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Gkolfinopoulou C, Bourtsala A, Georgiadou D, Dedemadi AG, Stratikos E, Chroni A. Library screening identifies commercial drugs as potential structure correctors of abnormal apolipoprotein A-I. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100543. [PMID: 38641010 PMCID: PMC11106541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AapoA-I, the main protein of high-density lipoprotein, plays a key role in the biogenesis and atheroprotective properties of high-density lipoprotein. We showed previously that a naturally occurring apoA-I mutation, L178P, induces major defects in protein's structural integrity and functions that may underlie the increased cardiovascular risk observed in carriers of the mutation. Here, a library of marketed drugs (956 compounds) was screened against apoA-I[L178P] to identify molecules that can stabilize the normal conformation of apoA-I. Screening was performed by the thermal shift assay in the presence of fluorescent dye SYPRO Orange. As an orthogonal assay, we monitored the change in fluorescence intensity of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid upon binding on hydrophobic sites on apoA-I. Screening identified four potential structure correctors. Subsequent analysis of the concentration-dependent effect of these compounds on secondary structure and thermodynamic stability of WT apoA-I and apoA-I[L178P] (assessed by thermal shift assay and circular dichroism spectroscopy), as well as on macrophage viability, narrowed the potential structure correctors to two, the drugs atorvastatin and bexarotene. Functional analysis showed that these two compounds can restore the defective capacity of apoA-I[L178P] to promote cholesterol removal from macrophages, an important step for atheroprotection. Computational docking suggested that both drugs target a positively charged cavity in apoA-I, formed between helix 1/2 and helix 5, and make extensive interactions that could underlie thermodynamic stabilization. Overall, our findings indicate that small molecules can correct defective apoA-I structure and function and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for apoA-I-related dyslipidemias and increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gkolfinopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Bourtsala
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Daphne Georgiadou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia-Georgia Dedemadi
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece; Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
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2
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Bonilha I, Luchiari B, Nadruz W, Sposito AC. Very low HDL levels: clinical assessment and management. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 67:3-18. [PMID: 36651718 PMCID: PMC9983789 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In individuals with very low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol, such as Tangier disease, LCAT deficiency, and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia, there is an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. However, analyzes based on comparisons of populations with small variations in HDL-C mediated by polygenic alterations do not confirm these findings, suggesting that there is an indirect association or heterogeneity in the pathophysiological mechanisms related to the reduction of HDL-C. Trials that evaluated some of the HDL functions demonstrate a more robust degree of association between the HDL system and atherosclerotic risk, but as they were not designed to modify lipoprotein functionality, there is insufficient data to establish a causal relationship. We currently have randomized clinical trials of therapies that increase HDL-C concentration by various mechanisms, and this HDL-C elevation has not independently demonstrated a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, this evidence shows that (a) measuring HDL-C as a way of estimating HDL-related atheroprotective system function is insufficient and (b) we still do not know how to increase cardiovascular protection with therapies aimed at modifying HDL metabolism. This leads us to a greater effort to understand the mechanisms of molecular action and cellular interaction of HDL, completely abandoning the traditional view focused on the plasma concentration of HDL-C. In this review, we will detail this new understanding and the new horizon for using the HDL system to mitigate residual atherosclerotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bonilha
- Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp), Laboratório de Biologia Vascular e Aterosclerose (AtheroLab), Divisão de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Luchiari
- Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp), Laboratório de Biologia Vascular e Aterosclerose (AtheroLab), Divisão de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp), Divisão de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Universidade de Campinas (Unicamp), Laboratório de Biologia Vascular e Aterosclerose (AtheroLab), Divisão de Cardiologia, Campinas, SP, Brasil,
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3
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Bhale AS, Venkataraman K. Leveraging knowledge of HDLs major protein ApoA1: Structure, function, mutations, and potential therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113634. [PMID: 36063649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a member of the Apolipoprotein family of proteins. It's a vital protein that helps in the production of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, which are crucial for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. These functions interact to give HDL particles their cardioprotective characteristics. ApoA1 has recently been investigated for its potential role in atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurological diseases, cancer, and certain infectious diseases. Since ApoA1's discovery, numerous mutations have been reported that affect its structural integrity and alter its function. Hence these insights have led to the development of clinically relevant peptides and synthetic reconstituted HDL (rHDL) that mimics the function of ApoA1. As a result, this review has aimed to provide an organized explanation of our understanding of the ApoA1 protein structure and its role in various essential pathways. Furthermore, we have comprehensively reviewed the important ApoA1 mutations (24 mutations) that are reported to be involved in various diseases. Finally, we've focused on the therapeutic potentials of some of the beneficial mutations, small peptides, and synthetic rHDL that are currently being researched or developed, since these will aid in the development of novel therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sudam Bhale
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Kalayci A, Gibson CM, Ridker PM, Wright SD, Kingwell BA, Korjian S, Chi G, Lee JJ, Tricoci P, Kazmi SH, Fitzgerald C, Shaunik A, Berman G, Duffy D, Libby P. ApoA-I Infusion Therapies Following Acute Coronary Syndrome: Past, Present, and Future. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:585-597. [PMID: 35524914 PMCID: PMC9236992 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The elevated adverse cardiovascular event rate among patients with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) formed the basis for the hypothesis that elevating HDL-C would reduce those events. Attempts to raise endogenous HDL-C levels, however, have consistently failed to show improvements in cardiovascular outcomes. However, steady-state HDL-C concentration does not reflect the function of this complex family of particles. Indeed, HDL functions correlate only weakly with serum HDL-C concentration. Thus, the field has pivoted from simply raising the quantity of HDL-C to a focus on improving the putative anti-atherosclerotic functions of HDL particles. Such functions include the ability of HDL to promote the efflux of cholesterol from cholesterol-laden macrophages. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the signature apoprotein of HDL, may facilitate the removal of cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaque, reduce the lesional lipid content and might thus stabilize vulnerable plaques, thereby reducing the risk of cardiac events. Infusion of preparations of apoA-I may improve cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). This review summarizes the development of apoA-I therapies, compares their structural and functional properties and discusses the findings of previous studies including their limitations, and how CSL112, currently being tested in a phase III trial, may overcome these challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Three major ApoA-I-based approaches (MDCO-216, CER-001, and CSL111/CSL112) have aimed to enhance reverse cholesterol transport. These three therapies differ considerably in both lipid and protein composition. MDCO-216 contains recombinant ApoA-I Milano, CER-001 contains recombinant wild-type human ApoA-I, and CSL111/CSL112 contains native ApoA-I isolated from human plasma. Two of the three agents studied to date (apoA-1 Milano and CER-001) have undergone evaluation by intravascular ultrasound imaging, a technique that gauges lesion volume well but does not assess other important variables that may relate to clinical outcomes. ApoA-1 Milano and CER-001 reduce lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, potentially impairing the function of HDL in reverse cholesterol transport. Furthermore, apoA-I Milano can compete with and alter the function of the recipient's endogenous apoA-I. In contrast to these agents, CSL112, a particle formulated using human plasma apoA-I and phosphatidylcholine, increases LCAT activity and does not lead to the malfunction of endogenous apoA-I. CSL112 robustly increases cholesterol efflux, promotes reverse cholesterol transport, and now is being tested in a phase III clinical trial. Phase II-b studies of MDCO-216 and CER-001 failed to produce a significant reduction in coronary plaque volume as assessed by IVUS. However, the investigation to determine whether the direct infusion of a reconstituted apoA-I reduces post-myocardial infarction coronary events is being tested using CSL112, which is dosed at a higher level than MDCO-216 and CER-001 and has more favorable pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Kalayci
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Michael Gibson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Serge Korjian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald Chi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane J Lee
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - S Hassan Kazmi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clara Fitzgerald
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gail Berman
- Paratek Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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5
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März W, Beil FU, Dieplinger H. [Genetic diseases of lipid metabolism - Focus familial hypercholesterolemia]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2022; 147:e50-e61. [PMID: 35545064 DOI: 10.1055/a-1516-2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of lipid metabolism are characterised by LDL-C concentrations > 190 mg/dl (4.9 mM) and/or triglycerides > 200 mg/dl (2.3 mM) in young individuals after having excluded a secondary hyperlipoproteinemia. Further characteristics of this primary hyperlipoproteinemia are elevated lipid values or premature myocardial infarctions within families or xantelasms, arcus lipoides, xanthomas and abdominal pain. This overview summarises our current knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis of primary hyperlipoproteinemia.
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Park HS, Chugh RM, Pergande MR, Cetin E, Siblini H, Esfandyari S, Cologna SM, Al-Hendy A. Non-Cytokine Protein Profile of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome That Regulates the Androgen Production Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094633. [PMID: 35563028 PMCID: PMC9101816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder in reproductive-aged women, and it typically involves elevated androgen levels. Recently, it has been reported that human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) can regulate androgen synthesis pathways. However, the details of the mechanism are still unclear. hBM-MSC-derived secreted factors (the secretome) are promising sources of cell-based therapy as they consist of various types of proteins. It is thus important to know which proteins interact with disease-implicated biomolecules. This work aimed to investigate which secretome components contain the key factor that inhibits testosterone synthesis. In this study, we fractionated hBM-MSC-conditioned media into three fractions based on their molecular weights and found that, of the three fractions, one had the ability to inhibit the androgen-producing genes efficiently. We also analyzed the components of this fraction and established a protein profile of the hBM-MSC secretome, which was shown to inhibit androgen synthesis. Our study describes a set of protein components present in the hBM-MSC secretome that can be used therapeutically to treat PCOS by regulating androgen production for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Soo Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-S.P.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Rishi Man Chugh
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (R.M.C.); (S.E.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Melissa R. Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (M.R.P.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Esra Cetin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-S.P.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Hiba Siblini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-S.P.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Sahar Esfandyari
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (R.M.C.); (S.E.)
| | - Stephanie M. Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (M.R.P.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-S.P.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (R.M.C.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Franczyk B, Rysz J, Ławiński J, Rysz-Górzyńska M, Gluba-Brzózka A. Is a High HDL-Cholesterol Level Always Beneficial? Biomedicines 2021; 9:1083. [PMID: 34572269 PMCID: PMC8466913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific interest concerning HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is related to its ability to uptake and return surplus cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver and, therefore, to its role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, but also transient ischemic attack and stroke. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that HDL-C concentration is inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it can be used for risk prediction. Some genetic disorders are characterized by markedly elevated levels of HDL-C; however, they do not translate into diminished cardiovascular risk. The search of the potential causative relationship between HDL-C and adverse events has shifted the attention of researchers towards the composition and function of the HDL molecule/subfractions. HDL possesses various cardioprotective properties. However, currently, it appears that higher HDL-C is not necessarily protective against cardiovascular disease, but it can even be harmful in extremely high quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Janusz Ławiński
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-549 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Rysz-Górzyńska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (B.F.); (J.R.)
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8
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Robert J, Osto E, von Eckardstein A. The Endothelium Is Both a Target and a Barrier of HDL's Protective Functions. Cells 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 33924941 PMCID: PMC8146309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium serves as a barrier between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have two kinds of interactions with this barrier. First, bloodborne HDL must pass the endothelium to access extravascular tissues, for example the arterial wall or the brain, to mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophages and other cells or exert other functions. To complete reverse cholesterol transport, HDL must even pass the endothelium a second time to re-enter circulation via the lymphatics. Transendothelial HDL transport is a regulated process involving scavenger receptor SR-BI, endothelial lipase, and ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Second, HDL helps to maintain the integrity of the endothelial barrier by (i) promoting junction closure as well as (ii) repair by stimulating the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and their progenitor cells, and by preventing (iii) loss of glycocalix, (iv) apoptosis, as well as (v) transmigration of inflammatory cells. Additional vasoprotective functions of HDL include (vi) the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production and (vii) the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These vasoprotective functions are exerted by the interactions of HDL particles with SR-BI as well as specific agonists carried by HDL, notably sphingosine-1-phophate (S1P), with their specific cellular counterparts, e.g., S1P receptors. Various diseases modify the protein and lipid composition and thereby the endothelial functionality of HDL. Thorough understanding of the structure-function relationships underlying the multiple interactions of HDL with endothelial cells is expected to elucidate new targets and strategies for the treatment or prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (E.O.)
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9
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Gkolfinopoulou C, Soukou F, Dafnis I, Kellici TF, Sanoudou D, Mavromoustakos T, Stratikos E, Chroni A. Structure-function analysis of naturally occurring apolipoprotein A-I L144R, A164S and L178P mutants provides insight on their role on HDL levels and cardiovascular risk. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:1523-1544. [PMID: 32666307 PMCID: PMC11072781 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring point mutations in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), may affect plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk. Here, we evaluated the effect of human apoA-I mutations L144R (associated with low HDL-cholesterol), L178P (associated with low HDL-cholesterol and increased cardiovascular risk) and A164S (associated with increased cardiovascular risk and mortality without low HDL-cholesterol) on the structural integrity and functions of lipid-free and lipoprotein-associated apoA-I in an effort to explain the phenotypes of subjects carrying these mutations. All three mutants, in lipid-free form, presented structural and thermodynamic aberrations, with apoA-I[L178P] presenting the greatest thermodynamic destabilization. Additionally, apoA-I[L178P] displayed reduced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity. When in reconstituted HDL (rHDL), apoA-I[L144R] and apoA-I[L178P] were more thermodynamically destabilized compared to wild-type apoA-I, both displayed reduced SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity and apoA-I[L144R] showed severe LCAT activation defect. ApoA-I[A164S] was thermodynamically unaffected when in rHDL, but exhibited a series of functional defects. Specifically, it had reduced ABCG1-mediated cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol efflux capacity, failed to reduce ROS formation in endothelial cells and had reduced capacity to induce endothelial cell migration. Mechanistically, the latter was due to decreased capacity of rHDL-apoA-I[A164S] to activate Akt kinase possibly by interacting with endothelial LOX-1 receptor. The impaired capacity of rHDL-apoA-I[A164S] to preserve endothelial function may be related to the increased cardiovascular risk for this mutation. Overall, our structure-function analysis of L144R, A164S and L178P apoA-I mutants provides insights on how HDL-cholesterol levels and/or atheroprotective properties of apoA-I/HDL are impaired in carriers of these mutations.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Apolipoprotein A-I/genetics
- Apolipoprotein A-I/metabolism
- Apolipoprotein A-I/ultrastructure
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cholesterol, HDL/genetics
- Cholesterol, HDL/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/ultrastructure
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Heart Disease Risk Factors
- Humans
- Ketocholesterols/genetics
- Ketocholesterols/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/ultrastructure
- Mutant Proteins/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Mutant Proteins/ultrastructure
- Mutation/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gkolfinopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Faye Soukou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Dafnis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Tahsin F Kellici
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 'Attikon' Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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10
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Shou W, Zhang C, Shi J, Wu H, Huang W. Fine genetic mapping of the chromosome 11q23.3 region in a Han Chinese population: insights into the apolipoprotein genes underlying the blood lipid-lipoprotein variances. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:756-769. [PMID: 33753020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The unusual chromosome 11q23.3 harboring the apolipoprotein (APO) gene cluster has been well documented for its essential roles in plasma lipid-related traits and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, its genetic architecture and the potential biological mechanisms underlying complex phenotypes have not been well assessed. We conducted a study for this target region in a Han Chinese population through a stepwise forward framework based on massive parallel sequencing, association analyses, genetic fine mapping, and functional interpretation. The present study identified new meaningful genetic associations that were not simply determined by statistical significance. In addition to the APOA5 gene, we found robust evidence of the genetic commitments of APOC3 and APOA1 to blood lipids. Several variants with high confidence were prioritized along with the potential biological mechanism interpretations in the wake of adaptive fine-mapping analyses. rs2849174 in the APOC3 enhancer was discovered with an unrivaled posterior probability of causality for triglyceride levels and could mediate APOC3 expression through enhancer activity modulated by a combination of histone modifications and transcription factor accessibility. Similarly, multiple lines of evidence converged in favor of rs3741297 as a causal variant influencing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Our findings provided novel insights into this genomic locus in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shou
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jinxiu Shi
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China.
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11
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Wang D, Yang Y, Lei Y, Tzvetkov NT, Liu X, Yeung AWK, Xu S, Atanasov AG. Targeting Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:596-670. [PMID: 31554644 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam cell formation and further accumulation in the subendothelial space of the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Targeting foam cell formation in the atherosclerotic lesions can be a promising approach to treat and prevent atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is determined by the balanced effects of three major interrelated biologic processes, including lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux. Natural products are a promising source for new lead structures. Multiple natural products and pharmaceutical agents can inhibit foam cell formation and thus exhibit antiatherosclerotic capacity by suppressing lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification, and/or promoting cholesterol ester hydrolysis and cholesterol efflux. This review summarizes recent findings on these three biologic processes and natural products with demonstrated potential to target such processes. Discussed also are potential future directions for studying the mechanisms of foam cell formation and the development of foam cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Yingnan Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Xingde Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Andy Wai Kan Yeung
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Suowen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China (D.W., X.L.); Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland (D.W., Y.Y., Y.L., A.G.A.); Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A.G.A.); Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (D.W.); Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev," Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (N.T.T.); Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany (N.T.T.); Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (S.X.); Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (A.W.K.Y.); and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.G.A.)
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12
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Chroni A, Kardassis D. HDL Dysfunction Caused by Mutations in apoA-I and Other Genes that are Critical for HDL Biogenesis and Remodeling. Curr Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180313114950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The “HDL hypothesis” which suggested that an elevation in HDL cholesterol
(HDL-C) levels by drugs or by life style changes should be paralleled by a decrease in the
risk for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) has been challenged by recent epidemiological and
clinical studies using HDL-raising drugs. HDL components such as proteins, lipids or small
RNA molecules, but not cholesterol itself, possess various atheroprotective functions in different
cell types and accumulating evidence supports the new hypothesis that HDL functionality
is more important than HDL-C levels for CVD risk prediction. Thus, the detailed characterization
of changes in HDL composition and functions in various pathogenic conditions
is critically important in order to identify new biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy
monitoring of CVD. Here we provide an overview of how HDL composition, size and
functionality are affected in patients with monogenic disorders of HDL metabolism due to
mutations in genes that participate in the biogenesis and the remodeling of HDL. We also review
the findings from various mouse models with genetic disturbances in the HDL biogenesis
pathway that have been generated for the validation of the data obtained in human patients
and how these models could be utilized for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies such
as the use of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer technology that aim to correct HDL abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research , Greece
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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13
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Analysis of differential gene expression by RNA-seq data in ABCG1 knockout mice. Gene 2018; 689:24-33. [PMID: 30528268 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The previous studies on ABCG1 using genetically modified mice showed inconsistent results on atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether accurate target knockout of ABCG1 would result in transcriptional changes of other atherosclerosis-related genes. METHODS ABCG1 knockout mouse model was obtained by precise gene targeting without affecting non-target DNA sequences in C57BL/6 background. The wildtype C57BL/6 mice were regarded as control group. 12-week-old male mice were used in current study. We performed whole transcriptome analysis on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from ABCG1 knockout mice (n = 3) and their wildtype controls (n = 3) by RNA-seq. RESULTS Compared with wildtype group, 605 genes were modified at the time of ABCG1 knockout and expressed differentially in knockout group, including 306 up-regulated genes and 299 down-regulated genes. 54 genes were associated with metabolism regulation, of which 13 were related to lipid metabolism. We also found some other modified genes in knockout mice involved in cell adhesion, leukocyte transendothelial migration and apoptosis, which might also play roles in the process of atherosclerosis. 7 significantly enriched GO terms and 19 significantly enriched KEGG pathways were identified, involving fatty acid biosynthesis, immune response and intracellular signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS ABCG1 knockout mice exhibited an altered expression of multiple genes related to many aspects of atherosclerosis, which might affect the further studies to insight into the effect of ABCG1 on atherosclerosis with this animal model.
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Karalis I, Jukema JW. HDL Mimetics Infusion and Regression of Atherosclerosis: Is It Still Considered a Valid Therapeutic Option? Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:66. [PMID: 29926215 PMCID: PMC6010501 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review aims to summarize and discuss the recent findings in the field of using HDL mimetics for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Recent Findings Following the largely disappointing results with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, focus moved to HDL functionality rather than absolute HDL cholesterol values. A number of HDL/apoA-I mimicking molecules were developed, aiming to enhance reverse cholesterol transport that has been associated with an atheroprotective effect. Three HDL mimetics have made the step from bench-testing to clinical trials in humans and are discussed here: apoA-I Milano, CSL-112, and CER-001. Unfortunately, with the exception of CSL-112 where the results of the clinical trial are not yet known, none of the agents was able to demonstrate a clinical benefit. Summary HDL mimetics have failed to date to prove a beneficial effect in clinical practice. Reverse cholesterol transport remains a challenging therapeutic pathway to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Karalis
- Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology C5-P, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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März W, Grammer TB, Delgado G, Kleber ME. Angeborene Störungen im Lipoproteinstoffwechsel. Herz 2017; 42:449-458. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Chang TI, Streja E, Moradi H. Could high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predict increased cardiovascular risk? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:140-147. [PMID: 28099207 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease. However, there is emerging evidence that under certain conditions the HDL molecule can become dysfunctional and proinflammatory, paradoxically leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This review will provide a brief outline of the potential mechanisms by which HDL can become atherogenic and summarize some of the clinical evidence on this topic. RECENT FINDINGS HDL metabolism, structure, and function in addition to its level can be profoundly altered under conditions of marked oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. These abnormalities, in turn, lead to impaired reverse cholesterol transport, increased systemic oxidative stress/inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction that subsequently may contribute to atherogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Association of serum HDL cholesterol level with outcomes is not only dependent on its serum concentration but also on the qualities/properties of this lipoprotein at a given point in time. Hence, it is essential that future studies examining association of HDL with risk of cardiovascular disease take into account the complexities of HDL metabolism and function and address the impact of the HDL particle as a whole (quantity as well as various properties) on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ik Chang
- aHarold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA bDepartment of Internal Medicine, NHIS Medical Center, Ilsan Hospital, Goyangshi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea cDepartment of Medicine, Long Beach Veteran Affairs Health System, Long Beach, California, USA
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17
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März W, Kleber ME, Scharnagl H, Speer T, Zewinger S, Ritsch A, Parhofer KG, von Eckardstein A, Landmesser U, Laufs U. HDL cholesterol: reappraisal of its clinical relevance. Clin Res Cardiol 2017; 106:663-675. [PMID: 28342064 PMCID: PMC5565659 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-017-1106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background While several lines of evidence prove that elevated concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) causally contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences, high-density lipoproteins are still widely believed to exert atheroprotective effects. Hence, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is in general still considered as “good cholesterol”. Recent research, however, suggests that this might not always be the case and that a fundamental reassessment of the clinical significance of HDL-C is warranted. Method This review article is based on a selective literature review. Results In individuals without a history of cardiovascular events, low concentrations of HDL-C are inversely associated with the risk of future cardiovascular events. This relationship may, however, not apply to patients with metabolic disorders or manifest cardiovascular disease. The classical function of HDL is to mobilise cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues for delivery to the liver for excretion. These roles in cholesterol metabolism as well as many other biological functions of HDL particles are dependent on the number as well as protein and lipid composition of HDL particles. They are poorly reflected by the HDL-C concentration. HDL can even exert negative vascular effects, if its composition is pathologically altered. High serum HDL-C is therefore no longer regarded protective. In line with this, recent pharmacological approaches to raise HDL-C concentration have not been able to show reductions of cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusion In contrast to LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C correlates with cardiovascular risk only in healthy individuals. The calculation of the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C is not useful for all patients. Low HDL-C should prompt examination of additional metabolic and inflammatory pathologies. An increase in HDL-C through lifestyle change (smoking cessation, physical exercise) has positive effects and is recommended. However, HDL-C is currently not a valid target for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried März
- Medizinische Klinik V (Nephrologie, Hypertensiologie, Rheumatologie, Endokrinologie, Diabetelogie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Klinisches Institut für Medizinische und Chemische Labordiagnostik, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria.,Synlab Akademie, synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim und Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medizinische Klinik V (Nephrologie, Hypertensiologie, Rheumatologie, Endokrinologie, Diabetelogie), Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut für Ernährungswissenschaften, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Klinisches Institut für Medizinische und Chemische Labordiagnostik, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Timotheus Speer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Stephen Zewinger
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV, Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Andreas Ritsch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus G Parhofer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum der Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, IMED, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany.
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van der Krieken SE, Popeijus HE, Konings M, Dullens SP, Mensink RP, Plat J. C/EBP-β Is Differentially Affected by PPARα Agonists Fenofibric Acid and GW7647, But Does Not Change Apolipoprotein A-I Production During ER-Stress and Inflammation. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:754-763. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. van der Krieken
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616; Maastricht 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Herman E. Popeijus
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616; Maastricht 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Konings
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616; Maastricht 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Stefan P.J. Dullens
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616; Maastricht 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616; Maastricht 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616; Maastricht 6200 MD The Netherlands
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Kim SK, Massett MP. Genetic Regulation of Endothelial Vasomotor Function. Front Physiol 2016; 7:571. [PMID: 27932996 PMCID: PMC5122706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of vasomotor tone and the maintenance of vascular integrity. Endothelial dysfunction, i.e., impaired endothelial dependent dilation, is a fundamental component of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Although endothelial dysfunction is associated with a number of cardiovascular disease risk factors, those risk factors are not the only determinants of endothelial dysfunction. Despite knowing many molecules involved in endothelial signaling pathways, the genetic contribution to endothelial function has yet to be fully elucidated. This mini-review summarizes current evidence supporting the genetic contribution to endothelial vasomotor function. Findings from population-based studies, association studies for candidate genes, and unbiased large genomic scale studies in humans and rodent models are discussed. A brief synopsis of the current studies addressing the genetic regulation of endothelial responses to exercise training is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kyum Kim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Cardiology Research InstituteBoston, MA, USA
| | - Michael P. Massett
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA
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20
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Enkhmaa B, Anuurad E, Berglund L. The unresolved mystery of high-density lipoprotein: time for a paradigm shift? Transl Res 2016; 173:1-6. [PMID: 27037017 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byambaa Enkhmaa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Calif, USA
| | - Erdembileg Anuurad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Calif, USA
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Calif, USA; Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, Calif, USA.
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Abstract
Genetic factors contribute importantly to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), and in the past decade, there has been major progress in this area. The tools applied include genome-wide association studies encompassing >200,000 individuals complemented by bioinformatic approaches, including 1000 Genomes imputation, expression quantitative trait locus analyses, and interrogation of Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, Roadmap, and other data sets. close to 60 common SNPs (minor allele frequency>0.05) associated with CAD risk and reaching genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10(-8)) have been identified. Furthermore, a total of 202 independent signals in 109 loci have achieved a false discovery rate (q<0.05) and together explain 28% of the estimated heritability of CAD. These data have been used successfully to create genetic risk scores that can improve risk prediction beyond conventional risk factors and identify those individuals who will benefit most from statin therapy. Such information also has important applications in clinical medicine and drug discovery by using a Mendelian randomization approach to interrogate the causal nature of many factors found to associate with CAD risk in epidemiological studies. In contrast to genome-wide association studies, whole-exome sequencing has provided valuable information directly relevant to genes with known roles in plasma lipoprotein metabolism but has, thus far, failed to identify other rare coding variants linked to CAD. Overall, recent studies have led to a broader understanding of the genetic architecture of CAD and demonstrate that it largely derives from the cumulative effect of multiple common risk alleles individually of small effect size rather than rare variants with large effects on CAD risk. Despite this success, there has been limited progress in understanding the function of the novel loci; the majority of which are in noncoding regions of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McPherson
- From the Department of Medicine, Atherogenomics Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.T.-H.).
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- From the Department of Medicine, Atherogenomics Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (R.M.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.T.-H.)
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Gogonea V. Structural Insights into High Density Lipoprotein: Old Models and New Facts. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:318. [PMID: 26793109 PMCID: PMC4709926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological link between circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and cardiovascular disease is well-documented, albeit its intricacies are not well-understood. An improved appreciation of HDL function and overall role in vascular health and disease requires at its foundation a better understanding of the lipoprotein's molecular structure, its formation, and its process of maturation through interactions with various plasma enzymes and cell receptors that intervene along the pathway of reverse cholesterol transport. This review focuses on summarizing recent developments in the field of lipid free apoA-I and HDL structure, with emphasis on new insights revealed by newly published nascent and spherical HDL models constructed by combining low resolution structures obtained from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) with contrast variation and geometrical constraints derived from hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), crosslinking mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer, and electron spin resonance. Recently published low resolution structures of nascent and spherical HDL obtained from SANS with contrast variation and isotopic labeling of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) will be critically reviewed and discussed in terms of how they accommodate existing biophysical structural data from alternative approaches. The new low resolution structures revealed and also provided some answers to long standing questions concerning lipid organization and particle maturation of lipoproteins. The review will discuss the merits of newly proposed SANS based all atom models for nascent and spherical HDL, and compare them with accepted models. Finally, naturally occurring and bioengineered mutations in apoA-I, and their impact on HDL phenotype, are reviewed and discuss together with new therapeutics employed for restoring HDL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State UniversityCleveland, OH, USA; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
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Tiniakou I, Kanaki Z, Georgopoulos S, Chroni A, Van Eck M, Fotakis P, Zannis VI, Kardassis D. Natural human apoA-I mutations L141R Pisa and L159R FIN alter HDL structure and functionality and promote atherosclerosis development in mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current evidence concerning the role of HDL-C and HDL-associated parameters in the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). RECENT FINDINGS Numerous population studies have shown that plasma levels of HDL-C are inversely associated with CVD risk; in patient care HDL-C levels are therefore widely implemented in risk estimation models. A number of antiatherogenic properties have been ascribed to the HDL particle, but the hypothesis that HDL is causally related to CVD has been seriously challenged by recent data obtained from both human genetic studies and clinical trials. The final word on HDL-C as a therapeutic target is pending, as a number of clinical endpoint trials specifically focusing on the effect(s) of HDL-C increasing agents are underway. Moreover, recent data show that HDL efflux capacity could hold independent predictive value for CVD events, which clearly highlights the potential need to focus on HDL functionality, rather than on HDL-C levels. SUMMARY The dogmatic concept that HDL-C levels predict future CVD events is undisputed, but the role of HDL-C as a causal factor in atherosclerosis has been challenged by a number of different types of studies. In recent years, a paradigm shift toward 'HDL functionality' is apparent. Whether or not optimizing these markers of HDL functionality actually does reduce CVD risk requires formal testing in prospective controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kees Hovingh
- aDepartment of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands bDepartment of Medicine and Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA cDepartment of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Brunham LR, Hayden MR. Human genetics of HDL: Insight into particle metabolism and function. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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van Capelleveen JC, Kootte RS, Hovingh GK, Bochem AE. Myocardial infarction in a 36-year-old man with combined ABCA1 and APOA-1 deficiency. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:396-9. [PMID: 26073400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present a patient who suffered from a myocardial infarction at an extremely young age. The only remarkable finding in the risk factor workup was a near undetectable high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol plasma level (0.09 mmol/L). Genetic analysis of key genes involved in HDL metabolism resulted in the discovery of 2 very rare mutations in the ABCA1 and APOA1 genes. We discuss the effects of these mutations on HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport and interpret these findings in relation to the extensive atherosclerosis at a very young age in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruud S Kootte
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea E Bochem
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Abstract
A wealth of evidence indicates that plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are inversely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Consequently, HDL-C has been considered a target for therapy in order to reduce the residual CVD burden that remains significant, even after application of current state-of-the-art medical interventions. In recent years, however, a number of clinical trials of therapeutic strategies that increase HDL-C levels failed to show the anticipated beneficial effect on CVD outcomes. As a result, attention has begun to shift toward strategies to improve HDL functionality, rather than levels of HDL-C per se. ApoA-I, the major protein component of HDL, is considered to play an important role in many of the antiatherogenic functions of HDL, most notably reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), and several therapies have been developed to mimic apoA-I function, including administration of apoA-I, mutated variants of apoA-I, and apoA-I mimetic peptides. Based on the potential anti-inflammatory effects, apoA-I mimetics hold promise not only as anti-atherosclerotic therapy but also in other therapeutic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Stoekenbroek
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein moiety. Generation of genetically modified (total body and tissue-specific knockout) mouse models has significantly contributed to our understanding of HDL function. Here we will review data from knockout mouse studies on the importance of HDL's major alipoprotein apoA-I, the ABC transporters A1 and G1, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, phospholipid transfer protein, and scavenger receptor BI for HDL's metabolism and its protection against atherosclerosis in mice. The initial generation and maturation of HDL particles as well as the selective delivery of its cholesterol to the liver are essential parameters in the life cycle of HDL. Detrimental atherosclerosis effects observed in response to HDL deficiency in mice cannot be solely attributed to the low HDL levels per se, as the low HDL levels are in most models paralleled by changes in non-HDL-cholesterol levels. However, the cholesterol efflux function of HDL is of critical importance to overcome foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Although HDL is predominantly studied for its atheroprotective action, the mouse data also suggest an essential role for HDL as cholesterol donor for steroidogenic tissues, including the adrenals and ovaries. Furthermore, it appears that a relevant interaction exists between HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux and the susceptibility to inflammation, which (1) provides strong support for the novel concept that inflammation and metabolism are intertwining biological processes and (2) identifies the efflux function of HDL as putative therapeutic target also in other inflammatory diseases than atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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29
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Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Paini A, Agabiti Rosei C, Rubagotti G, Negrinelli A, Gregorini G, Cancarini G, Calabresi L, Franceschini G, Obici L, Perlini S, Merlini G, Agabiti Rosei E. Vascular alterations in apolipoprotein A-I amyloidosis (Leu75Pro). A case-control study. Amyloid 2015; 22:187-93. [PMID: 26193960 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2015.1066771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among hereditary amyloidoses, apolipoprotein A-I (APO A-I) amyloidosis (Leu75Pro) is a rare, autosomal dominant condition in which renal, hepatic, and testicular involvement has been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE To investigate vascular structural as well as functional alterations. METHODS In 131 carriers of the amyloidogenic Leu75Pro APO A-I mutation (mean age 52 + 16 years, 56 women) and in 131 subjects matched for age, sex, body mass index and clinic blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured. RESULTS By definition no differences for age, sex, body mass index, and BP were observed. Meanmax IMT (Mmax-IMT) in the common (CC), bifurcation (BIF) and internal (ICA) carotid artery were comparable in the two groups. After adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and renal function differences between the two groups, a lower meanmax-IMT was observed in APO A-I Leu75Pro mutation carriers than in controls (CC Mmax-IMT 0.87 ± 0.21 versus 0.93 ± 0.2 mm, p = 0.07; BIF Mmax-IMT 1.19 ± 0.48 versus 1.36 ± 0.46 mm, p = 0.025; ICA Mmax-IMT 0.9 ± 0.37 versus 1.02 ± 0.35 mm, p = 0.028). On the other hand, aortic stiffness was significantly greater in patients with APO A-I amyloidosis than controls (PWV 11.5 ± 2.9 and 10.7 ± 2.3 m/s, p < 0.05), even after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS In carriers of the amyloidogenic Leu75Pro APO A-I mutation, a significant increase in arterial stiffness is observed; on the contrary, carotid artery IMT is comparable to that of control subjects. These results may add significant information to the clinical features of this rare genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lorenza Muiesan
- a Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia and Spedali Civili , Brescia , Italy
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30
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Abstract
The cholesterol contained within HDL is inversely associated with risk of coronary heart disease and is a key component of predicting cardiovascular risk. However, despite its properties consistent with atheroprotection, the causal relation between HDL and atherosclerosis is uncertain. Human genetics and failed clinical trials have created scepticism about the HDL hypothesis. Nevertheless, drugs that raise HDL-C concentrations, cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, are in late-stage clinical development, and other approaches that promote HDL function, including reverse cholesterol transport, are in early-stage clinical development. The final chapters regarding the effect of HDL-targeted therapeutic interventions on coronary heart disease events remain to be written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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31
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Singaraja RR, Tietjen I, Hovingh GK, Franchini PL, Radomski C, Wong K, vanHeek M, Stylianou IM, Lin L, Wang L, Mitnaul L, Hubbard B, Winther M, Mattice M, Legendre A, Sherrington R, Kastelein JJ, Akinsanya K, Plump A, Hayden MR. Identification of four novel genes contributing to familial elevated plasma HDL cholesterol in humans. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1693-701. [PMID: 24891332 PMCID: PMC4109763 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m048710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While genetic determinants strongly influence HDL cholesterol (HDLc) levels, most genetic causes underlying variation in HDLc remain unknown. We aimed to identify novel rare mutations with large effects in candidate genes contributing to extreme HDLc in humans, utilizing family-based Mendelian genetics. We performed next-generation sequencing of 456 candidate HDLc-regulating genes in 200 unrelated probands with extremely low (≤10th percentile) or high (≥90th percentile) HDLc. Probands were excluded if known mutations existed in the established HDLc-regulating genes ABCA1, APOA1, LCAT, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), endothelial lipase (LIPG), and UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (GALNT2). We identified 93 novel coding or splice-site variants in 72 candidate genes. Each variant was genotyped in the proband's family. Family-based association analyses were performed for variants with sufficient power to detect significance at P < 0.05 with a total of 627 family members being assessed. Mutations in the genes glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR), RNase L (RNASEL), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 3 (LILRA3), and dynein axonemal heavy chain 10 (DNAH10) segregated with elevated HDLc levels in families, while no mutations associated with low HDLc. Taken together, we have identified mutations in four novel genes that may play a role in regulating HDLc levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni R. Singaraja
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
- A*STAR Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Tietjen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linus Lin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John J. Kastelein
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michael R. Hayden
- A*STAR Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M, Simonelli S, Bernini F, Franceschini G. HDL and atherosclerosis: Insights from inherited HDL disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:13-8. [PMID: 25068410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a highly heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles, differing in density, size, surface charge, and lipid and protein composition. Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma HDL level inversely correlates with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The most relevant atheroprotective function of HDL is to promote the removal of cholesterol from macrophages within the arterial wall and deliver it to the liver for excretion in a process called reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, HDLs can contribute to the maintenance of endothelial cell homeostasis and have potent antioxidant properties. It has been long suggested that individual HDL subclasses may differ in terms of their functional properties, but which one is the good particle remains to be defined. Inherited HDL disorders are rare monogenic diseases due to mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in HDL metabolism. These disorders are not only characterized by extremely low or high plasma HDL levels but also by an abnormal HDL subclass distribution, and thus represent a unique tool to understand the relationship between plasma HDL concentration, HDL function, and HDL-mediated atheroprotection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabresi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Monica Gomaraschi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Simonelli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Franceschini
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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33
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van Capelleveen JC, Brewer HB, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK. Novel therapies focused on the high-density lipoprotein particle. Circ Res 2014; 114:193-204. [PMID: 24385512 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major burden for morbidity and mortality in the general population, despite current efficacious low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-lowering therapies. Consequently, novel therapies are required to reduce this residual risk. Prospective epidemiological studies have shown that high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease risk, and this initiated the quest for HDL-C-increasing therapies. Consequently, several different targets in HDL metabolism have been identified. Initial studies addressing the effect of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition on cardiovascular disease outcome have been discontinued for reasons of futility or increased mortality. As of yet, 2 cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors are still in phase III studies. Other HDL-based interventions, such as apolipoprotein A1-based compounds, ABC-transporter upregulators, selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-based therapy, hold great promise for the future. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of HDL-targeted pharmaceutical strategies in humans, both in early development as well as in late stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C van Capelleveen
- From the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.v.C., J.J.P.K., G.K.H.); and MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.)
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34
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Ljunggren S, Levels JHM, Turkina MV, Sundberg S, Bochem AE, Hovingh K, Holleboom AG, Lindahl M, Kuivenhoven JA, Karlsson H. ApoA-I mutations, L202P and K131del, in HDL from heterozygotes with low HDL-C. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:241-50. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | | | - Maria V. Turkina
- Division of Cell Biology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Sofie Sundberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Andrea E. Bochem
- Department of Vascular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G. Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mats Lindahl
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Heart Medical Centre; Linköping Sweden
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35
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von Eckardstein A. Implications of torcetrapib failure for the future of HDL therapy: is HDL-cholesterol the right target? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 8:345-58. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Mutation mapping of apolipoprotein A-I structure assisted with the putative cholesterol recognition regions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2030-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Leiva A, de Medina CD, Salsoso R, Sáez T, San Martín S, Abarzúa F, Farías M, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Maternal Hypercholesterolemia in Pregnancy Associates With Umbilical Vein Endothelial Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2444-53. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Human pregnancy that courses with maternal supraphysiological hypercholesterolemia (MSPH) correlates with atherosclerotic lesions in fetal arteries. It is known that hypercholesterolemia associates with endothelial dysfunction in adults, a phenomenon where nitric oxide (NO) and arginase are involved. However, nothing is reported on potential alterations in the fetoplacental endothelial function in MSPH. The aim of this study was to determine whether MSPH alters fetal vascular reactivity via endothelial arginase/urea and
l
-arginine transport/NO signaling pathways.
Approach and Results—
Total cholesterol <280 mg/dL was considered as maternal physiological hypercholesterolemia (n=46 women) and ≥280 mg/dL as MSPH (n=28 women). Maternal but not fetal total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were elevated in MSPH. Umbilical veins were used for vascular reactivity assays (wire myography), and primary cultures of umbilical vein endothelial cells to determine arginase, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and human cationic amino acid transporter 1 and human cationic amino acid transporter 2A/B expression and activity. MSPH reduced calcitonine gene–related peptide-umbilical vein relaxation and increased intima/media ratio (histochemistry), as well as reduced eNOS activity (
l
-citrulline synthesis from
l
-arginine, eNOS phosphorylation/dephosphorylation), but increased arginase activity and arginase II protein abundance. Arginase inhibition increased eNOS activity and
l
-arginine transport capacity without altering human cationic amino acid transporter 1 or human cationic amino acid transporter 2A/B protein abundance in maternal physiological hypercholesterolemia and MSPH.
Conclusions—
MSPH is a pathophysiological condition altering umbilical vein reactivity because of fetal endothelial dysfunction associated with arginase and eNOS signaling imbalance. We speculate that elevated maternal circulating cholesterol is a factor leading to fetal endothelial dysfunction, which could have serious consequences to the growing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leiva
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Camila Diez de Medina
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Rocío Salsoso
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Tamara Sáez
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Sebastián San Martín
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Fernando Abarzúa
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Marcelo Farías
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Fabián Pardo
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- From the Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (A.L., C.D.d.M., R.S., T.S., F.A., M.F., E.G.-G., F.P., L.S.); Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile (S.S.M.); Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Clínica Alemana, Temuco, Chile (F.A.); and the University of Queensland
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Weight reduction in patients with coronary artery disease: Comparison of Traditional Tibetan Medicine and Western diet. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:1509-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gomaraschi M, Ossoli A, Vitali C, Calabresi L. HDL and endothelial protection: examining evidence from HDL inherited disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Holleboom AG, Jakulj L, Franssen R, Decaris J, Vergeer M, Koetsveld J, Luchoomun J, Glass A, Hellerstein MK, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK, Kuivenhoven JA, Groen AK, Turner SM, Stroes ESG. In vivo tissue cholesterol efflux is reduced in carriers of a mutation in APOA1. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1964-71. [PMID: 23650622 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atheroprotection by high density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be mediated through reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheral tissues. We investigated in vivo cholesterol fluxes through the RCT pathway in patients with low plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) due to mutations in APOA1. Seven carriers of the L202P mutation in APOA1 (mean HDL-c: 20 ± 19 mg/dl) and seven unaffected controls (mean HDL-c: 54 ± 11 mg/dl, P < 0.0001) received a 20 h infusion of (13)C2-cholesterol ((13)C-C). Enrichment of plasma and erythrocyte free cholesterol and plasma cholesterol esters was measured. With a three-compartment SAAM-II model, tissue cholesterol efflux (TCE) was calculated. TCE was reduced by 19% in carriers (4.6 ± 0.8 mg/kg/h versus 5.7 ± 0.7 mg/kg/h in controls, P = 0.02). Fecal (13)C recovery and sterol excretion 7 days postinfusion did not differ significantly between carriers and controls: 21.3 ± 20% versus 13.3 ± 6.3% (P = 0.33), and 2,015 ± 1,431 mg/day versus 1456 ± 404 mg/day (P = 0.43), respectively. TCE is reduced in carriers of mutations in APOA1, suggesting that HDL contributes to efflux of tissue cholesterol in humans. The residual TCE and unaffected fecal sterol excretion in our severely affected carriers suggest, however, that non-HDL pathways contribute to RCT significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan G Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Danielson KK, Hatipoglu B, Kinzer K, Kaplan B, Martellotto J, Qi M, Mele A, Benedetti E, Oberholzer J. Reduction in carotid intima-media thickness after pancreatic islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:450-6. [PMID: 23172970 PMCID: PMC3554308 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the impact of islet transplantation on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a marker for atherosclerosis, in type 1 diabetes without kidney disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Consecutive case series of 15 adults (mean age [SD], 49 years [10 years]; 87% female) with type 1 diabetes for ≥5 years (mean duration [SD], 30 years [12 years]; mean HbA(1c) [SD], 7.2% [0.9%]), without kidney disease, presenting with severe hypoglycemic unawareness to undergo allogeneic pancreatic islet transplant(s) (one to three each) in a phase 1/2 and 3 clinical trial. Current follow-up ranges from 1 to 5 years (2005-2011). CIMT of the common and internal carotid arteries was measured before and every 12-16 months after the first transplant (two to six CIMTs each) by one ultrasonographer and one blinded reader. CIMT was analyzed as change from baseline to 12- and 50-month follow-up; a combined CIMT score was calculated as the sum of the standardized IMT scores (SD units [SDs]) of both arteries. RESULTS All patients achieved insulin independence after one to three transplants. CIMT decreased at 12 months (n = 15) for the common carotid (-0.058 mm; P = 0.006) and combined score (-1.28 SDs; P = 0.004). In those with 50-month follow-up (n = 7), the decrease in the combined score continued from 12 (-1.59 SDs; P = 0.04) to 50 months (-0.77 SDs; P = 0.04). During follow-up, the decreasing slope of change in CIMT was associated with decreasing slopes of change in HbA(1c), lipoproteins, and cardiovascular/inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS Islet transplantation may ameliorate diabetes-related atherosclerosis through improved glycemic control consequent to restoring endogenous insulin secretion, and optimal lipid management posttransplant also contributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie K Danielson
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Tietjen I, Hovingh GK, Singaraja RR, Radomski C, Barhdadi A, McEwen J, Chan E, Mattice M, Legendre A, Franchini PL, Dubé MP, Kastelein JJP, Hayden MR. Segregation of LIPG, CETP, and GALNT2 mutations in Caucasian families with extremely high HDL cholesterol. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37437. [PMID: 22952570 PMCID: PMC3428317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, few mutations are described to underlie highly-elevated HDLc levels in families. Here we sequenced the coding regions and adjacent sequence of the LIPG, CETP, and GALNT2 genes in 171 unrelated Dutch Caucasian probands with HDLc≥90th percentile and analyzed segregation of mutations with lipid phenotypes in family members. In these probands, mutations were most frequent in LIPG (12.9%) followed by GALNT2 (2.3%) and CETP (0.6%). A total of 6 of 10 mutations in these three genes were novel (60.0%), and mutations segregated with elevated HDLc in families. Interestingly, the LIPG mutations N396S and R476W, which usually result in elevated HDLc, were unexpectedly found in 6 probands with low HDLc (i.e., ≤10th percentile). However, 5 of these probands also carried mutations in ABCA1, LCAT, or LPL. Finally, no CETP and GALNT2 mutations were found in 136 unrelated probands with low HDLc. Taken together, we show that rare coding and splicing mutations in LIPG, CETP, and GALNT2 are enriched in persons with hyperalphalipoproteinemia and segregate with elevated HDLc in families. Moreover, LIPG mutations do not overcome low HDLc in individuals with ABCA1 and possibly LCAT and LPL mutations, indicating that LIPG affects HDLc levels downstream of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roshni R. Singaraja
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Elden Chan
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - John J. P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Genetic lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:299-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Besler C, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U. Molecular mechanisms of vascular effects of High-density lipoprotein: alterations in cardiovascular disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:251-68. [PMID: 22431312 PMCID: PMC3376856 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction, which has triggered the hypothesis that HDL, in contrast to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), acts as an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein. Moreover, experimental studies have identified potential anti-atherogenic properties of HDL, including promotion of macrophage cholesterol efflux and direct endothelial-protective effects of HDL, such as stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide production and repair, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties. Studies in gene-targeted mice, however, have also indicated that increasing HDL-cholesterol plasma levels can either limit (e.g. apolipoprotein A-I) or accelerate (e.g. Scavenger receptor class B type I) atherosclerosis. Moreover, vascular effects of HDL have been observed to be heterogenous and are altered in patients with CAD or diabetes, a condition that has been termed 'HDL dysfunction'. These alterations in biological functions of HDL may need to be taken into account for HDL-targeted therapies and considering raising of HDL-cholesterol levels alone is likely not sufficient in this respect. It will therefore be important to further determine, which biological functions of HDL are critical for its anti-atherosclerotic properties, as well as how these can be measured and targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Besler
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Expression and purification of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I Zaragoza (L144R) and formation of reconstituted HDL particles. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 80:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Holleboom AG, Kuivenhoven JA, Peelman F, Schimmel AW, Peter J, Defesche JC, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK, Stroes ES, Motazacker MM. High prevalence of mutations in LCAT in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels in The Netherlands: identification and characterization of eight novel mutations. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1290-8. [PMID: 21901787 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is crucial to the maturation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Homozygosity for LCAT mutations underlies rare disorders characterized by HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) deficiency while heterozygotes have half normal HDL-c levels. We studied the prevalence of LCAT mutations in referred patients with low HDL-c to better understand the molecular basis of low HDL-c in our patients. LCAT was sequenced in 98 patients referred for HDL-c <5th percentile and in four patients referred for low HDL-c and corneal opacities. LCAT mutations were highly prevalent: in 28 of the 98 participants (29%), heterozygosity for nonsynonymous mutations was identified while 18 patients carried the same mutation (p.T147I). The four patients with corneal opacity were compound heterozygotes. All previously identified mutations are documented to cause loss of catalytic activity. Nine novel mutations-c.402G>T (p.E134D), c.403T>A (p.Y135N), c.964C>T (p.R322C), c.296G>C (p.W99S), c.736G>T (p.V246F), c.802C>T (p.R268C), c.945G>A (p.W315X), c.1012C>T (p.L338F), and c.1039C>T (p.R347C)--were shown to be functional through in vitro characterization. The effect of several mutations on the core protein structure was studied by a three-dimensional (3D) model. Unlike previous reports, functional mutations in LCAT were found in 29% of patients with low HDL-c, thus constituting a common cause of low HDL-c in referred patients in The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan G Holleboom
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tietjen I, Hovingh GK, Singaraja R, Radomski C, McEwen J, Chan E, Mattice M, Legendre A, Kastelein JJP, Hayden MR. Increased risk of coronary artery disease in Caucasians with extremely low HDL cholesterol due to mutations in ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:416-24. [PMID: 21875686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT reduce HDL cholesterol (HDLc) in humans. However, the prevalence of these mutations and their relative effects on HDLc reduction and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) are less clear. Here we searched for ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT mutations in 178 unrelated probands with HDLc <10th percentile but no other major lipid abnormalities, including 89 with ≥1 first-degree relative with low HDLc (familial probands) and 89 where familial status of low HDLc is uncertain (unknown probands). Mutations were most frequent in LCAT (15.7%), followed by ABCA1 (9.0%) and APOA1 (4.5%), and were found in 42.7% of familial but only 14.6% of unknown probands (p=2.44∗10(-5)). Interestingly, only 16 of 24 (66.7%) mutations assessed in families conferred an average HDLc <10th percentile. Furthermore, only mutation carriers with HDLc <5th percentile had elevated risk of CAD (odds ratio (OR)=2.26 for 34 ABCA1 mutation carriers vs. 149 total first-degree relative controls, p=0.05; OR=2.50 for 26 APOA1 mutation carriers, p=0.04; OR=3.44 for 38 LCAT mutation carriers, p=1.1∗10(-3)). These observations show that mutations in ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT are sufficient to explain >40% of familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia in this cohort. Moreover, individuals with mutations and large reductions in HDLc have increased risk of CAD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tietjen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Daniil G, Phedonos AA, Holleboom AG, Motazacker MM, Argyri L, Kuivenhoven JA, Chroni A. Characterization of antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties and apoA-I-containing subpopulations of HDL from family subjects with monogenic low HDL disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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LIU Y, ZHANG K, ZHENG H, SHANG Y, GUO J, TIAN H, LU G, JIN Y, HE J, CAI X, LIU X. Proteomics Analysis of Porcine Serum Proteins by LC-MS/MS after Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Infection. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1569-72. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie LIU
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Keshan ZHANG
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Haixue ZHENG
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Youjun SHANG
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jianhong GUO
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Hong TIAN
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Guodong LU
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Ye JIN
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jijun HE
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xuepeng CAI
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xiangtao LIU
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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