1
|
De Tollenaere M, Durduret A, Chapuis E, Lambert C, Lemagnen P, Tiguemounine J, Auriol D, Scandolera A, Reynaud R. A highly soluble form of rutin for instant resolution of mask-wearing related disorders. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:1734-1744. [PMID: 38332551 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a new normal, necessitating the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) like face shields, surgical masks, gloves, and goggles. However, prolonged mask-wearing introduced skin-related issues due to changes in the skin's microenvironment, including increased humidity and temperature, as well as pressure on the skin. These factors led to skin deformation, vascular issues, edema, and inflammation, resulting in discomfort and cosmetic concerns. Clinical reports quickly highlighted the consequences of long-term mask use, including increased cases of "maskne" (mask-related acne) or mask-wearing related disorders such as rosacea flare-ups, skin-barrier defects, itching, erythema, redness, hyperpigmentation, and lichenification. Some of these issues, like inflammation, oxidative stress, and poor wound healing, could be directly linked to acne-related disorders or skin hypoxia. AIM To address these problems, researchers turned to rutin, a well-known flavonoid with antioxidant, vasoactive, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, rutin's poor water solubility presented a challenge for cosmetic formulations. To overcome this limitation, a highly water-soluble form of rutin was developed, making it suitable for use at higher concentrations. METHODS In vitro and ex vivo tests were conducted, as well as an innovative clinical trial including volunteers wearing surgical masks for at least 2 h, to evaluate the biological activity of this soluble rutin on the main skin concerns associated with mask-wearing (inflammation, oxidative stress, skin repair, hyperpigmentation, and skin redness). RESULTS The in vitro results showed that the active ingredient significantly reduced oxidative stress, improved wound healing, and reduced inflammation. In dark skin explants, the active ingredient significantly reduced melanin content, indicating its lightening activity. This effect was confirmed in the clinical study, where brown spots decreased significantly after 4 days of application. Moreover, measurements on volunteers demonstrated a decrease in skin redness and vascularization after the active ingredient application, indicating inflammation and erythema reduction. Volunteers reported improved skin comfort. CONCLUSION In summary, the COVID-19 pandemic led to various skin issues associated with mask-wearing. A highly soluble form of rutin was developed, which effectively addressed these concerns by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperpigmentation while promoting wound healing. This soluble rutin offers a promising solution for the rapid treatment of maskne-related disorders and other skin problems caused by prolonged mask use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Durduret
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Emilie Chapuis
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Carole Lambert
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Daniel Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Romain Reynaud
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ungar R, Gur-Arie R, Heriot GS, Jamrozik E. Burdens of infection control on healthcare workers: a scoping review. J Hosp Infect 2024; 146:76-81. [PMID: 38141665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a significant risk to patients, and are a major focus of infection prevention and control policies (IPC). One under-recognized reason for the generally poor compliance with IPC is that it is burdensome for healthcare workers (HCWs). AIM To identify the burdens of IPC for HCWs. METHODS PubMed and CINAHL were searched for studies published in English since 2000 regarding compliance with IPC and the burdens associated with compliance. After screening 1018 initial results, 25 articles were included in the final review. RESULTS Evidence was found for burdens including dermatological complications, headaches, sensory symptoms and time pressure. Tools designed to measure compliance with IPC have limitations, and rarely assess the burdens of compliance. A strong safety culture predicted positive compliance, while knowledge of the underlying rationale for IPC had a non-linear relationship with compliance. CONCLUSION Future research should clarify IPC-related burdens and how these may be minimized to achieve better compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ungar
- Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Gur-Arie
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - G S Heriot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Jamrozik
- Ethox Centre and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Bioethics Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ALPARSLAN AL, YÜKSEL K, SUTTHANUT K. Analysis of Surgical Masks Adverse Effects on Facial Skin in Long Term Usage During COVID-19 Pandemic. Turk J Pharm Sci 2024; 21:1-6. [PMID: 38528785 PMCID: PMC10982884 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2023.82353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives During the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, masks have become mandatory for protection against the virus transmitted by breathing. This study examined the impact of surgical masks used daily on civilian facial skin. Materials and Methods Moisture, elasticity, pore, melanin, acne, wrinkle, and sensitivity parameters of 83 volunteers were measured numerically using an API-100 skin analyzer and camera recordings. Numerical values were compared following the device's algorithm calibrated according to age, gender, and race. Finally, the obtained data were statistically evaluated and compared with the averages. Results Pore, melanin, acne, and wrinkle parameters were higher without gender discrimination, whereas moisture and elasticity parameters were low. While a significant increase was observed in women for sensitivity, the increase was not statistically significant in men. Conclusion The negative effects of long-term daily wearing of surgical masks on facial skin were statistically significant. Therefore, taking outdoor breaks during mask use, washing the face intermittently, using moisturizing and purifying cosmetic products, and anti-wrinkle effects have been proposed to reduce the possible defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kıvanç YÜKSEL
- Ege University Center for Drug Research and Development and Pharmacokinetic Applications (ARGEFAR), İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Khaetthareeya SUTTHANUT
- Khon Kaen University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Judd BK, Whelehan DF, Baysari MT, Baillie AJ. The Impact of Personal Protective Equipment on Cognitive and Emotional Aspects of Health Care Work. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:174-178. [PMID: 38013405 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical to the safety of health professionals and vital to clinical practice. However, there is little known about the cognitive and emotional impact of PPE on health professionals' performance, comfort, and well-being. METHODS A mixed-method, cross-sectional, observational study was adopted. An online survey consisting of 5-point Likert scale questions and free-text comments canvassed the opinions of patient-facing health professionals. RESULTS An overall negative impact of PPE on health professionals' ability to carry out work was found from 185 responses from medicine, nursing, and allied health disciplines, including increased fatigue, poor communication, and feeling uncomfortable. CONCLUSIONS There are significant negative impacts of PPE on health professionals' ability to carry out work, impairing communication, task efficiency, and comfort. Personal protective equipment is an essential infection control practice requiring further research, design, and testing to overcome challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda K Judd
- From the Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (B.K.J., M.T.B., A.J.B.); and School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (D.F.W.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu J, Jiang G. Guarding skin under PPE: Mechanistic insights and technological innovations. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13520. [PMID: 38009022 PMCID: PMC10626285 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of diseases transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact, healthcare workers (HCWs) necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). For optimal safety, PPE should securely conform to the skin during extended wear. However, conventional PPE often lacks adequate air permeability and hygroscopicity, trapping heat and moisture emitted by the body within the enclosure. Such a hot and humid internal environment can induce skin damage, such as erythema, rash, pruritus, and itching among others, leading to microbial growth on the skin surface, the production of inflammatory mediators at the wound site and an increased risk of infection. This review strives to comprehensively elucidate the fundamental mechanisms triggering adverse skin reactions and their resultant manifestations. Furthermore, we explore recent advancements aimed at inhibiting these mechanisms to effectively mitigate the occurrence of skin lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junru Lu
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
- Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trave I, Salvi I, Cozzani E, Donadoni R, Parodi A. Has the Use of the Mask Exacerbated Rosacea During the Pandemic? Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:dpc.1304a230. [PMID: 37992377 PMCID: PMC10656128 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1304a230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic, personal protective equipment, particularly face masks, became an essential requirement to engage in various activities. Several articles reported an increase of recurrences of dermatologic facial diseases (ie, acne, rosacea) related to mask use. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the number of recurrences of rosacea related to face mask use. METHODS This prospective study was conducted on adult patients with a pre-pandemic diagnosis of mild and moderate papulopustular rosacea. All patients had previously achieved either partial or complete remission after a 4-month treatment with topical ivermectin in 2019. We collected data in two different phases characterized by different intensity of mask use during the pandemic and post-pandemic period. We collected data through clinical assessment of the disease, questionnaires on personal habits and standardized skin surface biopsy to study the Demodex mites count. RESULTS We enrolled a total of 30 patients. In the pandemic period, 5/30 patients had a relapse of mild papulopustular rosacea; the Demodex sample resulted positive in 4/5 relapsed patients. In the post-pandemic period, 4/30 patients reported a relapse of mild rosacea (3 patients) and moderate papulopustular rosacea (1 patient). At the Demodex exam, 1/4 relapsed patients resulted positive. CONCLUSIONS We did not find a significant increase in relapses of papulopustular rosacea during the pandemic. An appropriate anti-parasitic treatment may reduce the number of recurrences due to mask use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Trave
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Salvi
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cozzani
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rebecca Donadoni
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luong Nguyen Dac T, Vu Thi Thuy T, Le Dang Mai A, Nguyen Thi Bich L, Huynh Thi Xuan T. Factors associated with mask-induced dermatosis and its impact on patients' quality of life. Dermatol Reports 2023; 15:9694. [PMID: 37822983 PMCID: PMC10563030 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2023.9694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on society, both physically and mentally. Mask use in public places has been made mandatory in many countries, as it is one of the most effective methods to prevent transmission of the virus. However, continuous mask usage has been associated with the emergence of various cutaneous diseases in the areas of contact with the mask. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various cutaneous manifestations resulting from mask use on patients' quality of life through a questionnaire survey. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital from May to July 2022. Patients who had experienced skin symptoms related to mask use in the past or present were included in the study. Participants completed the questionnaire with informed consent. A total of 165 participants participated in the survey, with the most common complaint being itching (58.18%), followed by acne (52.73%). Itching was found to have the highest dermatology life quality index score. Patients with skin redness had a lower quality of life compared to those without it. Prolonged mask-wearing can result in skin diseases that can seriously impair patients' quality of life.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Zhao H, Chen H, Li X, Ran C, Sun H, Wang L. Does mask wearing affect skin health? An untargeted skin metabolomics study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108073. [PMID: 37399768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Wearing masks is used as an effective way to prevent the spread of viruses. However, the effect of wearing masks on skin health requires further assessment. In this study, a non-invasive D-squame sampling method coupled with an untargeted metabolomics analysis by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed to identify the changes in the skin metabolome caused by wearing masks. D-squame method was found to have advantages over the commonly used sterile gauze method, especially for the lipids and lipid-like molecules. A total of 356 skin metabolites were putatively identified from the stratum corneum of 10 volunteers, and 17 differential metabolites were significantly downregulated after wearing surgical masks or N95 respirators. The downregulation of metabolites such as phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin might be related to hypoxia or increased skin moisture caused by wearing masks. Changes in skin metabolomics indicated a potential risk of skin barrier disruption and skin inflammation. Intermittent removal of the masks can effectively alleviate changes in the skin metabolome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xinxin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Chunmei Ran
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang H, Wang H, Hamblin MR, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Wen X. Contact dermatitis caused by prevention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1189190. [PMID: 37546301 PMCID: PMC10400336 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1189190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), health care workers wore personal protective equipment including masks, gloves and goggles for a long time. In order to reduce the transmission routes of the virus, public places were sprayed with disinfectant. Moreover, the body, hands and clothing were frequently disinfected and washed for hygiene purposes. Studies have shown that these practices could easily irritate the skin and damage the skin barrier. Long-term irritation or exposure to allergens may lead to the occurrence of contact dermatitis (CD). Methods Subject headings were searched via the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and web of science databases: COVID-19; contact dermatitis; adverse skin reaction; PPE; dermatitis; mask; glory; hand hygiene, disinfection; face shield; goggle; protect cloth. A total of 246 and 646 articles were retrieved from the two databases, respectively. 402 articles remained after removing duplicates. Reviews, non-English articles, articles that could not be accessed to read or did not conform to our topic were excluded. Finally, a total of 32 cross-sectional studies, 9 case reports and 2 randomized controlled trials were included. Discussion This article reviews reports of CD caused by various prevention and hygiene measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of skin damage caused by COVID-19 prevention measures could be decreased by improved education about skin management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimiao Tang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Lu Jiang
- Outpatient Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yidan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Laxmidhar R, Desai C, Patel P, Laxmidhar F. Adverse Effects Faced by Healthcare Workers While Using Personal Protective Equipment During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. Cureus 2023; 15:e38485. [PMID: 37273298 PMCID: PMC10237251 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) were compelled to use personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent cross-transmission. One of the most significant challenges in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic is the consistent and effective use of PPE to avoid staff exposure and infection. This study aimed to detect and evaluate the adverse effects of PPE and determine the associated risk factors. Methodology This cross-sectional study included 186 randomly selected HCWs at Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, from May 2022 to July 2022. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection, and data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results PPE-related adverse effects were noted among 147 HCWs, with a prevalence of 79.03%. Data analysis showed that factors significantly associated with PPE adverse effects in HCWs were age group 20-40 years (chi-squared (χ2) = 4.119, p = 0.04) and female gender (χ2 = 7.153, p = 0.007). Overall, 30.8% of participants had tested positive while on duty during the pandemic. Similarly, adverse effects were associated with PPE use of more than four hours per day and more than three days per week (χ2 = 5.477, p = 0.02 and χ2 = 6.488, p = 0.01, respectively). The majority of HCWs expressed indentation and pain on the back of the ear (52.7%) and pressure-related injury (39.8%) as adverse effects after wearing masks; skin soaking in sweat (54.83%) due to gloves; profuse sweating due to gown (64.28%); fogging (65.26%) due to googles and face-shield; and discomfort (61.29%). Conclusions The prevalence of adverse effects related to wearing PPE was alarmingly high among HCWs. The major risk factors were age, female sex, and duration of use. Although the majority of healthcare personnel have received vaccinations, the use of PPE has not altered, and severe skin reactions continue to be a global issue with no known solution. To further understand the problem, national data for the impacted healthcare professionals could be helpful. Furthermore, workplace prevention programs are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Laxmidhar
- Infectious Diseases, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy (BJ) Medical College, Civil Hospital Asarwa, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chetna Desai
- Pharmacology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy (BJ) Medical College, Civil Hospital Asarwa, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Prakruti Patel
- Pharmacology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy (BJ) Medical College, Civil Hospital Asarwa, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Fehmida Laxmidhar
- Infectious Diseases, Smt. Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alshehi MMH, Ilesanmi RE, Dabou EAR. Physical Burden and Perceived Stress of Personal Protective Equipment During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study in the United Arab Emirates. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231186754. [PMID: 37457618 PMCID: PMC10345910 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231186754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) has become necessary. According to published research, PPE-related physical impacts were probably underreported during the pandemic. Objective To examine the physical burden and perceived stress associated with prolonged PPE wearing among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods This was a cross-sectional retrospective study of 209 nurses working in two hospitals in the UAE. A convenience sampling technique was applied, and the data were collected using an online questionnaire. Data collection was completed within three months (April 2022 to June 2022). The completed questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Chi-square statistics was used to test the association of categorical variables at a 5% level of significance. Results A total of 209 nurses had a mean age of 38.4 ± 8.7 years. More than 65.1% wore PPE continuously for 4 hrs per day. The most common physical burdens reported were difficulty in breathing (62.2%), excessive thirst (41.6%), and facial itchiness (39.2%). Most participants (95.2%) reported high-stress levels. There was no significant association between the level of stress and the duration of wearing PPE (p = .43 > .05). However, the authors found a statistically significant association between breathing difficulty with face masks and the duration of wearing them (p < .05). In addition, itchiness/rash related to gloves was significantly associated with wearing duration (p < .05). Conclusion Findings show that nurses experienced adverse effects from PPE use, which increased with the number of hours of wearing. Further studies with a larger sample size will allow for generalization of the study results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rose Ekama Ilesanmi
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abdelaziz Rashad Dabou
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- Medical–Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su H, Lv Q, Kong Y, Zeng H, Zhou W, Zhu F, Xu B, Zhou Q. Evaluation of evidence of prevention and management of facial pressure injuries in medical staff. Nurs Open 2022; 10:2746-2756. [PMID: 36502522 PMCID: PMC10077380 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This systematic review evaluated the quality of evidence for the prevention and management of facial pressure injuries in medical staff. DESIGN This review was presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. METHODS We retrieved the relevant studies from 19 databases. Using the literature evaluation standards and evidence grading system of the Australian Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Health Care Center, we evaluated the quality of the literature encompassing different types of research and assessed their levels of evidence. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were included, including seven expert consensuses, two recommended practices, one clinical decision, one best practice information booklet, one systematic review and one randomized controlled trial. In the end, 31 best evidence were summarized, including skin cleaning and care, PPE placement and movement, reasonable use of dressings, treatment measures and education and training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Su
- Nursing College Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Qian Lv
- Nursing College Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Yue Kong
- Teaching and Research Department Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA) Fuzhou China
| | - Huiling Zeng
- Nursing College Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- Department of Equipment Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army) Xiamen China
| | - Fangfang Zhu
- Nursing College Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Baoling Xu
- Nursing College Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fuzhou China
| | - Qijun Zhou
- Medical College Qiqihar Medical University Qiqihar China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Justin LYS, Yew YW. Facial dermatoses induced by face masks: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:473-484. [PMID: 35980367 PMCID: PMC9539048 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The use of masks for infection control was common in the COVID-19 pandemic. As numerous cross-sectional studies have suggested a link between the use of such masks and various facial dermatoses, a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies was conducted to evaluate this association, as well as potential risk factors for the development of such facial dermatoses. Observational studies were searched for in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register. Thirty-seven observational studies with a total of 29 557 study participants were identified. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 checklist and quality was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale., Overall prevalence of facial dermatoses was 55%. Individually, acne, facial dermatitis, itch and pressure injuries were consistently reported as facial dermatoses, with a pooled prevalence of 31%, 24%, 30% and 31%, respectively. Duration of mask-wear was the most significant risk factor for the development of facial dermatoses (95% CI: 1.31-1.54, p < 0.001). Overall, facial dermatoses associated with mask wear are common, and consist of distinct entities. They are related to duration of use. Appropriate and tailored treatment is important to improve the outcomes for these affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lim Yi Shen Justin
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Tan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- National Skin CentreSingapore
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun X, Wang Z, Liu H, Ren M, Feng D. Physical and mental health problems of Chinese front-line healthcare workers before, during and after the COVID-19 rescue mission: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059879. [PMID: 36302581 PMCID: PMC9620522 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the physical and mental health problems of front-line healthcare workers fighting COVID-19 across the three phases of the epidemic rescue mission (before, during and after) in China. DESIGN A qualitative study was adopted using face to face, in-depth semistructured interviews. Phenomenological research methods and Colaizzi's seven-step analysis method were used in the study. SETTING The setting of the study was the offices of healthcare workers in 12 tertiary hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one front-line healthcare workers from 16 provinces in China, who carried out rescue missions in Hubei Province, were interviewed from October to November 2020. RESULTS Physical and mental health problems existed before, during and after the COVID-19 rescue mission. Eleven themes emerged during the three phases. Two themes appeared before rescue mission: basic diseases, anxiety before rescue mission. Five themes appeared during rescue mission: basic physical function disorder, physical exhaustion, negative cognition, negative emotions and negative behaviour. Four themes appeared after rescue mission: physical dysfunction, negative emotions, stigmatisation and hypochondriasis. CONCLUSION Both physical and mental health problems occurred throughout the three phases. The study results pointed that a comprehensive prevention and control system that addresses both physical and mental health problems of front-line healthcare workers throughout the three phases of epidemic rescue mission (before, during and after), and that involves themselves, their families, hospitals, the government and social organisations is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zenghui Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Hemodialysis, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Minmin Ren
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danjun Feng
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rathi SK, Dsouza JM. Maskne: A New Acne Variant in Covid-19 Era. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:552-555. [PMID: 36865865 PMCID: PMC9971751 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_1054_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
"Maskne" has been one of the negative spinoffs of the universally acceptable and effective role of face mask in containing the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus or COVID 19. Several factors contribute to its aetiopathogenesis including heat, humidity, mechanical friction and microbiome dysbiosis in a complex interplay under the occlusive area of the mask. Clinically, the morphology is not very different from acne vulgaris with comedones and inflammatory acne, but in a characteristic distribution over a roughly circular area of face covered by mask. Since the use of face masks is likely to continue in the near future, measures like wearing a comfortably fitting mask of appropriate fabric, using disposable masks, increasing mask-free period when at safer places, avoiding unnecessary use of personal care products over the occluded skin, proper and gentle cleaning of the affected areas, intermittent mopping off of the excessive sebum and sweat and use of specific, topical and systemic therapy could help in its resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K. Rathi
- From the Dr. Rathi's Skin Clinic, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sánchez Galindo B. Lesiones acroisquémicas tras la vacunación contra la COVID-19. PIEL 2022. [PMCID: PMC8858697 DOI: 10.1016/j.piel.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
Pendlebury GA, Oro P, Haynes W, Merideth D, Bartling S, Bongiorno MA. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dermatological Conditions: A Novel, Comprehensive Review. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2022; 9:212-243. [PMID: 35892480 PMCID: PMC9326733 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology9030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The earliest cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since the declaration as a pandemic on 11 March 2020, further dermatological conditions continue to be documented. We herein present a novel literature review of dermatological manifestations associated with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To date, this literature review is the first broad-spectrum examination that analyzes a range of dermatological manifestations related to the COVID-19 pandemic: infection, vaccinations, personal protective equipment (PPE), and psychosocial factors. Methods: A detailed literature search was conducted using key terms for cutaneous manifestations associated with the scope of this review. The search retrieved 2199 articles. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a significant range of dermatologic sequela. Etiologies of lesions continue to be investigated. Proposed mechanisms include inflammatory response to spike protein, vitamin D deficiency, ACE2 receptor activation, androgen levels, and increased psychological stress. One prominent mechanism describes viral spike protein invasion into the dermis by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors in keratinocytes, with a secondary immunological response. Conclusions: Dermatologists play an integral role in the proper diagnosis and treatment of COVID-related lesions. Early treatment regimens and timely prophylaxis have been shown to safely reduce infection-related dermatological sequelae. Additional investigations and data collection can reduce disease burden and improve overall prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A. Pendlebury
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Peter Oro
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA; (P.O.); (W.H.); (D.M.)
| | - William Haynes
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA; (P.O.); (W.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Drew Merideth
- School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA; (P.O.); (W.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Samantha Bartling
- Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.B.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Michelle A. Bongiorno
- Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.B.); (M.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Darnall AR, Sall D, Bay C. Types and Prevalence of Adverse Skin Reactions Associated With Prolonged N95 and Simple Mask Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1805-1810. [PMID: 35748134 PMCID: PMC9349824 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background As the coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic persists on a global level, the chronic daily use of face masks within the healthcare system remains an important component of disease prevention and transmission. Increased use of personal protective equipment (PPE) may result in increased rates of occupational dermatoses and adverse skin reactions. Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore how chronic, prolonged use of N95 masks or simple surgical masks affects the prevalence of adverse skin reactions in Healthcare Workers (HCWs). Methods An optional, quantitative, web‐based survey was administered to patient‐facing HCWs across six network hospitals in a large metropolitan city. Data were analysed to assess the types and sites of adverse skin reactions, and to evaluate correlations between single mask use duration and adverse skin reactions. Results A total of 230 HCWs responded with 192 endorsing occupational dermatoses. Among the healthcare responders, (n = 192, 83.5%) experienced at least one adverse skin reaction. The most common occupational adverse skin reactions were acne (n = 133, 57.8%), dryness (n = 108, 47.0%) and redness (n = 105, 45.7%). Anatomical areas most commonly affected included the nasal bridge (n = 92, 40.0%), cheeks (n = 92, 40.0%) and chin (n = 91, 39.6%). Acne (P = 0.002), dryness/scaling (P = 0.002), increased pore size (0.003), itch (P = 0.003), nasal bridge scarring (P < 0.001), redness (P < 0.001), frictional erosions (P = 0.001) and ulcerations (P = 0.002) showed a positive correlation to duration of mask use. Conclusions Prolonged, daily usage of PPE is associated with numerous adverse skin reactions among HCWs with acne being the most commonly seen adverse reaction. Many adverse reactions are associated with prolonged use of single mask.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel R Darnall
- Department of Dermatology, Honorhealth, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,HonorHealth Internal Medicine Residency, Honorhealth, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Dana Sall
- HonorHealth Internal Medicine Residency, Honorhealth, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Curt Bay
- Biostatistics, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Al Zaabi A, Abdelhadi S, Ruszczak Z. Personal protective equipment-related dermatoses in COVID-19 frontline health workers. A lesson learned from 1-year single center in the UAE. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35:e15624. [PMID: 35674680 PMCID: PMC9347744 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since COVID‐19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020, frontline health care workers wear personal protective equipment (PPE, surgical masks, N95 or similar respirators, gloves, goggles, face shields, and gowns). Alcohol‐based sanitizers and wipes were recommended. Such measures lead to disruption of the natural skin habitat and skin barrier and various cutaneous reactions. The aim was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of PPE‐related dermatoses among health care workers in Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (SKMC), a COVID‐19 facility, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. We conducted a voluntary, cross‐sectional anonymous survey among first‐line health care workers addressing types of PPE used, dermatoses classified as PPE related, and factors that influence them. Facial, nasal, and hand dermatoses were the most prevalent with 40.2%, 19.9%, and 14.1%, respectively. The changes are primarily attributed to surgical masks, N‐95 masks, and gloves. The shift duration is a contributing factor correlating with the severity of skin damage. Results of this study encouraged decision makers to recognize PPE‐related dermatoses as a continuously growing burden, reorganized the shift duration and PPE exposure, animated the personal to apply preventive measures, and promoted the well‐being of medical professionals in new waves of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Al Zaabi
- Division of Dermatology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaden Abdelhadi
- Division of Dermatology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Division of Dermatology and Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatric, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zbigniew Ruszczak
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu N, Ye M, Zhu Q, Chen D, Xu M, He J, Li Q, Li J. Adverse Reactions to Facemasks in Health-Care Workers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:947-954. [PMID: 35642175 PMCID: PMC9148581 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s365390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed into a worldwide pandemic, which presents several challenges for frontline health-care workers (HCWs). HCWs are highly prone to various skin diseases due to prolonged use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The most frequently used type of PPE is facemasks. To effectively control adverse skin reactions, there is an urgent need for a range of preventive practices. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at 12 hospitals in Zhejiang province, China. HCWs were invited to participate in the web survey. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a predesigned data collection form and analyzed with SPSS 20.0. Results A total of 1147 questionnaires were collected, and of these, 1090 (95.03%) were valid and returned. The incidence of chest tightness and shortness of breath and face eczema was significantly higher in HCWs wearing N95 facemasks (41.91%; 31.62%) than in the HCWs wearing medical facemasks (38.05%, P = 0.010; 21.91%, P = 0.012). The incidence of ear pain and indentation was significantly higher in HCWs wearing hang-facemasks (83.81%) than in HCWs wearing strains-facemasks (61.19%, P < 0.001). The incidence of ear pain and indentation was significantly higher in HCWs wearing undiscriminating size code facemasks (79.88%) than in the HCWs wearing discriminating size code facemasks (67.86%, P = 0.031). There was a significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the incidence of HCWs without adverse reactions (ADRs) with increasing time wearing facemasks. Conclusion Incidence of ADRs does not significantly increase with the durations of mask wear where wearing mask time exceeded 4 hours per day. The medical staff generally wore masks for more than 4 hours per day; therefore, we recommend taking 15 min of rest after 2 hours of mask-wearing. Results in this study support the conclusion that the type of strain-facemasks and discriminating size code facemasks has a lower incidence of ADRs than other type of medical facemasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Outpatient Department, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ye
- Nursing Department, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinya Zhu
- Nursing Department, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingchao Chen
- Medical Department, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmin Xu
- Ultrasonic Department, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Ultrasonic Department, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- The Health Administration Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, 314000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cosansu NC, Yuksekal G, Kutlu O, Umaroglu M, Yaldız M, Dikicier BS. The Change in The Frequency and Severity of Facial Dermatoses and Complaints in Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:3200-3205. [PMID: 35509253 PMCID: PMC9347995 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). However, the increased use of PPEs may lead to facial skin complaints. Aims This survey study aims to evaluate the effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on facial dermatoses and complaints. Methods A total of 1017 volunteers (age 18–60 years), consisting of healthcare workers, participated in the study. In the present study, healthcare professionals were screened for facial dermatoses and complaints between 1 and 15 April 2021 with an online survey. Results The vast majority of the survey were women (82.4%) and between 26 and 35 years old (49.2%). The most new‐onset facial complaints were acne (25.3%) and lip dryness (29.2%). Along with the pandemic, 50.9% of patients with seborrheic dermatitis had an increase in lesions. Another remarkable result was a 60.5% increase in acne complaints. Moreover, the rate of exacerbations of rosacea, melasma, and lip dryness was increased after the COVID‐19 pandemic (39.1%, 22.0%, and 42.7%, respectively). Exacerbations of seborrheic dermatitis, acne, and lip dryness have occurred more frequently in females when compared to males (p < 0.001). Conclusions The current pandemic has had serious impacts on facial dermatoses which had to be managed carefully. Compared to the pre‐pandemic period, there was a significant increase in the frequency and severity of complaints in facial dermatoses related to PPE. If the complaints that may develop due to PPE are known in advance, their development can be prevented by taking precautions against them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cihan Cosansu
- Sakarya University, Education and Research Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gulcan Yuksekal
- Yenikent State Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Omer Kutlu
- Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology
| | - Mutlu Umaroglu
- Sakarya University, Sakarya Medical Faculty, Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mahizer Yaldız
- Sakarya University, Education and Research Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Bahar Sevimli Dikicier
- Sakarya University, Education and Research Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Sakarya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stiger I. Protecting yourself from PPE skin injuries. Nursing 2022; 52:45-47. [PMID: 35452041 DOI: 10.1097/01.nurse.0000827144.89703.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nurses are wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) for extended periods while providing patient care during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This article identifies dermatologic issues of extended PPE use, explores the risks of injury, and offers prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stiger
- Ivan Stiger is a doctoral student at Loma Linda University - School of Nursing in Loma Linda, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
da Silva LFM, Almeida AGDA, Pascoal LM, Santos M, Lima FET, Santos FS. Skin injuries due to Personal Protective Equipment and preventive measures in the COVID-19 context: an integrative review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2022; 30:e3551. [PMID: 35476010 PMCID: PMC9019902 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.5636.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the diverse scientific evidence on the types of skin lesions caused due to the use of Personal Protective Equipment in health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to verify the recommended prevention measures. METHOD this is an integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science and SciELO databases. The search was conducted in a paired manner, constituting a sample of 17 studies categorized according to the types of skin lesions and preventive measures. RESULTS the main types of skin lesions related to mask use were stage 1 pressure ulcers, acne and cutaneous depression. Regarding the use of glasses and face shields, the most frequent were stage 1 and 2 pressure ulcers. Xerosis and irritant contact dermatitis occurred due to using gloves and protective clothing, respectively. The main preventive measures recommended were using hydrocolloid or foam dressing in the pressure regions, moisturizers and emollients. CONCLUSION a considerable number of skin lesions associated with using the equipment were noticed, and the data obtained can guide the professionals in identifying risks and promoting preventive measures to avoid their occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorrany Fontenele Moraes da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Sociais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Imperatriz, MA, Brasil
- Bolsista da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil
| | | | - Lívia Maia Pascoal
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Sociais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Imperatriz, MA, Brasil
| | - Marcelino Santos
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Sociais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Imperatriz, MA, Brasil
| | - Francisca Elisângela Teixeira Lima
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Enfermagem, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
- Bolsista do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasil
| | - Floriacy Stabnow Santos
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Sociais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Imperatriz, MA, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chowdhury S, Roy S, Iktidar MA, Rahman S, Liza MM, Islam AMK, Akhter S, Medha MB, Tasnim A, Gupta AD, Deb A, Chowdhury S, Hawlader MDH. Prevalence of dermatological, oral and neurological problems due to face mask use during COVID-19 and its associated factors among the health care workers of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266790. [PMID: 35413077 PMCID: PMC9004776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When caring for COVID-19 patients, using personal protective equipment (PPE) may significantly lower the risk of infection of health care workers (HCWs). However, adverse responses due to PPE use have been observed during the 2003 SARS pandemic. This study will highlight the different adverse reactions caused by face mask use, one of the essential components of PPE in the HCWs, and identify the factors associated with these problems. METHODS This cross-sectional survey was conducted between September and October 2021. 404 HCWs were selected by snowball sampling from four randomly selected healthcare facilities of Bangladesh. Trained volunteers collected data by face-to-face interview using a pretested structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using STATA (v.16) and summarized using frequency and relative frequency. Later, the chi-square test was used to explore bivariate relationships, and the binary logistic regression model was fit to identify the predictors. RESULTS The majority of the respondents were 26-36 years (70.30%), male (69.80%), and doctors (74.50%). 48.76% of the respondents had unfavorable skin responses beneath the face masks; female gender, physicians, professionals working more than 32 hours a week, wearing N95, and more than one mask were predictors of skin problem. 28.47% and 60.15% of all participants suffered from some form of oral and neurological problems, respectively. CONCLUSION Face mask use sequelae, especially skin, oral and neurological problems, are prevalent among health care workers. Therefore, necessary precautionary measures should be taken to safeguard our frontlines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreshtha Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Simanta Roy
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Azmain Iktidar
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahidur Rahman
- Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mowshomi Mannan Liza
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. M. Khairul Islam
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhter
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Afia Tasnim
- Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Auditia Deb
- Chittagong Medical College and Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Raju SP, Sachdev M, Khunger N, Madnani N. Mask Acne in Skin of Color: A Significant Dermatological Condition Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:44-48. [PMID: 35465038 PMCID: PMC9017666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to the need to use personal protective equipment such as masks, among healthcare professionals and the general public. Numerous facial dermatoses linked to the use of masks have been described, from which the term maskne or mask acne has emerged. Although prolonged mask usage has been necessary, and a vast majority of people develop various skin conditions, there is a lack of research on the effects of masks on skin. In this article, we review alterations in biochemical properties of skin associated with mask use in individuals with skin of color and the factors predisposing them to developing acne. Because masks are crucial in preventing the spread of COVID-19, we also elucidate some fundamental strategies such as gentle skin care measures, decreasing the duration of mask wear, and following appropriate protocols for mask re-use, which may prevent mask acne and its long-term effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahana P Raju
- Dr. Raju is with the Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, India
- Dr. Sachdev is with the Department of Dermatology at Manipal Hospital in Bangalore, India
- Dr. Khunger is with the Department of Dermatology at VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital in New Delhi, India
- Dr. Madnani is with the Department of Dermatology at PD Hinduja National Hospital and Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital in Mumbai, India
| | - Mukta Sachdev
- Dr. Raju is with the Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, India
- Dr. Sachdev is with the Department of Dermatology at Manipal Hospital in Bangalore, India
- Dr. Khunger is with the Department of Dermatology at VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital in New Delhi, India
- Dr. Madnani is with the Department of Dermatology at PD Hinduja National Hospital and Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital in Mumbai, India
| | - Niti Khunger
- Dr. Raju is with the Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, India
- Dr. Sachdev is with the Department of Dermatology at Manipal Hospital in Bangalore, India
- Dr. Khunger is with the Department of Dermatology at VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital in New Delhi, India
- Dr. Madnani is with the Department of Dermatology at PD Hinduja National Hospital and Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital in Mumbai, India
| | - Nina Madnani
- Dr. Raju is with the Department of Dermatology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, India
- Dr. Sachdev is with the Department of Dermatology at Manipal Hospital in Bangalore, India
- Dr. Khunger is with the Department of Dermatology at VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital in New Delhi, India
- Dr. Madnani is with the Department of Dermatology at PD Hinduja National Hospital and Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital in Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
George J, Verma R, Shafqat N. Physiological Hazard Assessment While Wielding Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Among Health Care Workers. Cureus 2022; 14:e23510. [PMID: 35494999 PMCID: PMC9037050 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accurate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential part of infection prevention and control measures to protect health care workers and patients from various hazardous conditions. Health care workers caring for patients with potentially infectious health conditions are using PPE for long periods of time. However, long-term use of PPE can cause many physiological health hazards among health care workers. So, the current study was carried out to assess the general health problems and dermatological problems experienced by health care workers with PPE use. Materials and methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey has been carried out in two selected tertiary care hospitals in central India by recruiting 301 health care workers. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to select participants for the study. Sociodemographic Performa and structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics of the participants and various health problems experienced by health care workers with PPE use. Collected data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The current study reported excessive sweating (86.4%), difficulty in reading (85%), dry mouth (80.7%), and breathing difficulty (74.1%) as the most common problem associated with PPE use. In addition to this, adverse reactions like headache, restlessness, and dizziness were reported by 70.1%, 64.5%, and 50.8%. Indentation and pain on the back of the ears (76.1%), skin soaking (67.1%), and excessive sweating (76.1%) were identified as the most common problems related to N-95 masks, gloves, and coverall use. Conclusion The current study revealed a higher incidence of various health problems with PPE use among health care workers. The findings of the study highlight the importance of developing various guidelines to reduce the negative impact of PPE use and implementing preventive measures to decrease health problems associated with PPE use.
Collapse
|
27
|
Nguyen C, Young FG, McElroy D, Singh A. Personal protective equipment and adverse dermatological reactions among healthcare workers: Survey observations from the COVID-19 pandemic. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29003. [PMID: 35244077 PMCID: PMC8896487 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented mobilization of the United States' healthcare workforce. In addition to working extended hours under increased duress, healthcare professionals (HCP) of all stations have been making use of various types of personal protective equipment (PPE) with greatly increased frequency and duration. Current data regarding adverse skin reactions as a possible consequence of PPE use are, particularly in the United States, largely insufficient for policy-makers to make informed decisions regarding daily PPE use among HCP.The research vehicle employed by this study is a cross-sectional 25-item survey distributed via email to workers currently employed by a five-hospital system in southcentral Kentucky. This survey was used to collect information from hospital workers of all professional roles about their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on reports of adverse dermatological reactions and associated risk factors.Out of 879 respondents, 54.4% reported some type of skin irritation reaction. Skin irritation was significantly more prevalent among medical and medical support staff than non-medical hospital workers, with the highest prevalence among Certified Nurse Assistant (CNAs). Among clinical workers, those in dedicated COVID-19 units reported the highest prevalence of adverse skin reaction. The most common complaint was dryness/scaling of the skin (306 out of 439, 69.7%), and the most common location was the facial cheeks (305 out of 516, 59.1%). Among those who reported skin irritation, the average self-reported severity of skin reaction (on a scale of 1-5) was 2.00 ± 0.05, and the mean total days of skin reaction per month was 11.70 ± 0.39 days. Total days of irritation per month was found to be significantly related to "total days of PPE use per month," "hours of PPE use per day," "frequency of hand washing," and "use of disinfecting UV irradiation." Severity of skin reaction was found to be significantly related to "hours per day of PPE use," "consecutive days of PPE use," and "female sex."Clinical workers that put in the most face-to-face time with patients, and those in dedicated COVID-19 units, had the highest risk of adverse skin reaction. Overall, skin reactions were found to be mild, even in those hospital workers with the heaviest PPE use. Because the widespread and consistent use of facial masks in public settings has become a key tool in our protracted struggle with SARS-CoV-2, these findings may help to ameliorate concerns that everyday facial mask and/or other PPE usage contributes to significant dermatologic morbidity among both medical professionals and public citizens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystie Nguyen
- University of Pikeville, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, The Medical Center, Bowling Green KY
| | - Fletcher Graham Young
- University of Pikeville, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, The Medical Center, Bowling Green KY
| | - Doug McElroy
- Western Kentucky University, Department of Biology, Bowling Green KY
| | - Aniruddha Singh
- Western Kentucky Heart and Lung Associates, The Medical Center, Bowling Green KY
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dash G, Patro N, Dwari BC, Abhisekh K. Mask induced skin changes during Covid pandemic: A cross-sectional web-based survey among physicians in a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:1804-1808. [PMID: 35212140 PMCID: PMC9115254 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID pandemic has affected the human race both physically and mentally. Mask use remains the standard way of preventing the spread of this virus. The continuous mask use has led to the emergence of various dermatoses like acne, pigmentation, and seborrhea in mask contact areas. The present survey has been undertaken to describe the various dermatoses encountered in the medical fraternity especially doctors, who are frequently exposed to prolonged mask use. Aims To estimate the frequency of various cutaneous manifestations seen among doctors following mask use via web‐based online questionnaire survey. Methods It was a cross‐sectional web‐based study conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute from June 2021 to August 2021. All the doctors of the hospital completing the questionnaire were included in the study with informed consent. Results A total of 178 participants completed the survey. The most common complaint was increased sweating (55.6%) followed by acne (34.3%) and oily skin (34.3%). Significant association was found between skin changes and duration (>6 h/day) of mask use, increasing number, and type of mask (N 95) used (p value <0.05). Conclusion The knowledge of various mask‐induced/aggravated dermatoses will help formulate proper precautionary protocols enhancing efficient mask usage for prolonged periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dash
- Department of Dermatology, Hitech hospital, Bhubaneswar
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Aloweni F, Bouchoucha SL, Hutchinson A, Ang SY, Toh HX, Bte Suhari NA, Bte Sunari RN, Lim SH. Health care workers' experience of personal protective equipment use and associated adverse effects during the COVID-19 pandemic response in Singapore. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:2383-2396. [PMID: 35170075 PMCID: PMC9111733 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim One of the greatest challenges in responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic is preventing staff exposure and infection by ensuring consistent and effective use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This study explored health care workers' experience of prolonged PPE use in clinical practice settings and their concerns regarding PPE supply, effectiveness and training needs. Design A descriptive cross‐sectional design was adopted in this study. Methods Health care workers (N = 592) from an acute care hospital completed an online survey from July to September 2020 assessing: (i) usage frequencies, side effects and interference with patient care; and (ii) perceptions of access to PPE, likelihood of exposure to infection and adequacy of PPE training. Results PPE‐related side effects were reported by 319 (53.8%) participants, the majority being nurses (88.4%) and those working in high‐risk areas such as the emergency department (39.5%), respiratory wards (acute 22.3% and non‐acute 23.8%) and COVID‐19 isolation ward (13.8%). The average time wearing PPE per shift was 6.8 h (SD 0.39). The most commonly reported symptoms were from donning N95 masks and included: pressure injuries (45.5%), mask‐induced acne (40.4%) and burning/pain (24.5%). Some 31.3% expressed that PPE‐related side effects had negatively affected their work. The odds of having PPE‐associated side effects was higher in women (OR 2.10, 95% CI [1.29–03.42], p = .003) and those working in high‐risk wards (OR 3.12, 95% CI [2.17–4.60], p < .001]. Most (90.1%) agreed that PPE supplies were readily available, sufficient for all (86.1%) and there was sufficient training in correct PPE use (93.6%). Only 13.7% of participants reported being ‘highly confident’ of overall PPE protection. Conclusions Prevention and management of PPE‐related adverse effects is vital to: preserve the integrity of PPE, improve adherence and minimize viral transmission. Impact The high incidence of PPE‐associated pressure injuries and perception that PPE use can interfere with clinical care should inform future development of PPE products, and strategies to better equip health care workers to prevent and manage PPE‐related side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazila Aloweni
- Division of Nursing, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stéphane L Bouchoucha
- Associate Head of School (International), Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research in the Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University Geelong, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ana Hutchinson
- Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research in the Institute for Health Transformation, Epworth Health/Deakin University Partnership, School of Nursing and Midwifery Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shin Yuh Ang
- Division of Nursing, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Xian Toh
- Division of Nursing, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Siew Hoon Lim
- Division of Nursing, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Babino G, Argenziano G, Balato A. Impact in Contact Dermatitis during and after SARS-CoV2 Pandemic. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2022; 9:19-26. [PMID: 35194543 PMCID: PMC8830973 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-022-00298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the review Due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, several skin conditions have emerged due to the preventive measures adopted by both health care workers and the general population against SARS-CoV-2. Above all, wearing of personal protective equipment, frequent hand-washing and disinfecting of surfaces have resulted in an increased risk of irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. The aim of this review is to investigate contact dermatitis associated with COVID-19 pandemic period. Recent findings There is a real evidence of the rising prevalence of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most commonly recorded symptoms are dryness, itch and redness of the skin. Nasal bridge, cheeks, forehead and hands represent the mainly affected skin sites. Summary Contact dermatitis lesions may appear as a result of various recommendations to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Procedures to alleviate pressure and friction, gentle skin care and adequate moisturizing, have been identified as important preventive strategies for contact dermatitis related to personal protective equipment and personal hygiene measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Babino
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Assessment of Hygiene Indicators When Using Gloves by Transport Workers in Russia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031198. [PMID: 35162223 PMCID: PMC8834553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak represents a global public health emergency. National governments have gradually introduced restrictive measures. Using respiratory protective equipment (face masks) and gloves was essential practice without specific infection control measures or guidelines. This study aimed to assess hygiene indicators when using gloves by transport workers in Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic and to develop integral indicators and recommendations for wearing gloves for workers for whom this is a mandatory requirement. For this purpose, 1103 transport workers were surveyed using a questionnaire. We investigated the hygiene aspects of gloves and evaluated the bacterial contamination of the contact side of the gloves based on the wash results. We assessed the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, the duration of the work shift, the frequency of use of types of gloves, skin manifestations, the degree of comfort, and bacterial growth. We carried out the ranking according to comfort, the absence of adverse dermatological reactions when wearing gloves, and bacterial contamination of the inner surface of the gloves. It has been identified that it is necessary to use a comprehensive assessment of gloves to create a register of protective equipment, taking into account the frequency with which it was worn, the severity of the skin condition, comfort, and bacterial contamination.
Collapse
|
32
|
Silva LFMD, Almeida AGDA, Pascoal LM, Santos Neto M, Lima FET, Santos FS. Skin injuries due to Personal Protective Equipment and preventive measures in the COVID-19 context: an integrative review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2022. [PMID: 35476010 PMCID: PMC9019902 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.5636.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective to identify the diverse scientific evidence on the types of skin lesions caused due to the use of Personal Protective Equipment in health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to verify the recommended prevention measures. Method this is an integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science and SciELO databases. The search was conducted in a paired manner, constituting a sample of 17 studies categorized according to the types of skin lesions and preventive measures. Results the main types of skin lesions related to mask use were stage 1 pressure ulcers, acne and cutaneous depression. Regarding the use of glasses and face shields, the most frequent were stage 1 and 2 pressure ulcers. Xerosis and irritant contact dermatitis occurred due to using gloves and protective clothing, respectively. The main preventive measures recommended were using hydrocolloid or foam dressing in the pressure regions, moisturizers and emollients. Conclusion a considerable number of skin lesions associated with using the equipment were noticed, and the data obtained can guide the professionals in identifying risks and promoting preventive measures to avoid their occurrence.
Collapse
|
33
|
Malathy PA, Daniel SJ, Venkatesan S, Priya BY. A Clinico Epidemiological Study of Adverse Cutaneous Manifestations on Using Personal Protective Equipment Among Health Care Workers During Covid Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Centre. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:478. [PMID: 36578707 PMCID: PMC9792000 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_1157_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic was caused by a novel coronavirus. The frontline health care workers (HCW), wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) for a longer duration can result in a spectrum of adverse skin reactions. Recognizing occupationally induced adverse skin manifestations from PPE is necessary to avoid skin damage and risk of infections and to maintain compliance. Aim This study aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics of adverse cutaneous manifestations due to PPE, and also the contributing epidemiological factors among HCW in a tertiary care institute. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one month. Four hundred fifteen health care workers who used PPE continuously for >4 hours voluntarily participated in this study. By using a self-administered online questionnaire, the information and clinical photographs were collected. Results The prevalence of adverse skin manifestations was 62.1% (258). The prevalence was more common in females. Mask-related facial skin problems were most commonly reported. Of 74 participants with pre-existing acne lesions, 35 (8.4%) reported acne flare-ups after using PPE. Increased sweating (22.6%) and itching (11%) were the most commonly noted symptoms. Conclusion This study provides an insight into the prevalence of adverse skin reactions due to prolonged PPE usages, such as N95 masks and latex gloves in particular. Hence dermatological screening of HCW at regular intervals is inevitable to facilitate early management and prevent inadvertent protocol breaches. Further, it proposes the importance of raising proper safety measures to effectively reduce the COVID positivity rate among HCW by minimizing and preventing occupationally induced dermatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyavathani A. Malathy
- From the Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College and RGGGH, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel J. Daniel
- From the Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College and RGGGH, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Venkatesan
- From the Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College and RGGGH, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Yuva Priya
- From the Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College and RGGGH, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Yuva Priya B, Department of Dermatology, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 003, India. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Silva LFMD, Almeida AGDA, Pascoal LM, Santos Neto M, Lima FET, Santos FS. Lesiones cutáneas por Equipos de Protección Individual y medidas preventivas en el contexto del COVID-19: revisión integradora*. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.5636.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumen Objetivo identificar que evidencia científica hay sobre los tipos de lesiones cutáneas provocadas por el uso de Equipos de Protección Individual en los profesionales sanitarios durante la pandemia del COVID-19 y verificar las medidas de prevención recomendadas. Método se trata de una revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science y la biblioteca electrónica SciELO. La búsqueda se realizó de forma pareada, la muestra estuvo conformada por 17 estudios categorizados según los tipos de lesiones cutáneas y medidas preventivas. Resultados los principales tipos de lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con el uso de mascarillas fueron las lesiones por presión estadio 1, el acné y la depresión cutánea. En cuanto al uso de gafas y pantalla facial, las más frecuentes fueron las lesiones por presión estadios 1 y 2. Se detectó xerosis y dermatitis irritante de contacto por el uso de guantes y ropa de protección, respectivamente. Las principales medidas preventivas recomendadas fueron el uso de apósitos de hidrocoloide o espuma en las regiones de presión, humectantes y emolientes. Conclusión hubo un número considerable de lesiones cutáneas asociadas al uso de equipos y los datos obtenidos pueden orientar a los profesionales para que identifiquen los riesgos y promuevan medidas preventivas para evitar su aparición.
Collapse
|
35
|
Skiveren JG, Ryborg MF, Nilausen B, Bermark S, Philipsen PA. Adverse skin reactions among health care workers using face personal protective equipment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of six hospitals in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:266-275. [PMID: 34865243 PMCID: PMC9302995 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers (HCWs) report frequent adverse skin reactions (ASRs) due to face personal protective equipment (F-PPE) use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVES To describe self-reported ASRs among HCWs using F-PPE; investigate background factors, such as chronic skin diseases and skin types (dry, oily, combination, sensitive), and determine whether HCWs took preventive methods against ASRs. METHODS An online questionnaire was distributed to 22 993 HCWs at hospitals. RESULTS The prevalence of ASRs was 61.9% based on 10 287 responders. Different types of F-PPE caused different reactions. The most common ASRs from surgical masks were spots and pimples (37.2%) and from FFP3 masks was red and irritated skin (27.3%). A significantly higher proportion of HCWs with chronic skin diseases had ASRs (71.6%) than those without chronic skin diseases (59.7%) (P < .001). Some skin types were more prone to ASRs (sensitive skin [78.8%] vs dry skin [54.3%]; P = .001). HCWs using F-PPE for >6 hours versus <3 hours per day had a four times higher ASR risk (P = <.001). Nearly all HCWs used preventive and/or counteractive methods (94.2%). CONCLUSIONS It is important to consider background factors, such as chronic skin diseases and skin types, to prevent and counteract ASRs due to F-PPE use. HIGHLIGHTS Daily long-term use of face protective equipment increased the risk of adverse skin reaction by four times. Health care workers (HCWs) with chronic skin diseases had significantly more skin reactions than those without. Sensitive skin types were more prone to skin reactions. The skin reactions were higher in HCWs in intensive care units than HCWs in in-patient clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jette G Skiveren
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene F Ryborg
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Britt Nilausen
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Bermark
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Özkesici Kurt B. The course of acne in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluation of possible risk factors. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3730-3738. [PMID: 34637186 PMCID: PMC8662215 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a limited number of publications reporting an increase in acne in the COVID-19 outbreak. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to evaluate the course and the clinical features of acne and possible risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers. METHOD A total of 172 physicians (female, n = 159, male; n = 13, mean age = 35.03 ± 5.27 years) who had acne in any period of their life were included in the study. A self-administered online questionnaire was applied. RESULTS During the COVID-19 pandemic, 45.35% of the participants reported that their acne complaints increased, 27.33% reported relapses, and 7.56% reported occurrence for the first time. Newly formed acne was reported most frequently on the chin (78.26%). The number of female participants, smoking, increased stress, and the rate of surgical mask use were found to be higher in the group whose acne occurred for the first time, relapsed, or increased than in the group whose acne complaints were unchanged or decreased (p < 0.05). In the group whose acne relapsed or increased, adult-onset acne, presence of scar, and use of systemic acne treatment before the COVID-19 pandemic were more common than in the group whose acne complaints were unchanged or decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Almost half of the participants reported an increase in acne. More than a third of the participants reported that their acne relapsed or they had acne for the first time. In addition to the use of surgical masks, factors such as increased stress, smoking, adult-onset acne, presence of scar, and previous systemic acne treatment were found to be responsible for acne development.
Collapse
|
37
|
Mohseni Afshar Z, Babazadeh A, Hasanpour A, Barary M, Sayad B, Janbakhsh A, Aryanian Z, Ebrahimpour S. Dermatological manifestations associated with COVID-19: A comprehensive review of the current knowledge. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5756-5767. [PMID: 34241899 PMCID: PMC8427109 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a significant health problem globally. The virus has spread widely and become a global pandemic. The pathophysiology for SARS-CoV-2 has not been explained clearly. It has been associated with several multiorgan symptoms, among which its dermatological manifestations are of great interest. Primarily, there has been no report of skin features among COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, recently there have been several reports regarding COVID-19 patients who presented with cutaneous manifestations. In the current review, we focus on the various cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohseni Afshar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Arefeh Babazadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | | | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research CommitteeBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Alireza Janbakhsh
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Zeinab Aryanian
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Dermatology, School of MedicineBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abdali S, Yu J. Occupational Dermatoses Related to Personal Protective Equipment Used During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dermatol Clin 2021; 39:555-568. [PMID: 34556245 PMCID: PMC8165076 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the dramatic increase in use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among health care providers and the general public. Herein the authors discuss the various occupational dermatoses including allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and rosacea related to frequent handwashing, disinfecting of surfaces, and prolonged wear of various PPE including face masks, gloves, and gowns. The authors provide an overview of published PPE-associated occupational dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic and also discuss prevention strategies and treatment options to help patients with these complaints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selli Abdali
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - JiaDe Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Thatiparthi A, Liu J, Martin A, Wu JJ. Adverse Effects of COVID-19 and Face Masks: A Systematic Review. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2021; 14:S39-S45. [PMID: 34980966 PMCID: PMC8562946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the public health risk associated with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, universal use of face masks has been recommended to protect against viral spread. Adverse facial reactions from the utilization of masks in the general public are poorly characterized in literature. OBJECTIVE We aimed to provide a systematic review of studies reporting adverse facial reactions associated with use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched using the following search terms: "masks" AND "skin reactions, facial dermatosis, rash, acne, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, OR seborrheic dermatitis." METHODS A total of 954 cases of dermatological adverse effects were reported. Over 17 different adverse facial reactions were found, including the top 10 in order: itch (370, 38.8%), indentation/ear pain (102, 10.7%), discomfort (90, 9.4%), erythema (72, 7.5%), dryness (62, 6.5%), rash (60, 6.3%), scarring (42, 4.4%), desquamation (22, 2.3%), pain (19, 2.0%), burning (19, 2.0%), and wheals (7, 0.7%). Face masks can increase acne (n=44), rosacea (n=14), and seborrheic dermatitis (n=9). LIMITATIONS Publication bias of articles, with limited studies available regarding this topic. CONCLUSION Wearing face masks to protect from COVID-19 can increase adverse facial dermatoses and exacerbate underlying dermatology conditions; however, several preventative measures may be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshitha Thatiparthi
- Ms. Thatiparthi is with the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California
- Mr. Liu is with the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California
- Ms. Martin is with the School of Medicine, University of California in Riverside, California
- Dr. Wu is with the Dermatology Research and Education Foundation in Irvine, California
| | - Jeffrey Liu
- Ms. Thatiparthi is with the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California
- Mr. Liu is with the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California
- Ms. Martin is with the School of Medicine, University of California in Riverside, California
- Dr. Wu is with the Dermatology Research and Education Foundation in Irvine, California
| | - Amylee Martin
- Ms. Thatiparthi is with the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California
- Mr. Liu is with the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California
- Ms. Martin is with the School of Medicine, University of California in Riverside, California
- Dr. Wu is with the Dermatology Research and Education Foundation in Irvine, California
| | - Jashin J Wu
- Ms. Thatiparthi is with the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California
- Mr. Liu is with the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California
- Ms. Martin is with the School of Medicine, University of California in Riverside, California
- Dr. Wu is with the Dermatology Research and Education Foundation in Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Altun E, Topaloglu Demir F. Occupational facial dermatoses related to mask use in healthcare professionals. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:2535-2541. [PMID: 34450685 PMCID: PMC8662203 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Mask use can lead to facial dermatoses due to factors, such as hyperhydration, seborrhea, high humidity caused by sweating, and the occlusive effect of the mask. Aim We investigated mask‐related facial dermatoses in healthcare personnel who, since the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic, had to wear a mask for long hours. Methods In this study, healthcare professionals working at Medipol Mega University Hospital since the beginning of the pandemic were screened for facial dermatoses between December 2020 and February 2021 with a dermatological examination and interview. Results Of the 101 healthcare professionals, 51 (50.5%) were doctors and 50 (49.5%) nurses, and 36 (35.6%) were male and 65 (64.4%) were female. All the participants had been actively working at the hospital for 35–46 weeks since the beginning of the pandemic and wearing N95 or surgical masks for an average of 6–13 h a day. During the dermatological examination, the most common facial dermatosis was acne, which was observed in 55.4% (n = 56) of the cases. Of the 56 acne cases, 41.1% (n = 23) had acne in their history, while 58.9% (n = 33) had new‐onset acne. Being female, using a N95 surgical mask compared to surgical mask, and the daily average duration of mask use were determined as risk factors for acne development due to mask use. Conclusions The use of masks, more frequently N95, caused both an increase in existing acne and the development of new acne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Altun
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Topaloglu Demir
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mask-Related Glasses Fogging: A Predisposing Mechanism of Falls during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Case Rep Orthop 2021; 2021:5600216. [PMID: 34395008 PMCID: PMC8355963 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5600216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fogging is a relatively infrequent, yet annoying, issue encountered by individuals who wear glasses. With the arrival of COVID-19, glasses fogging is more common due to the ubiquitous use of face masks. Individuals are stuck wrestling between leaving their mask off or trying to navigate their day-to-day lives with fogged glasses and risk falling. We report a case of an olecranon fracture sustained due to reduced visibility secondary to mask-related fogging during the COVID-19 pandemic. The recommendations included here will provide health care providers with the necessary information to educate patients regarding prevention of mask-related glass fogging.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wan X, Lu Q, Sun D, Wu H, Jiang G. Skin Barrier Damage due to Prolonged Mask Use among Healthcare Workers and the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Survey in China. Dermatology 2021; 238:218-225. [PMID: 34237729 PMCID: PMC8339038 DOI: 10.1159/000517219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resurged in localized areas in China. Individuals wear masks to prevent the spread of droplets. However, skin barrier damage occurs because of the prolonged use of masks. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of skin injuries among healthcare workers (HCWs) and the general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS A multicenter cross-sectional study of skin barrier damage caused by wearing masks was conducted using an online questionnaire between December 10 and December 31, 2020. Data regarding demographics, characteristics of facial skin damage, and information on masks were registered. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with skin barrier damage, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to establish correlation strength. RESULTS A total of 1,538 responses were retrieved from 1,700 questionnaires (response rate, 90.47%), and 1,409 questionnaires were valid (effective response rate, 91.61%). The respondents comprised 567 HCWs (40.24%) and 842 individuals from the general population (59.76%). The prevalence of skin injuries was 46.03% among HCWs and 46.20% among the general population. History of chronic skin disease (OR, 6.01; 95% CI, 4.75-7.75), type of mask used (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.95-3.93), daily wearing time (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.36-1.82), and mask replacement cycle (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.86) were associated with skin barrier damage. CONCLUSION There was a high incidence of skin barrier damage due to prolonged mask use among HCWs and the general population, and treatment and prevention were inadequate. Attention needs to be given to strengthening comprehensive health education and popularization of science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Quansheng Lu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Jiawang District of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Etgu F, Onder S. Skin problems related to personal protective equipment among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (online research). Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:207-213. [PMID: 34047217 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1902340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease that first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Health care workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of infection because the virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by a variety of routes. Health care workers are required to use a variety of personal protective equipment (PPE) for prolonged hours and, as a result, they face varying degrees of cutaneous complications. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey to investigate skin problems caused by the use of PPE and personal hygiene measures. We developed a survey with 32 questions using Google forms and distributed it via WhatsApp and Facebook groups. RESULTS A total of 1142 responses were obtained. Among the respondents, 88.1% reported adverse skin reactions due to PPE and personal hygiene measures. Female sex, working as a nurse, wearing PPE more than 6 h/day, and working more than 3 days/week increase the risk of PPE-related skin problems. CONCLUSION In this study, we highlighted skin problems related to PPE and found out risk factors for PPE-related skin problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Etgu
- Department of Dermatology, Ordu University Educational and Research Hospital, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Sevda Onder
- Department of Dermatology, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim J, Yoo S, Kwon OS, Jeong ET, Lim JM, Park SG. Influence of quarantine mask use on skin characteristics: One of the changes in our life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27:599-606. [PMID: 33369781 PMCID: PMC8359323 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of various environmental factors on skin properties is well known. However, there is a lack of research into the effect of quarantine masks on skin properties, even though the use of masks has significantly increased after the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of mask use on skin properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects used approved quarantine masks for 6 hours a day for 2 weeks. We measured eight skin biophysical parameters: temperature, redness, pore volume, texture, elasticity, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum content, and pH, and evaluated acne lesions before and after using quarantine masks. The evaluation was performed on the mask-wearing area of the face. RESULTS Skin temperature, redness, and TEWL increased significantly after a 6-hour mask use, while the sebum content increased marginally. Skin elasticity was reduced by the use of masks over 1 and 2 weeks, whereas the pore volume and the number of acne lesions increased after a 2-week mask use. The skin changes caused by mask use showed sex-based differences in the skin elasticity (after 6 hours), redness, and roughness (after 2 weeks). CONCLUSIONS The use of quarantine masks causes a change in the skin temperature, redness, and TEWL in the short term and in skin elasticity, pores, and acne in the long term. This study revealed that prolonged mask use could have negative effects on the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suji Yoo
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H)SeoulKorea
| | - Oh Sun Kwon
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H)SeoulKorea
| | | | - Jun Man Lim
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H)SeoulKorea
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Padula WV, Cuddigan J, Ruotsi L, Black JM, Brienza D, Capasso V, Cox J, Delmore B, Holden‐Mount S, Munoz N, Nie AM, Pittman J, Sonenblum SE, Tescher A. Best-practices for preventing skin injury beneath personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A position paper from the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel. J Clin Nurs 2021; 32:625-632. [PMID: 33534939 PMCID: PMC8013459 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has infected millions of patients and impacted healthcare workers worldwide. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a key component of protecting frontline clinicians against infection. The benefits of PPE far outweigh the risks, nonetheless, many clinicians are exhibiting skin injury caused by PPE worn incorrectly. These skin injuries, ranging from lesions to open wounds are concerning because they increase the susceptibility of viral infection and transmission to other individuals. Early into the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020), the U. S. National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) developed a series of position statements to improve wear-ability of PPE and protect healthcare professionals and their patients as safe from harm as possible under the circumstances. The NPIAP positions, which were formed by conducting a systematic review of what was known at the time, include: (a) Prepare skin before and after wearing PPE with skin sealants, barrier creams and moisturisers; (b) Frequent PPE offloading to relieve pressure and shear applied to skin; (c) treat visible skin injuries immediately caused by PPE to minimise future infection; (d) non-porous dressings may provide additional skin protection, but lack evidence; (e) health systems should take care to educate clinicians about placement and personal hygiene related to handling PPE. Throughout all of these practices, handwashing remains a top priority to handle PPE. These NPIAP positions provided early guidance to reduce the risk of skin injury caused by PPE based on available research regarding PPE injuries, a cautious application of evidence-based recommendations on prevention of device-related pressure injuries in patients and the expert opinion of the NPIAP Board of Directors. Clinicians who adhere to these recommendations reduce the prospects of skin damage and long-term effects (e.g. scarring). These simple steps to minimise the risk of skin injury and reduce the risk of coronavirus infection from PPE can help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William V. Padula
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & EconomicsDepartment of Pharmaceutical & Health EconomicsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA,Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA
| | - Janet Cuddigan
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,College of NursingUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - Lee Ruotsi
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,Saratoga Hospital Medical GroupSaratoga SpringsNYUSA
| | - Joyce M. Black
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,College of NursingUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNEUSA
| | - David Brienza
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,School of Health and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Virginia Capasso
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jill Cox
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,School of NursingRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Barbara Delmore
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,NYU Langone HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sarah Holden‐Mount
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,American Medical TechnologiesIrvineCAUSA
| | - Nancy Munoz
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,Southern Nevada VA Health SystemLas VegasNVUSA
| | - Ann Marie Nie
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Joyce Pittman
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,College of NursingUniversity of South AlabamaMobileALUSA
| | - Sharon E. Sonenblum
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Ann Tescher
- Board of DirectorsThe National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAPBostonMAUSA,Mayo Clinic HospitalRochesterMNUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Montero-Vilchez T, Cuenca-Barrales C, Martinez-Lopez A, Molina-Leyva A, Arias-Santiago S. Skin adverse events related to personal protective equipment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1994-2006. [PMID: 34077565 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic that has spread all over the word. To avoid the virus transmission, healthcare workers must wear adequate personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE is associated with several side events, including skin reactions. The objective of this study was to summarize the prevalence, type and risk factors for cutaneous adverse events related to PPE and prevention measures to avoid them. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using MEDLINE, Scopus and EMBASE databases from conception to 21 January 2021. All types of epidemiological studies regarding skin adverse events related to PPE were included. The literature search identified 1007 references, 35 of them met the eligible criteria and were included for analysis, representing 31 453 participants. The media of skin side events related to PPE was 75.13%. The rate of cutaneous adverse events related to mask was 57.71%, and those associated with gloves and hand hygiene products was 49.16%. Most common skin adverse events were contact dermatitis, acne and itching. The most damaged anatomical regions were the nasal bridge, the cheeks and the hands. The duration of PPE wearing was the most common risk factor. Frequent handwashing, gloves and masks were the agents most frequently related to skin reactions. N95 respirators were the most harmful mask type for the skin. Hydrocolloid use prevented from developing skin adverse events related to masks. In conclusion, the rate of cutaneous adverse events related to PPE use is high. A longer duration of PPE wearing was the most common risk factor. Using hydrocolloid could prevent from skin injuries related to mask use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Montero-Vilchez
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - C Cuenca-Barrales
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - A Martinez-Lopez
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - A Molina-Leyva
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - S Arias-Santiago
- Department of Dermatology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, Granada, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Han HS, Shin SH, Park JW, Li K, Kim BJ, Yoo KH. Changes in skin characteristics after using respiratory protective equipment (medical masks and respirators) in the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:225-232. [PMID: 33813749 PMCID: PMC8251455 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has presented unique dermatologic challenges due to respiratory protective equipment (RPE)-related skin conditions. OBJECTIVE To objectively evaluate the effects of RPE including medical masks and respirators on the skin barrier by measuring various physiological properties of the skin. METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed. Twenty healthy healthcare workers were included in this study. Skin parameters including skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, sebum secretion, pH, and skin temperature were measured in the RPE-covered and RPE-uncovered areas of the face 4 and 8 hours after wearing RPE and 14 hours after not wearing RPE. RESULTS Skin hydration, TEWL, erythema, pH, and skin temperature increased in the RPE-covered areas after wearing RPE for 4 and 8 hours. By contrast, in the RPE-uncovered areas, skin hydration decreased and TEWL, erythema, and pH showed minimal changes over time. Based on the repeated-measure analysis, the changes in skin physiological properties over time were significantly different between RPE-covered and RPE-uncovered areas. CONCLUSION We observed that skin physiological characteristics change with the prolonged use of RPE such as medical masks and respirators. These changes may lead to various adverse skin reactions after long-term use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Han
- Department of DermatologyChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sun Hye Shin
- Department of DermatologyChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jae Wan Park
- Department of DermatologyChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kapsok Li
- Department of DermatologyChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of DermatologyChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Yoo
- Department of DermatologyChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dowdle TS, Thompson M, Alkul M, Nguyen JM, Sturgeon ALE. COVID-19 and dermatological personal protective equipment considerations. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2021; 34:469-472. [PMID: 34219927 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.1899730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous injury and irritation among health care workers has substantially risen during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a field already laden with skin-induced injury and irritation due to high levels of handwashing and glove wearing, increases have been reported in handwashing-induced xerosis, irritant dermatitis, and contact dermatitis from N95 respirators and other surgical masks. Masks, goggles, face shields, and gloves all potentially create abrasions from long hours of use, leading to itching, pain, and aggravation of underlying skin conditions. Personal protective equipment (PPE)-related skin injury can be serious, and the American Academy of Dermatology has released recommendations on preventing and treating occupationally induced dermatologic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. These are reviewed and discussed in conjunction with overarching guidelines for mitigating the spread of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Dowdle
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mallory Thompson
- School of Medicine, Texas Christian University/University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mahmud Alkul
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Jeannie M Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Ashley L E Sturgeon
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT Protecting nurses in healthcare facilities from SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential for maintaining an adequate nursing force. Foundational guidelines, consistently utilized, protect the nursing staff from infection. This article describes guidelines designed to reduce acute infection and associated morbidity and mortality among nursing staff and improve compliance with infection prevention protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrance L Baker
- Terrance L. Baker is a staff physician at Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, Md., and associate faculty at the University of Maryland School of Nursing in Baltimore, Md., and State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Nursing in Brookhaven, N.Y. Jack V. Greiner is an associate professor of ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Mass. Modesta Vesonder is associate faculty at the University of Maryland School of Nursing in Baltimore, Md., and CEO of Katani Hospital in Katani, Kenya
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Duan X, Sun H, He Y, Yang J, Li X, Taparia K, Zheng B. Personal Protective Equipment in COVID-19: Impacts on Health Performance, Work-Related Injuries, and Measures for Prevention. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:221-225. [PMID: 33394877 PMCID: PMC7934332 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess impact of personal protective equipment (PPE) on healthcare providers (HCPs) in caring for COVID-19 patients. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted over 50 hospitals in China. Descriptive analyses and Chi-square tests were performed on the collected data. RESULTS All 104 frontline HCPs report negative impacts of PPE on their clinical performance, 97% of them experienced discomfort and injuries caused by wearing PPE for long hours. Frontline HCPs provided suggestions to alleviate the negative impacts and to enhance communication between healthcare staff and patients. Two hundred eighty two non-frontline HCPs also revealed similar problems; however, we recorded a few discrepancies between answers given by frontline and non-frontline HCPs. CONCLUSIONS Wearing PPE for long hours degrades health performance. Measures were suggested to improve the design of PPE for protecting HCPs and enhancing their services to COVID patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Duan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (Dr Duan); Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine (Dr Sun); Grade 2019 in Clinical Medicine, Jilin University (Mr He); Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Dr Yang), Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering (Dr Li); Faculty of Science (Ms Taparia); Department of Surgery (Dr Duan, Dr Zheng), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|