Efficacy and safety of the oral Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib in the treatment of adults with alopecia areata: Phase 2 results from a randomized controlled study

Exploring Janus kinase inhibitors for alopecia areata: a comprehensive review

INTRODUCTION

Alopecia areata poses a significant challenge due to its chronic autoimmune nature, leading to psychosocial impacts. Recent strides in understanding the disease have spotlighted Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors as potential therapies. This comprehensive review aims to assess Baricitinib's efficacy and safety in treating scalp, eyebrow, and eyelash alopecia areata, and compare the effectiveness of Ritlecitinib and Brepocitinib.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Conducting a thorough electronic literature search, we focused on clinical studies of JAK inhibitors for moderate to severe alopecia areata from 2015 onward. Key databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Medscape, were utilized. Primary outcomes included changes in the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score, with safety data evaluating adverse events and serious adverse events. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Among the twelve studies identified, Baricitinib demonstrated superior efficacy over placebo at 24 weeks, with both 2mg and 4mg dosages significantly reducing SALT scores. Comparative efficacy at 24 weeks for Baricitinib, Brepocitinib, and Ritlecitinib showed similar effectiveness compared to placebo, with a marginal superiority observed for Baricitinib 4mg. All JAK inhibitors were well-tolerated, with reported adverse events primarily being mild and manageable.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, the reviewed studies affirm JAK inhibitors, particularly Baricitinib, as promising treatments for moderate to severe alopecia areata. These inhibitors exhibit superior efficacy, as indicated by notable reductions in SALT scores, and are well-tolerated, with predominantly mild and manageable adverse events.

Comparative efficacy and safety of systemic steroids, oral JAK inhibitors and Contact Immunotherapy in the Treatment of severe alopecia areata: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Severe alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring hair loss for immune disorder and SALT score ≥ 50%. The guidelines for managing patients with severe AA suggest treatments: systemic steroids, JAK inhibitors, and contact immunotherapy. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating the superiority of one treatment over another. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the most effective treatment for severe AA through network meta-analysis. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a network meta-analysis. The literature search was retrieved across four databases. The Cochrane 5.1 risk of bias assessment tool and ROBINS-I tool assessed quality of the included studies. Subsequently, efficacy and safety comparisons among the three treatments were conducted using Stata 14.0 on account of the frequency method. The SUCRA rank indicated that oral dexamethasone (95.9%) > diphenylcyclopropenone(DPCP) (74.5%) > oral ritlecitinib (62.6%) > oral baricitinib (46.9%) > squaric acid dibutyl ester(SADBE) (20.1%) > placebo (0.0%) from high to low in the aspect of improving efficacy. As for safety, placebo(88.4%) > oral ritlecitinib (86.5%) > oral baricitinib (62.1%) > SADBE (37.0%) > oral dexamethasone(22.3%) > DPCP(3.8%) in the aspect of decreasing adverse events. Oral dexamethasone and DPCP showed superior efficacy compared to oral ritlecitinib and oral baricitinib. However, in terms of safety, oral ritlecitinib was preferable. Some adverse events associated with oral dexamethasone and DPCP were intolerable to patients, whereas those related to oral ritlecitinib and oral baricitinib were more manageable. Overall, ritlecitinib and baricitinib remain promising drugs in the future treatment of severe AA.

Small molecule agents against alopecia: Potential targets and related pathways

Alopecia has emerged as a global concern, extending beyond the middle-aged and elderly population and increasingly affecting younger individuals. Despite its growing prevalence, the treatment options and effective drugs for alopecia remain limited due to the incomplete understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the pathogenesis of alopecia and discover novel and safer therapeutic agents. This review provided an overview of the prevailing clinical disorders of alopecia, and the key pathways and targets involved in hair growth process. Additionally, it discusses FDA-approved drugs and clinical candidates for the treatment of alopecia, and explores small molecule compounds with anti-alopecia potential in the drug discovery phase. These endeavors are expected to provide researchers with valuable scientific insights and practical information for anti-alopecia drug discovery.

Case report: Sequential therapy with dupilumab and baricitinib for severe alopecia areata with atopic dermatitis in children

An 8-year-old female child presented with patchy hair loss for 1 year, accompanied by eyebrow loss for 6 months. Microscopic examination of the hair confirmed the features of active stage alopecia areata, with a Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score of 70%. The diagnosis was severe alopecia areata. The patient had a history of atopic dermatitis since infancy, with recurrent episodes of scattered papules and pruritus for 8 years. Initial treatment involved subcutaneous injections of dupilumab 300mg every 2 weeks for 6 months, resulting in a reduction of SALT score to 20% and improvement of atopic dermatitis symptoms. Discontinuation of Dupilumab and initiation of daily oral Baricitinib at a dose of 2mg for a duration of 5 months. According to the SALT score evaluation, the severity of hair loss was less than 10% and there was significant regrowth of hair. No significant adverse reactions were observed during the treatment period.

Research trends in alopecia areata: a cross-sectional bibliometric analysis of the top cited studies

In the field of alopecia areata research, various focuses including risk factors, epidemiology, molecular pathways, and treatment were constantly improving. However, to date, a bibliometric analysis summarizing the research trend is not available to date. The main objective of this study was to provide researchers with an overview of the research trend on alopecia areata in the past two decades. In Web of Science database, screening and extraction of studies related to alopecia areata has been performed. Within studies related to alopecia areata, the most cited 100 studies were appraised and the information of articles, including the citation amounts, keywords and publication types, was extracted for analyses. On average, each study in the top 100 list was cited 104.72 times. Within the top 100 list, the most focused fields were on the management of alopecia areata (34%), molecular mechanisms (28%) and epidemiological issues (23%). Approximately one third of the management-associated studies focused on Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (10 studies) and 5 studies focused on the efficacy of corticosteroids for alopecia areata. According to the results of the keyword analysis, JAK inhibitors had become the most mentioned keywords in the field of alopecia areata research since 2016. The top 100 most referenced papers in the field of alopecia areata mostly focused on essential aspects such as treatment options, pathogenesis, risk factors, and comorbidities. The results of the current study could be considered a potential resource for future research and patient care information.

Disease burden, clinical management and unmet treatment need of patients with moderate to severe alopecia areata; consensus statements, insights, and practices from CERTAAE (Central/Eastern EU, Russia, Türkiye AA experts) Delphi panel

Objectives

This study aims to update the understanding of Alopecia Areata (AA) in Poland, Czechia, Russia, and Türkiye, focusing on the disease burden, clinical management, and patient journey. It seeks to establish a consensus on optimal management strategies for AA in these regions.

Methods

A modified 2-round Delphi panel was conveyed with 23 Dermatologists (Russia; 4, Türkiye; 7, Poland; 6, and Czechia; 6). The Delphi questionnaire consisted of 61 statements and 43 questions designed to obtain an overall understanding of the perception and acceptance of available information regarding the care of patients with alopecia areata.

Results

The study revealed that moderate-to-severe AA significantly impacts patients' and their families' QoL, consistent with previous studies. AA was found to cause more substantial impairment when additional lesions appeared in visible areas besides the scalp. Work and productivity impairment were notably higher in adults with moderate-to-severe AA. Diagnostic consensus highlighted the importance of skin biopsies and trichoscopy, while the need for more practical severity scoring systems was emphasized. Current treatments, including topical therapies, corticosteroids, and systemic immune modifiers, were deemed insufficient, highlighting the unmet medical need.

Conclusion

The Delphi study underscores a significant disease burden and unmet medical needs in patients with moderate-to-severe AA. It highlights the necessity of access to novel treatments and further research to develop more effective therapies with a tolerable safety profile. The findings align with global research, emphasizing the psychosocial impact of AA and the need for standardized, effective treatment protocols.

Comparative efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of moderate-to-severe alopecia areata: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

We performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to indirectly compare the relative efficacy and safety of the latest JAK inhibitors for moderate-to-severe alopecia areata (AA). 13 trials totaling 3,613 patients were included. Two low-dose groups of oral formulations (ritlecitinib 10mg and ivarmacitinib 2mg) and two topical formulations (delgocitinib ointment and ruxolitinib cream) appeared to be relatively ineffective against moderate-to-severe AA. Ranking analysis suggested that brepocitinib 30mg has the best relative effect in reducing the SALT score (sucra = 0.9831), and demonstrated comparable efficacy to deuruxolitinib 12mg (sucra = 0.9245), followed by deuruxolitinib 8mg (sucra = 0.7736). Regarding the SALT50 response, brepocitinib 30mg ranked highest (sucra = 0.9567), followed by ritlecitinib 50mg (sucra = 0.8689) and deuruxolitinib 12mg (sucra = 0.7690). For achieving the SALT75 response, deuruxolitinib 12mg had the highest probability (sucra = 0.9761), followed by deuruxolitinib 8mg (sucra = 0.8678) and brepocitinib 30mg (sucra = 0.8448). Deuruxolitinib 12mg might be the most effective therapy for patients with severe AA (sucra = 0.9395), followed by ritlecitinib 50mg (sucra = 0.8753) and deuruxolitinib 8mg (sucra = 0.8070). Deuruxolitinib 12mg/8mg demonstrated notable efficacy for moderate-to-severe AA, and is expected to be a new treatment option for AA. It was worth noting that deuruxolitinib exhibit a greater likelihood of causing adverse events in comparison to other JAK inhibitors. Ritlecitinib 50mg seemed to exhibit fewer adverse effects in the high-dose groups of oral JAK inhibitors and might be an optimal choice to balance safety and efficacy. The majority of JAK inhibitors exhibited acceptable short-term safety profiles. To enhance the applicability and accuracy of our research, further head-to-head trials with longer follow-up periods are needed. Systematic Review Registration: identifier [CRD42022368012].

Real-World Experience of Tofacitinib and Baricitinib Use in Alopecia Areata in Greek Population: A Retrospective Analysis With Focus on Safety

INTRODUCTION

The introduction of Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKi) seems to revolutionize the field of alopecia areata (AA) therapeutics. However, real-world data are still missing.

OBJECTIVES

To provide evidence about effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib and baricitinib in AA in real-world settings and describe baseline disease characteristics and patients profiles that are considered good candidates for JAKi in the daily practice. Furthermore, we intended to investigate potential correlations between baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the databases of two tertiary Hospitals in Greece, to identify individuals of any age currently being treated with systemic JAKi for severe AA.

RESULTS

We identified 42 individuals, including 3 adolescents. In our cohort, 52.3% (22/42) were under tofacitinib and 47.6% (20/42) under baricitinib treatment. Efficacy analysis was performed on the subgroup of 30 patients that had completed at least a 3-month follow-up on treatment. In the latter group, mean time on treatment was 10 months. Mean Severity of Alopecia Tool and mean Dermatology Life Quality Index scores decreased from 84.46% and 12.86 at baseline, to 43.26% and 6.63, respectively. Complete response (CR) was recorded in 4 (13.33%), partial in 12 (40%) and no response in 14 patients (46.66%), correspondingly. Seventeen out of 42 (40.5%) individuals in total, reported at least 1 adverse event. No patient required hospitalization. Among 15 patients (35.7%) who got COVID-19, one suffered from serious infection. The 3 adolescents achieved CR with no significant adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Real-world data suggest efficacy and safety of JAKi in severe forms of AA. Tolerability is optimal in younger individuals.

Precision Dermatology: A Review of Molecular Biomarkers and Personalized Therapies

The evolution of personalized medicine in dermatology signifies a transformative shift towards individualized treatments, driven by the integration of biomarkers. These molecular indicators serve beyond diagnostics, offering insights into disease staging, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Specific criteria guide biomarker selection, ensuring attributes like specificity, sensitivity, cost feasibility, stability, rapid detection, and reproducibility. This literature review, based on data from PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science, explores biomarkers in Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS), Psoriasis, Atopic Dermatitis (AD), Alopecia Areata (AA), Vitiligo, and Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU). In HS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MMPs serve as biomarkers, influencing targeted therapies like adalimumab and anakinra. Psoriasis involves biomarkers such as TNF-α, IL-23, and HLA genes, shaping treatments like IL23 and IL17 inhibitors. AD biomarkers include ECP, IL-4, IL-13, guiding therapies like dupilumab and tralokinumab. For AA, lipocalin-2, cytokines, and genetic polymorphisms inform JAK inhibitors' use. Vitiligo biomarkers range from cytokines to genetic markers like TYR, TYRP1, guiding treatments like JAK inhibitors. CSU biomarkers encompass IgE, cytokines, and autologous serum tests, influencing therapies like omalizumab and cyclosporine. Comparing conditions, common proinflammatory markers reveal limited specificity. While some biomarkers aid diagnosis and standard treatments, others hold more scientific than clinical value. Precision medicine, driven by biomarkers, has shown success in skin malignancies. Future directions involve AI-powered algorithms, nanotechnology, and multi-omics integration for personalized dermatological care.

Alopecia areata: What's new in the diagnosis and treatment with JAK inhibitors?

Alopecia areata (AA) affects individuals of all ages and is intractable in severe relapsing cases. Dermatologists and other healthcare providers should consider AA in the medical context and prioritize treatment. Several randomized controlled clinical studies on Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors with different specificities for the treatment of AA are ongoing. These studies have encouraged us to appreciate the importance of a definitive diagnosis and accurate evaluation of AA before and during treatment. Following our previous review article in 2017, here we provide the second part of this two-review series on the recent progress in the multidisciplinary approaches to AA from more than 1800 articles published between July 2016 and December 2022. This review focuses on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of AA. We also provide the latest information on the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibitors for the treatment of AA and describe their mechanisms of action.

Janus Kinase Inhibitors and Adverse Events of Acne: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Importance

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are increasingly used across a range of dermatologic conditions. Adverse events of acne have been noted in some studies in clinical practice, but the scope of this outcome across JAK inhibitors has not been established.

Objective

To systematically analyze all published phase 2 and 3 placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of JAK inhibitors for the risk of acne as an adverse effect of these medications.

Data Sources

Comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed databases through January 31, 2023.

Study Selection

Inclusion criteria were phase 2 and 3 placebo-controlled RCTs of JAK inhibitors published in English with reported adverse events of acne.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Two reviewers independently reviewed and extracted information from all included studies.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome of interest was the incidence of acne following JAK inhibitor use. A meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models.

Results

A total of 25 unique studies (10 839 unique participants; 54% male and 46% female) were included in the final analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated to be 3.83 (95% CI, 2.76-5.32) with increased ORs for abrocitinib (13.47 [95% CI, 3.25-55.91]), baricitinib (4.96 [95% CI, 2.52-9.78]), upadacitinib (4.79 [95% CI, 3.61-6.37]), deucravacitinib (2.64 [95% CI, 1.44-4.86]), and deuruxolitinib (3.30 [95% CI, 1.22-8.93]). Estimated ORs were higher across studies investigating the use of JAK inhibitors for the management of dermatologic compared with nondermatologic conditions (4.67 [95% CI, 3.10-7.05]) as well as for JAK1-specific inhibitors (4.69 [95% CI, 3.56-6.18]), combined JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitors (3.43 [95% CI, 2.14-5.49]), and tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors (2.64 [95% CI, 1.44-4.86]).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, JAK inhibitor use was associated with an elevated odds of acne. Patients should be properly counseled on this potential adverse effect of these medications before treatment initiation. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the pathophysiology of this association.

Treatments for Moderate-to-Severe Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Narrative Review

Treatments for alopecia areata (AA) have traditionally been prescribed off-label, and there has been no universal agreement on how to best manage the condition. Baricitinib is the first oral selective Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor approved for the treatment of adults with severe AA. As a better understanding of the evidence supporting the management of AA in clinical practice is needed, we conducted a systematic literature review and subsequent narrative review to describe available evidence pertaining to the efficacy and tolerability of treatments currently recommended for adults with moderate-to-severe forms of AA. From 2557 identified records, a total of 53 records were retained for data extraction: 9 reported data from 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) versus placebo, and 44 reported data from unique RCTs with no placebo arm, non-randomized trials, or observational studies. Across drug classes, data were reported heterogeneously, with little consistency of data collection or clinical endpoints used. The most robust evidence was for the JAK inhibitor class, in particular the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor baricitinib. Five RCTs (three for baricitinib) demonstrated a consistent benefit of JAK inhibitor therapy over placebo across various clinical outcomes in adult patients with at least 50% scalp hair loss. Overall, hair regrowth varied widely for the other drug classes and was generally low for patients with moderate-to-severe AA. Relapses were commonly observed during treatment and upon discontinuation. Adverse effects were generally consistent with the known safety profile of each intervention. The heterogeneity observed prevented the conduct of a network meta-analysis or an indirect comparison of different treatments. We found that the current management of patients with moderate-to-severe AA often relies on the use of treatments that have not been well evaluated in clinical trials. The most robust evidence identified supported the use of baricitinib, and other oral JAK inhibitors, in patients with severe AA.

When to expect scalp hair regrowth during treatment of severe alopecia areata with baricitinib: insights from trajectories analyses of patients enrolled in two phase III trials

BACKGROUND

Baricitinib is approved for the treatment of adults with severe alopecia areata (AA). In the absence of robust data on the patterns of regrowth during treatment of severe AA, there is a gap in the knowledge regarding treatment expectations.

OBJECTIVES

To examine whether different clinical response subgroups could be identified in baricitinib-treated patients with severe AA and factors that contribute to these subgroups.

METHODS

The BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2 phase III trials enrolled patients with severe AA [Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score ≥ 50 (≥ 50% scalp hair loss)]. Patients randomized to baricitinib 4 mg or 2 mg retained their treatment allocation for 52 weeks. Based on patterns identified through growth mixture modelling (GMM), patients were categorized into responder subgroups according to when they first achieved ≥ 30% improvement from baseline in SALT score (SALT30). For each responder subgroup, trajectories of response (i.e. achievement of a SALT score ≤ 20, SALT score ≤ 10 and ≥ 50% change from baseline in SALT score) and baseline disease characteristics are reported.

RESULTS

Respectively, 515 and 340 patients were randomized to once-daily baricitinib 4 mg and 2 mg at baseline; 69% and 51%, respectively, achieved SALT30 at least once by week 52. Based on GMM findings, we identified three responder subgroups: early (SALT30 by week 12), gradual (SALT30 after week 12-week 36) and late (SALT30 after week 36-week 52). The proportions of early, gradual and late responders and nonresponders were, respectively, 33%, 28%, 8% and 31% among patients treated with baricitinib 4 mg, and 20%, 23%, 9% and 49%, respectively, among those treated with baricitinib 2 mg. Early responders had a shorter trajectory to maximal clinical outcomes (e.g. > 78% achieved a SALT score ≤ 20 by week 36) vs. gradual or late responders. Early responders were more frequent among patients with baseline severe AA (SALT score 50 to < 95) vs. very severe AA (SALT score 95-100). Overall, responders (early to late) were more frequent in patients with short (< 4 years) episodes of hair loss.

CONCLUSIONS

These analyses identified early, gradual and late responder subgroups for scalp hair regrowth in baricitinib-treated patients with severe AA, and that these subgroups are influenced by baseline characteristics. Findings from these analyses will help to inform treatment expectations for scalp hair regrowth.

Inhibition of T-cell activity in alopecia areata: recent developments and new directions

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease that has a complex underlying immunopathogenesis characterized by nonscarring hair loss ranging from small bald patches to complete loss of scalp, face, and/or body hair. Although the etiopathogenesis of AA has not yet been fully characterized, immune privilege collapse at the hair follicle (HF) followed by T-cell receptor recognition of exposed HF autoantigens by autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is now understood to play a central role. Few treatment options are available, with the Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor baricitinib (2022) and the selective JAK3/tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) inhibitor ritlecitinib (2023) being the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved systemic medications thus far for severe AA. Several other treatments are used off-label with limited efficacy and/or suboptimal safety and tolerability. With an increased understanding of the T-cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of AA, additional therapeutic pathways beyond JAK inhibition are currently under investigation for the development of AA therapies. This narrative review presents a detailed overview about the role of T cells and T-cell-signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of AA, with a focus on those pathways targeted by drugs in clinical development for the treatment of AA. A detailed summary of new drugs targeting these pathways with expert commentary on future directions for AA drug development and the importance of targeting multiple T-cell-signaling pathways is also provided in this review.

Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in adolescents with alopecia areata: Results from the ALLEGRO phase 2b/3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

This subgroup analysis of the ALLEGRO phase 2b/3 trial (NCT03732807) evaluated the efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib, an oral, selective dual JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of alopecia areata (AA) in patients aged 12-17 years.

METHODS

In ALLEGRO-2b/3, patients aged ≥12 years with AA and ≥50% scalp hair loss received once-daily ritlecitinib 50 or 30 mg (±4-week 200-mg loading dose) or 10 mg or placebo for 24 weeks. In a subsequent 24-week extension period, ritlecitinib groups continued their doses, and patients initially assigned to placebo switched to 200/50 or 50 mg daily. Clinician- and patient-reported hair regrowth outcomes and safety were assessed.

RESULTS

In total, 105 adolescents were randomized. At Week 24, 17%-28% of adolescents achieved a Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score ≤20 (≤20% scalp without hair) in the ritlecitinib 30 mg and higher treatment groups versus 0% for placebo. At Week 48, 25%-50% of patients had a SALT score ≤20 across ritlecitinib treatment groups (30 mg and higher). Adolescents reporting that their AA "moderately" or "greatly" improved were 45%-61% in the ritlecitinib groups (30 mg and higher) (vs. 10%-22% for placebo) at Week 24 and 44%-80% at Week 48. The most common adverse events in adolescents were headache, acne, and nasopharyngitis. No deaths, major adverse cardiovascular events, malignancies, pulmonary embolisms, opportunistic infections, or herpes zoster infections were reported.

CONCLUSION

Ritlecitinib treatment demonstrated clinician-reported efficacy, patient-reported improvement, and an acceptable safety profile through Week 48 in adolescents with AA with ≥50% scalp hair loss.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivarmacitinib (SHR0302) in adult patients with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata

BACKGROUND

Alopecia areata (AA) is a CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by nonscarring hair loss. Ivarmacitinib, which is a selective oral Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, may interrupt certain cytokine signaling implicated in the pathogenesis of AA.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivarmacitinib in adult patients with AA who have ≥25% scalp hair loss.

METHODS

Eligible patients were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive ivarmacitinib 2, 4, or 8 mg once daily or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary end point was the percentage change from baseline in the Severity of Alopecia Tool score at week 24.

RESULTS

A total of 94 patients were randomized. At week 24, the least squares mean difference in the percentage change from baseline in the Severity of Alopecia Tool score for ivarmacitinib 2, 4, and 8 mg and placebo groups were -30.51% (90% CI, -45.25, -15.76), -56.11% (90% CI, -70.28, -41.95), -51.01% (90% CI, -65.20, -36.82), and -19.87% (90% CI, -33.99, -5.75), respectively. Two serious adverse events-follicular lymphoma and COVID-19 pneumonia-were reported.

LIMITATIONS

A small sample size limits the generalizability of the results.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with ivarmacitinib 4 and 8 mg doses in patients with moderate and severe AA for 24 weeks was efficacious and generally tolerated.

Alopecia Areata: Current Treatments and New Directions

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune hair loss disease that is non-scarring and is characterized by chronic inflammation at the hair follicle level. Clinically, patients' presentation varies from patchy, circumscribed scalp involvement to total body and scalp hair loss. Current management is guided by the degree of scalp and body involvement, with topical and intralesional steroid injections as primarily first-line for mild cases and broad immunosuppressants as the mainstay for more severe cases. Until recently, the limited number of blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials for this disease had made establishing an evidence-based treatment paradigm challenging. However, growing insights into the pathogenesis of alopecia areata through blood and tissue analysis of human lesions have identified several promising targets for therapy. T-helper (Th) 1/interferon skewing has traditionally been described as the driver of disease; however, recent investigations suggest activation of additional immune mediators, including the Th2 pathway, interleukin (IL)-9, IL-23, and IL-32, as contributors to alopecia areata pathogenesis. The landscape of alopecia areata treatment has the potential to be transformed, as several novel targeted drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials. Given the recent US FDA approval of baricitinib and ritlecitinib, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are a promising drug class for treating severe alopecia areata cases. This article will review the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of current treatments for alopecia areata, and will provide an overview of the emerging therapies that are leading the revolution in the management of this challenging disease.

Diagnosis and Management of Alopecia Areata: A Saudi Expert Consensus Statement (2023)

Alopecia areata (AA) is a complex autoimmune disease manifesting as a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by non-scarring patches of hair loss over the face, scalp, and body. Several treatments have been proposed for AA, but none are curative nor achieve a state of remission. The present consensus statement aims to present the evidence- and experience-based recommendations on the diagnosis and management of AA in Saudi Arabia. The Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia has opted to initiate a meeting of a multidisciplinary group to discuss and concede on this topic. Eight dermatology experts and clinical pharmacists convened in eight consensus meetings. All content presented in this document was agreed upon by this working group, including diagnosis and severity assessment, prognostic indicators, and therapeutic options for AA. Special consideration was given to special patient populations including pediatric patients and patients with less frequent presentations of AA. Updates of the current recommendations will take place as new evidence evolves in the treatment of AA.

Efficacy and safety of baricitinib in patients with alopecia areata: evidence to date

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, tissue-specific autoimmune disorder, characterized by non-scaring hair loss, with a global prevalence of approximately 2%. Typically, it affects a young population, with initial onset frequently occurring before the age of 30 years. Even though the exact pathogenesis of AA remains unclear, the predominant hypothesis is the breakdown of immune privilege of the hair follicle, resulting in increased self-antigen and major histocompatibility complex expression in the follicular epithelium. The relapsing nature of the disease negatively impacts patients' quality of life and makes them more susceptible to developing psychiatric comorbidities. Although many treatment modalities have been proposed, there are no currently available treatments able to induce and sustain disease remission. Traditional treatment modalities, despite being widely used, present limited results and a high risk of adverse effects. Hence, there exists an unfulfilled requirement for treatments that are both more efficient and safer. The latest understanding of the pathophysiology of AA and its connection to the JAK-STAT pathway has prompted the advancement of JAK inhibitors. These small-molecule agents function by obstructing the JAK-STAT intracellular signalling pathway. Baricitinib an orally administered, selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor is a promising alternative to the available treatments, and is already approved for the treatment of AA.

The relative efficacy of monotherapy with Janus kinase inhibitors, dupilumab and apremilast in adults with alopecia areata: Network meta-analyses of clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, biologics, and phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors are recent therapies for alopecia areata (AA)-albeit, knowledge gaps exist for these agents' relative efficacy.

OBJECTIVES

We determined the relative efficacy and safety of monotherapy with the aforementioned agents in adults with AA.

METHODS

The literature was systematically searched; we used data from randomized trials that investigated the agents' efficacy-as per Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) scores. Bayesian network meta-analyses were used to determine relative efficacy and safety. Effect modification was determined using a generalized linear model on aggregate data; evidence quality was evaluated.

RESULTS

Based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve estimates obtained from multiple efficacy endpoints, regimens with the highest likelihood of achieving percent reduction in SALT scores, as well as a minimum 90%, 75% or 50% reduction in SALT scores are (in alphabetical order) baricitinib 4 mg once daily (QD), brepocitinib 60/30 mg QD, deuruxolitinib (CTP-543) 12 mg twice daily (BID), ritlecitinib 200/50 mg QD, ruxolitinib 20 mg BID and tofacitinib 5 mg BID. In contrast, dupilumab subcutaneous injections administered weekly and apremilast 30 mg BID were less likely to be effective. Discontinuation due to any adverse event was the least likely with oral JAK inhibitors, and more likely with dupilumab and apremilast.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results support the conduct of high-quality comparative trials to determine whether JAK inhibitors are more effective and safer than PDE4 inhibitors.

Clinical and Genetic Aspects of Alopecia Areata: A Cutting Edge Review

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, non-scarring, immune-mediated skin disease that affects approximately 0.5-2% of the global population. The etiology of AA is complex and involves genetic and environmental factors, with significant advancements in genetic research occurring in recent years. In addition to well-known genes such as PTPN22, CTLA4, and IL2, which have been widely supported as being associated with AA, an increasing number of specific gene-related loci have been discovered through advances in genetic research. For instance, gene analysis of microRNAs can reveal the critical role of miRNAs in regulating gene expression, aiding in the understanding of cellular and organismal functional regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, numerous studies have confirmed the existence of correlations between AA and other immune-related diseases. Examples include hyperthyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis. By understanding the interrelationships between AA and other immune diseases, we can further comprehend potential shared genetic foundations or pathogenic mechanisms among different diseases. Genetic research plays a crucial role in unraveling the pathogenesis of AA, as the identification of genetic variations associated with AA can assist in formulating more effective and targeted treatment strategies.

Baricitinib: A Review in Severe Alopecia Areata

Baricitinib (Olumiant^®), a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, is the first drug approved for the treatment of severe alopecia areata in the USA and the EU. Severe alopecia areata is usually difficult to treat and relapse is common. Patients with this disorder are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression. In two pivotal placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trials in adults with severe alopecia areata, oral baricitinib once daily was associated with clinically meaningful scalp, eyebrow, and eyelash hair regrowth over 36 weeks. Baricitinib was generally well tolerated with the most common adverse events being infections, headaches, acne, and elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase. While longer-term data will be necessary to more fully understand the benefits and risks of the drug, currently available data suggest that baricitinib is a useful treatment for patients with severe alopecia areata.

The evaluation of JAK inhibitors on effect and safety in alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2018 patients

Background

JAK inhibitors treat various autoimmune diseases, but an updated systematic review in treating alopecia areata is currently lacking.

Objective

Evaluate the specific efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in alopecia areata by systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Eligible studies in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials up to May 30, 2022, were searched. We enrolled in randomized controlled trials and observational studies of applying JAK inhibitors in alopecia areata.

Results

6 randomized controlled trials with 1455 patients exhibited SALT₅₀ (odd ratio [OR], 5.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.49-7.38), SALT₉₀ (OR, 7.40; 95% CI, 4.34-12.67) and change in SALT score (weighted mean difference [WSD], 5.55; 95% CI, 2.60-8.50) compared to the placebo. The proportion of 26 observational studies with 563 patients of SALT₅ was 0.71(95% CI, 0.65-0.78), SALT₅₀ was 0.54(95% CI 0.46-0.63), SALT₉₀ was 0.33(95% CI, 0.24-0.42), and SALT score (WSD, -2.18; 95% CI, -3.12 to -1.23) compared with baseline. Any adverse effects occurred in 921 of 1508 patients; a total of 30 patients discontinued the trial owing to adverse reactions.

Limitations

Few randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and insufficiency of eligible data.

Conclusion

JAK inhibitors are effective in alopecia areata, although associated with an increased risk.

Janus Kinase Inhibitors for Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Importance

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common chronic tissue-specific autoimmune disease. Several studies have reported outcomes of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for treating AA, but limited evidence has emerged.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety associated with JAK inhibitors for AA.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched from inception until August 2022.

Study Selection

Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. Pairs of reviewers independently and in duplicate selected the studies.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random-effects models were used for meta-analysis. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. This study is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes of interest were (1) proportion of patients who achieved 30%, 50%, and 90% improvement in Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score from baseline, (2) change from baseline SALT score, and (3) treatment-related adverse event (AE).

Results

Seven RCTs with 1710 patients (1083 females [63.3%]; mean [SD] age range, 36.3 [10.4] to 69.7 [16.2] years) were eligible and included in the study. JAK inhibitors were associated with more patients achieving 50% improvement (odds ratio [OR], 5.28 [95% CI, 1.69-16.46]; GRADE assessment: low certainty) and 90% improvement (OR, 8.15 [95% CI, 4.42-15.03]; GRADE assessment: low certainty) in SALT score from baseline compared with placebo. JAK inhibitors were associated with more lowered SALT scores from the baseline compared with placebo (mean difference [MD], -34.52 [95% CI, -37.80 to -31.24]; GRADE assessment: moderate certainty), and JAK inhibitors were not associated with more treatment-related AEs (relative risk [RR], 1.25 [95% CI, 1.00-1.57]; GRADE assessment: high certainty) compared with placebo. High certainty of evidence showed that JAK inhibitors may not be associated with more severe AEs compared with placebo (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.41-1.43). The subgroup analysis showed that oral JAK inhibitors were more efficient than placebo (change from baseline SALT scores: MD, -36.80; 95% CI, -39.57 to -34.02), and no difference was found between external JAK inhibitors and placebo (change from baseline SALT scores: MD, -0.40; 95% CI, -11.30 to 10.50).

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that JAK inhibitors, compared with placebo, were associated with hair regrowth and that the outcome of oral JAK inhibitors was better than the external route of administration. Although the safety and tolerability of JAK inhibitors were acceptable, longer RCTs are needed to further assess the effectiveness and safety of these treatments for AA.

Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer

The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and cancer progression. Insights into the structures and functions of the JAK-STAT pathway have led to the development and approval of diverse drugs for the clinical treatment of diseases. Currently, drugs have been developed to mainly target the JAK-STAT pathway and are commonly divided into three subtypes: cytokine or receptor antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and STAT inhibitors. And novel agents also continue to be developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The effectiveness and safety of each kind of drug also warrant further scientific trials before put into being clinical applications. Here, we review the current understanding of the fundamental composition and function of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss advancements in the understanding of JAK-STAT-related pathogenic mechanisms; targeted JAK-STAT therapies for various diseases, especially immune disorders, and cancers; newly developed JAK inhibitors; and current challenges and directions in the field.

Baricitinib for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a relapsing, chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by nonscarring, inflammatory hair loss that can affect any hair-bearing site. AA clinical presentation is heterogeneous. Its pathogenesis involves immune and genetic factors and several pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in AA pathogenesis, including interleukin-15 and interferon-γ, as well as Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4/IL-13, that signal through Janus kinase (JAK) pathway. AA treatment aims to stop its progression and reverse hair loss, and JAK inhibition has been shown to stop hair loss and reverse alopecia and has exhibited promising results in treating AA in clinical trials. Baricitinib, an oral, reversible, selective JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, was shown to be superior to placebo on hair growth after 36 weeks of treatment in adults with severe AA in a phase 2 trial and recently in two phase 3 trials (BRAVE-AA1 and BRAVE-AA2). In both studies, the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infection, acne, headache, and elevated creatine kinase levels. On the basis of these trial results, baricitinib was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of adults with severe AA. Nevertheless, longer trials are needed to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of baricitinib in AA. Current trials are ongoing and are planned to remain randomized and blinded for up to 200 weeks.

Safety of Janus Kinase inhibitors in Patients with Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are emerging as a therapeutic option for alopecia areata. The risk of potential adverse events is currently debated. In particular, several safety data for JAK inhibitors are extrapolated from a single study in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib or adalimumab/etanercept as a comparator. The population of patients with alopecia areata is clinically and immunologically different from persons with rheumatoid arthritis and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are not effective in these patients. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze available data on the safety of various JAK inhibitors in patients with alopecia areata.

METHODS

The systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature review was performed by searching PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO databases with the last search on March 13, 2023.

RESULTS

In total, 36 studies were included. The frequency and odds ratio (OR) for most common adverse events versus placebo were: for baricitinib hypercholesterolemia (18.2% vs 10.5%, OR = 1.9) and headache (6.1% vs 5.1%, OR = 1.2), for brepocitinib elevated creatinine level (27.7% vs 4.3%, OR = 8.6) and acne (10.6% vs 4.3%, OR = 2.7), for ritlecitinib acne (10.4% vs 4.3%, OR = 2.6) and headache (12.5% vs 10.6%, OR = 1.2) and for deuruxolitinib headache (21.4% vs 9.1%, OR = 2.7) and acne (13.6% vs 4.5%, OR = 3.3). The respective numbers for upper respiratory infections were: baricitinib (7.3% vs 7.0%, OR = 1.0) and brepocitinib (23.4% vs 10.6%, OR = 2.6); for nasopharyngitis: ritlecitinib (12.5% vs 12.8%, OR = 1.0) and deuruxolitinib (14.6% vs 2.3%, OR = 7.3).

CONCLUSIONS

The most common side effects of JAK inhibitors in patients with alopecia areata were headache and acne. The OR for upper respiratory tract infections varied from over 7-fold increased to comparable to placebo. The risk of serious adverse events was not increased.

Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib in adults and adolescents with alopecia areata: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2b-3 trial

BACKGROUND

Alopecia areata is characterised by non-scarring loss of scalp, face, or body hair. We investigated the efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib, an oral, selective dual JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, in patients with alopecia areata.

METHODS

In this randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2b-3 trial done at 118 sites in 18 countries, patients aged 12 years and older with alopecia areata and at least 50% scalp hair loss were randomly assigned to oral ritlecitinib or placebo once-daily for 24 weeks, with or without a 4-week loading dose (50 mg, 30 mg, 10 mg, 200 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg, or 200 mg loading dose followed by 30 mg), followed by a 24-week extension period during which ritlecitinib groups continued their assigned doses and patients initially assigned to placebo switched to ritlecitinib 50 mg or 200 mg loading dose followed by 50 mg. Randomisation was done by use of an interactive response system and was stratified by baseline disease severity and age. The sponsor, patients, and investigators were masked to treatment, and all patients received the same number of tablets to maintain masking. The primary endpoint was Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score 20 or less at week 24. The primary endpoint was assessed in all assigned patients, regardless of whether they received treatment. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03732807.

FINDINGS

Between Dec 3, 2018, and June 24, 2021, 1097 patients were screened and 718 were randomly assigned to receive ritlecitinib 200 mg + 50 mg (n=132), 200 mg + 30 mg (n=130), 50 mg (n=130), 30 mg (n=132), 10 mg (n=63), placebo to 50 mg (n=66), or placebo to 200 mg + 50 mg (n=65). 446 (62%) of 718 patients were female and 272 (38%) were male. 488 (68%) were White, 186 (26%) were Asian, and 27 (4%) were Black or African American. Of 718 patients randomly assigned, 104 patients discontinued treatment (34 withdrew, 19 adverse events [AEs], 12 physician decision, 12 lack of efficacy, 13 lost to follow up, five rolled over to long-term study transfer, four pregnancies, two protocol deviations, one declined to attend follow-up due to COVID-19, one attended last visit very late due to COVID-19, and one non-compliance). At week 24, 38 (31%) of 124 patients in the ritlecitinib 200 mg + 50 mg group, 27 (22%) of 121 patients in the 200 mg + 30 mg group, 29 (23%) of 124 patients in the 50 mg group, 17 (14%) of 119 patients in the 30 mg group, and two (2%) of 130 patients in the placebo group had a response based on SALT score 20 or less. The difference in response rate based on SALT score 20 or less between the placebo and the ritlecitinib 200 mg + 50 mg group was 29·1% (95% CI 21·2-37·9; p<0·0001), 20·8% (13·7-29·2; p<0·0001) for the 200 mg + 30 mg group, 21·9% (14·7-30·2; p<0·0001) for the 50 mg group, and 12·8% (6·7-20·4; p=0·0002) for the 30 mg group. Up to week 48 and including the follow-up period, AEs had been reported in 108 (82%) of 131 patients in the ritlecitinib 200 mg + 50 mg group, 105 (81%) of 129 patients in the 200 mg + 30 mg group, 110 (85%) of 130 patients in the 50 mg group, 106 (80%) of 132 patients in the 30 mg group, 47 (76%) of 62 patients in the 10 mg group, 54 (83%) of 65 patients placebo to ritlecitinib 200 mg + 50 mg in the extension period, and 57 (86%) of 66 patients in the placebo to 50 mg group. The incidence of each AE was similar between groups, and there were no deaths.

INTERPRETATION

Ritlecitinib was effective and well tolerated in patients aged 12 years and older with alopecia areata. Ritlecitinib might be a suitable treatment option for alopecia areata in patients who are candidates for systemic therapy.

FUNDING

Pfizer.

Systematic review of newer agents for the management of alopecia areata in adults: Janus kinase inhibitors, biologics and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors

Management options for moderate-to-severe alopecia areata (AA) are limited owing to a lack of safe and effective treatments suitable for long-term use. However, newer agents have the potential to induce and maintain hair regrowth in patients with a better side-effects profile compared to systemic steroids or conventional systemic agents. In this article, we conducted a systematic review of newer agents, including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, biologics and phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors, for the treatment of AA in adult patients evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using the Severity of Alopecia Tool score. A literature search was performed on PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov, which identified 106 items with 12 RCTs eligible for review. Information regarding the treatment regimen, duration, endpoints, efficacy and adverse events were extracted; product monograph information was also summarized for approved agents with or without indications for AA. Overall, current data suggest the oral JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, ritlecitinib, deuruxolitinib, brepocitinib) as a promising new class of agents that can induce significant hair regrowth, with mild to moderate adverse effects. Baricitinib recently received US FDA approval for the treatment of severe AA, while ritlecitinib and deuruxolitinib have received the breakthrough therapy designation for AA. In contrast, PDE-4 inhibitors (apremilast) and the biologics (dupilumab, secukinumab and aldesleukin) appear to have limited efficacy thus far. Results from ongoing and future long-term studies could shed light on the utility of the newer agents in altering the progression of AA.

Recent advances in the genetics of alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common autoimmune-mediated hair loss disorder in humans with an estimated lifetime risk of approximately 2 %. Episodes of hair loss usually begin with isolated hairless patches that may progress to complete hair loss over the entire body. A familial occurrence of AA is well established, with recurrence risks of about 6-8 % in first-degree relatives. AA is a multifactorial disorder involving both environmental and genetic risk factors. Previous research has identified 14 susceptibility loci, most of which implicate genes involved in the immune response. The following review presents a summary of the latest findings from genome-wide association, sequencing and gene expression studies of AA, as well as their contribution to the recent therapeutic developments.

Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and baricitinib: A case report and literature review

Rationale

Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens (PCAS), also known as dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS), is a part of the “follicular occlusion tetrad” that also includes acne conglobate (AC), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), and pilonidal sinus, which share the same pathogenic mechanism, such as follicular occlusions, follicular ruptures, and follicular infections.

Patient concerns

A 15-year-old boy had multiple rashes on the scalp accompanied by pain.

Diagnosis

The patient was diagnosed with PCAS or DCS based on the clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations.

Interventions

The patient was initially administered adalimumab 40 mg biweekly and oral isotretinoin 30 mg daily for 5 months. Because the initial results were insufficient, the interval between adalimumab injections was extended to 4 weeks, and isotretinoin was changed to baricitinib 4 mg daily for 2 months. When the condition became more stable, adalimumab 40 mg and baricitinib 4 mg were administered every 20 and 3 days, respectively, for two more months until now.

Outcomes

After 9 months of treatment and follow-up, the original skin lesions of the patient were almost cured, and most inflammatory alopecia patches disappeared.

Conclusion

Our literature review did not find any previous reports on treating PCAS with TNF-α inhibitors and baricitinib. Accordingly, we presented the first successful treatment of PCAS with this regimen.

Treatment of autoimmunity: The impact of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis and comorbid autoimmune disorders

More than 10 disease-modifying therapies (DMT) are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and new therapeutic options are on the horizon. Due to different underlying therapeutic mechanisms, a more individualized selection of DMTs in MS is possible, taking into account the patient's current situation. Therefore, concomitant treatment of various comorbid conditions, including autoimmune mediated disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, should be considered in MS patients. Because the pathomechanisms of autoimmunity partially overlap, DMT could also treat concomitant inflammatory diseases and simplify the patient's treatment. In contrast, the exacerbation and even new occurrence of several autoimmune diseases have been reported as a result of immunomodulatory treatment of MS. To simplify treatment and avoid disease exacerbation, knowledge of the beneficial and adverse effects of DMT in other autoimmune disorders is critical. Therefore, we conducted a literature search and described the beneficial and adverse effects of approved and currently studied DMT in a large number of comorbid autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, cutaneous disorders including psoriasis, Sjögren´s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and ocular autoimmune disorders. Our review aims to facilitate the selection of an appropriate DMT in patients with MS and comorbid autoimmune diseases.

Integrated safety analysis of baricitinib in adults with severe alopecia areata from two randomized clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Baricitinib, an oral, selective, reversible Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor, is an approved treatment for adults with severe alopecia areata (AA) in the USA, European Union and Japan.

OBJECTIVES

To report safety data for baricitinib in patients with severe AA from two clinical trials including long-term extension periods.

METHODS

This analysis includes pooled patient-level safety data from two trials, an adaptive phase II/III trial (BRAVE-AA1) and a phase III trial (BRAVE-AA2) (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03570749 and NCT03899259). Data are reported in three datasets: (i) the placebo-controlled dataset (up to week 36): baricitinib 2 mg and 4 mg vs. placebo; (ii) the extended dataset (up to the data cutoff): patients remaining on continuous treatment with baricitinib 2 mg or 4 mg from baseline; and (iii) the all-baricitinib dataset (all-BARI, up to the data cutoff): all patients receiving any dose of baricitinib at any time during the trials. Safety outcomes include treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), adverse events of special interest and abnormal laboratory changes. Proportions of patients with events and incidence rates (IR) were calculated.

RESULTS

Data were collected for 1303 patients who were given baricitinib, reflecting 1868 patient-years of exposure (median 532 days). The most frequently reported TEAEs during the placebo-controlled period (based on the baricitinib 4-mg group) were upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, headache, acne and elevated blood creatine phosphokinase (CPK). During the placebo-controlled period, the frequency of acne was higher with baricitinib than placebo, and elevated CPK was higher with baricitinib 4 mg than placebo and baricitinib 2 mg. In all-BARI, the IR of serious infections was low (n = 16, IR 0.8). There was one opportunistic infection (IR 0.1), and 34 cases of herpes zoster (IR 1.8). There was one positively adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction) (IR 0.1), one pulmonary embolism (IR 0.1), three malignancies other than nonmelanoma skin cancer (IR 0.2) and one gastrointestinal perforation (IR 0.1). No deaths were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

This integrated safety analysis in patients with severe AA is consistent with the overall safety profile of baricitinib. Some differences with atopic dermatitis were noted that may be attributable to the disease characteristics of AA.

Acquired causes of eyebrow and eyelash loss: A review and approach to diagnosis and treatment

Eyebrows and eyelashes serve important anatomical and social functions, and hair loss at these sites can impact patients significantly. Acquired eyebrow and eyelash loss (madarosis) may be due to a variety of underlying local or systemic disease processes; in other cases it may be idiopathic. There is a dearth of literature relating to eyebrow and eyelash loss, and there is limited guidance to help clinicians treat these clinical presentations in comparison with scalp alopecia. Here, we discuss the acquired causes of eyebrow and eyelash alopecia, our clinical approach to diagnosis and review treatment options for clinicians.

Effectiveness and safety of baricitinib in patients with alopecia areata: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Since there is now no medication available that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition that has a detrimental impact on individuals. Recent clinical trials using baricitinib demonstrated that it may be effective in treating AA. This meta-analysis was done to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of baricitinib in comparison to placebo.

METHODS

Author looked through Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, for all published, randomized, clinical trials.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis included 1282 participants from two citations (reporting three stand-alone studies). In term of SALT score, baricitinib significantly outperformed placebo; MD = -34.07, 95% CI [-37.90, -30.23], p < .00001. Additionally, the proportion of patients in the baricitinib group that attained SALT ≤ 20 was significantly higher than in the placebo group; RR = 6.41, 95% CI [4.57, 8.98], p < .00001. The results of the safety analysis revealed no significant differences between the baricitinib and placebo groups for any of the outcomes with the exception of acne, which was significantly higher in the placebo group when compared to the baricitinib group (RR= 4.79, 95% CI [2.38, 9.66], p .0001).

CONCLUSION

When compared to placebo, baricitinib is an effective and well-tolerated medication for the treatment of AA.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors Used in Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of treatment with Janus kinase inhibitors for alopecia areata, measured by change in Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed using Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane library. All studies investigating the efficacy of treatments for alopecia areata were included. Primary outcomes were the proportion of patients with alopecia areata achieving 30%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% improvement in SALT score after treatment with a Janus kinase inhibitor. A meta-analysis was performed including all randomized controlled trials investigating Janus kinase inhibitors. A total of 37 studies matched the inclusion criteria and were included. Meta-analysis was performed based on 5 randomized studies. Regarding patients with alopecia areata defined as ≥ 50% scalp hair loss, baricitinib 4 mg once daily demonstrated the highest efficacy. However, among patients with alopecia areata defined as a SALT score ≥ 50, oral deuruxolitinib 12 mg twice daily demonstrated the highest efficacy. Deuruxolitinib and baricitinib appear to be promising drugs for the treatment of alopecia areata. However, the response depends on the dosage of the drug. More randomized trials, with identical inclusion criteria and dose and duration of treatment, are required to confirm these findings.

Approved Small-Molecule ATP-Competitive Kinases Drugs Containing Indole/Azaindole/Oxindole Scaffolds: R&D and Binding Patterns Profiling

Kinases are among the most important families of biomolecules and play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and other critical physiological processes. The dysregulation and gene mutation of kinases are linked to the occurrence and development of various human diseases, especially cancer. As a result, a growing number of small-molecule drugs based on kinase targets are being successfully developed and approved for the treatment of many diseases. The indole/azaindole/oxindole moieties are important key pharmacophores of many bioactive compounds and are generally used as excellent scaffolds for drug discovery in medicinal chemistry. To date, 30 ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors bearing the indole/azaindole/oxindole scaffold have been approved for the treatment of diseases. Herein, we summarize their research and development (R&D) process and describe their binding models to the ATP-binding sites of the target kinases. Moreover, we discuss the significant role of the indole/azaindole/oxindole skeletons in the interaction of their parent drug and target kinases, providing new medicinal chemistry inspiration and ideas for the subsequent development and optimization of kinase inhibitors.

Alopecia Universalis in an Adolescent Successfully Treated with Upadacitinib-A Case Report and Review of the Literature on the Use of JAK Inhibitors in Pediatric Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which a cytotoxic T-cell response against hair follicles occurs. AA has been demonstrated to frequently co-exist with atopic dermatitis (AD), and the coincidence of atopy predisposes to a more severe course of the disease. To date, therapeutic options in AA, especially in the pediatric population, are mainly limited to corticosteroids, irritants, sensitizers, and immunosuppressive agents. Recently, innovative therapies have emerged, among which Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, effective in both AD and AA, appear to be the most promising. Here, a 14-year-old girl with alopecia universalis (AU) and mild AD is demonstrated, who was successfully treated with a selective JAK1 inhibitor, upadacitinib, which has been approved for the treatment of AD in adults and children aged 12 years and older. Resolution of eczema and complete hair regrowth was achieved after 3 months of therapy. Apart from transient mild leukopenia at weeks 4 and 8, no adverse events were noted. Data in the literature on the efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of AA in the pediatric population is based on single case reports and case series. So far, topical tofacitinib and ruxolitinib, as well as systemic tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, and baricitinib have been used off-label in this indication in children. Upadacitinib is another effective treatment option with a good benefit-risk ratio for patients with AA, including cases coexisting with AD.

Novel potential therapeutic targets of alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring hair loss disorder caused by autoimmunity. The immune collapse of the hair follicle, where interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and CD8+ T cells accumulate, is a key factor in AA. However, the exact functional mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, AA treatment has poor efficacy maintenance and high relapse rate after drug withdrawal. Recent studies show that immune-related cells and molecules affect AA. These cells communicate through autocrine and paracrine signals. Various cytokines, chemokines and growth factors mediate this crosstalk. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), gut microbiota, hair follicle melanocytes, non-coding RNAs and specific regulatory factors have crucial roles in intercellular communication without a clear cause, suggesting potential new targets for AA therapy. This review discusses the latest research on the possible pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of AA.

Efficacy and safety of different JAK inhibitors in the treatment of alopecia areata: a network meta-analysis

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is an immune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss. With the widespread application of JAK inhibitors in immune-related diseases, attention is being given to their role in the treatment of AA. However, it is unclear which JAK inhibitors have a satisfactory or positive effect on AA. This network meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of different JAK inhibitors in the treatment of AA.

Methods

The network meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. We included randomized controlled trials as well as a small number of cohort studies. The differences in efficacy and safety between the treatment and control groups were compared.

Results

Five randomized controlled trials, two retrospective studies, and two prospective studies involving 1689 patients were included in this network meta-analysis. In terms of efficacy, oral baricitinib and ruxolitinib significantly improved the response rate of patients compared to placebo [MD = 8.44, 95% CI (3.63, 19.63)] and [MD = 6.94, 95% CI, (1.72, 28.05)],respectively. Oral baricitinib treatment significantly improved the response rate compared to non-oral JAK inhibitor treatment [MD=7.56, 95% CI (1.32,43.36)]. Oral baricitinib, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib treatments significantly improved the complete response rate compared to placebo [MD = 12.21, 95% CI (3.41, 43.79)], [MD = 10.16, 95% CI (1.02, 101.54)], and [MD = 9.79, 95% CI, (1.29, 74.27)], respectively. In terms of safety, oral baricitinib, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib treatments significantly reduced treatment-emergent adverse event rates compared with conventional steroid treatment [MD = 0.08, 95% CI (0.02, 0.42)], [MD = 0.14, 95% CI (0.04, 0.55)], and [MD = 0.35, 95% CI, (0.14, 0.88)], respectively.

Conclusion

Oral baricitinib and ruxolitinib are excellent options for the treatment of AA owing to their good efficacy and safety profiles. In contrast, non-oral JAK inhibitors do not appear to have satisfactory efficacy in treating AA. However, further studies are required to verify the optimal dose of JAK inhibitors for AA therapy.

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Epilepsy

Epilepsy is defined as spontaneous recurrent seizures in the brain. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory mediators and immune cells are involved in epileptic seizures. As more research is done on inflammatory factors and immune cells in epilepsy, new targets for the treatment of epilepsy will be revealed. The Janus kinase-signal transducer and transcriptional activator (JAKSTAT) signaling pathway is strongly associated with many immune and inflammatory diseases, At present, more and more studies have found that the JAK-STAT pathway is involved in the development and development of epilepsy, indicating the JAK-STAT pathway's potential promise as a target in epilepsy treatment. In this review, we discuss the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway and the relationship between the JAK-STAT pathway and epilepsy. In addition, we summarize the common clinical inhibitors of JAK and STAT that we would expect to be used in epilepsy treatment in the future.

Emerging role of baricitinib in dermatology practice: All we need to know!

Baricitinib is a competitive inhibitor of the Janus Kinase family of non-receptor protein kinases, predominantly acting against JAK-1 and JAK-2 subtypes. By downregulating transcription of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, this drug has shown efficacy across various dermatoses. Approved for severe cases of alopecia areata and moderate-severe atopic dermatitis in adults, baricitinib is being increasingly tried across many other indications with promising results. It is prudent that dermatologists remain aware of boxed warnings and precautions with the use of this much-discussed molecule, including its infectious, thrombotic, cardiovascular, and malignant ramifications. Long-term data on the use of baricitinib in dermatological conditions are lacking and further research is warranted since most data on safety profile is extrapolated from its use in rheumatology. The present review aims to highlight the immunopathogenic mechanisms of JAK-1/2 blockade, approved and off-label uses in dermatology, along with a concise review of laboratory monitoring and the side-effect profile of baricitinib.

Emerging drugs for the treatment of alopecia areata

INTRODUCTION

Alopecia Areata (AA) is the second most common non-scarring hair loss disorder, with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 and a lifetime incidence of 2% worldwide. Data from a recent American study shows that from 68,121 patients with the diagnosis of AA, 37,995 (55.8%) were prescribed treatment for AA within a year of diagnosis, however there are still no therapies able to induce permanent remission, or treatments that guarantee hair regrowth/remissions in 100% of cases, especially in longstanding/severe AA. Recently, oral baricitinib has been approved for AA, being the first drug approved for this specific indication.

AREAS COVERED

The current review will provide a summary of current pharmacological approaches and novel therapeutics in development.

EXPERT OPINION

New and very effective drugs have become available for the treatment of severe AA, and many others are expected soon. However, even new, effective treatments are not effective in all patients and recurrence rates after treatment interruption are high. AA is a systemic disease with important impact on quality of life and should not be considered just as an aesthetic problem. Treatment of the disease should take in account and possibly also address treatment of comorbidities.

An overview of JAK/STAT pathways and JAK inhibition in alopecia areata

Alopecia Areata (AA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss ranging from patches on the scalp to complete hair loss involving the entire body. Disease onset is hypothesized to follow the collapse of immune privilege of the hair follicle, which results in an increase in self-peptide/MHC expression along the follicular epithelium. Hair loss is associated with infiltration of the hair follicle with putatively self-reactive T cells. This process is thought to skew the hair follicle microenvironment away from a typically homeostatic immune state towards one of active inflammation. This imbalance is mediated in part by the dominating presence of specific cytokines. While interferon-γ (IFNγ) has been identified as the key player in AA pathogenesis, many other cytokines have also been shown to play pivotal roles. Mechanistic studies in animal models have highlighted the contribution of common gamma chain (γ_c) cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in augmenting disease. IFNγ and γ_c cytokines signal through pathways involving receptor activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Based on these findings, JAK/STAT pathways have been targeted for the purposes of therapeutic intervention in the clinical setting. Case reports and series have described use of small molecule JAK inhibitors leading to hair regrowth among AA patients. Furthermore, emerging clinical trial results show great promise and position JAK inhibitors as a treatment strategy for patients with severe or recalcitrant disease. Demonstrated efficacy from large-scale clinical trials of the JAK inhibitor baricitinib led to the first-in-disease FDA-approved treatment for AA in June of 2022. This review aims to highlight the JAK/STAT signaling pathways of various cytokines involved in AA and how targeting those pathways may impact disease outcomes in both laboratory and clinical settings.