisciplinary team has been progressively established; the dermatologists act as patient case manager, in collaboration with the pediatrician, endocrinologist, dietician, dentist, plastic surgeon, digestive surgeon, geneticist, psychologist and a dedicated nurse. Other dedicated specialists are involved upon patient needs.

RESULTS

Two hundred fifteen patients have been recruited and followed in our hospital since 1990. One hundred forty patients (65%) are on follow-up, 27 patients (13%) died and only 11 (5%) were lost to follow-up. Our patients manifested the specific complications related to their EB subtype in keeping with the data reported in the literature. Eighteen (8%) patients affected with JEB severe died within the first year of life, 9 patients (5%) died for squamous cell carcinoma in adulthood and were affected with recessive DEB; only 1 patient died for squamous cell carcinoma at the age of 16.

CONCLUSIONS

An adequate management of EB patients require a multidisciplinary approach with an educational plan to guarantee an appropriate treatment and to support and accompany patients and their families since birth along life. The dynamic educational plan adopted in our hospital showed good clinical and psychological outcome in our population, allowing adherence to treatment, reducing the frequency of complications and improving life expectancy and quality of life.

Nutritional impairment of neonates with epidermolysis bullosa: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a highly invalidating genodermatosis characterized by skin and mucosa fragility and blister-formation caused by mutations of genes encoding components of the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Nutritional impairment is one of the main complications of all forms of EB, having a huge impact on growth, pubertal development, wound healing, resistance to infections and quality of life.

METHODS

In our study we have retrospectively evaluated 17 children with EB to define whether nutritional impairment in those patients is already present in the neonatal period. As secondary outcomes we considered nutritional status differences among EB subtypes and relative percentages of underweight infants at birth, first and third month. Moreover, information concerning feeding modality, possible complications were also collected, as well as cutaneous or systemic infections and duration of hospital stay.

RESULTS

Our study demonstrated that nutritional impairment of neonates with EB has an early onset since as at first month 35% of patients were below 5th centile for weight-for-age, and 94% were below the 50th percentile. Moreover, the number of infants at one month of life <5th centile for weight-for-age was significantly higher compared to birth. The nutritional status is also heavily related to the occurrence of complications, in particular infections; therefore, the prevention of these complications must play a central role in the treatment of these infants, also to avoid any nutritional impairment.

CONCLUSIONS

Nutritional status of neonates with EB seems to be compromised already during the first month of life and it is heavily related to the occurrence of infections; therefore, the prevention of these complications must play a central role in the treatment of these infants, also to avoid any nutritional impairment.

Epidermolysis Bullosa in children: the central role of the pediatrician

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a severe hereditary disease characterized by defective epithelial adhesion causing mucocutaneous fragility. The major types are EB simplex (EBS), junctional EB (JEB), dystrophic EB (DEB) and more than 35 EB subtypes. Another very rare type of EB is Kindler EB (KEB). Clinically, it is a very heterogeneous disease which ranges from localized to extensive skin lesions with frequent multisystem extra cutaneous involvement. The role of a pediatrician-dermatologist cooperation within a multidisciplinary team is fundamental for both the diagnosis and management contributing to these patients' better life expectancy. Aim of this study is to describe clinical and laboratory characteristics of the main EB subtypes focusing on nutritional and gastrointestinal aspects, providing information to aid the paediatric management of children with EB. This retrospective study reviewed the cases of 160 pediatric EB patients (76 male and 84 female): 31 patients affected by EBS (mean age ± SD: 4.37 ± 7.14), 21 patients affected by JEB (mean age ± SD: 9.26± 17.30) and 108 with DEB (mean age ± SD: 11.61 ± 13.48). All patients were admitted at the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome, between June 2005 to June 2020. The reduced gastrointestinal absorption, chronic losses, esophageal stenosis and chronic inflammatory state, represent the basis of nutritional problems of EB patients. In particular, anemia represents one of the most important complications of DEB patients which could require transfusion-dependent patterns. Malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies and anemia have been related to growth delay in EB patients. A specific diet with a balance of all macronutrients is required and improving caloric intake with sugar limitations is fundamental to prevent dental caries and tooth decay typical of EB patients. While sepsis proved to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in younger patients, squamous cell carcinoma was mostly observed in older patients, especially those affected by DEB. Patients with EB require regular monitoring for complications and sequelae with a frequency of evaluations which varies based on age and EB subtypes. Cooperation among medical teams involving paediatricians, dermatologists, specialist clinicians including nutritionists such as families and patient's association is fundamental to approach the disease and improve the quality of life of these patients.

Recommendations on pregnancy, childbirth and aftercare in epidermolysis bullosa: a consensus-based guideline

Linked Comment: A.W. Lucky and E. Pope. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186 :602–603.

Plain language summary available online

Genetic Profile of Epidermolysis Bullosa Cases in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare heterogeneous genetic mechanobullous skin disorder that is characterized by increased skin fragility leading to blistering following minor trauma. EB may be inherited as an autosomal dominant or an autosomal recessive disorder and can be classified into dystrophic EB (DEB), junctional EB (JEB), and EB simplex (EBS). A total of 28 Saudi patients with EB were included in this observational, retrospective chart-review study. A consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used to approach all affected patients. Molecular analysis was done to test the patients’ genomic DNA using a custom-designed AmpliSeq panel of suspected genes. All disease-causing variants were checked against available public databases. Twelve patients (42.9%) were found to have DEB, 6 patients (21.4%) with JEB, and 10 patients (35.7%) with EBS. The molecular genetic results revealed detections of 24 various homozygous genetic variations in the genes associated with EB, of which 14 were novel mutations. The most frequent variations were detected in COL7A1 in 12 cases (42.9%), followed by LAMB3 in 5 cases (17.9%), TGM5 in 4 cases (14.3%), and other genes. Furthermore, the majority (87.5%) of EB cases were confirmed to have homozygous mutations, and few were documented with positive consanguinity history. Only 3 cases (12.5%) were found to be autosomal dominant displaying heterozygous mutations. This is the first study to establish the EB genetic profile in Saudi Arabia where DEB is the most frequent type. A total of 14 novel mutations were identified that had not been previously reported. Consanguineous marriage is clearly recognized in the Saudi population; therefore, we propose a nationwide EB program that would help extend the spectrum of the genetic profile and help in the diagnosis and better understanding of this disease.

Predominance of Staphylococcus correlates with wound burden and disease activity in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: a prospective case-control study

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is characterized by skin blistering and wounds. To uncover changes in skin and mucosal microbiome related to age and disease progression, and microbiome impact on clinical and inflammatory laboratory parameters, swabs from wounded and unwounded skin, oral mucosa and stool samples of 28 children with RDEB and 28 healthy controls were subjected to 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. Skin microbiome of RDEB patients showed significantly reduced alpha diversity compared to healthy controls and early, age-dependent predominance of Staphylococcus aureus first in wounds, then in unwounded skin. These findings were more pronounced in severe disease with higher abundances of Staphylococcus aureus compared to intermediate disease. Staphylococcus aureus abundance correlated significantly with both acute and chronic wound burden. Changes in oral mucosal and gut microbiome were discrete with no significant differences in alpha diversity. Our findings show that children with RDEB experience skin microbiome changes early in life. Longitudinal studies should confirm that dysbiosis starts in wounds and later extends to unwounded skin. The predominance of Staphylococcus aureus significantly correlates with wound burden and disease activity, and to some extent with systemic inflammation.

Assessing the quality of life in the families of patients with epidermolysis bullosa: The mothers as main caregivers

Background

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an uncommon group of inherited disorders characterized by skin blistering after friction or mechanical trauma. EB affects patients and their families physically, socially, and emotionally.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the family quality of life of these patients using the Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI) questionnaire.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled caregivers of patients with EB registered at the Molecular Dermatology Research Center, affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, up to 2020. Participants filled out a demographic data collection form and the FDLQI questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22.

Results

Overall, 80 participants, consisting of 65 mothers (81.2%) and 15 fathers (18.7%) as primary caregivers, were enrolled in this study. The average FDLQI score was 19.88 ± 4.71. The FDLQI scores of caregivers of patients with EB simplex was significantly lower than scores observed in those with other types of EB (p < .001). There was a significant positive association between the number of patients with EB in the family and FDLQI score (p = .049). FDLQI scores were lower in caregiving mothers who had a higher education (p < .001) and those who were employed (p < .001).

Conclusion

Family quality of life is affected in patients with EB. Families with lower socioeconomic status and unemployed caregivers require special attention. More studies are needed to determine the parameters involved in the quality of life of patients with EB and their families.

Glomerular IgA Deposition and Serum Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Positivity in a Child With Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: Case Report and Literature Review

Patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) could develop significant urological complications, such as hydroureteronephrosis, renal amyloidosis and IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Here, we presented a 12-year-old boy carrying pathogenic COL7A1 mutation with diagnosis of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB). The patient had concomitant gross hematuria and proteinuria. Pathological examinations and immunostaining of renal biopsy showed glomeruli with mesangial hypercellularity and deposition of IgA, which were indicative of IgAN. Interestingly, serological evaluation showed antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) directed against myeloperoxidase and proteinase 3. Treatment with glucocorticoid, immunosuppressants, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and antibiotics efficiently improved hemato-proteinuria, and ANCAs became negative as well. This case of DEB presented a unique collection of clinical manifestations and pathological alterations. IgAN and serum positive ANCA were possibly associated with sustained infection secondary to DEB, and can be managed by empirical treatment for primary IgAN.

Otological complications in inversa type recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

BACKGROUND

The rare inversa subtype of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB-I) is characterized by predominant intertriginous skin blistering and marked mucosal involvement. Specific recessive missense mutations in the collagen VII triple helix are implicated. To date, otological complications have infrequently been reported in this patient group.

METHODS

We conducted an observational, retrospective, double institution case record review of RDEB-I patients who presented with otological complications between January 2000 and June 2020. Diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical features, family history and mutation analysis of COL7A1.

RESULTS

Forty-four percent (11/25) of RDEB-I patients in our database (2 paediatric, 9 adult; mean age 40.9 years, range 8-72 years) experienced otological complications. Ten of 11 individuals (90.9%) had recurrent otitis externa, 7/11 (63.6%) had meatal stenosis and 7/11 (63.6%) had recurrent blistering of external auditory canals. All 11 patients reported hearing difficulties, with conductive hearing loss confirmed by audiology testing in 6/11 (54.5%). Three of 11 (27.3%) patients had implantable hearing aids fitted with favourable outcome; 2 bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHA) and 1 middle ear implant (MEI). One paediatric patient presented with a cholesteatoma that was surgically managed.

DISCUSSION

We observed a higher prevalence of otological morbidity in RDEB-I than previously reported and present the first case of cholesteatoma in EB. Our data indicate that BAHA and MEI are safe and effective treatment options for hearing loss in EB. Clinicians should be vigilant in screening for ear symptoms in RDEB-I and consider early referral to an ENT specialist.

Clinical trial of ABCB5+ mesenchymal stem cells for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

BACKGROUND

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a rare, devastating, and life-threatening inherited skin fragility disorder that comes about due to a lack of functional type VII collagen, for which no effective therapy exists. ABCB5⁺ dermal mesenchymal stem cells (ABCB5⁺ MSCs) possess immunomodulatory, inflammation-dampening, and tissue-healing capacities. In a Col7a1^–/– mouse model of RDEB, treatment with ABCB5⁺ MSCs markedly extended the animals’ lifespans.

METHODS

In this international, multicentric, single-arm, phase I/IIa clinical trial, 16 patients (aged 4–36 years) enrolled into 4 age cohorts received 3 i.v. infusions of 2 × 10⁶ ABCB5⁺ MSCs/kg on days 0, 17, and 35. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks regarding efficacy and 12 months regarding safety.

RESULTS

At 12 weeks, statistically significant median (IQR) reductions in the Epidermolysis Bullosa Disease Activity and Scarring Index activity (EBDASI activity) score of 13.0% (2.9%–30%; P = 0.049) and the Instrument for Scoring Clinical Outcome of Research for Epidermolysis Bullosa clinician (iscorEB‑c) score of 18.2% (1.9%–39.8%; P = 0.037) were observed. Reductions in itch and pain numerical rating scale scores were greatest on day 35, amounting to 37.5% (0.0%–42.9%; P = 0.033) and 25.0% (–8.4% to 46.4%; P = 0.168), respectively. Three adverse events were considered related to the cell product: 1 mild lymphadenopathy and 2 hypersensitivity reactions. The latter 2 were serious but resolved without sequelae shortly after withdrawal of treatment.

CONCLUSION

This trial demonstrates good tolerability, manageable safety, and potential efficacy of i.v. ABCB5⁺ MSCs as a readily available disease-modifying therapy for RDEB and provides a rationale for further clinical evaluation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03529877; EudraCT 2018-001009-98.

FUNDING

The trial was sponsored by RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG. Contributions by NYF and MHF to this work were supported by the NIH/National Eye Institute (NEI) grants RO1EY025794 and R24EY028767.

Systemic Collagen VII Replacement Therapy for Advanced Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a genetic skin blistering disease associated with progressive multiorgan fibrosis. RDEB is caused by biallelic mutations in COL7A1 encoding the extracellular matrix protein collagen VII (C7), which is necessary for epidermal‒dermal adherence. C7 is not simply a structural protein but also has multiple functions, including the regulation of TGFβ bioavailability and the inhibition of skin scarring. Intravenous (IV) administration of recombinant C7 (rC7) rescues C7-deficient mice from neonatal lethality. However, the effect on established RDEB has not been determined. In this study, we used small and large adult RDEB animal models to investigate the disease-modulating abilities of IV rC7 on established RDEB. In adult RDEB mice, rC7 accumulated at the basement membrane zone in multiple organs after a single infusion. Fortnightly IV injections of rC7 for 7 weeks in adult RDEB mice reduced fibrosis of skin and eye. The fibrosis-delaying effect was associated with a reduction of TGFβ signaling. IV rC7 in adult RDEB dogs incorporated in the dermal‒epidermal junction of skin and improved disease by promoting wound healing and reducing dermal‒epidermal separation. In both species, IV C7 was well-tolerated. These preclinical studies suggest that repeated IV administration of rC7 is an option for systemic treatment of established adult RDEB.

Practical management of epidermolysis bullosa: consensus clinical position statement from the European Reference Network for Rare Skin Diseases

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises rare disorders that manifest with fragility and blistering of the skin and mucous membranes, with variable clinical severity. Management of EB is challenging due to disease rarity and complexity, the wide range of extracutaneous manifestations and a profound impact on daily life for the patient and family members. Although reference centres providing multidisciplinary care for EB exist in each European country, it is common for healthcare professionals that are not specialized in this rare disorder to treat EB patients. Here, experts of the European Reference Network for Rare and Undiagnosed Skin Diseases (ERN-Skin, https://ern-skin.eu) propose practical recommendations for the diagnosis and management of the commonest clinical issues, skin blisters and wounds, oral manifestations, pain and itch.

Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with congenital absence of skin and brachydactyly of the great toes

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) encompasses a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of inherited skin disorders characterized by blistering and erosions of the skin with minimal trauma. Dystrophic EB (DEB), both dominant and recessive, can be associated with several extracutaneous manifestations, including musculoskeletal deformities. Congenital deformities of the feet have rarely been reported in the literature. We describe an infant with dominant DEB and congenital absence of the skin who presented with congenital brachydactyly of the bilateral great toes.