1
|
Ahmadi SE, Shabannezhad A, Kahrizi A, Akbar A, Safdari SM, Hoseinnezhad T, Zahedi M, Sadeghi S, Mojarrad MG, Safa M. Tissue factor (coagulation factor III): a potential double-edge molecule to be targeted and re-targeted toward cancer. Biomark Res 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37280670 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a protein that plays a critical role in blood clotting, but recent research has also shown its involvement in cancer development and progression. Herein, we provide an overview of the structure of TF and its involvement in signaling pathways that promote cancer cell proliferation and survival, such as the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. TF overexpression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in various cancers. The review also explores TF's role in promoting cancer cell metastasis, angiogenesis, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Of note, various TF-targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies have been developed, and preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of these therapies in various cancer types are now being evaluated. The potential for re-targeting TF toward cancer cells using TF-conjugated nanoparticles, which have shown promising results in preclinical studies is another intriguing approach in the path of cancer treatment. Although there are still many challenges, TF could possibly be a potential molecule to be used for further cancer therapy as some TF-targeted therapies like Seagen and Genmab's tisotumab vedotin have gained FDA approval for treatment of cervical cancer. Overall, based on the overviewed studies, this review article provides an in-depth overview of the crucial role that TF plays in cancer development and progression, and emphasizes the potential of TF-targeted and re-targeted therapies as potential approaches for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Shabannezhad
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Kahrizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Armin Akbar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehrab Safdari
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Hoseinnezhad
- Department of Hematolog, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sadeghi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Mahsa Golizadeh Mojarrad
- Shahid Beheshti Educational and Medical Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garlapati V, Molitor M, Michna T, Harms GS, Finger S, Jung R, Lagrange J, Efentakis P, Wild J, Knorr M, Karbach S, Wild S, Vujacic-Mirski K, Münzel T, Daiber A, Brandt M, Gori T, Milting H, Tenzer S, Ruf W, Wenzel P. Targeting myeloid cell coagulation signaling blocks MAP kinase/TGF-β1-driven fibrotic remodeling in ischemic heart failure. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:156436. [PMID: 36548062 PMCID: PMC9927945 DOI: 10.1172/jci156436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in acute interventions for myocardial infarction (MI), adverse cardiac remodeling and excess fibrosis after MI causing ischemic heart failure (IHF) remain a leading cause of death worldwide. Here we identify a profibrotic coagulation signaling pathway that can be targeted for improved cardiac function following MI with persistent ischemia. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of cardiac tissue revealed an upregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in human IHF. Intervention in this pathway with trametinib improves myocardial function and prevents fibrotic remodeling in a murine model of non-reperfused MI. MAPK activation in MI requires myeloid cell signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 linked to the cytoplasmic domain of the coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF). They act upstream of pro-oxidant NOX2 NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and activation of profibrotic TGF-β1. Specific targeting with the TF inhibitor nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (NAPc2) starting 1 day after established experimental MI averts IHF. Increased TF cytoplasmic domain phosphorylation in circulating monocytes from patients with subacute MI identifies a potential thromboinflammatory biomarker reflective of increased risk for IHF and suitable for patient selection to receive targeted TF inhibition therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Garlapati
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Molitor
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Michna
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory S Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany and.,Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefanie Finger
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jung
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maike Knorr
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tommaso Gori
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich und Hanna Klessmann-Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Forschung und Entwicklung, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON) Mainz, Germany and.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis and.,Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diosdado A, Simón F, Serrat J, González-Miguel J. Interaction of helminth parasites with the haemostatic system of their vertebrate hosts: a scoping review. PARASITE (PARIS, FRANCE) 2022; 29:35. [PMID: 35833785 PMCID: PMC9281497 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasitoses are among the most prevalent health issues worldwide. Their control depends largely on unravelling host–parasite interactions, including parasitic exploitation of the host haemostatic system. The present study undertakes a scoping review of the research carried out in this field with the aim of unifying and updating concepts. Multiple keywords combined with Boolean operators were employed to design the literature search strategy. Two online databases were used to identify original peer-reviewed articles written in English and published before 1st January 2020 describing molecular interactions between helminth parasites and the host haemostatic system. Relevant data from the selected sources of evidence were extracted and analysed. Ninety-six publications reporting 259 interactions were selected. Fifty-three proteins belonging to 32 species of helminth parasites were involved in interactions with components of the host haemostatic system. Many of these proteins from both parasite and host were conserved among the different interactions identified. Most of these interactions were related to the inhibition of the coagulation system and the activation of fibrinolysis. This was associated mainly with a potential of parasites to reduce the formation of blood clots in the host and attributed to biological processes, such as parasite nutrition, survival, invasion, evasion and migration or the appearance of pathological mechanisms in the host. A wide range of helminth parasites have developed similar strategies to exploit the haemostatic system of their hosts, which could be regarded as an evolutionary conserved mechanism that could confer benefits to parasites in terms of survival and establishment in their vertebrate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Diosdado
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain - Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hess CN, Capell WH, Bristow MR, Ruf W, Szarek M, Morrow DA, Nicolau JC, Graybill CA, Marshall D, Hsia J, Bonaca MP. Rationale and design of a study to assess the safety and efficacy of rNAPc2 in COVID-19: the Phase 2b ASPEN-COVID-19 trial. Am Heart J 2022; 246:136-143. [PMID: 34986394 PMCID: PMC8720379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The interaction between thrombosis and inflammation appears central to COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and likely contributes to poor outcomes. Tissue factor is a driver of disordered coagulation and inflammatory signaling in viral infections and is important for viral replication; therefore, tissue factor may be an important therapeutic target in COVID-19. Study Design ASPEN-COVID-19 (NCT04655586) is a randomized, prospective open-label blinded endpoint (PROBE), active comparator Phase 2b trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant Nematode Anticoagulant Protein c2 (rNAPc2), a potent tissue factor inhibitor, in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 with elevated D-dimer levels. This report describes the design of the Phase 2b dose ranging and proof of concept study. Participants are randomly assigned, in a 1:1:2 ratio, to lower or higher dose rNAPc2 by subcutaneous injection on days 1, 3, and 5 or to heparin according to local standard of care; randomization is stratified by baseline D-dimer level (at 2X upper limit of normal). The primary efficacy endpoint for Phase 2b is proportional change in D-dimer concentration from baseline to Day 8 or day of discharge, whichever is earlier. The primary safety endpoint is major or non-major clinically relevant bleeding through Day 8. Phase 2b enrollment began in December 2020 and is projected to complete ∼160 participants by Q4 2021. Conclusions ASPEN-COVID-19 will provide important data on a novel therapeutic approach that may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients beyond available anticoagulants by targeting tissue factor, with potential effects on not only thrombosis but also inflammation and viral propagation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Functional Characteristics and Regulated Expression of Alternatively Spliced Tissue Factor: An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184652. [PMID: 34572880 PMCID: PMC8471299 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and mouse, alternative splicing of tissue factor's primary transcript yields two mRNA species: one features all six TF exons and encodes full-length tissue factor (flTF), and the other lacks exon 5 and encodes alternatively spliced tissue factor (asTF). flTF, which is oftentimes referred to as "TF", is an integral membrane glycoprotein due to the presence of an alpha-helical domain in its C-terminus, while asTF is soluble due to the frameshift resulting from the joining of exon 4 directly to exon 6. In this review, we focus on asTF-the more recently discovered isoform of TF that appears to significantly contribute to the pathobiology of several solid malignancies. There is currently a consensus in the field that asTF, while dispensable to normal hemostasis, can activate a subset of integrins on benign and malignant cells and promote outside-in signaling eliciting angiogenesis; cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; and monocyte recruitment. We provide a general overview of the pioneering, as well as more recent, asTF research; discuss the current concepts of how asTF contributes to cancer progression; and open a conversation about the emerging utility of asTF as a biomarker and a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cañas CA, Cañas F, Bautista-Vargas M, Bonilla-Abadía F. Role of Tissue Factor in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the Possible Ways to Inhibit It. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211003983. [PMID: 33784877 PMCID: PMC8020089 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211003983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is a highly contagious infection and associated with high mortality rates, primarily in elderly; patients with heart failure; high blood pressure; diabetes mellitus; and those who are smokers. These conditions are associated to increase in the level of the pulmonary epithelium expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), which is a recognized receptor of the S protein of the causative agent SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Severe cases are manifested by parenchymal lung involvement with a significant inflammatory response and the development of microvascular thrombosis. Several factors have been involved in developing this prothrombotic state, including the inflammatory reaction itself with the participation of proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction/endotheliitis, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, and possibly the tissue factor (TF) overexpression. ARS-Cov-19 ACE-2 down-regulation has been associated with an increase in angiotensin 2 (AT2). The action of proinflammatory cytokines, the increase in AT2 and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies are known factors for TF activation and overexpression. It is very likely that the overexpression of TF in COVID-19 may be related to the pathogenesis of the disease, hence the importance of knowing the aspects related to this protein and the therapeutic strategies that can be derived. Different therapeutic strategies are being built to curb the expression of TF as a therapeutic target for various prothrombotic events; therefore, analyzing this treatment strategy for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is rational. Medications such as celecoxib, cyclosporine or colchicine can impact on COVID-19, in addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, through inhibition of TF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Cañas
- Unit of Rheumatology, Fundación Valle del Lili, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Felipe Cañas
- Unit of Cardiology, Clínica Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Fabio Bonilla-Abadía
- Unit of Rheumatology, Fundación Valle del Lili, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Therapeutic strategies for thrombosis: new targets and approaches. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:333-352. [PMID: 32132678 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants are a mainstay for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. However, despite advances in antithrombotic therapy, a fundamental challenge is the side effect of bleeding. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of haemostasis and thrombosis has revealed new targets for attenuating thrombosis with the potential for less bleeding, including glycoprotein VI on platelets and factor XIa of the coagulation system. The efficacy and safety of new agents are currently being evaluated in phase III trials. This Review provides an overview of haemostasis and thrombosis, details the current landscape of antithrombotic agents, addresses challenges with preventing thromboembolic events in patients at high risk and describes the emerging therapeutic strategies that may break the inexorable link between antithrombotic therapy and bleeding risk.
Collapse
|
8
|
Koh CY, Kini RM. Exogenous Factors from Venomous and Hematophagous Animals in Drugs and Diagnostic Developments for Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:90-94. [PMID: 31385761 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x1902190619123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cho Yeow Koh
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sachetto A, Mackman N. Modulation of the mammalian coagulation system by venoms and other proteins from snakes, arthropods, nematodes and insects. Thromb Res 2019; 178:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue Factor: An Essential Mediator of Hemostasis and Trigger of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:709-725. [PMID: 29437578 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the high-affinity receptor and cofactor for factor (F)VII/VIIa. The TF-FVIIa complex is the primary initiator of blood coagulation and plays an essential role in hemostasis. TF is expressed on perivascular cells and epithelial cells at organ and body surfaces where it forms a hemostatic barrier. TF also provides additional hemostatic protection to vital organs, such as the brain, lung, and heart. Under pathological conditions, TF can trigger both arterial and venous thrombosis. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques contain high levels of TF on macrophage foam cells and microvesicles that drives thrombus formation after plaque rupture. In sepsis, inducible TF expression on monocytes leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In cancer patients, tumors release TF-positive microvesicles into the circulation that may contribute to venous thrombosis. TF also has nonhemostatic roles. For instance, TF-dependent activation of the coagulation cascade generates coagulation proteases, such as FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin, which induce signaling in a variety of cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors. This review will focus on the roles of TF in protective hemostasis and pathological thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Husted S, Wallentin L, Andreotti F, Arnesen H, Bachmann F, Baigent C, Huber K, Jespersen J, Kristensen S, Lip GYH, Morais J, Rasmussen L, Siegbahn A, Verheugt FWA, Weitz JI, De Caterina R. General mechanisms of coagulation and targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Thromb Haemost 2017; 109:569-79. [PMID: 23447024 DOI: 10.1160/th12-10-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SummaryContrary to previous models based on plasma, coagulation processes are currently believed to be mostly cell surface-based, including three overlapping phases: initiation, when tissue factor-expressing cells and microparticles are exposed to plasma; amplification, whereby small amounts of thrombin induce platelet activation and aggregation, and promote activation of factors (F)V, FVIII and FXI on platelet surfaces; and propagation, in which the Xase (tenase) and prothrombinase complexes are formed, producing a burst of thrombin and the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin. Thrombin exerts a number of additional biological actions, including platelet activation, amplification and self-inhibition of coagulation, clot stabilisation and anti-fibrinolysis, in processes occurring in the proximity of vessel injury, tightly regulated by a series of inhibitory mechanisms. ″Classical″ anticoagulants, including heparin and vitamin K antagonists, typically target multiple coagulation steps. A number of new anticoagulants, already developed or under development, target specific steps in the process, inhibiting a single coagulation factor or mimicking natural coagulation inhibitors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Richter JM, Cheney DL, Bates JA, Wei A, Luettgen JM, Rendina AR, Harper TM, Narayanan R, Wong PC, Seiffert D, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Design and Synthesis of Novel Meta-Linked Phenylglycine Macrocyclic FVIIa Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:67-72. [PMID: 28105277 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel series of meta-linked phenylglycine-based macrocyclic FVIIa inhibitors have been designed to improve the rodent metabolic stability and PK observed with the precursor para-linked phenylglycine macrocycles. Through iterative structure-based design and optimization, the TF/FVIIa Ki was improved to subnanomolar levels with good clotting activity, metabolic stability, and permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Richter
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Daniel L. Cheney
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - J. Alex Bates
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Anzhi Wei
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Joseph M. Luettgen
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Alan R. Rendina
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Timothy M. Harper
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Rangaraj Narayanan
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Pancras C. Wong
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Dietmar Seiffert
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - E. Scott Priestley
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, New Jersey 08534, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Glunz PW, Johnson JA, Jiang W, Jacutin-Porte S, Ladziata V, Zou Y, Phillips MS, Wurtz NR, Parkhurst B, Rendina AR, Harper TM, Cheney DL, Luettgen JM, Wong PC, Seiffert D, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of a Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Macrocyclic Inhibitor of Blood Coagulation Factor VIIa-Tissue Factor Complex. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7125-37. [PMID: 27455395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa complex (TF-FVIIa) are promising novel anticoagulants which show excellent efficacy and minimal bleeding in preclinical models. Starting with an aminoisoquinoline P1-based macrocyclic inhibitor, optimization of the P' groups led to a series of highly potent and selective TF-FVIIa inhibitors which displayed poor permeability. Fluorination of the aminoisoquinoline reduced the basicity of the P1 group and significantly improved permeability. The resulting lead compound was highly potent, selective, and achieved good pharmacokinetics in dogs with oral dosing. Moreover, it demonstrated robust antithrombotic activity in a rabbit model of arterial thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Peter W Glunz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - James A Johnson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Swanee Jacutin-Porte
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Vladimir Ladziata
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Yan Zou
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Monique S Phillips
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nicholas R Wurtz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Brandon Parkhurst
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Alan R Rendina
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2130, United States
| | - Timothy M Harper
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2130, United States
| | - Daniel L Cheney
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joseph M Luettgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2130, United States
| | - Pancras C Wong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2130, United States
| | - Dietmar Seiffert
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2130, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D , 350 Carter Road, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Madelain V, Nguyen THT, Olivo A, de Lamballerie X, Guedj J, Taburet AM, Mentré F. Ebola Virus Infection: Review of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drugs Considered for Testing in Human Efficacy Trials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:907-23. [PMID: 26798032 PMCID: PMC5680399 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2014-2015 outbreak of Ebola virus disease is the largest epidemic to date in terms of the number of cases, deaths, and affected areas. In October 2015, no antiviral agents had proven antiviral efficacy in patients. However, in September 2014, the World Health Organization inventoried and has since regularly updated a list of potential drug candidates with demonstrated antiviral efficacy in in vitro or animal models. This includes agents belonging to various therapeutic classes, namely direct antiviral agents (favipiravir and BCX4430), a combination of antibodies (ZMapp), type I interferons, RNA interference-based drugs (TKM-Ebola and AVI-7537), and anticoagulant drugs (rNAPc2). Here, we review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information presently available for these drugs, using data obtained in healthy volunteers for pharmacokinetics and data obtained in human clinical trials or animal models for pharmacodynamics. Future studies evaluating these drugs in clinical trials are critical to confirm their efficacy in humans, propose appropriate doses, and evaluate the possibility of treatment combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Madelain
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thi Huyen Tram Nguyen
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anaelle Olivo
- Hospital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU Hepatinov, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Taburet
- Hospital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU Hepatinov, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pearl MH, Leuchter RK, Reed EF, Zhang Q, Ettenger RB, Tsai EW. Accelerated rejection, thrombosis, and graft failure with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies. Pediatr Nephrol 2015; 30:1371-4. [PMID: 25956702 PMCID: PMC8514222 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies (AT1R-Abs) have been implicated in renal transplant rejection and failure; however, the mechanism of allograft damage, patterns of clinical presentation, and response to desensitization of AT1R-Abs have not been clearly established. CASE DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT We present the case of a 7-year-old boy with preformed AT1R-Abs who developed accelerated vascular and cellular rejection and renal allograft thrombosis despite desensitization and treatment with angiotensin receptor blockade. Although an association between AT1R-Abs and microvascular occlusion has been previously described, we are the first to describe an association between AT1R-Abs and renal artery thrombosis, leading to devastating early allograft failure. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the risk of allograft thrombosis associated with AT1R-Abs and illustrates that previous treatments utilized for AT1R-Abs may not always be effective. Further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of AT1R-Ab pathogenesis and to establish safe levels of AT1R-Abs both pre- and post-transplantation. Given the outcome of this patient and the evidence of pro-coagulatory effects of AT1R-Abs, we suggest that the presence of AT1R-Ab may be a risk factor for thrombosis. The role of treatment with anti-coagulation and novel immunomodulatory agents such as tocilizumab and bortezomib require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan H Pearl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, PO Box 951752, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Priestley ES, Cheney DL, DeLucca I, Wei A, Luettgen JM, Rendina AR, Wong PC, Wexler RR. Structure-Based Design of Macrocyclic Coagulation Factor VIIa Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6225-36. [PMID: 26151189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of a crystal structure of a phenylpyrrolidine lead and subsequent molecular modeling results, we designed and synthesized a novel series of macrocyclic FVIIa inhibitors. The optimal 16-membered macrocycle was 60-fold more potent than an acyclic analog. Further potency optimization by incorporation of P1' alkyl sulfone and P2 methyl groups provided a macrocycle with TF/FVIIa Ki = 1.6 nM, excellent selectivity against a panel of seven serine proteases, and FVII-deficient prothrombin time EC2x = 1.2 μM. Discovery of this potent, selective macrocyclic scaffold opens new possibilities for the development of orally bioavailable FVIIa inhibitors.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bode MF, Mackman N. Protective and pathological roles of tissue factor in the heart. Hamostaseologie 2014; 35:37-46. [PMID: 25434707 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in the heart where it is required for haemostasis. High levels of TF are also expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and likely contribute to atherothrombosis after plaque rupture. Indeed, risk factors for atherothrombosis, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking and hypertension, are associated with increased TF expression in circulating monocytes, microparticles and plasma. Several therapies that reduce atherothrombosis, such as statins, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and anti-platelet drugs, are associated with reduced TF expression. In addition to its haemostatic and pro-thrombotic functions, the TF : FVIIa complex and downstream coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors (PARs). In mice, deficiencies in either PAR-1 or PAR-2 reduce cardiac remodelling and heart failure after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This suggests that inhibition of coagulation proteases and PARs may be protective in heart attack patients. In contrast, the TF/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway is beneficial in a mouse model of Coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis. We found that stimulation of PAR-1 increases the innate immune response by enhancing TLR3-dependent IFN-β expression. Therefore, inhibition of the TF/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway in patients with viral myocarditis could have detrimental effects. CONCLUSION The TF : FVIIa complex has both protective and pathological roles in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - N Mackman
- Nigel Mackman, Ph.D., FAHA, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, 111 Mason Farm Road, 2312B Medical Biomolecular Research Bldg., CB #7126, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cerebrovascular Events in 21 105 Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Randomized to Edoxaban Versus Warfarin. Stroke 2014; 45:2372-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Henry BL, Desai UR. Discovery methodology for the development of direct factor VIIa inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:859-72. [PMID: 24882057 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.923398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heparin and warfarin have historically been the only antithrombotics available. Recently, however, newer anticoagulants have been developed. Factor VIIa (fVIIa) inhibitors represent one of the new and potentially exciting classes of anticoagulants currently under development. Indeed, several methodologies have been used to develop fVIIa inhibitors. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight some of the methologies applied for the discovery of fVIIa inhibitors including phage display, isolation of endogenous peptides from hematophagous animals and the use of the 1,5-benzothiazepine molecular scaffolds and screens of large chemical libraries previously used to identify other serine protease inhibitors. Although these screens were intended to identify thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors, the compounds often had concomitant fVIIa activity. The authors also discuss the utilization of medical chemistry techniques for the discovery of these compounds. EXPERT OPINION FVIIa inhibitors represent a viable option for the development of new anticoagulants. There are theoretical advantages that fVIIa inhibitors may possess over existing anticoagulants and highly specific inhibitors that possess oral bioavailability and low bleeding risk may succeed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Henry
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute Pittsburgh, Department of Cardiology , Scaife Hall, Suite B-571.3, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 , USA +1 412 647 3429 ; +1 412 647 0481 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Priestley ES. Tissue factor-fVIIa inhibition: update on an unfinished quest for a novel oral antithrombotic. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1440-4. [PMID: 24881783 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tissue factor-coagulation factor VIIa complex (TF-fVIIa) is a well-validated biological target and has been the focus of extensive research directed toward the discovery of novel oral antithrombotics. This review briefly summarizes the key antithrombotic target validation data and provides an update on recent advances in small molecule TF-fVIIa inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Priestley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, 311 Pennington-Rocky-Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bhatty S, Ali A, Shetty R, Sumption KF, Topaz O, Jovin IS. Contemporary anticoagulation therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:451-61. [PMID: 24506409 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.885839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The proper use of anticoagulants is crucial for ensuring optimal patient outcomes post percutaneous interventions in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Anticoagulant agents such as unfractionated heparin, a thrombin inhibitor; low-molecular weight heparins, predominantly Factor Xa inhibitors; fondaparinux, a Factor Xa inhibitor and bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor have been developed to target various steps in the coagulation cascade to prevent formation of thrombin. Optimal anticoagulation achieves the correct balance between thrombosis and bleeding and is related to optimal outcomes with minimal complications. This review will discuss the mechanisms and appropriate use of current and emerging anticoagulant therapies used during percutaneous interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Bhatty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System/Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Selective depletion of factor XI or factor XII with antisense oligonucleotides attenuates catheter thrombosis in rabbits. Blood 2014; 123:2102-7. [PMID: 24501216 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-540872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central venous catheter thrombosis can cause venous obstruction and pulmonary embolism. To determine the extent to which catheter thrombosis is triggered by the contact or extrinsic pathway of coagulation, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to selectively knock down factor (f)XII, fXI, or high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), key components of the contact pathway, or fVII, which is essential for the extrinsic pathway. Knockdown of contact pathway components prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time and decreased target protein activity levels by over 90%, whereas fVII knockdown prolonged the prothrombin time and reduced fVII activity to a similar extent. Using a rabbit model of catheter thrombosis, catheters implanted in the jugular vein were assessed daily until they occluded, up to a maximum of 35 days. Compared with control, fXII and fXI ASO treatment prolonged the time to catheter occlusion by 2.2- and 2.3-fold, respectively. In contrast, both HK and fVII knockdown did not significantly prolong the time to occlusion, and dual treatment with fVII- and fXI-directed ASOs produced a time to occlusion similar to that with the fXI ASO alone. These findings suggest that catheter thrombosis is triggered via the contact pathway and identify fXII and fXI as potential targets to attenuate this complication.
Collapse
|
23
|
Denas G, Pengo V. Investigational anticoagulants for hematological conditions: a new generation of therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1281-94. [PMID: 23876036 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.821463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of novel anticoagulants has had contrasting effects on the agents in the pipeline, fueling the development of some and sinking the others. The complexity of the coagulation cascade offers interesting inhibition choices that might become valid treatment options. AREAS COVERED This review will highlight some of the anticoagulants in the pipeline. Following the success of the direct thrombin and FXa inhibitors already in the market, new agents are being tested. These include AZD0837, betrixaban, letaxaban, darexaban, and LY517717. Targeting other components of the hemostatic pathway might lead to better safety profiles without influencing efficacy. Inhibitors to FVIIa-tissue factor (FVIIa/TF) complex, FIX, FXI, and FXII are being assessed. New inspiring inhibitors are antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and aptamers. These are highly specific agents with readily reversible effect and might be engineered to inhibit any coagulation factor. Currently tested ASOs and aptamers are inhibitors of FXI, FXII, thrombin, FIXa, and platelet GPIV. EXPERT OPINION Some of the agents in the pipeline offer valid treatment option for long-term therapy, overcoming some of the drawbacks of the novel anticoagulants. Research is being driven by an expanding market in the anticoagulation field that has been unexploited for a long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Denas
- Padua University Hospital, Cardiology Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences , Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova , Italy +390498215658 ; +390498215658 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
van Es N, Bleker SM, Büller HR, Coppens M. New developments in parenteral anticoagulation for arterial and venous thromboembolism. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2013; 26:203-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick van Es
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shah K, Bayoumi R, Banerjee Y. Protein anticoagulants targeting factor VIIa-tissue factor complex: a comprehensive review. Hematology 2012; 18:1-7. [PMID: 22980919 DOI: 10.1179/1607845412y.0000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulants are pivotal for the treatment of debilitating thromboembolic and associated disorders. Current anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin are non-specific and have a narrow therapeutic window. These limitations have provided the impetus to develop new anticoagulant therapies/strategies that target specific factors in the blood coagulation cascade, ideally those located upstream in the clotting process. Factor VIIa (FVIIa) presents an attractive target as it, in complex with tissue factor (TF), acts as the prima ballerina for the formation of blood clot. A comprehensive review delineating the structure-activity relationship of protein/peptide anticoagulants targeting FVIIa or TF-FVIIa complex is absent in the literature. In this article, we have addressed this deficit by appraising the peptide/protein anticoagulants that target FVIIa/TF-FVIIa complex. Further, the current status of these anticoagulants, with regard to their performance in different clinical trials has also been presented. Lastly, the unexplored domains of these unique proteins have also been highlighted, which will facilitate further translational research in this paradigm, to improve strategies to counter and treat thromboembolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karna Shah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, SQ University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM. New antithrombotic drugs: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e120S-e151S. [PMID: 22315258 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on new antithrombotic drugs that are in or are entering phase 3 clinical testing. Development of these new agents was prompted by the limitations of existing antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or fibrinolytic drugs. Addressing these unmet needs, this article (1) outlines the rationale for development of new antithrombotic agents; (2) describes the new antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic drugs; and (3) provides clinical perspectives on the opportunities and challenges faced by these novel agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - John W Eikelboom
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Basra SS, Tsai P, Lakkis NM. Safety and efficacy of antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 58:2263-9. [PMID: 22093501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent and affects an ever-increasing proportion of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients with CKD have a higher risk of ACS and significantly higher mortality, and are also predisposed to increased bleeding complications. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic drugs form the bedrock of management of patients with ACS. Most randomized trials of these drugs exclude patients with CKD, and current guidelines for management of these patients are largely based on these trials. We aim to review the safety and efficacy of these drugs in patients with CKD presenting with ACS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdeep S Basra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Exogenous factors isolated from venoms of snakes and saliva of haematophagous animals that affect thrombosis and haemostasis have contributed significantly to the development of diagnostic agents, research tools and life-saving drugs. Here, I discuss recent advances in the discovery, structural and functional characterisation, and mechanism of action of new procoagulant and anti-haemostatic proteins. In nature, these factors have evolved to target crucial 'bottlenecks' in the coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation. Several simple protein scaffolds are used to target a wide variety of target proteins and receptors exhibiting functional divergence. Different protein scaffolds have also evolved to target identical, physiologically relevant key enzymes or receptors exhibiting functional convergence. At times, exogenous factors bind to the same target protein, but at distinct sites, to differentially attenuate their functions exhibiting mechanistic divergence within the same family of proteins. The structure-function relationships of these factors are subtle and complicated but represent an exciting challenge. These studies provide ample opportunities to design highly specific and precise ligands to achieve desired biological target function. Although only a small number of them have been characterised to date, the molecular and mechanical diversities of these exogenous factors and their contributions to understanding molecular and cellular events in thrombosis and haemostasis as well as developing diagnostic and research tools and therapeutic agents, is outstanding. Based on the current status, I have attempted to identify future potential and prospects in this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Kini
- Protein Science Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Ahmed TAN, Karalis I, Jukema JW. Emerging drugs for coronary artery disease. From past achievements and current needs to clinical promises. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; 16:203-33. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2011.549606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
31
|
Mitroulis I, Kambas K, Anyfanti P, Doumas M, Ritis K. The multivalent activity of the tissue factor–thrombin pathway in thrombotic and non-thrombotic disorders as a target for therapeutic intervention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 15:75-89. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.532788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
32
|
Gómez-Outes A, Suárez-Gea ML, Lecumberri R, Rocha E, Pozo-Hernández C, Vargas-Castrillón E. New parenteral anticoagulants in development. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 5:33-59. [PMID: 21045018 DOI: 10.1177/1753944710387808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic armamentarium of parenteral anticoagulants available to clinicians is mainly composed by unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux, recombinant hirudins (i.e. bivalirudin, desirudin, lepirudin) and argatroban. These drugs are effective and safe for prevention and/or treatment of thromboembolic diseases but they have some drawbacks. Among other inconveniences, UFH requires regular anticoagulant monitoring as a result of variability in the anticoagulant response and there is a risk of serious heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT). LMWH, fondaparinux and recombinant hirudins are mainly cleared through the kidneys and their use in patients with severe renal insufficiency may be problematic. LMWH is only partially neutralized by protamine while fondaparinux and recombinant hirudins have no specific antidote. Novel anticoagulants in development for parenteral administration include new indirect activated factor Xa (FXa) inhibitors (idrabiotaparinux, ultra-low-molecular-weight heparins [semuloparin, RO-14], new LMWH [M118]), direct FXa inhibitors (otamixaban), direct FIIa inhibitors (flovagatran sodium, pegmusirudin, NU172, HD1-22), direct FXIa inhibitors (BMS-262084, antisense oligonucleotides targeting FXIa, clavatadine), direct FIXa inhibitors (RB-006), FVIIIa inhibitors (TB-402), FVIIa/tissue factor inhibitors (tifacogin, NAPc2, PCI-27483, BMS-593214), FVa inhibitors (drotrecogin alpha activated, ART-123) and dual thrombin/FXa inhibitors (EP217609, tanogitran). These new compounds have the potential to complement established parenteral anticoagulants. In the present review, we discuss the pharmacology of new parenteral anticoagulants, the results of clinical studies, the newly planned or ongoing clinical trials with these compounds, and their potential advantages and drawbacks over existing therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gómez-Outes
- Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Evaluation, Medicines for Human Use, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products (AEMPS), Parque Empresarial Las Mercedes, Edificio 8, C/Campezo 1, Madrid, 28022, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Singh M, Adigopula S, Patel P, Kiran K, Khosla S. Recent advances in oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 4:395-407. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944710386844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained rhythm disturbance. Thromboembolic events related to atrial fibrillation result in significant morbidity, mortality and increases in the cost of healthcare. Anticoagulants are pivotal agents for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. The latest American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend antithrombotic therapy to prevent thromboembolism for all patients with atrial fibrillation, except those with lone atrial fibrillation or contraindications. Vitamin K antagonists were first synthesized in 1948 and for the past six decades they have been the only agents used for long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Although these drugs are effective, they have numerous limitations, which have led to the development of newer anticoagulant therapies. The emerging oral anticoagulant agents are target selective. They have predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and do not require routine monitoring. They are not associated with significant food and drug interactions, and can be administered in simple fixed daily or twice daily doses. This article reviews the current literature on various targets for anticoagulant therapy and newer oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1500 California Avenue, Chicago, IL 60608, USA,
| | | | - Pawan Patel
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kranti Kiran
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandeep Khosla
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Currently, there are several lines of evidence supporting the interplay between coagulation and inflammation in the propagation of various disease processes, including venous thromboembolism (VTE) and inflammatory diseases. Major advances in the development of oral anticoagulants have resulted in considerable progress toward the goal of safe and effective oral anticoagulants that do not require frequent monitoring or dose adjustment and have minimal food/drug interactions. Indirect inhibitors such as low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and the pentasaccharide fondaparinux represent improvements over traditional drugs such as unfractionated heparin for acute treatment of VTE, constituting a more targeted anticoagulant approach with predictable pharmacokinetic profiles and no requirement for monitoring. Vitamin K antagonist, with its inherent limitations in terms of multiple food and drug interactions and frequent need for monitoring, remains the only oral anticoagulant approved for long-term secondary thromboprophylaxis in VTE. The oral-direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran was withdrawn from the world market due to safety concerns. Newer anticoagulant drugs such as parenteral pentasaccharides (idraparinux, SSR126517E), novel oral-direct thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran), oral-direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, YM-150, DU-176b), and tissue factor/factor VIIa complex inhibitors have been "tailor-made" to target specific procoagulant complexes and have the potential to greatly expand oral antithrombotic targets for both acute and long-term treatment of VTE, acute coronary syndromes, and for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients.
Collapse
|
35
|
Goldman PSN, Ezekowitz MD. Principles of Anticoagulation and New Therapeutic Agents in Atrial Fibrillation. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2010; 2:479-492. [PMID: 28770805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulation is required in cardiac arrhythmias, specifically atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter, to reduce the risk of thromboembolism. Principles of anticoagulation of both AF and atrial flutter are similar because the location and nature of the arrhythmias are similar. Approximately 2 million people in the United States are affected by AF, and the prevalence is expected to exceed 10 million by the year 2050. Warfarin is known to reduce stroke risk by 68% in patients with AF and is the most effective agent for this indication, although it is not without risk. Antithrombotic therapy with antiplatelets or anticoagulants is recommended for most patients with AF. This review discusses the principles of anticoagulation and the mechanism of action, pharmacologic profile, and phase of development of the therapeutic agents used as anticoagulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S N Goldman
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Clinical Research Center, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
O’Neill BP, Shaw ES, Cohen MG. Anticoagulation in percutaneous coronary intervention. Interv Cardiol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/ica.10.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
37
|
Holy EW, Tanner FC. Tissue factor in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 59:259-92. [PMID: 20933205 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(10)59009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the major trigger of the coagulation cascade and thereby crucially involved in the maintenance of vascular hemostasis. By binding factor VIIa, the resulting TF:VIIa complex activates the coagulation factors IX and X ultimately leading to fibrin and clot formation. In the vessel wall, TF expression and activity is detectable in vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and, at a much lower level, in endothelial cells and can be induced by various stimuli including cytokines. In addition, TF is found in the bloodstream in circulating cells such as monocytes, in TF containing microparticles, and as a soluble splicing isoform. Besides its well-known extracellular role as a trigger of coagulation, TF also functions as a transmembrane receptor, and TF-dependent intracellular signaling events regulate the expression of genes involved in cellular responses such as proliferation and migration. TF indeed appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of neointima formation and tumor growth, and increased levels of TF have been detected in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or coronary artery disease as well as in those with cancer. Therefore, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TF may be an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Different strategies for inhibition of TF have been developed such as inhibition of TF synthesis and blockade of TF action. Clinical applications of such strategies need to be tested in appropriate trials, in particular for evaluating the advantages of targeted versus systemic delivery of the inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Holy
- Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Catheter thrombosis and percutaneous coronary intervention: fundamental perspectives on blood, artificial surfaces and antithrombotic drugs. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009; 28:366-80. [PMID: 19597766 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-009-0375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of catheter thrombosis among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have had a significant impact on the development of new antithrombotic therapies. The overall incidence of this complication is unknown, mainly because of underreporting in contemporary clinical trials of coronary intervention. The etiology and pathophysiology of catheter thrombosis is also poorly understood. Introduction of a catheter or guidewire may not provoke the intense thrombotic response that follows angioplasty or stenting, but factors such as catheter materials and device size, equipment surface properties, flow conditions, procedural time and complexity, as well as the antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs administered during the procedure influence the likelihood, rate and clinical impact of thrombosis. The crucial role of cellular interactions involving tissue-factor bearing cells and platelets in the process of thrombosis also needs to be critically explored when considering blood contact with an exogenous material. Focusing on the inherently prothrombotic environment of percutaneous coronary intervention, we review the physiologic underpinnings of catheter and guidewire thrombosis, and explore the effect of antithrombotic drugs at the interface between blood and material surfaces. We also propose a clinical classification for the diagnosis and investigation of catheter thrombosis in clinical trials of anticoagulant therapy and PCI.
Collapse
|
39
|
Adams RLC, Bird RJ. Review article: Coagulation cascade and therapeutics update: relevance to nephrology. Part 1: Overview of coagulation, thrombophilias and history of anticoagulants. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009; 14:462-70. [PMID: 19674315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation involves the regulated sequence of proteolytic activation of a series of zymogens to achieve appropriate and timely haemostasis in an injured vessel, in an environment that overwhelmingly favours an anticoagulant state. In the non-pathological state, the inciting event involves exposure of circulating factor VII/VIIa to extravascularly expressed tissue factor, which brings into motion the series of steps which results in amplification of the initial stimulus, culminating in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and clot formation. The precisely synchronized cascade of events is counter-balanced by a system of anticoagulant mechanisms, which serve to ensure that the haemostatic effect is regulated and does not extend inappropriately. Conversely, in pathological states, these events can escape normal control mechanisms, due to either inherited or acquired defects, which lead to thrombosis. Current anticoagulant therapy, although based on medications that have been in existence for upwards of 80 years, is moving towards targeted therapy for specific coagulation factors and events in the coagulation cascade, based on the current knowledge of the main triggers and key events within the series of reactions that culminates in haemostasis. It remains to be seen whether these newer medications will become first-line therapies for thrombosis in the coming decade. This review aims to elucidate the main events within the coagulation cascade as it is currently understood to operate in vivo, with a brief discussion focusing on hypercoagulable states, and also a short review of the history of anticoagulants as they relate to this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L C Adams
- Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
TF (tissue factor) is the main trigger of the coagulation cascade; by binding Factor VIIa it activates Factor IX and Factor X, thereby resulting in fibrin formation. Various stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors and biogenic amines, induce TF expression and activity in vascular cells. Downstream targets of these mediators include diverse signalling molecules such as MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and PKC (protein kinase C). In addition, TF can be detected in the bloodstream, known as circulating or blood-borne TF. Many cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and smoking, are associated with increased expression of TF. Furthermore, in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, elevated levels of circulating TF are found. Apart from its role in thrombosis, TF has pro-atherogenic properties, as it is involved in neointima formation by inducing vascular smooth muscle cell migration. As inhibition of TF action appears to be an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, therapeutic strategies are under investigation to specifically interfere with the action of TF or, alternatively, promote the effects of TFPI (TF pathway inhibitor).
Collapse
|
41
|
Bonaca MP, Steg PG, Feldman LJ, Canales JF, Ferguson JJ, Wallentin L, Califf RM, Harrington RA, Giugliano RP. Antithrombotics in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:969-84. [PMID: 19729112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic agents are an integral component of the medical regimens and interventional strategies currently recommended to reduce thrombotic complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Despite great advances with these therapies, associated high risks for thrombosis and hemorrhage remain as the result of complex interactions involving patient comorbidities, drug combinations, multifaceted dosing adjustments, and the intricacies of the care environment. As such, the optimal combinations of antithrombotic therapies, their timing, and appropriate targeted subgroups remain the focus of intense research. During the last several years a number of new antithrombotic treatments have been introduced, and new data regarding established therapies have come to light. Although treatment guidelines include the most current available data, subsequent findings can be challenging to integrate. This challenge is compounded by the complexity associated with different efficacy and safety measures and the variability in study populations, presenting syndromes, physician, and patient preferences. In this work we review recent data regarding clinically available antiplatelet and anticoagulation agents used in the treatment of patients with ACS. We address issues including relative efficacy, safety, and timing of therapies with respect to conservative and invasive treatment strategies. In specific cases we will highlight remaining questions and controversies and ongoing trials, which will hopefully shed light in these areas. In addition to reviewing existing agents, we take a look forward at the most promising new antithrombotics currently in late-stage clinical development and their potential role in the context of ACS management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Bonaca
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Usman MHU, Notaro LA, Patel H, Ezekowitz MD. New developments in anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2008; 10:388-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-008-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
43
|
Zheng M, Zhang X, Zhao M, Chang HW, Wang W, Wang Y, Peng S. (3S)-N-(L-Aminoacyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, a class of novel antithrombotic agents: synthesis, bioassay, 3D QSAR, and ADME analysis. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9574-87. [PMID: 18835178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To increase antithrombotic activity, 3S-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (1) was modified with natural amino acids to form 19 novel dipeptide analogs, 3S-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxyamino acids (5a-s), targeting the intestinal peptide transport system. In vitro assay of 5a-s indicated that their potencies for inhibiting adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), platelet-activating factor (PAF), and thrombin (TH)-induced platelet aggregations were higher than that of 1. Additionally, in vivo assay of 5a-s indicated that their potencies for inhibiting thrombogenesis in rats were also higher than that of 1. Among the candidates, 5h with Ser attachment showed the most impressive features for further development. According to molecular field analysis based Cerius(2) QSAR module, two equations (r, 0.961 and 0.988) correlating the structures with both in vitro and in vivo activities of 5a-s were established. ADMET calculations predict higher intestinal absorption for compounds 5a-s. Further investigation with 5h as a lead compound is underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
There has been an alarming increase in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases in Western countries in the past few decades. However, in countries endemic for parasitic helminth infections, such diseases remain relatively rare. Hence, it has been hypothesised that helminths may protect against the development of autoimmunity and allergy. This article reviews the evidence supporting this idea with respect to helminths of the phylum Nematoda (nematodes), considering data from human studies and animal models of inflammatory disease. The nature and mode of action of nematode-derived molecules with immunomodulatory properties are considered, and their therapeutic efficacy in models of autoimmunity and allergy described. The recent and future use of nematodes and their products in treating human disease are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1311-21. [PMID: 18382743 DOI: 10.1172/jci34261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 970] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic worms. They are the most common infectious agents of humans in developing countries and produce a global burden of disease that exceeds better-known conditions, including malaria and tuberculosis. As we discuss here, new insights into fundamental helminth biology are accumulating through newly completed genome projects and the nascent application of transgenesis and RNA interference technologies. At the same time, our understanding of the dynamics of the transmission of helminths and the mechanisms of the Th2-type immune responses that are induced by infection with these parasitic worms has increased markedly. Ultimately, these advances in molecular and medical helminth biology should one day translate into a new and robust pipeline of drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines for targeting parasitic worms that infect humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Umer Usman MH, Raza S, Raza S, Ezekowitz M. Advancement in antithrombotics for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2008; 22:129-37. [PMID: 18425569 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-008-9210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolving field of antithrombotic drug therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The current standard of therapy includes warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon which have proven efficacy by reducing stroke by 68% against placebo. However, a narrow therapeutic index, wide variation in metabolism, and numerous food and drug interactions have limited their clinical application to only 50% of the indicated population. Newer agents such as direct thrombin inhibitors, factor Xa inhibitors, factor IX inhibitors, tissue factor inhibitors and a novel vitamin K antagonist are being developed to overcome the limitations of current agents. The direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran is farthest along in development. Further clinical trial testing, and eventual incorporation into clinical practice will depend on safety, efficacy and cost. Development of a novel vitamin K antagonist with better INR control will challenge the newer mechanistic agents in their quest to replace the existing vitamin K antagonists. Till then, the large unfilled gap to replace conventional agents remains open. This review will assess all these agents, and compare their mechanism of action, stage of development and pharmacologic profile.
Collapse
|
48
|
Chan MY, Becker RC. Identification and treatment of arterial thrombophilia. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2008; 10:3-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-008-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
49
|
Giugliano RP, Braunwald E. The Year in Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1386-95. [PMID: 17903640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Giugliano
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fluture A, Giugliano GR, Giugliano RP. Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and beyond. Future Cardiol 2007; 3:365-75. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have high recurrent ischemic event rates despite management with current guideline-based therapies. Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein (rNAP)c2 provides factor Xa-dependent inhibition of the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex acting proximally on the clotting cascade. It may be administered either intravenously or subcutaneously and has an elimination half-life of approximately 50–60 h. rNAPc2 reduces thrombin formation in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and in patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS managed with an early invasive strategy, while bleeding rates are comparable with currently used anticoagulants. Patients receiving rNAPc2 undergoing emergent coronary artery bypass surgery within 96 h of dosing have increased rates of major bleeding. Some heparin coadministration may be necessary to avoid PCI-related thrombotic complications. Large-scale trials are needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate the impact of rNAPc2 on clinical events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fluture
- Baystate Medical Center/Tufts Unicersity School of Medicine, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Gregory R Giugliano
- Associate Director, Baystate Medical Education & Research Foundation, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and Cardiology Research, 759 Chestnut Street. BMC # S4659, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Robert P Giugliano
- TIMI Study Group, 350 Longwood Avenue, 1st Floor Offices, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|