Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization: JACC Historical Breakthroughs in Perspective

Advances in Technology and Technique in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Clinical Review

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the standard procedure for patients with angina and acute coronary syndrome. From the perspective of technology and technique, PCI has advanced over the last four decades, resulting in considerably improved clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease in the current era. In this review article, we summarize recent advances, promising technologies, and areas for research in the field of PCI.

Impact of lesion morphology on stent elongation during bifurcation PCI: an in vivo OCT study

BACKGROUND

Recent observations in silico and in vivo reported that, during proximal optimisation technique, drug-eluting stents (DES) elongate, challenging conventional wisdom. The interaction between plaque morphology and radial expansion is well established, but little is known about the impact of plaque morphology on elongation.

AIMS

We aimed to assess the longitudinal mechanical behaviour of contemporary DES in vivo and evaluate the relationship between post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) stent elongation and lesion morphology, as assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT).

METHODS

Patients treated with OCT-guided PCI to left main or left anterior descending artery bifurcations, between July 2017 and March 2022, from the King's Optical coherence Database Analysis Compendium were included. Patients were excluded if there were overlapping stents, if they had undergone prior PCI, or if there was inadequate image quality. Lesions were characterised as fibrocalcific, fibrous or lipid-rich by pre-PCI OCT. Following stent post-dilatation, stent expansion and final stent length were assessed. The primary outcome was the percentage change in stent length from baseline.

RESULTS

Of 501 eligible consecutive patients from this period, 116 were included. The median age was 66 years (interquartile range [IQR] 57-76), 31% were female, and 53.4% were treated for an acute coronary syndrome. A total of 50.0% of lesions were classified as fibrocalcific, 6.9% were fibrous, and 43.1% were lipid-rich. The change in relative stent length was 4.4% (IQR 1.0-8.9), with an increase of 3.1% (IQR 0.5-6.3) in fibrocalcific lesions, 3.3% (IQR 0.5-5.9) in fibrous lesions, and 6.4% (IQR 3.1-11.1) in lipid-rich plaque (p=0.006). In multivariate regression modelling, lipid-rich plaque was an independent predictor of stent elongation (odds ratio 3.689, 95% confidence interval: 1.604-8.484).

CONCLUSIONS

Contemporary DES elongate following implantation and post-dilatation, and this is significantly mediated by plaque morphology. This is an important consideration when planning a strategy for DES implantation.

Pre-Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Computed Tomography-Based Fractional Flow Reserve Predicts Graft Failure: Implications for Planning Invasive Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study is to evaluate whether a pre-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) coronary computed tomography-based fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT) result at the site of a future anastomosis would predict the graft failure in patients undergoing CABG.

METHODS

In 43 patients who had coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) prior to the CABG, follow-up CCTA were acquired >12 months post-CABG procedure. The FFR-CT values were simulated on the basis of the pre-CABG CCTA. Based on follow-up CCTA, the anastomosis sites and the graft patency were determined. The graft failure was defined as either its stenosis >50% or occlusion.

RESULTS

Ninety eight (44 saphenous, 54 left or right internal mammary artery) grafts were assessed. Eighteen grafts from 16 patients were dysfunctional on follow-up CCTA. The FFR-CT values at the location of future anastomosis were higher in dysfunctional than in normal grafts (0.77 [0.71-0.81] vs 0.60 [0.56-0.66], respectively, P = 0.0007). Pre-CABG FFR-CT (hazard ratio = 1.1; 95% CI: 1.012-1.1, P = 0.0230), and bypass graft to right coronary artery (hazard ratio = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.4-9.3 vs left anterior descending artery) were independent predictors of graft dysfunction during follow-up. The optimal threshold of FFR-CT to predict graft failure was >0.68 (sensitivity 88.9% (95% CI: 65.3-98.6), specificity 63.7% (95% CI: 52.2-74.2), positive predictive value 35.6% (95% CI: 28.3%-43.5%), negative predictive value 96.2% (95% CI: 87.2%-99.0%)).

CONCLUSIONS

Pre-CABG functional FFR-CT predicts future coronary bypass graft failure. This shows utility of FFR-CT for guiding coronary revascularization and also suggests significance of physiological assessment prior to CABG.

N terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level and benefits of chronic total occlusion revascularization

BACKGROUND

The management of revascularization of chronic total occlusions (CTOs) remains controversial. Whether specific patients gain survival benefit from CTO revascularization remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES

We investigated whether (i) patients with CTO have higher N terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP) levels than patients without CTO, (ii) in patients with CTO, NT pro-BNP levels predict adverse events, and (iii) those with elevated levels benefit from revascularization.

METHODS

In 392 patients with stable, significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and CTO undergoing coronary angiography, rates of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and a composite (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction and heart failure hospitalizations) were investigated. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional and Fine and Gray sub-distribution hazard models were performed to determine the association between NT pro-BNP levels and incident event rates in patients with CTO.

RESULTS

NT pro-BNP levels were higher in patients with, compared to those without CTO (median 230.0 vs. 177.7 pg/mL, p ≤0.001). Every doubling of NT pro-BNP level in patients with CTO was associated with a > 25% higher rate of adverse events. 111 (28.5%) patients underwent CTO revascularization. In patients with elevated NT pro-BNP levels (> 125 pg/mL), those who underwent CTO revascularization had substantially lower adverse event rates compared to patients without CTO revascularization (adjusted cardiovascular death hazard ratio 0.29, 95% confidence interval (0.09-0.88). However, in patients with low NT pro-BNP levels (≤ 125 pg/mL), event rates were similar in those with and without CTO revascularization.

CONCLUSION

NT pro-BNP levels can help identify individuals who may benefit from CTO revascularization.

Association between glycemia and multi-vessel lesion in participants undergoing coronary angiography: a cross-sectional study

Background

This study aims to elucidate the association between glycemia and the occurrence of multi-vessel lesions in participants undergoing coronary angiography.

Methods

We analyzed 2,533 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary angiography. Of these, 1,973 patients, identified by the endpoint of multi-vessel lesions, were examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the relationship between glycemia levels and multi-vessel lesion occurrence.

Results

The analysis included 1,973 participants, among whom 474 patients were identified with coronary multi-vessel lesions. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between glycemia and the occurrence of coronary multi-vessel lesions (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.08; p = 0.02). The adjusted model indicated that for each unit increase in glycemia, the risk of developing coronary multi-vessel lesions increased by 4%, showing a significant correlation (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses revealed that the impact of glycemia on multi-vessel lesions in patients with PCI varied according to gender, age, and smoking status, with the effect being more pronounced in men, older patients, and smokers.

Conclusion

Our findings establish a significant association between glycemia and the incidence of multi-vessel lesions, particularly pronounced in male patients, individuals over 45, and smokers.

Coronary bypass surgery guided by computed tomography in a low-risk population

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

In patients with three-vessel disease and/or left main disease, selecting revascularization strategy based on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has a high level of virtual agreement with treatment decisions based on invasive coronary angiography (ICA).

METHODS

In this study, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures were planned based on CCTA without knowledge of ICA. The CABG strategy was recommended by a central core laboratory assessing the anatomy and functionality of the coronary circulation. The primary feasibility endpoint was the percentage of operations performed without access to the ICA. The primary safety endpoint was graft patency on 30-day follow-up CCTA. Secondary endpoints included topographical adequacy of grafting, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular (MACCE), and major bleeding events at 30 days. The study was considered positive if the lower boundary of confidence intervals (CI) for feasibility was ≥75% (NCT04142021).

RESULTS

The study enrolled 114 patients with a mean (standard deviation) anatomical SYNTAX score and Society of Thoracic Surgery score of 43.6 (15.3) and 0.81 (0.63), respectively. Unblinding ICA was required in one case yielding a feasibility of 99.1% (95% CI 95.2%-100%). The concordance and agreement in revascularization planning between the ICA- and CCTA-Heart Teams was 82.9% with a moderate kappa of 0.58 (95% CI 0.50-0.66) and between the CCTA-Heart Team and actual treatment was 83.7% with a substantial kappa of 0.61 (95% CI 0.53-0.68). The 30-day follow-up CCTA in 102 patients (91.9%) showed an anastomosis patency rate of 92.6%, whilst MACCE was 7.2% and major bleeding 2.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

CABG guided by CCTA is feasible and has an acceptable safety profile in a selected population of complex coronary artery disease.

Impact of Elevated Lipoprotein A on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is an inherited lipoprotein particle associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) diseases. However, its impact on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between elevated Lp(a) levels and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and other outcomes in patients undergoing PCI. We systematically searched Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Web of Science for studies published from 2015 to 2024 comparing CV outcomes between patients with elevated versus non-elevated Lp(a) levels after PCI. Primary outcome was MACE. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, CV mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, and revascularization. Risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using a random-effect model. Fifteen studies with 45,059 patients were included. Patients with elevated Lp(a) had a significantly higher risk of MACE (RR 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23-1.56). Elevated Lp(a) was also associated with increased risks of all-cause death (RR 1.26), CV death (RR 1.58), myocardial infarction (RR 1.44), revascularization (RR 1.38), and stroke (RR 1.18). Heterogeneity was considerable for some outcomes. This meta-analysis demonstrates that elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with worse CV outcomes, including higher rates of MACE, mortality, and recurrent ischemic events in patients undergoing PCI. Novel therapeutic approaches specifically targeting Lp(a) reduction may help mitigate residual CV risk in this high-risk population.

Surveillance Stress Testing After Percutaneous Intervention for Patients With Multivessel or Left Main Coronary Disease

BACKGROUND

The optimal surveillance strategy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for high-risk patients with multivessel or left main coronary artery disease (CAD) remains uncertain.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to determine the prognostic role of routine functional testing in patients with multivessel or left main CAD who underwent PCI.

METHODS

The POST-PCI (Pragmatic Trial Comparing Symptom-Oriented Versus Routine Stress Testing in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) trial randomized high-risk PCI patients to routine functional testing at 1 year or standard care alone during follow-up. This analysis focused on participants with multivessel or left main CAD. The primary outcome was a composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina at 2 years.

RESULTS

Among 1,706 initially randomized patients, 1,192 patients with multivessel (n = 833) or left main (n = 359) were identified, with 589 in the functional testing group and 603 in the standard care group. Two-year incidences of primary outcome were similar between the functional testing group and the standard care group (6.2% vs 5.7%, respectively; HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.68-1.74; P = 0.73). This trend persisted in both groups of multivessel (6.2% vs 5.7%; HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.62-1.89; P = 0.78) and left main disease (6.2% vs 5.7%; HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.46-2.56; P = 0.85) (P for interaction = 0.90). Routine surveillance functional testing was associated with increased rates of invasive angiography and repeat revascularization beyond 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS

In high-risk patients with multivessel or left main CAD who underwent PCI, there was no incremental clinical benefit from routine surveillance functional-testing compared with standard care alone during follow-up. (Pragmatic Trial Comparing Symptom-Oriented Versus Routine Stress Testing in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [POST-PCI]; NCT03217877).

Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Total Occlusion

Although a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome is associated with greater risk, the prognosis of patients with a CTO and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate adverse event rates in patients with stable CAD with and without a CTO. In 3,597 patients with stable CAD (>50% coronary luminal stenosis) who underwent cardiac catheterization, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and the composite major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates for cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and heart failure hospitalization were evaluated. Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to compare event-free survival in patient subsets after adjustment for covariates. Event rates were higher in patients with CTOs than in those without CTOs after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics (cardiovascular death hazard ratio [HR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05 to 1.57, p = 0.012). Patients with CTO revascularization had lower event rates than those of patients without CTO revascularization (cardiovascular death HR 0.43, CI 0.26 to 0.70, p = 0.001). Those with nonrevascularized CTOs were at particularly great risk when compared with those without CTO (cardiovascular death HR 1.52, CI 1.25 to 1.84, p <0.001). Moreover, those with revascularized CTOs had similar event rates to those of patients with CAD without CTOs. Patients with CTO have higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events than those of patients with significant CAD without CTO. This risk is greatest in patients with nonrevascularized CTO.

High Sensitivity Troponin Level and Benefits of Chronic Total Occlusion Revascularization

Background The survival benefit of revascularization of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the coronary arteries remains a subject of controversy. We measured high sensitivity troponin-I (hsTn-I) levels as an estimate of myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease, with the hypothesis that (1) patients with CTO have higher levels of hsTn-I than patients without CTO, (2) hsTn-I levels will predict adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CTO, and (3) patients with elevated hsTn-I levels will have a survival benefit from CTO revascularization. Methods and Results In 428 patients with stable coronary artery disease and CTO undergoing coronary angiography, adverse event rates were investigated. Cox proportional hazards models and Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard models were performed to determine the association between hsTn-I level and incident event rates in patients with CTO. HsTn-I levels were higher in patients with compared with those without CTO (median 6.7 versus 5.6 ng/L, P=0.002). An elevated hsTn-I level was associated with higher adverse event rates (adjusted all-cause mortality hazard ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.08-1.32]; P=0.030) for every doubling of hsTn-I level. CTO revascularization was performed in 28.3% of patients. In patients with a high (>median) hsTn-I level, CTO revascularization was associated with substantially lower all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.08-0.88]; P=0.030) compared with those who did not undergo revascularization. In patients with a low ( Collapse

Key Words

• chronic total occlusion
• coronary artery bypass graft
• high sensitivity troponin‐I
• percutaneous coronary intervention

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Coronary Artery Disease/complications
• Coronary Occlusion
• Risk Factors
• Treatment Outcome
• Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/adverse effects
• Coronary Angiography/adverse effects
• Chronic Disease
• Troponin I

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Grants

• U54 AG062334 NIA NIH HHS
• P01 HL154996 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R33 HL138657 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P01 HL086773 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P30 DK111024 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 HL109413 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 HL166004 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R61 HL154116 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P20 HL113451 NHLBI NIH HHS
• P01 HL101398 NHLBI NIH HHS

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Affiliation(s)

Daniel A. Gold Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Pratik B. Sandesara Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Vardhmaan Jain Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Matthew E. Gold Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Nishant Vatsa Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Shivang R. Desai Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Malika Elhage Hassan Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Chenyang Yuan Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
Yi‐An Ko Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
Ayman Alkhoder Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Kiran Ejaz Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Zain Alvi Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Alireza Rahbar Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Gillian Murtagh Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott LaboratoriesAbbott ParkIL
Wissam A. Jaber Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
William J. Nicholson Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA
Arshed A. Quyyumi Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineEmory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA

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Appropriateness of the modality of revascularization according to the SYNTAX Score II 2020 in the FASTTRACK CABG study: An interim report on patient selection

BACKGROUND

Personalized long term vital prognosis plays a key role in deciding between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and CABG in patients with complex coronary artery disease. The FASTTRACK CABG trial enrolls patients with the sole guidance of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) and fractional flow reserve CCTA (FFR_CT). The feasibility/non-feasibility of this approach is determined by the surgeon request to have access to the invasive coronary angiography.

METHODS

This interim analysis, which was requested by the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), compared the treatment decision of the "on site" Heart team to the recommended treatment as per the SYNTAX Score II 2020 (SS-2020), which was prospectively assessed by the central core laboratory in the first 57 consecutive patients (half of the planned population) enrolled in this First in Man study.

RESULTS

The average anatomical SYTAX Score is 35.6 ± 11.5. The SS-2020 predicted 5-year MACE and 10-year all-cause mortality are 14.7 % and 21.6 % following CABG, and 23.0 % and 30.4 % following PCI. Among the enrolled patients the SS-2020 predicts long-term PCI outcomes similar to CABG (absolute risk difference ≤0 % in favor of PCI) in only two patients whilst the remaining 55 patients had a predicted survival benefit with CABG.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the SS-2020, the first 57 patients recruited into the FASTTRACK CABG trial received the appropriate modality of revascularization and the DSMB allowed the investigators to complete the study.

Effect of Patient-Reported Preprocedural Physical and Mental Health on 10-Year Mortality After Percutaneous or Surgical Coronary Revascularization

BACKGROUND

Clinical and anatomical characteristics are often considered key factors in deciding between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with complex coronary artery disease (CAD) such as left-main CAD or 3-vessel disease. However, little is known about the interaction between self-reported preprocedural physical/mental health and clinical outcomes after revascularization.

METHODS

This subgroup analysis of the SYNTAXES trial (SYNTAX Extended Survival), which is the extended follow-up of the randomized SYNTAX trial (Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) comparing PCI with CABG in patients with left-main CAD or 3-vessel disease, stratified patients by terciles of Physical (PCS) or Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores derived from the preprocedural 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, with higher PCS and MCS scores representing better physical and mental health, respectively. The primary end point was all-cause death at 10 years.

RESULTS

A total of 1656 patients with preprocedural 36-Item Short Form Health Survey data were included in the present study. Both higher PCS and MCS were independently associated with lower 10-year mortality (10-point increase in PCS adjusted hazard ratio, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.73-0.97]; P=0.021; in MCS adjusted hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.76-0.95]; P=0.005). A significant survival benefit with CABG over PCI was observed in the highest PCS (>45.5) and MCS (>52.3) terciles with significant treatment-by-subgroup interactions (PCS P_interaction=0.033, MCS P_interaction=0.015). In patients with both high PCS (>45.5) and MCS (>52.3), 10-year mortality was significantly higher with PCI compared with CABG (30.5% versus 12.2%; hazard ratio, 2.87 [95% CI, 1.55-5.30]; P=0.001), whereas among those with low PCS (≤45.5) or low MCS (≤52.3), there were no significant differences in 10-year mortality between PCI and CABG, resulting in a significant treatment-by-subgroup interaction (P_interaction=0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with left-main CAD or 3-vessel disease, patient-reported preprocedural physical and mental health status was strongly associated with long-term mortality and modified the relative treatment effects of PCI versus CABG. Patients with the best physical and mental health had better 10-year survival with CABG compared with PCI. Assessment of self-reported physical and mental health is important when selecting the optimal revascularization strategy.

REGISTRATION

URL: https://www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov; SYNTAXES Unique identifier: NCT03417050. URL: https://www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov; SYNTAX Unique identifier: NCT00114972.

Endothelial Foxp1 Regulates Neointimal Hyperplasia Via Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B Signal Pathway

Background The endothelium is essential for maintaining vascular physiological homeostasis and the endothelial injury leads to the neointimal hyperplasia because of the excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Endothelial Foxp1 (forkhead box P1) has been shown to control endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration in vitro. However, whether EC-Foxp1 participates in neointimal formation in vivo is not clear. Our study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of EC-Foxp1 in neointimal hyperplasia. Methods and Results The wire injury femoral artery neointimal hyperplasia model was performed in Foxp1 EC-specific loss-of-function and gain-of-function mice. EC-Foxp1 deletion mice displayed the increased neointimal formation through elevation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and the reduction of EC proliferation hence reendothelialization after injury. In contrast, EC-Foxp1 overexpression inhibited the neointimal formation. EC-Foxp1 paracrine regulated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration via targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9. Also, EC-Foxp1 deletion impaired EC repair through reduction of EC proliferation via increasing cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B expression. Delivery of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B-siRNA to ECs using RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-peptide magnetic nanoparticle normalized the EC-Foxp1 deletion-mediated impaired EC repair and attenuated the neointimal formation. EC-Foxp1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B signaling pathway to control injury induced neointimal formation. Conclusions Our study reveals that targeting EC-Foxp1-matrix metalloproteinase-9/cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B pathway might provide future novel therapeutic interventions for restenosis.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Non-Protected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: 1-Year Outcomes in a High Volume Single Center Study

Introduction: There is clear evidence of a significant reduction in all major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE) by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in left main coronary artery stenosis (LMCS), but revascularization by percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI) shows an increasingly important role as an alternative to CABG. Several recent trials aiming to test the difference in mortality between the two types of revascularization found conflicting data. The aim of this study is to determine whether PCI is non-inferior to CABG with respect to the occurrence of MACE at 1 year in patients with significant LMCS. Material and methods: We prospectively enrolled 296 patients with chronic or acute coronary syndromes and significant LM stenosis. The angiography that recommended the revascularization procedure was used for the calculation of the Syntax II score, in order to classify the patients as low-, intermediate- or high-risk. Low- and high-risk patients were revascularized with either PCI or CABG, according to current guidelines, and were included in the subgroup S1. The second subgroup (S0) included intermediate-risk patients (Syntax II score 23–32), in whom the type of revascularization was chosen depending on the decision of the heart team or the patient preference. Patients were monitored according to the chosen mode of revascularization—PCI or CABG. LM revascularization was performed in all the patients. Clinical endpoints included cardiac death, myocardial infarction, need for revascularization and stroke. Patients were evaluated at 1 year after revascularization. Event rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier analysis in time to the first event. Results: At 1-year follow-up, a primary endpoint occurred in 35/95 patients in the CABG group and 37/201 in the PCI group. There were no significant differences between the 2 treatment strategies in the 1-year components of the end-point. However, a tendency to higher occurrence of cardiac death (HR = 1.48 CI (0.55–3.9), p = 0.43), necessity of repeat revascularization (HR = 1.7, CI (0.81–3.6), p = 0.16) and stroke (HR = 1.52, CI (1.15–2.93), p = 0.58) were present after CABG. Contrariwise, although without statistical significance, MI was more frequent after PCI (HR = 2, CI (0.78–5.2), p = 0.14). The Kaplan–Meier estimates in subgroups demonstrated the same tendency to higher rates for cardiac death, repeat revascularization and stroke after CABG, and higher rates of MI after PCI. Although without statistical significance, patients with an intermediate-risk showed a slightly lower risk of MACE after PCI than CABG. With the exception of dyslipidemia and gender, other cardiovascular risk factors were in favor of CABG (CKD, obesity). Conclusion: In patients with LMCS, PCI with drug-eluting stents was non-inferior to CABG with respect to the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization and stroke at 1 year, even in patients with intermediate Syntax II risk score.

Editor-in-Chief's Top Picks From 2021

Each week, I record audio summaries for every paper in JACC, as well as an issue summary. This process has become a true labor of love due to the time they require, but I am motivated by the sheer number of listeners (16M+), and it has allowed me to familiarize myself with every paper that we publish. Thus, I have selected the top 100 papers (both Original Investigations and Review Articles) from distinct specialties each year. In addition to my personal choices, I have included papers that have been the most accessed or downloaded on our websites, as well as those selected by the JACC Editorial Board members. In order to present the full breadth of this important research in a consumable fashion, we will present these abstracts in this issue of JACC, as well as their Central Illustrations and podcasts. The highlights comprise the following sections: Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (NEW section), Basic & Translational Research, Biomarkers (NEW section), Cardiac Failure & Myocarditis, Cardiomyopathies & Genetics, Cardio-Oncology, Cardiovascular Disease in Women, Coronary Disease & Interventions, Congenital Heart Disease, Coronavirus, Hypertension, Imaging, Metabolic & Lipid Disorders, Neurovascular Disease & Dementia, Promoting Health & Prevention, Rhythm Disorders & Thromboembolism, Vascular Medicine, and Valvular Heart Disease.^1-100.

Percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in left main coronary artery disease: an individual patient data meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The optimal revascularisation strategy for patients with left main coronary artery disease is uncertain. We therefore aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes for patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS

In this individual patient data meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane database using the search terms "left main", "percutaneous coronary intervention" or "stent", and "coronary artery bypass graft*" to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between database inception and Aug 31, 2021, comparing PCI with drug-eluting stents with CABG in patients with left main coronary artery disease that had at least 5 years of patient follow-up for all-cause mortality. Two authors (MSS and BAB) identified studies meeting the criteria. The primary endpoint was 5-year all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints were cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, procedural myocardial infarction, stroke, and repeat revascularisation. We used a one-stage approach; event rates were calculated by use of the Kaplan-Meier method and treatment group comparisons were made by use of a Cox frailty model, with trial as a random effect. In Bayesian analyses, the probabilities of absolute risk differences in the primary endpoint between PCI and CABG being more than 0·0%, and at least 1·0%, 2·5%, or 5·0%, were calculated.

FINDINGS

Our literature search yielded 1599 results, of which four RCTs-SYNTAX, PRECOMBAT, NOBLE, and EXCEL-meeting our inclusion criteria were included in our meta-analysis. 4394 patients, with a median SYNTAX score of 25·0 (IQR 18·0-31·0), were randomly assigned to PCI (n=2197) or CABG (n=2197). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of 5-year all-cause death was 11·2% (95% CI 9·9-12·6) with PCI and 10·2% (9·0-11·6) with CABG (hazard ratio 1·10, 95% CI 0·91-1·32; p=0·33), resulting in a non-statistically significant absolute risk difference of 0·9% (95% CI -0·9 to 2·8). In Bayesian analyses, there was an 85·7% probability that death at 5 years was greater with PCI than with CABG; this difference was more likely than not less than 1·0% (<0·2% per year). The numerical difference in mortality was comprised more of non-cardiovascular than cardiovascular death. Spontaneous myocardial infarction (6·2%, 95% CI 5·2-7·3 vs 2·6%, 2·0-3·4; hazard ratio [HR] 2·35, 95% CI 1·71-3·23; p<0·0001) and repeat revascularisation (18·3%, 16·7-20·0 vs 10·7%, 9·4-12·1; HR 1·78, 1·51-2·10; p<0·0001) were more common with PCI than with CABG. Differences in procedural myocardial infarction between strategies depended on the definition used. Overall, there was no difference in the risk of stroke between PCI (2·7%, 2·0-3·5) and CABG (3·1%, 2·4-3·9; HR 0·84, 0·59-1·21; p=0·36), but the risk was lower with PCI in the first year after randomisation (HR 0·37, 0·19-0·69).

INTERPRETATION

Among patients with left main coronary artery disease and, largely, low or intermediate coronary anatomical complexity, there was no statistically significant difference in 5-year all-cause death between PCI and CABG, although a Bayesian approach suggested a difference probably exists (more likely than not <0·2% per year) favouring CABG. There were trade-offs in terms of the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularisation. A heart team approach to communicate expected outcome differences might be useful to assist patients in reaching a treatment decision.

FUNDING

No external funding.

The value of perioperative biomarker release for the assessment of myocardial injury or infarction in cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVES

Cardiac biomarkers are indicators of irreversible cell damage. Current myocardial infarction (MI) definitions require concomitant clinical characteristics. For perioperative MI, a correlation of biomarker elevations and mortality has been suggested. Definitions emerged relying on cardiac biomarker release only. This approach is questionable as several clinical and experimental scenarios exist where relevant biomarker release can occur apart from MI.

METHODS

We reviewed the clinical and basic science literature and revealed important aspects regarding the use and interpretation of cardiac biomarker release with special focus on their interpretation in the perioperative setting.

RESULTS

Ischaemic biomarkers may be released without cell death in multiple conditions, such as after endurance runs in athletes, temporary inotropic stimulation in animal models and flow variations in in vitro cell models. In addition, access through atrial tissue during cannulation or concomitant valve procedures adds sources of enzyme release that may not be related to ventricular ischaemia (i.e. MI). Such non-cell death-related mechanisms may explain the lack of poor correlations of enzyme release and long-term outcomes in recent trials. In addition, the 3 main biomarkers, troponin T, I and creatine kinase myocardial band, differ in their release kinetics, which may differentially trigger MI events in trial patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of irreversible myocardial injury in cardiac surgery based only on biomarker release is unreliable. Cell death- and non-cell death-related mechanisms create a mix in the perioperative setting that requires additional markers for proper identification of MI. In addition, the 3 most common ischaemic biomarkers display different release kinetics adding to the confusion. We review the topic.

SUBJ COLLECTION

120, 123.