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Yang Q, Chang A, Tong X, Jackson SL, Merritt RK. Long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in non-hospitalized medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with COVID-19: Population-based matched cohort study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302593. [PMID: 38743728 PMCID: PMC11093379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can affect multiple human organs structurally and functionally, including the cardiovascular system and brain. Many studies focused on the acute effects of COVID-19 on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke especially among hospitalized patients with limited follow-up time. This study examined long-term mortality, hospitalization, CVD and stroke outcomes after non-hospitalized COVID-19 among Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries in the United States. METHODS This retrospective matched cohort study included 944,371 FFS beneficiaries aged ≥66 years diagnosed with non-hospitalized COVID-19 from April 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021, and followed-up to May 31, 2022, and 944,371 propensity score matched FFS beneficiaries without COVID-19. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, hospitalization, and incidence of 15 CVD and stroke. Because most outcomes violated the proportional hazards assumption, we used restricted cubic splines to model non-proportional hazards in Cox models and presented time-varying hazard ratios (HRs) and Bonferroni corrected 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The mean age was 75.3 years; 58.0% women and 82.6% non-Hispanic White. The median follow-up was 18.5 months (interquartile range 16.5 to 20.5). COVID-19 showed initial stronger effects on all-cause mortality, hospitalization and 12 incident CVD outcomes with adjusted HRs in 0-3 months ranging from 1.05 (95% CI 1.01-1.09) for mortality to 2.55 (2.26-2.87) for pulmonary embolism. The effects of COVID-19 on outcomes reduced significantly after 3-month follow-up. Risk of mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism returned to baseline after 6-month follow-up. Patterns of initial stronger effects of COVID-19 were largely consistent across age groups, sex, and race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a consistent time-varying effects of COVID-19 on mortality, hospitalization, and incident CVD among non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhe Yang
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anping Chang
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xin Tong
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Jackson
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Merritt
- Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Roser LP, Samanapally H, Ali T, Xu Q, Han Y, Salunkhe V, Deepti F, McGuffin T, Huang EC, Furmanek S, Glynn A, Ramirez J, Jones CM, Mariyappa R, Hogue RJ, Williams AM, Huang JJ, Arnold FW, Clifford SP, Pahwa S, Kong M, Huang J. Different clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients complicated by cardiovascular events during the first, delta and omicron waves of COVID-19. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 4:1342917. [PMID: 38699405 PMCID: PMC11064795 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2024.1342917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background The effects of SARS-CoV-2 have varied between significant waves of hospitalization. Research question Are cardiovascular complications different among the first, delta and omicron waves of hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients? Study design and methods This was a multi-centre retrospective study of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: 632 were hospitalized during the first wave (March-July 2020), 1013 during the delta wave (September 2020-March 2021), and 323 during the omicron wave (January 2022-July 2022). Patients were stratified by wave and occurrence of cardiovascular events. Results Among all hospitalized patients with cardiovascular events, patients in the omicron wave were younger (62.4 ± 14 years) than patients in the first wave (67.4 ± 7.8 years) and the delta wave (66.9 ± 12.6 years) and had a higher proportion of non-Hispanic White people than in the first wave (78.6% vs. 61.7%). For COVID-19 patients who suffered from cardiovascular events, the omicron wave patients had significantly higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, white blood cell and platelet counts when compared to the first wave. Omicron wave patients had significantly lower albumin and B-type natriuretic peptide levels (only 5.8% of the first wave and 14.6% of the delta wave) when compared to either the first wave or delta wave patients. In COVID-19 patients who suffered cardiovascular events during hospitalization, mortality rate in the omicron wave (26.8%) was significantly lower than the first wave (48.3%), time to mortality for non-survivors of COVID-19 patients who suffered cardiovascular events was significantly longer in the omicron wave (median 16 days) than in the first wave (median 10 days). Conclusions Younger and white patients were affected with cardiovascular complications more often by the omicron variant. Despite higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and WBC counts, the omicron patients with cardiovascular events showed lower heart injuries, lower mortality and longer time to mortality for non-survivors when compared to the first and delta waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn P. Roser
- School of Nursing, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Harideep Samanapally
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - T’shura Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yuchen Han
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Vidyulata Salunkhe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Fnu Deepti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Trevor McGuffin
- School of Nursing, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Emma C. Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephen Furmanek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Alex Glynn
- Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Julio Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ramesh Mariyappa
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ryan J. Hogue
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Alexander M. Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Justin J. Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Forest W. Arnold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sean P. Clifford
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Siddharth Pahwa
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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3
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Tijmes FS, Marschner C, Thavendiranathan P, Hanneman K. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cardiovascular Manifestations Following COVID-19. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 58:26-43. [PMID: 36951477 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, over 650 million people have had COVID-19 due to infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Cardiac complications in the acute infectious and early recovery phase were recognized early in the pandemic, including myocardial injury and inflammation. With a decrease in the number of acute COVID-19 related deaths, there has been increased interest in postacute sequela of COVID-19 (PASC) and other longer-term cardiovascular complications. A proportion of patients recovered from COVID-19 have persistent cardiac symptoms and are at risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular imaging, including MRI, plays an important role in the detection of cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in both the acute and longer-term phases after COVID-19. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of cardiovascular imaging in the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with acute and chronic cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 with a focus on cardiac MRI. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 4. TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sanchez Tijmes
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Clinica Santa Maria, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constantin Marschner
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Clinica Santa Maria, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Hanneman
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Hira R, Baker JR, Siddiqui T, Ranada SI, Soroush A, Karalasingham K, Ahmad H, Mavai V, Ayala Valani LM, Ambreen S, Bourne KM, Lloyd MG, Morillo CA, Sheldon RS, Raj SR. Objective Hemodynamic Cardiovascular Autonomic Abnormalities in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:767-775. [PMID: 36509178 PMCID: PMC9733966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many COVID-19 patients are left with symptoms several months after resolution of the acute illness; this syndrome is known as post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC). We aimed to determine the prevalence of objective hemodynamic cardiovascular autonomic abnormalities (CAA), explore sex differences, and assess the prevalence of CAA among hospitalized vs nonhospitalized patients with PASC. METHODS Patients with PASC (n = 70; female [F] = 56; 42 years of age; 95% confidence interval [CI], 40-48) completed standard autonomic tests, including an active stand test 399 days (338, 455) after their COVID-19 infection. Clinical autonomic abnormalities were evaluated. RESULTS Most patients with PASC met the criteria for at least 1 CAA (51; 73%; F = 43). The postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome hemodynamic (POTSHR) criterion of a heart rate increase of > 30 beats per minute within 5 to 10 minutes of standing was seen in 21 patients (30%; F = 20; P = 0.037 [by sex]). The initial orthostatic hypotension hemodynamic (IOH40) criterion of a transient systolic blood pressure change of > 40 mm Hg in the first 15 seconds of standing was seen in 43 (61%) patients and equally among female and male patients (63% vs 57%; P = 0.7). Only 9 (13%) patients were hospitalized; hospitalized vs nonhospitalized patients had similar frequencies of abnormalities (67% vs 74%; P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS Patients with PASC have evidence of CAA, most commonly IOH40, which will be missed unless an active stand test is used. Female patients have increased frequency of POTSHR, but IOH40 is equally prevalent between sexes. Finally, even nonhospitalized "mild" infections can result in long-term CAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmin Hira
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacquie R Baker
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tanya Siddiqui
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shaun I Ranada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ateyeh Soroush
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kavithra Karalasingham
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hyeqa Ahmad
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vibhuti Mavai
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luciano Martin Ayala Valani
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sakina Ambreen
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kate M Bourne
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew G Lloyd
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos A Morillo
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert S Sheldon
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Satish R Raj
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Vanderbilt Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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5
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Singh TK, Zidar DA, McCrae K, Highland KB, Englund K, Cameron SJ, Chung MK. A Post-Pandemic Enigma: The Cardiovascular Impact of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2. Circ Res 2023; 132:1358-1373. [PMID: 37167358 PMCID: PMC10171306 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.322228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has become the first modern-day pandemic of historic proportion, affecting >600 million individuals worldwide and causing >6.5 million deaths. While acute infection has had devastating consequences, postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to be a pandemic of its own, impacting up to one-third of survivors and often causing symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular phenomena. This review will highlight the suspected pathophysiology of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, its influence on the cardiovascular system, and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna K Singh
- Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (TKS, MC, SJC)
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, OH (T.K.S., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
| | - David A Zidar
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Louise Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland, OH (D.A.Z.)
| | - Keith McCrae
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (KM)
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, OH (T.K.S., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
| | - Kristin B Highland
- Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (KBH)
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, OH (T.K.S., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
| | - Kristin Englund
- Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (KE)
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, OH (T.K.S., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
| | - Scott J Cameron
- Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH (TKS, MC, SJC)
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, OH (T.K.S., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
| | - Mina K Chung
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, OH (T.K.S., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (T.K.S., D.A.Z., K.M., K.B.H., K.E., S.J.C., M.K.C.)
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6
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Tereshchenko LG, Pourbemany J, Haq KT, Patel H, Hyde J, Quadri S, Ibrahim H, Tongpoon A, Pourbemany R, Khan A. An electrophysiological substrate of COVID-19. J Electrocardiol 2023; 79:61-65. [PMID: 36963283 PMCID: PMC10027233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased risk of late cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. However, more data is needed to describe the electrophysiologic (EP) manifestation of post-acute CV sequelae of COVID-19. We compared two cohorts of adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and an electrocardiogram (ECG) performed between March 1, 2020, and September 13, 2020, in a retrospective double-cohort study, "Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in Covid-19" (CaVaR-Co19; NCT04555187). Patients with positive PCR comprised a COVID-19(+) cohort (n = 41; 61% women; 80% symptomatic), whereas patients with negative tests formed the COVID-19(-) cohort (n = 155; 56% women). In longitudinal analysis, comparing 3 ECGs recorded before, during, and on average 40 days after index COVID-19 episode, after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, baseline CV risk factors and comorbidities, use of prescription medications (including QT-prolonging drugs) before and during index COVID-19 episode, and the longitudinal changes in RR' intervals, heart rhythm, and ventricular conduction type, only in the COVID-19(+) cohort QTc increased by +30.2(95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1-60.3) ms and the spatial ventricular gradient (SVG) elevation increased by +13.5(95%CI 1.2-25.9)°. In contrast, much smaller, statistically nonsignificant changes were observed in the COVID-19(-) cohort. In conclusion, post-acute CV sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection manifested on ECG by QTc prolongation and rotation of the SVG vector upward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa G Tereshchenko
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jafar Pourbemany
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kazi T Haq
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hetal Patel
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Hyde
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Suha Quadri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Habiba Ibrahim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Tongpoon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Akram Khan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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7
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Anderson HVS, Masri SC, Abdallah MS, Chang AM, Cohen MG, Elgendy IY, Gulati M, LaPoint K, Madan N, Moussa ID, Ramirez J, Simon AW, Singh V, Waldo SW, Williams MS. 2022 ACC/AHA Key Data Elements and Definitions for Chest Pain and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Data Standards. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:1660-1700. [PMID: 36055903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Bardaji A. Myocardial Injuries in COVID-19: More Questions Than Answers. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154527. [PMID: 35956141 PMCID: PMC9369937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Bardaji
- Department of Cardiology, Joan XXIII University Hospital, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Rovira i Virgili University, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), 43005 Tarragona, Spain
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